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{"work":{"id":7496750,"created_at":"2014-06-29T09:24:05.969-07:00","from_world_paper_id":125192864,"updated_at":"2024-12-04T10:16:48.957-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"Advancements in understanding nanotube formation have revealed an intrinsic factor that aids the stabilization of multiwalled nanotubes during growth: chemisorbed carbon atoms bridging between layers. Using a laser vaporization technique, tubular fullerenes have been produced and characterized, demonstrating a strong preference for bridging configurations that prolong the stability of open structures. The findings underscore the importance of specific atomic arrangements in synthesizing defect-free nanotube fibers.","publication_date":"1995,,","publication_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [13391800]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":48450212,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48450212/mini_magick20190203-8863-1tcq1ue.png?1549240373" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13391800" href="https://ucdavis.academia.edu/TingGuo"><img alt="Profile image of Ting Guo" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Ting Guo</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1995, The Journal of Physical Chemistry</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">4 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 7496750; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=7496750"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Advancements in understanding nanotube formation have revealed an intrinsic factor that aids the stabilization of multiwalled nanotubes during growth: chemisorbed carbon atoms bridging between layers. Using a laser vaporization technique, tubular fullerenes have been produced and characterized, demonstrating a strong preference for bridging configurations that prolong the stability of open structures. 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In the highlights of these experimental and theoretical approaches, various mechanisms, already proposed in the literature, for single and multi-shell nanotubes nucleation and growth are reviewed. A good understanding of nanotube growth at the atomic level is probably one of the main issues either to develop a nanotube mass production process or to control growth in order to obtain well-designed nanotube structures. Nearly ten years after their discovery [1], carbon nanotubes (CNs) are still attracting much interest for their potential applications, which largely derives from their unusual structural and electronic properties. Since all these properties are directly related to the atomic structure of the tube, it is essential to understand what controls nanotube size, the number of shells, the helicity, and the structure during synthesis. A thorough understanding of the formation mechanisms for these nanotubular carbon systems is crucial to design procedures for controlling the growth conditions to obtain more practical structures, which might be directly available for nanotechnology. In order to optimize the single-and multi-walled nanotube yield and quality, three main production methods have been used up to now for their synthesis. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes [1,2] typically grow on the cathode during an arc discharge between two graphitic electrodes (temperature ∼3000 K). Single-wall carbon nanotubes were first observed in the arc discharge apparatus by co-evaporating iron [3] or cobalt [4] (as metal catalysts) in a methane atmosphere. The discovery of a single-shell tube stimulated intense research to find an efficient way to produce bundles of ordered single-wall nanotubes (called ropes). The laser ablation technique uses two lasers to vaporize a graphite target mixed with a small amount of Co and/or Ni in order to condense the</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Growth Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotubes","attachmentId":70011801,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53041416/Growth_Mechanisms_of_Carbon_Nanotubes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53041416/Growth_Mechanisms_of_Carbon_Nanotubes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="23108260" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23108260/Electric_field_effect_in_the_growth_of_carbon_nanotubes">Electric field effect in the growth of carbon nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5429278" href="https://uc-cl.academia.edu/HeribertoBrice%C3%B1o">Heriberto Briceño</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1284676" href="https://chalmers.academia.edu/JoseArevalo">Jose E Arevalo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138418557" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LCorredor1">L. Corredor</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under a controlled electric field in a chemical vapor deposition system is investigated. We evaluate the influence of this external field on the morphological and structural characteristics of CNTs. Scanning electron microscopy results display a large presence of carbonaceous material in the positive plate, which appear to be a consequence of the attraction of electric forces over the electronically unbalanced cracked carbon molecules in the heating zone. We also observe a growth behavior for CNTs, in which catalyst particles are localized either at the bottom or the upper part of the nanotube, depending on the intensity and direction of the electric field. A Raman analysis from all obtained carbon materials shows the presence of two peaks, corresponding to the D * 1340 cm-1 and G * 1590 cm-1 bands attributed to multiwall CNTs. The average diameter of the CNTs is in the range between 90 and 40 nm. These results provide experimental evidence for the dependence of the catalyst and subtract interaction on the growing mechanism, in which weak chemical or electronic interactions could stimulate a top-growing as the strongest base-growing process.