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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wild_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wild silk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Ancient Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Medieval and modern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regenerated_silk_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regenerated_silk_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Regenerated silk fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regenerated_silk_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Furniture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomaterial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomaterial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Biomaterial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomaterial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biocompatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biocompatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Biocompatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biocompatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodegradability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Biodegradability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Genetic modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Animal rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy" title="Sy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seide" title="Seide – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Seide" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABde" title="Sīde – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sīde" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="حرير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Մետաքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE" title="ৰেচম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰেচম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0p%C9%99k" title="İpək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İpək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%A9" title="ایپک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایپک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="রেশম তন্তু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেশম তন্তু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalamas" title="Lalamas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lalamas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Ебәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ебәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Шоўк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шоўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Шоўк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шоўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коприна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коприна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila" title="Svila – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svila" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiz" title="Seiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Пурçăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пурçăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%AD_hedv%C3%A1b%C3%AD" title="Přírodní hedvábí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přírodní hedvábí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirika" title="Sirika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sirika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidan" title="Sidan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sidan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinichi" title="Sinichi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Sinichi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke" title="Silke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seide" title="Seide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siid" title="Siid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B9" title="Μετάξι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετάξι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silko" title="Silko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(gaia)" title="Zeta (gaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeta (gaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ابریشم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابریشم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soie" title="Soie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_(tekstyl)" title="Side (tekstyl) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Side (tekstyl)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADoda" title="Síoda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síoda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeidey" title="Sheeidey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheeidey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%AE" title="રેશમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેશમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%AC%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="견섬유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="견섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliki" title="Siliki – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Siliki" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Մետաքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE" title="रेशम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेशम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila" title="Svila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silko" title="Silko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Silko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sutra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta" title="Seta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silki" title="Silki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Silki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta" title="Seta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99" title="משי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sutra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CA%8A_p%C9%A9zat%CA%8A" title="Laʊ pɩzatʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Laʊ pɩzatʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ರೇಷ್ಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಷ್ಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბრეშუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრეშუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жібек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жібек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariri" title="Hariri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hariri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swa_(materyo)" title="Swa (materyo) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Swa (materyo)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жибек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жибек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericum" title="Sericum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sericum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABds" title="Zīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ilkas" title="Šilkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šilkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selyem" title="Selyem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Selyem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Свила – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свила" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landy" title="Landy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Landy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="रेशीम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेशीम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბრეშუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბრეშუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutera" title="Sutera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sutera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suto" title="Suto – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Suto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Торго – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Торго" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုးချည် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုးချည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zijde_(textiel)" title="Zijde (textiel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zijde (textiel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="रेसम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेसम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B9" title="絹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siisen" title="Siisen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siisen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke" title="Silke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke" title="Silke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Silke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipak" title="Ipak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ipak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੇਸ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਸ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ریشم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریشم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwab" title="Jedwab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jedwab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda" title="Seda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83tase" title="Mătase – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mătase" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llipipipiq_q%27aytu" title="Llipipipiq q'aytu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llipipipiq q'aytu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Шёлк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шёлк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soie" title="Soie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABndafshi" title="Mëndafshi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mëndafshi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita" title="Sita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodv%C3%A1b" title="Hodváb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hodváb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila" title="Svila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ئاوریشم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوریشم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Свила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila" title="Svila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sutra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkki" title="Silkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke" title="Silke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutla" title="Sutla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sutla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93awt" title="Taẓawt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taẓawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D)" title="పట్టు (సిల్క్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పట్టు (సిల్క్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1_(%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8)" title="ไหม (วัสดุ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไหม (วัสดุ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Абрешим – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абрешим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0pek" title="İpek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İpek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA" title="Шовк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шовк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ریشم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریشم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5a" title="Lụa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lụa" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fine, lustrous, natural fiber produced by various arthropods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Silk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Silk (disambiguation)">Silk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pure silk" redirects here. For women's professional golf tournament, see <a href="/wiki/Pure_Silk-Bahamas_LPGA_Classic" title="Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic">Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Silk</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Silk_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/50px-Silk_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Silk_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/75px-Silk_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Silk_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/100px-Silk_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="801" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Silk" in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">絲</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">丝</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">sī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ssŭ<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[sɨ́]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">sī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">si1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[si˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">si</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">si</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter_(1992)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter (1992)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sjɨ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sə</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">lụa</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">縷</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">絹</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">きぬ</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg/220px-Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg/330px-Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg/440px-Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Four of the most important domesticated silk moths. Top to bottom:<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyalophora_cecropia" title="Hyalophora cecropia">Hyalophora cecropia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antheraea_pernyi" title="Antheraea pernyi">Antheraea pernyi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Samia_cynthia" title="Samia cynthia">Samia cynthia</a></i>.<br />From <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon" title="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</a></i></span> (1885–1892)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/220px--Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A silk-producing <a href="/wiki/Raspy_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspy cricket">raspy cricket</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Silk</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">natural</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>, some forms of which can be <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">woven</a> into <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Fibroin" title="Fibroin">fibroin</a> and is produced by certain insect <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry silkworm">mulberry silkworm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i> reared in captivity (<a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a>). