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The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party school reopened last year after a China-funded refurbishment.\nThe school not only conducts training and seminars for ZANU-PF cadres, students and politicians, it also attracts regular visits by lecturers from China’s ruling Communist Party.\nIn December, the Chinese party donated 1,300 books to the school, covering China’s history, financial reforms and development, as well as foreign affairs and culture as part of deepening party-to-party exchanges.\nThe bonds between the two countries were forged decades ago. Zimbabwe was one of several African countries that received Chinese ideological and military support during their liberation struggles.\nZimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa – who took over from former leader Robert Mugabe after a coup in 2017 – was among those to undergo military training in China in the 1960s.\nZimbabwe continues to benefit from Chinese economic assistance, especially since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions over the seizure of land from white farmers while Mugabe was in power.\nAs China-Africa ties have grown closer, Beijing has also stepped up training of the continent’s political elites and exchanges in governance as part of a joint pursuit of modernisation.\nChina’s ambition to export its governance model to Africa was evident in President Xi Jinping’s opening speech at the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit on September 5, as well as in talks with Mnangagwa and other leaders.\nIn bilateral talks with Xi on the FOCAC sidelines, Mnangagwa said Harare was “ready to strengthen experience exchange with China on state governance and party administration”.\n\nThe issue of “sharing governance experience” also came up during talks between Xi and leaders from Namibia, Mozambique and Tanzania.\nIn his speech, Xi flagged that Beijing would increasingly deploy soft power through a “platform for governance experience sharing, a China-Africa knowledge network for development, and 25 centres on China and Africa studies”.\nChina will also invite 1,000 members of African political parties to “deepen exchanges of experience”, he said.\nWhile China has built and supported a number of party schools in Africa since the 1960s, the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Tanzania is noteworthy because of its support for multiple African political parties.\nThe Communist Party of China provided US$40 million for construction of the school, which opened its doors in 2022 to trainees from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.\nThe intake represents the coalition of the Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa – made up of parties that have all prevailed in every election since their countries’ independence.\nThe school – in Kibaha, 40km (25 miles) outside Dar es Salaam – is modelled on China’s Central Party School and parallels the China-Africa Institute, a Chinese initiative to train African leaders.\n\nBut there are other, less noticeable – and non-bricks-and-mortar – schools associated with China’s National Academy of Governance (CAG), the party school’s external name, according to a study by China specialist Paul Nantulya published in July.\n“China’s party exchanges have increased alongside this expanding training,” said Nantulya, from the National Defence University’s Africa Centre for Strategic Studies in Washington.\nAccording to Nantulya, China is expected to receive more than 50 African party delegations this year – double the number of comparable visits that were hosted in 2015.\nBeijing has active relationships with 110 African ruling and opposition parties, 35 parliaments and 59 politically oriented organisations, including party think tanks, Nantulya’s study found.\nChina-Africa specialist David Shinn, a professor at George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, said Xi’s speech represented an expansion of his goal to export China’s governance model to Africa – or at least, elements of it.\nThe invitation for 1,000 African political party members to visit China over the next three years and learn about state and party governance is another part of this effort, as party-to-party exchanges resumed after the pandemic, he said.\nHowever, these “exchanges” beg the question of whether China is really interested in learning about African governing models, according to Shinn. “It seems that the CPC already has a fixed idea about its governance policies.”\nObservers said China’s aim is not only to promote the development model that helped it to become an economic giant. Beijing is also hoping that its governance model will counter Western liberal norms.\n\nNantulya pointed out that while China’s political model is popular with African ruling parties intent on extending their longevity, it has not been something to which many African citizens aspire – despite widespread admiration for its economic model.\n“It should be recalled that Africa’s experience with single-party rule was almost uniformly negative [and explains] the popular groundswell of pro-democracy movements that spearheaded the collapse of one-party states during the 1990s transition to multiparty politics,” he said.\nAccording to Nantulya, political parties from Burundi, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Uganda and Kenya have approached Beijing for help with building their schools and strengthening their party base.\nThere have also been numerous visits to Africa by Chinese party officials and vice versa.