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electric field effect in the growth of carbon nanotubes","attachmentId":43604279,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23108260/Electric_field_effect_in_the_growth_of_carbon_nanotubes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23108260/Electric_field_effect_in_the_growth_of_carbon_nanotubes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="109861552" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109861552/Effect_of_focusing_electric_field_on_the_formation_of_arc_generated_carbon_nanotubes">Effect of focusing electric field on the formation of arc generated carbon nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33626700" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarshadaBabrekar">Dr. Harshada Babrekar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">arXiv (Cornell University), 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The effect of focusing electric field on the formation of carbon nano tubes in a direct-current arc-plasma is investigated. The hard deposits on the surface of the cathode are the main products, rich in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. It is seen that the focusing electric field has a distinct influence on the yield, purity and morphology of the nanotubes. A maximum yield of ~55 % of the total consumed anode material was obtained as carbon nanotubes. The deposition of amorphous carbon on the reactor wall reduced drastically on application of the focusing electric field. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to determine the morphology of the nanotubes. In addition, Raman spectroscopy has helped in distinguishing the nanotubes from the amorphous carbon and helped in analyzing the morphology of the tubes. Differential thermal analysis gave a clear feature of the useful yield of carbon nanotubes within the cathode-deposits. Crystalline nature of the nanotubes has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results clearly indicate that the focusing electric field confines the positively charged carbon precursors within the cathode-anode space causing high yield and purity and has a distinct effect on controlling the diameter of the as synthesized CNTs. The paper also discusses different aspects of the used characterization techniques before coming to any major conclusion related to mass.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of focusing electric field on the formation of arc generated carbon nanotubes","attachmentId":107858084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109861552/Effect_of_focusing_electric_field_on_the_formation_of_arc_generated_carbon_nanotubes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109861552/Effect_of_focusing_electric_field_on_the_formation_of_arc_generated_carbon_nanotubes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="103334821" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103334821/Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Related_Structures_New_Materials_for_the_Twenty_First_Century">Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures: New Materials for the Twenty-First Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63625342" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EduardoHern%C3%A1ndez114">Eduardo Hernández</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Physics, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction 1.1 The discovery of fullerene-related carbon nanotubes 1.2 Characteristics of multiwalled nanotubes 1.3 Single-walled nanotubes 1.4 Pre-1991 evidence for carbon nanotubes 1.5 Nanotube research 1.6 Organisation of the book References 2 Synthesis: Preparation methods, growth mechanisms and processing techniques 2.1 Production of multiwalled nanotubes: non-catalytic methods 2.1.1 The arc-evaporation technique 2.1.2 The quality of nanotube samples produced by arc-evaporation 2.1.3 Safety considerations 2.1.4 Condensation of carbon vapour in the absence of an electric field 2.1.5 Pyrolytic methods 2.1.6 Electrochemical synthesis of nanotubes 2.2 Experiments on the heat treatment of fullerene soot 2.3 Catalytically produced multiwalled nanotubes 2.3.1 Background 2.3.2 Growth mechanisms of catalytically produced nanotubes 2.3.3 Synthesis of aligned nanotubes by catalysis vii 2.4 Nanotubes on TEM support grids: a word of warning 2.5 Single-walled nanotubes 2.5.1 Discovery 2.5.2 Subsequent work on single-walled tubes 2.5.3 Nanotube 'ropes' 2.6 Theories of nanotube growth 2.6.1 General comments 2.6.2 Why do tubes remain open during growth? 