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id="featured-post-2" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Test and Measurement Video</h3> <article class="post-19216 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-arbitrary-waveform-generators category-featured category-oscilloscopes category-video tag-uni-trend entry" aria-label="Tryout: Uni-T UTG962E Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tryout-uni-t-utg962e-function-arbitrary-waveform-generator/" class="aligncenter" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="348" height="180" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Uni-T_FuncGen_Fig02-348x180.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="Waveform generator sinewave" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tryout-uni-t-utg962e-function-arbitrary-waveform-generator/">Tryout: Uni-T UTG962E Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>This waveform generator is small enough to fit on any bench and packs many useful features so long as you operate it from the physical or virtual front panel. The software, however, needs work. Walking the exhibit floor at IMS 2024, I passed by … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/tryout-uni-t-utg962e-function-arbitrary-waveform-generator/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about Tryout: Uni-T UTG962E Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator</span></a></p></div></article><p class="more-from-category"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/video/" title="Video">More Videos</a></p></div></section> </div><div class="home-middle-right widget-area"> <section id="recent-posts-3" class="widget widget_recent_entries"><div class="widget-wrap"> <h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Today on Test & Measurement Tips</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/">How to determine noise figure: part 3</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/rf-cables-cover-frequencies-to-43-5-ghz-for-test-applications/">RF cables cover frequencies to 43.5 GHz for test applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/pickering-upgrades-single-slot-pxie-system-controller/">Pickering upgrades single-slot PXIe system controller</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/isolated-current-probes-eliminate-ground-loops/">Isolated current probes eliminate ground loops</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/rf-cable-tests-devices-to-43-5-ghz/">RF cable tests devices to 43.5 GHz</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/">How to determine noise figure: part 2</a> </li> </ul> </div></section> </div></div><div class="home-bottom widget-area"><section id="featured-post-3" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">FAQs</h3> <article class="post-19310 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-arbitrary-waveform-generators category-faq category-featured category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to determine noise figure: part 3"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Nelson_NoiseFigure_pt3_fig1-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Nelson_NoiseFigure_pt3_fig1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Nelson_NoiseFigure_pt3_fig1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/">How to determine noise figure: part 3</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>Noise factor and noise figure as defined in an IEEE standard can be derived from a two-port device’s equivalent noise temperature. In part 1 and part 2 of this series we discussed several ways to indicate the noise performance of a device under test (DUT). We first introduced the concept of … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-3/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about How to determine noise figure: part 3</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19265 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-power-sensing category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to determine noise figure: part 2"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/">How to determine noise figure: part 2</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>The relationship between noise and temperature prompted a precursor of the IEEE to promulgate an alternative definition of noise figure in 1959. In part 1 of this series, we described the work of the Danish-American radio engineer Harald Friis, who described noise factor F of a device or … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-2/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about How to determine noise figure: part 2</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19247 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="What information does an eye diagram depict?"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-information-does-an-eye-diagram-depict/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Featured-Image-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Featured-Image-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Featured-Image-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-information-does-an-eye-diagram-depict/">What information does an eye diagram depict?</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>An eye diagram is a powerful visualization tool in digital communications and high-speed electronics to assess signal quality and channel performance. This FAQ will briefly explain an eye diagram and the overall and specific metrics engineers should know to understand an eye diagram. When … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-information-does-an-eye-diagram-depict/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about What information does an eye diagram depict?</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19227 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to determine noise figure: part 1"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-1/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nelson_Noise_Feature_image-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-1/">How to determine noise figure: part 1</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>A noise figure consolidates the effects of various noise types to provide a single specification for the noise performance of a component or system. In electronic circuits and systems, noise is an undesirable, inevitable disturbance in currents and voltages. Noise has many underlying fundamental … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-determine-noise-figure-part-1/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about How to determine noise figure: part 1</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19194 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to interpret a QAM display: part 3"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-3/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-08-at-2.04.35-PM-150x150.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-08-at-2.04.35-PM-150x150.png 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-08-at-2.04.35-PM-70x70.png 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-3/">How to interpret a QAM display: part 3</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>Error vector magnitude characterizes actual QAM signals’ deviations from their ideal locations due to nonlinearity and phase noise. In part 1 of this series, we discussed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which results from summing orthogonal amplitude-modulated cosine and sine waves of the … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-3/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about How to interpret a QAM display: part 3</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19177 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to interpret a QAM display: part 2"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-2/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-01-at-9.32.07-AM-1-150x150.