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a>-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angles</a>, thus producing different colors. </p><p>Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">complete metamorphosis</a>, but some insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Webspinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Webspinner">webspinners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gryllacrididae" title="Gryllacrididae">raspy crickets</a>, produce silk throughout their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silk production also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>), <a href="/wiki/Silverfish" title="Silverfish">silverfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddisfly_silk" title="Caddisfly silk">caddisflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">leafhoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacewing">lacewings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> produce silk, most notably various <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word silk comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">sioloc</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">sericum</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">σηρικός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">sērikós</i></span>, "silken", ultimately from the Chinese word "sī" and other Asian sources—compare <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">sī</i></span> "silk", <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchurian</a> <span title="Manchu-language text"><i lang="mnc-Latn">sirghe</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">sirkek</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></div> <p>The production of silk originated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, although it would eventually reach other places of the world (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a></span></span> culture, 4th millennium BC). Silk production remained confined to China until the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> opened at some point during the latter part of the 1st millennium BC, though China maintained its virtual <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">silk production</a> for another thousand years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_silk">Wild silk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">Wild silk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg/220px-Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg/330px-Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg/440px-Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Woven silk textile from tomb no 1. at <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a> in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>, 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eri_silk_worm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eri_silk_worm.jpg/220px-Eri_silk_worm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eri_silk_worm.jpg/330px-Eri_silk_worm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eri_silk_worm.jpg/440px-Eri_silk_worm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rearing of wild Eri silk worm, Assam</figcaption></figure> <p>Several kinds of wild silk, produced by <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> other than the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> silkworm, have been known and spun in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> since ancient times. However, the scale of production was always far smaller than for cultivated silks. There are several reasons for this: first, they differ from the domesticated varieties in colour and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/texture" class="extiw" title="wikt:texture">texture</a> and are therefore less uniform; second, cocoons gathered in the wild have usually had the pupa emerge from them before being discovered so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths; and third, many wild cocoons are covered in a mineral layer that prevents attempts to reel from them long strands of silk.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the only way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious and labor-intensive <a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">carding</a>. </p><p>Some natural silk structures have been used without being unwound or spun. Spider webs were used as a wound dressing in ancient Greece and Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a base for <a href="/wiki/Cobweb_painting" title="Cobweb painting">painting</a> from the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caterpillar nests were pasted together to make a fabric in the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogue-1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogue-1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a white-colored silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the whole cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread, permitting a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A technique known as <a href="/wiki/Demineralizing_(silk_worm_cocoon)" title="Demineralizing (silk worm cocoon)">demineralizing</a> allows the mineral layer around the cocoon of wild silk moths to be removed,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving only variability in color as a barrier to creating a commercial silk industry based on wild silks in the parts of the world where wild silk moths thrive, such as in Africa and South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk industry in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg/220px-Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg/330px-Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg/440px-Meister_nach_Chang_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting women inspecting silk, early 12th century, ink and color on silk, by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Eshing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a silk merchant in Guangzhou, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Essex_Museum" title="Peabody Essex Museum">Peabody Essex Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Silk use in fabric was first developed in ancient China.<sup id="cite_ref-silkculture_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silkculture-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for silk is the presence of the silk protein <a href="/wiki/Fibroin" title="Fibroin">fibroin</a> in soil samples from two tombs at the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> site <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, which date back about 8,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest surviving example of silk fabric dates from about 3630 BC, and was used as the wrapping for the body of a child at a <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> site in Qingtaicun near <a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a>, Henan.<sup id="cite_ref-silkculture_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silkculture-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, <a href="/wiki/Leizu" title="Leizu">Leizu</a> (Hsi-Ling-Shih, Lei-Tzu). Silks were originally reserved for the emperors of China for their own use and gifts to others, but spread gradually through <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and trade both geographically and socially, and then to many regions of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in great demand, and became a staple of pre-<a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial</a> international <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. Silk was also used as a surface for writing, especially during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). The fabric was light, it survived the damp climate of the Yangtze region, absorbed ink well, and provided a white background for the text.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> in a tomb in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> province, dated to the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> roughly 2,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-people's_daily_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people's_daily-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although historians have suspected a long history of a formative textile industry in ancient China, this find of silk textiles employing "complicated techniques" of weaving and dyeing provides direct evidence for silks dating before the <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a>-discovery and other silks dating to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-people's_daily_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people's_daily-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silk is described in a chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fan_Shengzhi_shu" title="Fan Shengzhi shu">Fan Shengzhi shu</a></i> from the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD). There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost.<sup id="cite_ref-silkculture_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silkculture-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first evidence of the long distance silk trade is the finding of silk in the hair of an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> of the 21st dynasty, c.1070 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The silk trade reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. This trade was so extensive that the major set of trade routes between Europe and Asia came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Emperors_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperors of China">emperors of China</a> strove to keep knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> secret to maintain the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>. Nonetheless, sericulture reached <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> with technological aid from China around 200 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Kundu2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kundu2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> by AD 50,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by AD 140.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ancient era, silk from China was the most lucrative and sought-after luxury item traded across the Eurasian continent,<sup id="cite_ref-gart_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gart-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many civilizations, such as the ancient Persians, benefited economically from trade.<sup id="cite_ref-gart_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gart-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Chinese silk making process</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays."><img alt="The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/179px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/269px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/357px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared."><img alt="Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/225px-Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/339px-Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/450px-Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cocoons are weighed."><img alt="The cocoons are weighed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/167px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/251px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/333px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cocoons are weighed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools."><img alt="The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/213px-Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/320px-Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/425px-Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaving_the_silk_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The silk is woven using a loom."><img alt="The silk is woven using a loom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/230px-Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/346px-Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/460px-Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The silk is woven using a loom.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_silk" title="Japanese silk">Japanese silk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men weigh bundles of raw silk in Japan, in September 1918." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg/220px-Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg/330px-Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg/440px-Silk_Production_in_Japan_-_Weighing_Raw_Silk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6298" data-file-height="9178" /></a><figcaption>Silk Production in Japan - Weighing Raw Silk</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> has been practiced since the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>. The silk industry was dominant from the 1930s to 1950s, but is less common now.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silk from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> had declined in importance after <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire">silkworms were smuggled</a> from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> Empire. However, in 1845, an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Flacherie" title="Flacherie">flacherie</a> among European silkworms devastated the silk industry there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a demand for silk from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where as late as the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Japanese exports competed directly with Chinese in the international market in such low value-added, labor-intensive products as raw silk. </p><p>Between 1850 and 1930, raw silk ranked as the leading export for both countries, accounting for 20%–40% of Japan's total exports and 20%–30% of China's.<sup id="cite_ref-exp_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exp-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 1890s and the 1930s, Japanese silk exports quadrupled, making Japan the largest silk exporter in the world. This increase in exports was mostly due to the economic reforms during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> and the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> dynasty in China, which led to rapid industrialization of Japan whilst the Chinese industries stagnated.