2.6.3 Properties of the arc plasma 2.6.4 An alternative model 2.6.5 Growth of single-walled nanotubes 2.7 Purification of multiwalled tubes 2.8 Purification of single-walled tubes 2.9 Alignment of nanotube samples 2.10 Length control of carbon nanotubes 2.11 Discussion References 3 Structure 3.1 Classification of tubular biological structures 3.2 Bonding in carbon materials 3.3 The structure of carbon nanotubes: theoretical discussion 3.3.1 Vector notation for carbon nanotubes 3.3.2 Unit cells of nanotubes 3.3.3 Multiwalled nanotubes 3.3.4 Theory of nanotube capping 3.3.5 Symmetry classification of nanotubes 3.3.6 Elbow connections, tori and coils 3.3.7 Arrays of single-walled nanotubes 3.4 The physical stability of carbon nanotubes 3.5 Experimental studies of nanotube structure: multiwalled nanotubes 3.5.1 Techniques 3.5.2 The layer structure: experimental observations 3.5.3 The layer structure: models 3.5.4 Electron diffraction 3.5.5 Plan-view imaging by HREM 3.5.6 The cross-sectional shape of multiwalled nanotubes 3.5.7 HREM studies of cap structure 3.5.8 Elbow connections and branching structures viii Contents 3.6 Experimental studies of nanotube structure: single-walled nanotubes 3.6.1 High resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction 3.6.2 Scanning probe microscopy 3.6.3 Nanotube hoops and diameter doubling 3.7 Structure of carbon nanoparticles 3.8 Nanocones 3.9 Discussion References 4 The physics of nanotubes 4.1 Electronic properties of graphite and carbon fibres 4.1.1 Band structure of graphite 4.1.2 Transport properties of graphite, disordered carbons and carbon fibres 4.1.3 Magnetoresistance of graphite and carbon fibres 4.2 Electronic properties of nanotubes: theory 4.2.1 Band structure of single-walled tubes 4.2.2 Band structure of multiwalled tubes 4.2.3 Electron transport in nanotubes 4.2.4 Nanotube junctions 4.2.5 Electronic properties of nanotubes in a magnetic field 4.3 Electronic properties of nanotubes: experimental measurements 4.3.1 Resistivity measurements on multiwalled nanotubes 4.3.2 Resistivity measurements on single-walled nanotubes 4.3.3 Doping of nanotube bundles 4.3.4 Electron spin resonance 4.4 Magnetic properties of nanotubes 4.5 Optical properties of nanotubes 4.6 Vibrational properties of nanotubes 4.6.1 Symmetry of vibrational modes 4.6.2 Experimental IR and Raman spectra: multiwalled nanotubes 4.6.3 Experimental IR and Raman spectra: single-walled nanotubes 4.7 Electron energy loss spectroscopy of nanotubes 4.8 Nanotube field emitters 4.9 Discussion References ix Contents 5 Nanocapsules and nanotest-tubes 5.1 Metallofullerenes 5.2 Filling nanotubes and nanoparticles by arc-evaporation 5.2.1 Early work 5.2.2 Further studies 5.3 Preparation of filled nanoparticles from microporous carbon 5.4 Properties of filled nanoparticles 5.4.1 Protection from environmental degradation 5.4.2 Encapsulation of magnetic materials 5.4.3 Encapsulation of radioactive materials 5.5 Technegas 5.6 Opening and filling of nanotubes using chemical methods and capillarity 5.6.1 The work of Ajayan and Iijima 5.6.2 Selective opening using gas-phase oxidants 5.6.3 Opening by treatment with nitric acid 5.6.4 Alternative liquid-phase oxidants 5.6.5 Filling with molten materials 5.6.6 Experiments on capillarity and wetting 5.6.7 Chemistry and crystallisation in nanotubes 5.6.8 Biological molecules in nanotubes 5.7 Filling of single-walled nanotubes 5.8 Storing gases in nanotubes 5.9 Discussion References 6 The ultimate carbon fibre? The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes 6.1 Conventional carbon fibres 6.2 Graphite whiskers 6.3 Catalytically grown carbon fibres 6.4 Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes 6.4.1 Theoretical predictions 6.4.2 Experimental observations using TEM: qualitative 6.4.3 Experimental observations using TEM: quantitative 6.4.4 Experimental observations using scanning probe microscopy 6.5 Carbon nanotube composites 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Bonding between nanotubes and matrix x Contents 6.5.3 Aspect ratio 6.5.4 Experiments on incorporating nanotubes into a matrix 6.5.5 Applications of nanotube-containing composites 6.6 Nanotubes as tips for scanning probe microscopes 6.7 Discussion References 7 Curved crystals, inorganic fullerenes and nanorods 7.1 Chrysotile and imogolite 7.2 Inorganic fullerenes from layered metal dichalcogenides 7.2.1 Synthesis of chalcogenide fullerenes 7.2.2 Structure of chalcogenide fullerenes 7.2.3 Inorganic fullerenes as solid-state lubricants 7.3 Nanotubes and nanoparticles containing boron and nitrogen 7.3.1 Boron-carbon-nitride tubes 7.3.2 Pure boron nitride tubes and nanoparticles 7.3.3 Structure of boron nitride tubes and nanoparticles 7.4 Carbide nanorods 7.5 Discussion References 8 Carbon onions and spheroidal carbon 8.1 Carbon onions 8.1.1 Discovery 8.1.2 Ugarte's experiments: irradiation of cathodic soot 8.1.3 Production of onions from other carbons 8.1.4 The structure of carbon onions 8.1.5 Formation mechanism of carbon onions 8.1.6 Stability of carbon onions 8.1.7 Bulk synthesis of carbon onions 8.1.8 The formation of diamond inside carbon onions 8.2 Spheroidal carbon particles in soot 8.2.1 Background 8.2.2 Growth mechanisms: the traditional view 8.2.3 The icospiral growth mechanism 8.2.4 The structure of carbon black 8.3 Spherulitic graphite cast iron 8.3.1 History 8.3.2 The structure of spherulitic graphite 8.3.3 The precipitation process xi Contents 8.4 Spheroidal structures in mesophase pitch 8.5 Discussion References 9 Future directions 9.1 