\nIn August, Liu Jianchao, head of the Communist Party of China’s international department, led a delegation to South Africa for talks with President Cyril Ramaphosa and officials from his ANC party.\nThe two sides agreed to strengthen inter-party exchanges and deepen exchanges on governing experience.\nAccording to Yun Sun, co-director of the East Asia Programme and director of the Washington-based Stimson Centre’s China Programme, Beijing’s goal is to give Africa the opportunity to understand and utilise the Chinese experience of governance and development.\n“For China, it is a contribution as a responsible stakeholder, to help developing countries to stabilise and develop,” Sun said.\nThe sharing of governance and development experience does not constitute interference in internal affairs because it is not imposed and Africa has the liberty to choose other countries’ options, she added.\n\n\nBenjamin Barton, an associate professor at the University of Nottingham Malaysia, said the trend in recent years of China funding and building communist party schools was basically following in a long line of policy endeavours emanating from FOCAC.\n“This is designed to build long-lasting relations with the African elite, present and future, as well as build long-term inroads into African political scenes,” he said.\n“Clearly, the underlying motive is not simply about spreading influence but also about countering Western liberal norms through the promotion of China’s own interpretation of themes such as governance and development.”\nIn the context of its ties with Africa, China prefers to frame governance as etched around economic development, in contrast to Western interpretations, which traditionally put political development and democratisation on a par with modernisation, he said.\nAccording to Barton, economic development carries less baggage than political development and because China does not have a colonial legacy, Beijing’s proposed interpretation of governance would be seen as non-intrusive in most cases.\nNevertheless, if China does build a platform – physically and figuratively – to spread its governance model in Africa, the level of participation in the continent will not really say much, Barton said.\n“African elites, future leaders, students and activists may attend training, workshops and other activities held under the banner of this platform but whether they actually agree and take on board Chinese prescriptions is a different matter altogether.”\n","articleSection":"Diplomacy","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jevans Nyabiage","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/jevans-nyabiage"},"dateCreated":"2024-09-18T15:38:20+08:00","dateModified":"2024-09-18T23:17:23+08:00","datePublished":"2024-09-18T22:00:11+08:00","description":" in Harare stands tall as a symbol of ","genre":"News","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"How China is sharing its development and governance experience with 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data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">China-Africa relations</a></div><div class=" er6t7fe20 css-1xdhyk6 e1047c925" data-qa="ArticleSections-SectionContainer"><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/news/china?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>China</span><span data-qa="ArticleSections-render-SectionTagsSpacer" class="css-176a798 e1047c920"></span></a><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/news/china/diplomacy?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>Diplomacy</span></a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Headline" class="css-hdf8vf ea45u6l21"><h1 class="er6t7fe5 css-1u8qly9 e298i0d3" data-qa="ContentHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><span data-qa="ContentHeadline-Headline" class="css-0 e298i0d2">How China is sharing its development and governance experience with Africa</span></h1></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-SubHeadline" 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class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: 10:00pm, 18 Sep 2024</time><time dateTime="2024-09-18T15:17:23.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-UpdatedDate" class="css-m6ip7c efakuk40">Updated: 11:17pm, 18 Sep 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe37 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0"><a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3273698/how-chinas-communist-party-building-political-schools-and-influence-africa?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology</span></a> in Harare stands tall as a symbol of <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-africa-relations?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">China’s soft power.</span></a> The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party school reopened last year after a China-funded refurbishment.</div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">The school not only conducts training and seminars for ZANU-PF cadres, students and politicians, it also attracts regular visits by lecturers from China’s ruling Communist Party.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">In December, the Chinese party donated 1,300 books to the school, covering China’s history, financial reforms and development, as well as foreign affairs and culture as part of deepening party-to-party exchanges.</p><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The bonds between the two countries were forged decades ago. <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/zimbabwe?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Zimbabwe</span></a> was one of several African countries that received Chinese ideological and military support during their liberation struggles.