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-01-at-9.32.07-AM-1-150x150.png 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-01-at-9.32.07-AM-1-70x70.png 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-2/">How to interpret a QAM display: part 2</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>Sixteen unique 16-QAM symbols can each convey a unique 4-bit sequence. In part 1 of this series, we discussed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which results from summing amplitude-modulated cosine and sine waves of the same frequency. We also looked at the constellation diagram, which a … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-2/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about How to interpret a QAM display: part 2</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19104 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analyzer category-faq category-featured category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers category-wireless tag-faq entry" aria-label="How to interpret a QAM display: part 1"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-1/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nelson_QAM_pt1_fig1-1-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nelson_QAM_pt1_fig1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nelson_QAM_pt1_fig1-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-1/">How to interpret a QAM display: part 1</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>A constellation diagram plots a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal’s in-phase and quadrature components. The EE World article "Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer?" in part 3 mentioned that vector-signal analyzers (VSAs) can display modulation-domain and … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-interpret-a-qam-display-part-1/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about How to interpret a QAM display: part 1</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19072 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-communication-test category-faq category-featured category-featured-tutorials category-wireless category-wireless-test-equipment tag-faq entry" aria-label="Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/verify-test-and-troubleshoot-5g-wi-fi-fwa-gateways/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_steps_WiFi7_5G_Fig2_770x375-1-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_steps_WiFi7_5G_Fig2_770x375-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_steps_WiFi7_5G_Fig2_770x375-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/verify-test-and-troubleshoot-5g-wi-fi-fwa-gateways/">Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>By Xiang Li, Keysight Technologies Follow these three steps to ensure your fixed-wireless access designs will be compatible with the Wi-Fi fronthaul and 5G backhaul. Many areas lack the wired infrastructure to bring residential broadband access. Making those connections has become costly and … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/verify-test-and-troubleshoot-5g-wi-fi-fwa-gateways/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19061 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-vector-network-analyzer category-wireless-test-equipment tag-rohdeschwarz tag-siglenttechnologies tag-signal-analyzer tag-spectrum-analyzer tag-vector-network-analyzer entry" aria-label="Should I use a spectrum analyzer, signal analyzer, or vector network analyzer? Part 4"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-analyzer-signal-analyzer-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-4/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMS2023_TM_Eravant-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMS2023_TM_Eravant-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMS2023_TM_Eravant-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-analyzer-signal-analyzer-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-4/">Should I use a spectrum analyzer, signal analyzer, or vector network analyzer? Part 4</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>A vector network analyzer can fully characterize components by deriving their scattering parameters. In earlier parts of this series, we looked at analog spectrum analyzers (part 1 and part 2) and vector signal analyzers (part 3), both of which monitor unknown signals, whether emanating from … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-analyzer-signal-analyzer-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-4/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about Should I use a spectrum analyzer, signal analyzer, or vector network analyzer? Part 4</span></a></p></div></article><article class="post-19033 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analyzer category-faq category-featured category-spectrum-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzer category-vector-network-analyzers tag-faq entry" aria-label="Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer? part 3"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-signal-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-3/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nelson_analyzers_pt3_fig2-1-150x150.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nelson_analyzers_pt3_fig2-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nelson_analyzers_pt3_fig2-1-70x70.jpg 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-signal-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-3/">Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer? part 3</a></h4></header><div class="entry-content"><p>In part 2 of this series, we looked at a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer and how it could sweep a frequency span of interest from 1 MHz to 1.1 MHz with a sweep time of 50 msec. As Figure 1 shows, the analyzer readily identifies a signal at 1.03 MHz but misses the intermittent signals shown in … <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/should-i-use-a-spectrum-signal-or-vector-network-analyzer-part-3/" class="more-link">[Read More...] <span class="screen-reader-text">about Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer? part 3</span></a></p></div></article><p class="more-from-category"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/category/faq/" title="FAQ">More Posts from this Category</a></p></div></section> <section id="featured-post-4" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Sponsored Content</h3> <article class="post-14322 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-sponsored-content tag-digilent entry" aria-label="What is the importance of resolution in an oscilloscope?"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-is-the-importance-of-resolution-in-an-oscilloscope/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/digilent-sponsored-image1-may2021-150x150.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/digilent-sponsored-image1-may2021-150x150.png 150w, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/digilent-sponsored-image1-may2021-70x70.png 70w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-is-the-importance-of-resolution-in-an-oscilloscope/">What is the importance of resolution in an oscilloscope?</a></h4><p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">May 5, 2021</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/author/x/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Sponsored Content</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/what-is-the-importance-of-resolution-in-an-oscilloscope/#respond">Leave a Comment</a></span></p></header><div class="entry-content"><p>When looking at the oscilloscope feature of a multi-instrument device or when comparing two benchtop oscilloscopes, the first specifications that we look at are the bandwidth and sample rate. 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