Towards a carbon nanotube chemistry 9.2 New all-carbon structures 9.3 Nanotubes in nanotechnology 9.4 Final thoughts References Name index Subject index xii Contents</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures: New Materials for the Twenty-First Century","attachmentId":103369574,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103334821/Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Related_Structures_New_Materials_for_the_Twenty_First_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103334821/Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Related_Structures_New_Materials_for_the_Twenty_First_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13880859" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13880859/Introduction_to_Carbon_Nanotubes">Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32959298" href="https://ups-tlse.academia.edu/AlainPeigney">Alain Peigney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes","attachmentId":44842999,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13880859/Introduction_to_Carbon_Nanotubes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13880859/Introduction_to_Carbon_Nanotubes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="30404883" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30404883/Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Their_Growth_Methods">Carbon Nanotubes and Their Growth Methods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57955275" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MutazAlgrbawi">Mutaz Algrbawi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are the allotropes of carbon which belong to the fullerene structural family. These are cylindrical structures with at least one end closed with a buckyball structure hemisphere. They are few nano meter in diameter and have tensile strength of ~63GPa and young's modulus of ~1TPa. On the basis of structures carbon nanotubes can be classified as Single-walled (SWNT), Multi-walled (MWNT), Polymerized SWNT, Nanotorus and Nanobuds. Carbon Nanotubes can behave as metal or as a semiconductor depending on the nature of its helix. They are good thermal conductors along their axis but act as insulators in the lateral direction. Major manufacturing techniques employed for fabrication of CNTs are Arc discharge, Laser Ablation and Chemical vapor deposition. Carbon Nanotubes are extending our ability to fabricate devices such as molecular probes, pipes, wires, bearings, springs, gears and pumps</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carbon Nanotubes and Their Growth Methods","attachmentId":50850294,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30404883/Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Their_Growth_Methods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30404883/Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Their_Growth_Methods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="8095474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8095474/Materials_Science_of_Carbon_Nanotubes_Fabrication_Integration_and_Properties_of_Macroscopic_Structures_of_Carbon_Nanotubes">Materials Science of Carbon Nanotubes: Fabrication, Integration, and Properties of Macroscopic Structures of Carbon Nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15679140" href="https://uncc.academia.edu/SoojinOh">Soojin Oh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Accounts of Chemical Research, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this Account, we summarize some of our recent studies on the materials properties of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The focus is on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We describe experiments on synthesis of SWNTs with controlled molecular structures and assembly of functional macroscopic structures. In addition, we present results on the electron field emission properties of macroscopic CNT cathodes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Materials Science of Carbon Nanotubes: Fabrication, Integration, and Properties of Macroscopic Structures of Carbon Nanotubes","attachmentId":48215895,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8095474/Materials_Science_of_Carbon_Nanotubes_Fabrication_Integration_and_Properties_of_Macroscopic_Structures_of_Carbon_Nanotubes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8095474/Materials_Science_of_Carbon_Nanotubes_Fabrication_Integration_and_Properties_of_Macroscopic_Structures_of_Carbon_Nanotubes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="85456999" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85456999/Review_Of_Carbon_Nanotubes_Growth_And_Synthesis">Review Of Carbon Nanotubes Growth And Synthesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18684768" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SHZein">S. H. Zein</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Carbon nanotubes are tubular nanostructures derived from rolled graphene planes. Carbon nanotubes are fullerenes related structures but a fullerenes's carbon form a sphere; while a nanotubes are cylindrical. The growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes depend on the synthesis method. Carbon nanotubes were synthesized through either physical or chemical method. Physical methods discussed were arc discharge and laser ablation method. Arc method is the primary technique used to synthesize carbon nanotubes. Laser. ablation is improved development of arc method leading to production of highly pure products of carbon nanotubes at lower energy consumption. However, due to hil:!h operating cos~as well as low produ.ction rate has made large. scale producti.on 0 () /l (?13k nanotubes usmg these methods dIfficult. Therefore, chemICal method, I.e.,' I:' decomposition of hydrocarbon method is believed to appear as a promising method for scalling up the production of uniform size carbon nanotubes at a relatively low cost.