<sup id="cite_ref-exp_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exp-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, embargoes against Japan had led to adoption of synthetic materials such as <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the decline of the Japanese silk industry and its position as the lead silk exporter of the world. Today, China exports the largest volume of raw silk in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram,_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/330px-Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/440px-Silk_Sari_Weaving_at_Kanchipuram%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Silk <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> weaving at Kanchipuram</figcaption></figure> <p>Silk has a long history in India. It is known as <i>Resham</i> in eastern and north India, and <i>Pattu</i> in southern parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Recent archaeological discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chanhu-daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanhu-daro">Chanhu-daro</a> suggest that <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a>, employing <a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">wild silk</a> threads from native <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> species, existed in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and India) dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-nat_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelagh Vainker, a silk expert at the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> in Oxford, who sees evidence for silk production in China "significantly earlier" than 2500–2000 BC, suggests, "people of the Indus civilization either harvested silkworm cocoons or traded with people who did, and that they knew a considerable amount about silk."<sup id="cite_ref-nat_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw mulberry silk comes from six Indian states, namely, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a $20 million "Silk City" <a href="/wiki/Ramanagara" title="Ramanagara">Ramanagara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, contribute to a majority of silk production in Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG/220px-Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG/330px-Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG/440px-Saree_on_display_at_Dilli_Haat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Banarasi_sari" title="Banarasi sari">Banarasi sari</a> with gold <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a></figcaption></figure><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, mulberry cultivation is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erode" title="Erode">Erode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri" title="Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a> districts. <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gobichettipalayam" title="Gobichettipalayam">Gobichettipalayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units in India.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg/220px-Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg/330px-Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg/440px-Antheraea_assama_from_Assam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption><i>Antheraea assamensis</i>, the endemic species in the state of Assam, India</figcaption></figure> <p>In the northeastern state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, three different types of indigenous variety of silk are produced, collectively called <a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a>: <a href="/wiki/Muga_silk" title="Muga silk">Muga silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">Pat silk</a>. Muga, the golden silk, and Eri are produced by silkworms that are native only to Assam. They have been reared since ancient times similar to other East and South-East Asian countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_silk" title="Thai silk">Thai silk</a></div> <p>Silk is produced year-round in Thailand by two types of silkworms, the cultured Bombycidae and wild Saturniidae. Most production is after the rice harvest in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. Women traditionally weave silk on hand looms and pass the skill on to their daughters, as weaving is considered to be a sign of maturity and eligibility for marriage. Thai silk textiles often use complicated patterns in various colours and styles. Most regions of Thailand have their own typical silks. A single thread <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">filament</a> is too thin to use on its own so women combine many threads to produce a thicker, usable fiber. They do this by hand-reeling the threads onto a wooden spindle to produce a uniform strand of raw silk. The process takes around 40 hours to produce a half kilogram of silk. Many local operations use a reeling machine for this task, but some silk threads are still hand-reeled. The difference is that hand-reeled threads produce three grades of silk: two fine grades that are ideal for lightweight fabrics, and a thick grade for heavier material. </p><p>The silk fabric is soaked in extremely cold water and bleached before dyeing to remove the natural yellow coloring of Thai silk yarn. To do this, skeins of silk thread are immersed in large tubs of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>. Once washed and dried, the silk is woven on a traditional hand-operated loom.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_silk" title="Rajshahi silk">Rajshahi silk</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a> of northern Bangladesh is the hub of the country's silk industry. There are three types of silk produced in the region: mulberry, endi, and tassar. <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengali</a> silk was a major item of international trade for centuries. It was known as Ganges silk in medieval Europe. Bengal was the leading exporter of silk between the 16th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy,_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy%2C_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg/220px-Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy%2C_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy%2C_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg/330px-Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy%2C_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy%2C_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg/440px-Afrasyab_Chinese_Embassy%2C_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Embassy, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, 7th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a><sup id="cite_ref-SW_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 7th century CE murals of <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, show a Chinese Embassy carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons to the local Sogdian ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, a scarlet cloth item called in Hebrew "sheni tola'at" שני תולעת – literally "crimson of the worm" – is described as being used in purification ceremonies, such as those following a leprosy outbreak (Leviticus 14), alongside <a href="/wiki/Cedar_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar wood">cedar wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyssop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyssop">hyssop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a>). Eminent scholar and leading medieval translator of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> sources and books of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, translates this phrase explicitly as "crimson silk" – חריר קרמז حرير قرمز. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> teachings, Muslim men are forbidden to wear silk. Many religious jurists believe the reasoning behind the prohibition lies in avoiding clothing for men that can be considered feminine or extravagant.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are disputes regarding the amount of silk a fabric can consist of (e.g., whether a small decorative silk piece on a cotton caftan is permissible or not) for it to be lawful for men to wear, but the dominant opinion of most Muslim scholars is that the wearing of silk by men is forbidden. Modern attire has raised a number of issues, including, for instance, the permissibility of wearing silk <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">neckties</a>, which are masculine articles of clothing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Mediterranean">Ancient Mediterranean</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunthertuch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gunthertuch.jpg/220px-Gunthertuch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gunthertuch.jpg/330px-Gunthertuch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gunthertuch.jpg/440px-Gunthertuch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gunthertuch" title="Gunthertuch">Gunthertuch</a></i>, an 11th-century silk celebrating a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>'s triumph</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, 19.233, when Odysseus, while pretending to be someone else, is questioned by Penelope about her husband's clothing, he says that he wore a shirt "gleaming like the skin of a dried onion" (varies with translations, literal translation here)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could refer to the lustrous quality of silk fabric. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote of <i><a href="/wiki/Coa_vestis" title="Coa vestis">Coa vestis</a></i>, a wild silk textile from <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a> from certain large sea shells was also valued. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> knew of and traded in silk, and Chinese silk was the most highly priced luxury good imported by them.<sup id="cite_ref-gart_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gart-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a> were passed that forbade men from wearing silk garments, but these proved ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> mentions that the third-century emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> was the first Roman to wear garments of pure silk, whereas it had been customary to wear fabrics of silk/cotton or silk/linen blends.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the popularity of silk, the secret of silk-making only reached Europe around AD 550, via the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Contemporary accounts state that monks working for the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire">smuggled silkworm eggs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> from China inside hollow canes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All top-quality looms and weavers were located inside the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace complex</a> in Constantinople, and the cloth produced was used in imperial robes or in diplomacy, as gifts to foreign dignitaries. The remainder was sold at very high prices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_modern_Europe">Medieval and modern Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Folding_Fan_with_Box_LACMA_M.78.108.6a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>Silk satin leaf, wood sticks, and guards, c. 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy was the most important producer of silk during the Medieval age. The first center to introduce silk production to Italy was the city of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> during the 11th century in the region of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. The silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair in the port of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, to Spanish, Venetian, Genovese, and Dutch merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of the world with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the Vatican. The city was world-famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks, and brocades.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable center was the Italian <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a> which largely financed itself through silk-production and silk-trading, beginning in the 12th century. Other Italian cities involved in silk production were <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> area of Northern Italy became a major silk producing area when water-powered silk throwing machines were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-postrel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postrel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Llotja_de_la_Seda" class="mw-redirect" title="Llotja de la Seda">Silk Exchange in Valencia</a> from the 15th century—where previously in 1348 also <i>perxal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">percale</a>) was traded as some kind of silk—illustrates the power and wealth of one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silk was produced in and exported from the province of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain, especially the <a href="/wiki/Alpujarras" title="Alpujarras">Alpujarras</a> region, until the <a href="/wiki/Morisco_rebellions_in_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisco rebellions in Granada">Moriscos</a>, whose industry it was, were expelled from Granada in 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 15th century, silk production in France has been centered around the city of <a href="/wiki/Lyon,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon, France">Lyon</a> where many mechanic tools for mass production were first introduced in the 17th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG/220px-Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG/330px-Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG/440px-Anoniem_-_La_charmante_rencontre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>"La charmante rencontre", rare 18th-century embroidery in silk of Lyon (private collection)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> attempted to establish silk production in England, purchasing and planting 100,000 mulberry trees, some on land adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, but they were of a species unsuited to the silk worms, and the attempt failed. In 1732 John Guardivaglio set up a <a href="/wiki/Silk_throwing" title="Silk throwing">silk throwing</a> enterprise at <a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Stockport" title="List of mills in Stockport">Logwood mill in Stockport</a>; in 1744, Burton Mill was erected in <a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a>; and in 1753 Old Mill was built in <a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callender_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callender-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three towns remained the centre of the English silk throwing industry until silk throwing was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Silk_waste" title="Silk waste">silk waste spinning</a>. British enterprise also established silk filature in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in 1928. In England in the mid-20th century, raw silk was produced at <a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Castle" title="Lullingstone Castle">Lullingstone Castle</a> in Kent. Silkworms were raised and reeled under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Dyke" title="Zoe Dyke">Zoe Lady Hart Dyke</a>, later moving to <a href="/wiki/Ayot_St_Lawrence" title="Ayot St Lawrence">Ayot St Lawrence</a> in Hertfordshire in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, supplies of silk for UK parachute manufacture were secured from the Middle East by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gaddum" title="Peter Gaddum">Peter Gaddum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Medieval and modern Europe</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dress made from silk"><img alt="Dress made from silk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg/133px-Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg/200px-Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg/266px-Vestido_Javiera_Carrera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dress made from silk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bed covered with silk"><img alt="Bed covered with silk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg/150px-WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg/225px-WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg/300px-WLA_vanda_Bed_lit_a_la_polonaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bed covered with silk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A hundred-year-old pattern of silk called "Almgrensrosen""><img alt="A hundred-year-old pattern of silk called "Almgrensrosen"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG/200px-%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG/300px-%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG/400px-%22Almgrensrosen%22-_ett_100_%C3%A5r_gammalt_m%C3%B6nster_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hundred-year-old pattern of silk called "Almgrensrosen"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necktie_knot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The necktie originates from the cravat, a neckband made from silk.[52][53][54]"><img alt="The necktie originates from the cravat, a neckband made from silk.[52][53][54]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necktie_knot.jpg/200px-Necktie_knot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necktie_knot.jpg/300px-Necktie_knot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necktie_knot.jpg/400px-Necktie_knot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">necktie</a> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">cravat</a>, a neckband made from silk.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <p>Wild silk taken from the nests of native caterpillars was used by the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> to make containers and as paper.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hogue-1993_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogue-1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silkworms were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Valley" title="Oaxaca Valley">Oaxaca</a> from Spain in the 1530s and the region profited from silk production until the early 17th century, when the king of Spain banned export to protect Spain's silk industry. Silk production for local consumption has continued until the present day, sometimes spinning wild silk.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> introduced silk-growing to the British colonies in America around 1619, ostensibly to discourage <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> planting. The <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> in Kentucky adopted the practice. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg/170px-Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg/255px-Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg/340px-Satin_m%C3%A3_ch%C3%A2u_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Satin from Mã Châu village, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg/220px-Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg/330px-Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg/440px-Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A sample of a silk satin in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/William_Skinner_and_Sons" title="William Skinner and Sons">William Skinner & Sons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>, the largest producer of such textiles in the world in the early 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-largestmill_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largestmill-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The history of industrial silk in the United States is largely tied to several smaller urban centers in the Northeast region. Beginning in the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Connecticut" title="Manchester, Connecticut">Manchester, Connecticut</a> emerged as the early center of the silk industry in America, when the Cheney Brothers became the first in the United States to properly raise silkworms on an industrial scale; today the <a href="/wiki/Cheney_Brothers_Historic_District" title="Cheney Brothers Historic District">Cheney Brothers Historic District</a> showcases their former mills.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry tree">mulberry tree</a> craze of that decade, other smaller producers began raising silkworms. This economy particularly gained traction in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a> and its neighboring <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Massachusetts" title="Williamsburg, Massachusetts">Williamsburg</a>, where a number of small firms and cooperatives emerged. Among the most prominent of these was the cooperative utopian Northampton Association for Education and Industry, of which <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a> was a member.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the destructive <a href="/wiki/Mill_River_Flood_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill River Flood of 1874">Mill River Flood of 1874</a>, one manufacturer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Skinner_(manufacturer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Skinner (manufacturer) (page does not exist)">William Skinner</a>, relocated his mill from Williamsburg to the then-new city of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke">Holyoke</a>. Over the next 50 years he and his sons would maintain relations between the American silk industry and its counterparts in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expanded their business to the point that by 1911, the Skinner Mill complex contained the largest silk mill under one roof in the world, and the brand Skinner Fabrics had become the largest manufacturer of silk satins internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-largestmill_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largestmill-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other efforts later in the 19th century would also bring the new silk industry to <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, with several firms hiring European-born textile workers and granting it the nickname "Silk City" as another major center of production in the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> interrupted the silk trade from Asia, and silk prices increased dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. industry began to look for substitutes, which led to the use of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>. Synthetic silks have also been made from <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">lyocell</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fiber, and are often difficult to distinguish from real silk (see <a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">spider silk</a> for more on synthetic silks). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, which is now part of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, a second generation of silkworm was being imported as early as 1764 for the country's silk textile industry, especially <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the 1980s, Malaysia is no longer engaged in sericulture but does plant mulberry trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3></div> <p>In Vietnamese legend, silk appeared in the first millennium AD and is still being woven today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_process">Production process</h2></div> <p>The process of silk production is known as <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire production process of silk can be divided into several steps which are typically handled by different entities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Extracting raw silk starts by cultivating the silkworms on mulberry leaves. Once the worms start pupating in their cocoons, these are dissolved in boiling water in order for individual long fibres to be extracted and fed into the spinning reel.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To produce 1 kg of silk, 104 kg of mulberry leaves must be eaten by 3000 silkworms. It takes about 5000 silkworms to make a pure silk <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> The major silk producers are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (54%) and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (14%).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other statistics:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Top Ten Cocoons (Reelable) Producers – 2005 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:30%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;">Production <span class="nowrap">(Int $1000)</span> </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:10%;">Footnote </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;">Production <span class="nowrap">(1000 kg)</span> </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:10%;">Footnote </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>978,013</td> <td>C</td> <td>290,003</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>259,679</td> <td>C</td> <td>77,000</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td>57,332</td> <td>C</td> <td>17,000</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>37,097</td> <td>C</td> <td>11,000</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>20,235</td> <td>C</td> <td>6,088</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>16,862</td> <td>C</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>10,117</td> <td>C</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a></td> <td>5,059</td> <td>C</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>3,372</td> <td>C</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>2,023</td> <td>C</td> <td>600</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="font-size:.7em">No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate,*= Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure;<br /> <p>Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999–2001 international prices<br /> Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=1185&year=2005">Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The environmental impact of silk production is potentially large when compared with other natural fibers. A <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> of Indian silk production shows that the production process has a large carbon and water footprint, mainly due to the fact that it is an animal-derived fiber and more inputs such as fertilizer and water are needed per unit of fiber produced.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Models_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>Models in silk dresses at the MoMo Falana fashion show</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> <p>Silk fibers from the <i>Bombyx mori</i> silkworm have a <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangular</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a> with rounded corners, 5–10 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> wide. The fibroin-heavy chain is composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Beta-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sheet">beta-sheets</a>, due to a 59-mer amino acid repeat sequence with some variations.<sup id="cite_ref-lewin2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewin2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flat surfaces of the fibrils reflect <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> at many angles, giving silk a natural sheen. The cross-section from other silkworms can vary in shape and diameter: crescent-like for <i>Anaphe</i> and elongated wedge for <i>tussah</i>. Silkworm fibers are naturally extruded from two silkworm glands as a pair of primary filaments (brin), which are stuck together, with sericin proteins that act like <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glue</a>, to form a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bave (page does not exist)">bave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bave diameters for tussah silk can reach 65 μm. See cited reference for cross-sectional SEM photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-lewin2007_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewin2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_raw_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Silk_raw_01a.jpg/220px-Silk_raw_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Silk_raw_01a.jpg/330px-Silk_raw_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Silk_raw_01a.jpg/440px-Silk_raw_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Raw silk of domesticated silk worms, showing its natural shine</figcaption></figure> <p>Silk has a smooth, soft texture that is not slippery, unlike many <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a>. </p><p>Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers, but it loses up to 20% of its strength when wet. It has a good <a href="/wiki/Moisture_regain" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisture regain">moisture regain</a> of 11%. Its <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> is moderate to poor: if elongated even a small amount, it remains stretched. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left dirty. </p><p>One example of the durable nature of silk over other fabrics is demonstrated by the recovery in 1840 of silk garments from a <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">wreck of 1782</a>: 'The most durable article found has been silk; for besides pieces of cloaks and lace, a pair of black satin breeches, and a large satin waistcoat with flaps, were got up, of which the silk was perfect, but the lining entirely gone ... from the thread giving way ... No articles of dress of woollen cloth have yet been found.'<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silk is a poor conductor of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and thus susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Static_cling" title="Static cling">static cling</a>. Silk has a high emissivity for infrared light, making it feel cool to the touch.