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review Of Carbon Nanotubes Growth And Synthesis","attachmentId":90149554,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85456999/Review_Of_Carbon_Nanotubes_Growth_And_Synthesis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85456999/Review_Of_Carbon_Nanotubes_Growth_And_Synthesis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="56069960" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56069960/Dynamics_of_Nanotube_Synthesis">Dynamics of Nanotube Synthesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="171054149" href="https://nyit.academia.edu/HenryFoley">Henry C . Foley</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics of Nanotube Synthesis","attachmentId":71637023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56069960/Dynamics_of_Nanotube_Synthesis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56069960/Dynamics_of_Nanotube_Synthesis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4645725" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4645725/Synthesis_of_Carbon_Nanotubes">Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5880766" href="https://independent.academia.edu/anchalsrivastava">anchal srivastava</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by S. Iijima, 3 who was looking for new carbon structures, in the deposit formed on graphite cathode surfaces during the electric-arc evaporation (or discharge) that is commonly employed to produce fullerene soot. The CNTs, also known as tubular fullerenes, are cylindrical graphene sheets of sp 2 bonded carbon atoms. These nanotubes are concentric graphitic cylinders closed at either end due to the presence of five-membered rings. The CNTs can be multiwalled with a central tube of nanometric diameter surrounded by graphitic layers separated by ~0.34nm [ ]. Unlike the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) there is only the tube and no graphitic layers i.e. SWNTs consist of singular graphene cylindrical walls. In 1999, Rode et al., 4,5 prepared a new form of carbon, a low-density cluster assembled carbon nanofoam. Carbon nanofoam has been prepared by a high-repetition-rate, high-power laser ablation of glassy carbon in Ar atmosphere. The nanofoam possesses a fractallike structure consisting of carbon clusters with an average diameter of 6-9 nm randomly interconnected into a web-like foam.The nanofoam is the first form of pure carbon to display ferromagnetism albeit temporary, at room temperature . 6 Ever since, the discovery of CNTs, several ways of preparing them has been explored. The CNTs have been synthesized by various methods e.g. electric arc discharge, laser evaporation and chemical vapor deposition. 7-9 These methods are very useful and are of widespread importance. The CNTs can be inert and can have a high aspect ratio, high tensile strength, low mass density, high heat conductivity, large surface area and versatile electronic behavior including high electron conductivity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes","attachmentId":49728145,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4645725/Synthesis_of_Carbon_Nanotubes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4645725/Synthesis_of_Carbon_Nanotubes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48450212,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48450212,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_48450212" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="72653798" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72653798/An_Overview_on_Carbon_Nanotubes">An Overview on Carbon Nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63932044" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeshpandeMakrand">Makrand Deshpande</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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Journet</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Carbon, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carbon single wall nanotubes elaboration and properties","attachmentId":39608810,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17605519/Carbon_single_wall_nanotubes_elaboration_and_properties","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17605519/Carbon_single_wall_nanotubes_elaboration_and_properties"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="17119760" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17119760/Lip_Lip_Interactions_and_the_Growth_of_Multiwalled_Carbon_Nanotubes">Lip-Lip Interactions and the Growth of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36694676" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmiteshMaiti">Amitesh Maiti</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35830774" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JBernholc">J. 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