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unwashed silk chiffon may <a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">shrink</a> up to 8% due to a relaxation of the fiber macrostructure, so silk should either be washed prior to garment construction, or <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaned</a>. Dry cleaning may still shrink the chiffon up to 4%. Occasionally, this shrinkage can be reversed by a gentle steaming with a press cloth. There is almost no gradual shrinkage nor shrinkage due to molecular-level deformation. </p><p>Natural and synthetic silk is known to manifest <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> properties in proteins, probably due to its molecular structure.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silkworm silk was used as the standard for the <a href="/wiki/Denier_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denier (measure)">denier</a>, a measurement of <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">linear density</a> in fibers. Silkworm silk therefore has a linear density of approximately 1 den, or 1.1 <a href="/wiki/Dtex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dtex">dtex</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Comparison of silk fibers<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Linear density (dtex)</th> <th>Diameter (μm)</th> <th>Coeff. variation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">Moth</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i></td> <td>1.17</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>24.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Argiope_aurantia" title="Argiope aurantia">Argiope aurantia</a></i></td> <td>0.14</td> <td>3.57</td> <td>14.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3></div> <p>Silk emitted by the silkworm consists of two main proteins, <a href="/wiki/Sericin" title="Sericin">sericin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibroin" title="Fibroin">fibroin</a>, fibroin being the structural center of the silk, and sericin being the sticky material surrounding it. Fibroin is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Gly</a>-<a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Ser</a>-Gly-<a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Ala</a>-Gly-Ala and forms <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">beta pleated sheets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">Hydrogen bonds</a> form between chains, and side chains are oriented above and below the plane of the hydrogen bond network. </p><p>The high proportion (50%) of glycine allows tight packing. This is because glycine has no side chain and is therefore unencumbered by steric strain. The addition of alanine and serine makes the fibres strong and resistant to breaking. This tensile strength is due to the many interceded hydrogen bonds, and when stretched the force is applied to these numerous bonds and they do not break. </p><p>Silk resists most <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">mineral acids</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, which dissolves it. It is yellowed by perspiration. <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bleach" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine bleach">Chlorine bleach</a> will also destroy silk fabrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regenerated_silk_fiber">Regenerated silk fiber</h3></div> <p>RSF is produced by chemically dissolving silkworm cocoons, leaving their molecular structure intact. The silk fibers dissolve into tiny thread-like structures known as <a href="/wiki/Microfibril" title="Microfibril">microfibrils</a>. The resulting solution is extruded through a small opening, causing the microfibrils to reassemble into a single fiber. The resulting material is reportedly twice as stiff as silk.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg/220px-Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg/330px-Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg/440px-Turkeye.Urg%C3%BCp02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Silk filaments being unravelled from silk cocoons, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <p>Silk's <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbency</a> makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather and while active. Its low conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for clothing such as <a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">shirts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">ties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">blouses</a>, formal <a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">dresses</a>, high-fashion clothes, <a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">lining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajama">pajamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">dress suits</a>, sun dresses, and traditional Asian clothing. Silk is also excellent for insect-proof clothing, protecting the wearer from <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-fly">horseflies</a>. </p><p>Fabrics that are often made from silk include <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">charmeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">habutai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">chiffon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">crêpe de chine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dupioni" title="Dupioni">dupioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noil" title="Noil">noil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tussah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tussah">tussah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shantung_(fabric)" title="Shantung (fabric)">shantung</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furniture">Furniture</h3></div> <p>Silk's attractive lustre and drape makes it suitable for many <a href="/wiki/Furnishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnishing">furnishing</a> applications. It is used for <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>, wall coverings, window treatments (if blended with another fiber), <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">bedding</a>, and wall hangings.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <p>Silk had many industrial and commercial uses, such as in <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>, bicycle <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk_comforter" title="Silk comforter">comforter filling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> bags.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> <p>A special manufacturing process removes the outer <a href="/wiki/Sericin" title="Sericin">sericin</a> coating of the silk, which makes it suitable as non-absorbable <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">surgical sutures</a>. Sometimes wearing silk is suggested for people with <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a> but, even though it is safe for the skin, it does not improve symptoms of the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaros-2020_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaros-2020-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIHR_Evidence-2024_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2024-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</h3></div> <p>Silk began to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedical</a> material for sutures in surgeries as early as the second century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past 30 years, it has been widely studied and used as a <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biomaterial</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">mechanical strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biocompatibility" title="Biocompatibility">biocompatibility</a>, tunable degradation rate, ease to load cellular growth factors (for example, BMP-2), and its ability to be processed into several other formats such as films, gels, particles, and scaffolds.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwood-2011_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwood-2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silks from <i>Bombyx mori</i>, a kind of cultivated silkworm, are the most widely investigated silks.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silks derived from <i>Bombyx mori</i> are generally made of two parts: the <a href="/wiki/Silk_fibroin" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk fibroin">silk fibroin</a> fiber which contains a light chain of 25 kDa and a heavy chain of 350 kDa (or 390 kDa<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) linked by a single disulfide bond<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a glue-like protein, <a href="/wiki/Sericin" title="Sericin">sericin</a>, comprising 25 to 30 percentage by weight. Silk fibroin contains hydrophobic <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">beta sheet</a> blocks, interrupted by small hydrophilic groups. The beta-sheets contribute much to the high mechanical strength of silk fibers, which achieves 740 MPa, tens of times that of <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">poly(lactic acid)</a> and hundreds of times that of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. This impressive mechanical strength has made silk fibroin very competitive for applications in biomaterials. Indeed, silk fibers have found their way into tendon tissue engineering,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where mechanical properties matter greatly. In addition, mechanical properties of silks from various kinds of silkworms vary widely, which provides more choices for their use in tissue engineering. </p><p>Most products fabricated from regenerated silk are weak and brittle, with only ≈1–2% of the mechanical strength of native silk fibers due to the absence of appropriate secondary and hierarchical structure, </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source Organisms<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Tensile strength <p>(g/den) </p> </th> <th>Tensile modulus <p>(g/den) </p> </th> <th>Breaking <p>strain (%) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Bombyx mori</i> </td> <td>4.3–5.2 </td> <td>84–121 </td> <td>10.0–23.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Antheraea mylitta</i> </td> <td>2.5–4.5 </td> <td>66–70 </td> <td>26–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Philosamia cynthia ricini</i> </td> <td>1.9–3.5 </td> <td>29–31 </td> <td>28.0–24.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Coscinocera hercules</i> </td> <td>5 ± 1 </td> <td>87 ± 17 </td> <td>12 ± 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Hyalophora euryalus</i> </td> <td>2.7 ± 0.9 </td> <td>59 ± 18 </td> <td>11 ± 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rothschildia hesperis</i> </td> <td>3.3 ± 0.8 </td> <td>71 ± 16 </td> <td>10 ± 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Eupackardia calleta</i> </td> <td>2.8 ± 0.7 </td> <td>58 ± 18 </td> <td>12 ± 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rothschildia lebeau</i> </td> <td>3.1 ± 0.8 </td> <td>54 ± 14 </td> <td>16 ± 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Antheraea oculea</i> </td> <td>3.1 ± 0.8 </td> <td>57 ± 15 </td> <td>15 ± 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Hyalophora gloveri</i> </td> <td>2.8 ± 0.4 </td> <td>48 ± 13 </td> <td>19 ± 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Copaxa multifenestrata</i> </td> <td>0.9 ± 0.2 </td> <td>39 ± 6 </td> <td>4 ± 3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biocompatibility">Biocompatibility</h4></div> <p>Biocompatibility, i.e., to what level the silk will cause an immune response, is a critical issue for biomaterials. The issue arose during its increasing clinical use. Wax or silicone is usually used as a coating to avoid fraying and potential immune responses<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwood-2011_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwood-2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when silk fibers serve as suture materials. Although the lack of detailed characterization of silk fibers, such as the extent of the removal of sericin, the surface chemical properties of coating material, and the process used, make it difficult to determine the real immune response of silk fibers in literature, it is generally believed that sericin is the major cause of immune response. Thus, the removal of sericin is an essential step to assure biocompatibility in biomaterial applications of silk. However, further research fails to prove clearly the contribution of sericin to inflammatory responses based on isolated sericin and sericin based biomaterials.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, silk fibroin exhibits an inflammatory response similar to that of tissue culture plastic in vitro<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meinel-2005_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinel-2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when assessed with human mesenchymal <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> (hMSCs) or lower than collagen and PLA when implant rat MSCs with silk fibroin films in vivo.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinel-2005_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinel-2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, appropriate degumming and sterilization will assure the biocompatibility of silk fibroin, which is further validated by in vivo experiments on rats and pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are still concerns about the long-term safety of silk-based biomaterials in the human body in contrast to these promising results. Even though silk sutures serve well, they exist and interact within a limited period depending on the recovery of wounds (several weeks), much shorter than that in tissue engineering. Another concern arises from biodegradation because the biocompatibility of silk fibroin does not necessarily assure the biocompatibility of the decomposed products. In fact, different levels of immune responses<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diseases<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been triggered by the degraded products of silk fibroin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biodegradability">Biodegradability</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">Biodegradability</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a>)—the ability to be disintegrated by biological approaches, including bacteria, fungi, and cells—is another significant property of biomaterials. Biodegradable materials can minimize the pain of patients from surgeries, especially in tissue engineering, since there is no need for surgery in order to remove the implanted scaffold. Wang et al.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed the in vivo degradation of silk via aqueous 3D scaffolds implanted into Lewis rats. <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> are the means used to achieve degradation of silk in vitro. Protease XIV from <a href="/wiki/Streptomyces_griseus" title="Streptomyces griseus">Streptomyces griseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chymotrypsin" title="Chymotrypsin">α-chymotrypsin</a> from bovine <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreases</a> are two popular enzymes for silk degradation. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cell_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell metabolism">cell metabolism</a>, can also regulate the degradation of silk. </p><p>Compared with synthetic biomaterials such as <a href="/wiki/Polyglycolide" title="Polyglycolide">polyglycolides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polylactide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylactide">polylactides</a>, silk is advantageous in some aspects of biodegradation. The acidic degraded products of polyglycolides and polylactides will decrease the pH of the ambient environment and thus adversely influence the metabolism of cells, which is not an issue for silk. In addition, silk materials can retain strength over a desired period from weeks to months on an as-needed basis, by mediating the content of <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">beta sheets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">Genetic modification</a> of domesticated silkworms has been used to alter the composition of the silk.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as possibly facilitating the production of more useful types of silk, this may allow other industrially or therapeutically useful proteins to be made by silkworms.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Thai_man_spools_silk_at_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Thai man spools silk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg/220px-Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg/330px-Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg/440px-Bombyx_mori_Cocon_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon" title="Pupa">Cocoon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Silk <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> lay eggs on specially prepared paper. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars (silkworms) are fed fresh <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> leaves. After about 35 days and 4 moltings, the caterpillars are 10,000 times heavier than when hatched and are ready to begin spinning a cocoon. A straw frame is placed over the tray of caterpillars, and each caterpillar begins spinning a cocoon by moving its head in a pattern. Two glands produce liquid silk and force it through openings in the head called spinnerets. Liquid silk is coated in sericin, a water-soluble protective gum, and solidifies on contact with the air. Within 2–3 days, the caterpillar spins about one mile (1.6 km) of filament and is completely encased in a cocoon. The silk farmers then heat the cocoons to kill them, leaving some to <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphose</a> into moths to breed the next generation of caterpillars. Harvested cocoons are then soaked in boiling water to soften the sericin holding the silk fibers together in a cocoon shape. The fibers are then unwound to produce a continuous thread. Since a single thread is too fine and fragile for commercial use, anywhere from three to ten strands are spun together to form a single thread of silk.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h2></div> <p>As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the larvae by boiling, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare activists,<sup id="cite_ref-Stancati2011_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stancati2011-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> (PETA), who urge people not to buy silk items.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was critical of silk production because of his <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (non-violent) philosophy, which led to the promotion of cotton and <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_silk" title="Ahimsa silk">Ahimsa silk</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">wild silk</a> made from the cocoons of wild and semi-wild silk moths.<sup id="cite_ref-AlexanderCentenary1968_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderCentenary1968-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Art silk">Art silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletproofing" title="Bulletproofing">Bulletproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mommes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mommes">Mommes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_waste" title="Silk waste">Silk waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinchaw" title="Sinchaw">Sinchaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyunsha_silk" title="Xiangyunsha silk">Xiangyunsha silk</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/silk">"Silk"</a>. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703192858/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/silk">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary+By+Farlex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fsilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_TD,_Young_JH,_Weisman_S,_Hayashi_CY,_Merritt_DJ_2010_171–88_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandYoungWeismanHayashi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland TD, Young JH, Weisman S, Hayashi CY, Merritt DJ (2010). "Insect silk: one name, many materials". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a></i>. <b>55</b>: 171–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-112408-085401">10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085401</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19728833">19728833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Insect+silk%3A+one+name%2C+many+materials&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=171-88&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-112408-085401&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19728833&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Young%2C+JH&rft.au=Weisman%2C+S&rft.au=Hayashi%2C+CY&rft.au=Merritt%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerWeismanChurchMerritt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Walker AA, Weisman S, Church JS, Merritt DJ, Mudie ST, Sutherland TD (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280245">"Silk from Crickets: A New Twist on Spinning"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (2): e30408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...730408W">2012PLoSO...730408W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030408">10.1371/journal.pone.0030408</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280245">3280245</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355311">22355311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Silk+from+Crickets%3A+A+New+Twist+on+Spinning&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e30408&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3280245%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22355311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030408&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...730408W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Weisman%2C+S&rft.au=Church%2C+JS&rft.au=Merritt%2C+DJ&rft.au=Mudie%2C+ST&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+TD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3280245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Warner, Frank (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Silk"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Silk">"Silk" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silk&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=silk">"Silk"</a>. <i>Etymonline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214224755/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=silk&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline&rft.atitle=Silk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dsilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindya_N._Bhanoo2011" class="citation news cs1">Sindya N. Bhanoo (20 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/science/24obsilk.html?_r=3&emc=eta1">"Silk Production Takes a Walk on the Wild Side"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109043733/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/science/24obsilk.html?_r=3&emc=eta1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Silk+Production+Takes+a+Walk+on+the+Wild+Side&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.au=Sindya+N.+Bhanoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F24%2Fscience%2F24obsilk.html%3F_r%3D3%26emc%3Deta1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-01-chance-creation-antibiotic-spider-silk.html">"Chance meeting leads to creation of antibiotic spider silk"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826104343/https://phys.org/news/2017-01-chance-creation-antibiotic-spider-silk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Chance+meeting+leads+to+creation+of+antibiotic+spider+silk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-01-chance-creation-antibiotic-spider-silk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2008/07/cobwebportraits.html">"Cobweb Art a Triumph of Whimsy Over Practicality: Northwestern University News"</a>. <i>www.northwestern.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704141405/https://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2008/07/cobwebportraits.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.northwestern.edu&rft.atitle=Cobweb+Art+a+Triumph+of+Whimsy+Over+Practicality%3A+Northwestern+University+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestern.edu%2Fnewscenter%2Fstories%2F2008%2F07%2Fcobwebportraits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogue-1993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hogue-1993_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogue-1993_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogue1993" class="citation book cs1">Hogue, Charles Leonard (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericanins00hogu"><i>Latin American insects and entomology</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericanins00hogu/page/n173">325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520078499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520078499"><bdi>978-0520078499</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25164105">25164105</a>. <q>Silk swaths gathered from the large hammock-net cocoons of Gloveria psidii (= Sagana sapotoza) and pasted together to form a kind of hard cloth, or paper, were an important trade item in Mexico at the time of Moctezuma II</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+insects+and+entomology&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25164105&rft.isbn=978-0520078499&rft.aulast=Hogue&rft.aufirst=Charles+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinamericanins00hogu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2004). Appendix E.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2009). "Appendix C: Wild Silks", pp.477–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGheysensCollinsRainaVollrath2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gheysens, T; Collins, A; Raina, S; Vollrath, F; Knight, D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2153669/file/2153676.pdf">"Demineralization enables reeling of Wild Silkmoth cocoons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biomacromolecules</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 2257–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbm2003362">10.1021/bm2003362</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-2153669">1854/LU-2153669</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21491856">21491856</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922055410/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2153669/file/2153676.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomacromolecules&rft.atitle=Demineralization+enables+reeling+of+Wild+Silkmoth+cocoons&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2257-66&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-2153669&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21491856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbm2003362&rft.aulast=Gheysens&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Collins%2C+A&rft.au=Raina%2C+S&rft.au=Vollrath%2C+F&rft.au=Knight%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F2153669%2Ffile%2F2153676.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silkculture-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silkculture_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silkculture_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silkculture_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVainker2004" class="citation book cs1">Vainker, Shelagh (2004). <i>Chinese Silk: A Cultural History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. 20, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813534466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813534466"><bdi>978-0813534466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Silk%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=20%2C+17&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0813534466&rft.aulast=Vainker&rft.aufirst=Shelagh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0861091.html">"Silk: History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</a></i> (Sixth ed.). 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Gaddum, "Silk", <i>Business and Industry Review</i>, (2006). <i>In Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nat_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nat_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip (17 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457945a">"Rethinking silk's origins"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>457</b> (7232): 945. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457945a">10.1038/457945a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19238684">19238684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4390646">4390646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rethinking+silk%27s+origins&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=7232&rft.pages=945&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4390646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19238684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F457945a&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F457945a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodKenoyerMeadow2009" class="citation journal cs1">Good, I.L.; Kenoyer, J.M.; Meadow, R.H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1900/version/1/files/npre20081900-1.pdf">"New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2008.00454.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809155318/http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1900/version/1/files/npre20081900-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=New+evidence+for+early+silk+in+the+Indus+civilization&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2008.00454.x&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=I.L.&rft.au=Kenoyer%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Meadow%2C+R.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprecedings.nature.com%2Fdocuments%2F1900%2Fversion%2F1%2Ffiles%2Fnpre20081900-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in/sericultureNov12/BriefNoteOnSericulture.htm">Tn Sericulture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819023205/http://tnsericulture.gov.in/SericultureNov12/BriefNoteOnSericulture.htm">Archived</a> 19 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tn Sericulture (30 June 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html">"Silk city to come up near B'lore"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 17 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715103600/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Silk+city+to+come+up+near+B%27lore&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F31009%2Fsilk-city-come-up-near.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071758/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082455180600.htm">"Tamil Nadu News: Tamil Nadu's first automatic silk reeling unit opened"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 24 August 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+News%3A+Tamil+Nadu%27s+first+automatic+silk+reeling+unit+opened&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2008%2F08%2F24%2Fstories%2F2008082455180600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkok-thailand.com/about-thai-silk.htm">About Thai silk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509190809/http://www.bangkok-thailand.com/about-thai-silk.htm">Archived</a> 9 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from World of Thai Silk (commercial)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Silk">Silk – Banglapedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195226/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Silk">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. En.banglapedia.org (10 March 2015). Retrieved on 2016-08-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110"><i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</i></a>. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426132250/https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=British+Library.+Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302204114/http://www.islamonline.net/fatwa/english/FatwaDisplay.asp?hFatwaID=61261">"Silk: Why It Is Haram for Men"</a>. 23 September 2003. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk%3A+Why+It+Is+Haram+for+Men&rft.date=2003-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamonline.net%2Ffatwa%2Fenglish%2FFatwaDisplay.asp%3FhFatwaID%3D61261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> <b>19</b> 233–234: τὸν δὲ χιτῶν' ἐνόησα περὶ χροῒ σιγαλόεντα, οἷόν τε κρομύοιο λοπὸν κάτα ἰσχαλέοιο· = "And I [= <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7959"><i>Annals</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31543-2"><bdi>978-0-521-31543-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630173954/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7959">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31543-2&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F7959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Historia Augusta Vita Heliogabali</i>. 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Book 8.17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-992399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-992399"><bdi>978-0-674-992399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Wars&rft.pages=Book+8.17&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0-674-992399&rft.au=Procopius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FProcopius%2FWars%2F8C%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821045739/http://www.officeoftourism.org/europe/italy/Calabria/catanzaro.asp">"Italy – Calabria, Catanzaro"</a>. <i>Office of Tourism</i>. 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New York: Basic Books. pp. 55–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781541617629" title="Special:BookSources/9781541617629"><bdi>9781541617629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fabric+of+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55-59&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781541617629&rft.aulast=Postrel&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782">"La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=La+Lonja+de+la+Seda+de+Valencia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diccionari Aguiló: materials lexicogràfics / aplegats per Marià Aguiló i Fuster; revisats i publicats sota la cura de Pompeu Fabra i Manuel de Montoliu, page 134, <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a>, Barcelona 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delgado, José Luis (8 October 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/1370023/la/seda/granada/era/la/mejor.html">"La seda de Granada era la mejor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160819/http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/1370023/la/seda/granada/era/la/mejor.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Granada Hoy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intxausti, Aurora (1 May 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/04/29/actualidad/1367255987_780232.html">"La Alpujarra poseía 4.000 telares de seda antes de la expulsión de los moriscos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115739/http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/04/29/actualidad/1367255987_780232.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>El País</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callender-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callender_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallandine1993">Callandine 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110040554/http://www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk/component/content/article/223">"Lullingstone Silk Farm"</a>. <i>www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk/component/content/article/223">the original</a> on 10 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lullingstone+Silk+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lullingstonecastle.co.uk%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBOND2014" class="citation web cs1">BOND, Barbara A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/3553/2014bond10376351phd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"MI9's escape and evasion mapping programme 1939-1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Plymouth</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119205515/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/3553/2014bond10376351phd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Plymouth&rft.atitle=MI9%27s+escape+and+evasion+mapping+programme+1939-1945&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=BOND&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpearl.plymouth.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10026.1%2F3553%2F2014bond10376351phd.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash,_Eric_P.1995" class="citation news cs1">Nash, Eric P. (30 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html">"STYLE; Dressed to Kill"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109043724/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STYLE%3B+Dressed+to+Kill&rft.date=1995-07-30&rft.au=Nash%2C+Eric+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F07%2F30%2Fmagazine%2Fstyle-dressed-to-kill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuzjan,_Vladimir2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huzjan, Vladimir (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829">"Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta"</a> [The origin and development of the tie (kravata) as a word and as a garment]. <i>Povijesni prilozi</i> (in Croatian). <b>34</b> (34): 103–120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0351-9767">0351-9767</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629045016/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Povijesni+prilozi&rft.atitle=Poku%C5%A1aj+otkrivanja+nastanka+i+razvoja+kravate+kao+rije%C4%8Di+i+odjevnoga+predmeta&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=103-120&rft.date=2008-07&rft.issn=0351-9767&rft.au=Huzjan%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D43829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/dubrovnik/Silk-Production-in-Konavle_72514f">"Silk Production in Konavle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501234528/http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/dubrovnik/Silk-Production-in-Konavle_72514f">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Production+in+Konavle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourpocket.com%2Fcroatia%2Fdubrovnik%2FSilk-Production-in-Konavle_72514f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.G.R.A.1991" class="citation journal cs1">P.G., Kevan; R.A., Bye (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301742531">"natural history, sociobiology, and ethnobiology of Eucheira socialis Westwood (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a unique and little-known butterfly from Mexico"</a>. <i>Entomologist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8878">0013-8878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728113545/https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301742531">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entomologist&rft.atitle=natural+history%2C+sociobiology%2C+and+ethnobiology+of+Eucheira+socialis+Westwood+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Pieridae%29%2C+a+unique+and+little-known+butterfly+from+Mexico&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0013-8878&rft.aulast=P.G.&rft.aufirst=Kevan&rft.au=R.A.%2C+Bye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DUS201301742531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Avila1997" class="citation book cs1">de Avila, Alejandro (1997). Klein, Kathryn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/unbroken_thread_eng_vl.pdf"><i>The Unbroken Thread: Conserving the Textile Traditions of Oaxaca</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. pp. 125–126. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206161850/https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/unbroken_thread_eng_vl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbroken+Thread%3A+Conserving+the+Textile+Traditions+of+Oaxaca&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=The+Getty+Conservation+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=de+Avila&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fconservation%2Fpublications_resources%2Fpdf_publications%2Fpdf%2Funbroken_thread_eng_vl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-largestmill-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-largestmill_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-largestmill_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_E_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA62">"The Largest Silk Mill in the World; The Story of Skinner Silks and Satins"</a>. <i>Silk</i>. Vol. 5, no. 6. New York: Silk Publishing Company. May 1912. pp. 62–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129180050/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_E_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silk&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Silk+Mill+in+the+World%3B+The+Story+of+Skinner+Silks+and+Satins&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=62-64&rft.date=1912-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_E_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008222331/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1793&ResourceType=District">"Cheney Brothers Historic District"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1793&ResourceType=District">the original</a> on 8 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Cheney+Brothers+Historic+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D1793%26ResourceType%3DDistrict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2002" class="citation web cs1">Owens, Jody (12 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030817163542/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/silk/papers/owens.html">"Becoming Sojourner Truth: The Northampton Years"</a>. <i>Silk in Northampton</i>. Smith College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smith.edu/hsc/silk/papers/owens.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silk+in+Northampton&rft.atitle=Becoming+Sojourner+Truth%3A+The+Northampton+Years&rft.date=2002-04-12&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smith.edu%2Fhsc%2Fsilk%2Fpapers%2Fowens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion on W. Skinner II's relations with Japanese ministers and merchant-traders, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Russell1915" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay Russell, ed. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sngeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66"><i>America to Japan: A Symposium of Papers by Representative Citizens of the United States on the Relations between Japan and America and on the Common Interests of the Two Countries</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press; The Japan Society. p. 66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229190014/https://books.google.com/books?id=sngeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+to+Japan%3A+A+Symposium+of+Papers+by+Representative+Citizens+of+the+United+States+on+the+Relations+between+Japan+and+America+and+on+the+Common+Interests+of+the+Two+Countries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons%3B+The+Knickerbocker+Press%3B+The+Japan+Society&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsngeAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFlYAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA32">"Luncheon to Commissioner Shito"</a>. <i>The American Silk Journal</i>. <b>XXXIV</b>. Silk Association of America: 32. May 1915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223030745/https://books.google.com/books?id=lFlYAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Silk+Journal&rft.atitle=Luncheon+to+Commissioner+Shito&rft.volume=XXXIV&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1915-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFlYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReischauer1986" class="citation book cs1">Reischauer, Haru Matsukata (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvmaskWH1XkC&pg=PA207">"Starting the Silk Trade"</a>. <i>Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 207–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674788015" title="Special:BookSources/9780674788015"><bdi>9780674788015</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230105620/https://books.google.com/books?id=mvmaskWH1XkC&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Starting+the+Silk+Trade&rft.btitle=Samurai+and+Silk%3A+A+Japanese+and+American+Heritage&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780674788015&rft.aulast=Reischauer&rft.aufirst=Haru+Matsukata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvmaskWH1XkC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThibodeau2009" class="citation news cs1">Thibodeau, Kate Navarra (8 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/08/william-skinner-s-water-power/">"William Skinner & Holyoke's Water Power"</a>. <i>Valley Advocate</i>. Northampton, Mass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231234524/https://valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/08/william-skinner-s-water-power/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valley+Advocate&rft.atitle=William+Skinner+%26+Holyoke%27s+Water+Power&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft.aulast=Thibodeau&rft.aufirst=Kate+Navarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalleyadvocate.com%2F2009%2F06%2F08%2Fwilliam-skinner-s-water-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2009" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, D (2009). <i>American Women During World War II: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415994750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415994750"><bdi>978-0415994750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+During+World+War+II%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415994750&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad1996" class="citation book cs1">Mohamad, Maznah (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Te9LWyzQvYC&pg=PA899"><i>The Malayhandloom weavers:a study of the rise and decline of traditional</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813016996" title="Special:BookSources/9789813016996"><bdi>9789813016996</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayhandloom+weavers%3Aa+study+of+the+rise+and+decline+of+traditional&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789813016996&rft.aulast=Mohamad&rft.aufirst=Maznah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Te9LWyzQvYC%26pg%3DPA899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedigoRice2014" class="citation book cs1">Pedigo, Larry P.; Rice, Marlin E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XvPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA507"><i>Entomology and Pest Management: Sixth Edition</i></a>. Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1478627708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1478627708"><bdi>978-1478627708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entomology+and+Pest+Management%3A+Sixth+Edition&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1478627708&rft.aulast=Pedigo&rft.aufirst=Larry+P.&rft.au=Rice%2C+Marlin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XvPBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezzina" class="citation web cs1">Bezzina, Neville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629231032/http://www.senature.com/sensemagazine/research-technologies/silk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html">"Silk Production Process"</a>. senature.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senature.com/sensemagazine/research-technologies/silk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Production+Process&rft.pub=senature.com&rft.aulast=Bezzina&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senature.com%2Fsensemagazine%2Fresearch-technologies%2Fsilk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz, Anne and Cant, Jennifer (1986). <i>Consumer Textiles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> Australia. Reprint 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554647-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554647-4">0-19-554647-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109173104/http://www.brasstacksmadras.com/TF_Mulberry.htm">"Mulberry Silk – Textile Fibres – Handloom Textiles | Handwoven Fabrics | Natural Fabrics | Cotton clothes in Chennai"</a>. Brasstacksmadras.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasstacksmadras.com/TF_Mulberry.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mulberry+Silk+%E2%80%93+Textile+Fibres+%E2%80%93+Handloom+Textiles+%26%23124%3B+Handwoven+Fabrics+%26%23124%3B+Natural+Fabrics+%26%23124%3B+Cotton+clothes+in+Chennai&rft.pub=Brasstacksmadras.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasstacksmadras.com%2FTF_Mulberry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics">"Statistics"</a>. inserco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126035307/http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft.pub=inserco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finserco.org%2Fen%2F%3Fq%3Dstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstudilloThalwitzVollrath2014" class="citation journal cs1">Astudillo, Miguel F.; Thalwitz, Gunnar; Vollrath, Fritz (October 2014). "Life cycle assessment of Indian silk". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>81</b>: 158–167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCPro..81..158A">2014JCPro..81..158A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2014.06.007">10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Life+cycle+assessment+of+Indian+silk&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=158-167&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2014.06.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JCPro..81..158A&rft.aulast=Astudillo&rft.aufirst=Miguel+F.&rft.au=Thalwitz%2C+Gunnar&rft.au=Vollrath%2C+Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewin2007-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewin2007_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewin2007_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewin, Menachem, ed. (2007). <i>Handbook of fiber chemistry</i> (3rd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis. pp. 438–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824725655" title="Special:BookSources/9780824725655"><bdi>9780824725655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+fiber+chemistry&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=438-441&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780824725655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1980" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Dorothy K. (1980). <i>Warp and weft : a textile terminology</i>. Toronto : Royal Ontario Museum. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88854-256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88854-256-4"><bdi>978-0-88854-256-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warp+and+weft+%3A+a+textile+terminology&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Toronto+%3A+Royal+Ontario+Museum&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-88854-256-4&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, London, article CS117993292, 12 October 1840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenere2018" class="citation news cs1">Venere, Emil (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-01-silk-fibers-high-tech-natural-metamaterials.html">"Silk fibers could be high-tech 'natural metamaterials'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201185150/https://phys.org/news/2018-01-silk-fibers-high-tech-natural-metamaterials.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122231507/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/01/04/taking-the-violence-out-of-silk/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>Silk Production Causes Painful Death for Insects</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Down+and+Silk%3A+Birds+and+Insects+Exploited+for+Feathers+and+Fabric&rft.pub=PETA&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peta.org%2Fissues%2Fanimals-used-for-clothing%2Fanimals-used-clothing-factsheets%2Fsilk-birds-insects-exploited-fabric%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexanderCentenary1968-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderCentenary1968_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderCentenary1968" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Horace Gundry; Centenary, National Committee for the Gandhi (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGVuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA349"><i>Mahatma Gandhi: 100 years</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a>; Orient Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+100+years&rft.pub=Gandhi+Peace+Foundation%3B+Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Horace+Gundry&rft.au=Centenary%2C+National+Committee+for+the+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGVuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallandine1993" class="citation journal cs1">Callandine, Anthony (1993). 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Appendix E.</li> <li>Hill, John E. (2009) <i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE</i>. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1">978-1-4392-2134-1</a>.</li> <li>Magie, David (1924). <i>Historia Augusta Life of Heliogabalus</i>. Loeb Classical Texts No. 140: Harvard University Press.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674991552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674991552">978-0674991552</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Feltwell, John (1990). <i>The Story of Silk</i>. Alan Sutton Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-611-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-611-2">0-86299-611-2</a>.</li> <li>Good, Irene (December 1995). "On the Question of Silk in Pre-Han Eurasia". <i>Antiquity</i>. Vol. 69, Number 266. pp. 959–968.</li> <li>Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). <i>Textiles</i> (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 76–81.</li> <li>Kuhn, Dieter (1995). "Silk Weaving in Ancient China: From Geometric Figures to Patterns of Pictorial Likeness". <i>Chinese Science</i>. 12. pp. 77–114.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner1903" class="citation book cs1">Rayner, Hollins (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkthrowingand00rayngoog"><i>Silk throwing and waste silk spinning</i></a>. Scott, Greenwood, Van Nostrand. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7174062M">7174062M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+throwing+and+waste+silk+spinning&rft.pub=Scott%2C+Greenwood%2C+Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7174062M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Hollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkthrowingand00rayngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ricci, G.; et al. (2004). "Clinical Effectiveness of a Silk Fabric in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis". <i>British Journal of Dermatology</i>. Issue 150. pp. 127–131.</li> <li>Sung, Ying-Hsing. 1637. "Chapter 2. Clothing materials". <i>Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century – T'ien-kung K'ai-wu</i>. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966. Reprint: Dover, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinru_Liu" title="Xinru Liu">Liu, Xinru</a> (1996). <i>Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People, AD 600–1200</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinru_Liu" title="Xinru Liu">Liu, Xinru</a> (2010). <i>The Silk Road in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516174-8">978-0-19-516174-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533810-2">978-0-19-533810-2</a> (pbk).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231034911/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.jsp?articleId=281474977152137">History of traditional silk in martial arts uniforms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suekayton.com/silk.htm">Raising silkworms in classrooms for educational purposes (with photos)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2009-09-thread-fabric-insect-silks.html">New thread in fabric of insect silks|physorg.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_silk" title="Ahimsa silk">Ahimsa silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas silk">Atlas silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_silk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese silk (page does not exist)">Burmese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese silk">Chinese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">Pat silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_silk" title="Japanese silk">Japanese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_silk" title="Lao silk">Lao silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_silk" title="Murshidabad silk">Murshidabad silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_silk" title="Rajshahi silk">Rajshahi silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_silk" title="Thai silk">Thai silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tussar_silk" title="Tussar silk">Tussar silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">Wild silk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk industry in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_of_Cheshire" title="Silk industry of Cheshire">Silk industry of Cheshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja" title="Tenun Pahang Diraja">Tenun Pahang Diraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template talk:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clothing materials and parts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garment structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armscye" title="Armscye">Armscye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stays" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stays">Collar stays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_collar" title="Detachable collar">Detachable collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">Cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(sewing)" title="Dart (sewing)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(sewing)" title="Facing (sewing)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">Lapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placket" title="Placket">Placket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revers" title="Revers">Revers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">Shoulder pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_strap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder strap">Strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistband" title="Waistband">Waistband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)" title="Yoke (clothing)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Animal hides</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Stingray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_closure" title="Back closure">Back closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neckline" title="Neckline">Neckline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustline" title="Bustline">Bustline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">Waistline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemline" title="Hemline">Hemline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37681#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37681#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37681#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054289-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Silk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122543">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941507q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941507q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hedvábí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120662&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX533940">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543754305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/34e445d1-83da-408a-8ef6-4d5c2e5bf024">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013965">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647940">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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