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">Zimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa – who took over from former leader Robert Mugabe after a coup in 2017 – was among those to undergo military training in China in the 1960s.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">Zimbabwe continues to benefit from Chinese economic assistance, especially since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions over the seizure of land from white farmers while Mugabe was in power.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">As China-Africa ties have grown closer, Beijing has also stepped up training of the continent’s political elites and exchanges in governance as part of a joint pursuit of modernisation.</p></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe22 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-LoadingContainer" class="css-hu4lls e1x97qwg2"><div class="css-1px2vm1 e1hb2u5e0" data-qa="Loading-CenteredContainer"><img aria-label="loading" data-qa="BaseImage-handleRenderImage-StyledImage" loading="eager" src="https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/_next/static/media/wheel-on-gray.af4a55f9.gif" class="css-o105sx e445x7d0"/></div></div><div class="article-view__piano-metering css-16o2qwc e1x97qwg0" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Wrapper"></div></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-AuthorDetail" class="css-17kn4z6 ea45u6l7"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-BottomCarousel" class="css-1fuqt2g 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styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n 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correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article 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The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party school reopened last year after a China-funded refurbishment.\nThe school not only conducts training and seminars for ZANU-PF cadres, students and politicians, it also attracts regular visits by lecturers from China’s ruling Communist Party.\nIn December, the Chinese party donated 1,300 books to the school, covering China’s history, financial reforms and development, as well as foreign affairs and culture as part of deepening party-to-party exchanges.\nThe bonds between the two countries were forged decades ago. Zimbabwe was one of several African countries that received Chinese ideological and military support during their liberation struggles.\nZimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa – who took over from former leader Robert Mugabe after a coup in 2017 – was among those to undergo military training in China in the 1960s.\nZimbabwe continues to benefit from Chinese economic assistance, especially since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions over the seizure of land from white farmers while Mugabe was in power.\nAs China-Africa ties have grown closer, Beijing has also stepped up training of the continent’s political elites and exchanges in governance as part of a joint pursuit of modernisation.\nChina’s ambition to export its governance model to Africa was evident in President Xi Jinping’s opening speech at the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit on September 5, as well as in talks with Mnangagwa and other leaders.\nIn bilateral talks with Xi on the FOCAC sidelines, Mnangagwa said Harare was “ready to strengthen experience exchange with China on state governance and party administration”.\n\nThe issue of “sharing governance experience” also came up during talks between Xi and leaders from Namibia, Mozambique and Tanzania.\nIn his speech, Xi flagged that Beijing would increasingly deploy soft power through a “platform for governance experience sharing, a China-Africa knowledge network for development, and 25 centres on China and Africa studies”.\nChina will also invite 1,000 members of African political parties to “deepen exchanges of experience”, he said.\nWhile China has built and supported a number of party schools in Africa since the 1960s, the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Tanzania is noteworthy because of its support for multiple African political parties.\nThe Communist Party of China provided US$40 million for construction of the school, which opened its doors in 2022 to trainees from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.\nThe intake represents the coalition of the Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa – made up of parties that have all prevailed in every election since their countries’ independence.\nThe school – in Kibaha, 40km (25 miles) outside Dar es Salaam – is modelled on China’s Central Party School and parallels the China-Africa Institute, a Chinese initiative to train African leaders.\n\nBut there are other, less noticeable – and non-bricks-and-mortar – schools associated with China’s National Academy of Governance (CAG), the party school’s external name, according to a study by China specialist Paul Nantulya published in July.\n“China’s party exchanges have increased alongside this expanding training,” said Nantulya, from the National Defence University’s Africa Centre for Strategic Studies in Washington.\nAccording to Nantulya, China is expected to receive more than 50 African party delegations this year – double the number of comparable visits that were hosted in 2015.\nBeijing has active relationships with 110 African ruling and opposition parties, 35 parliaments and 59 politically oriented organisations, including party think tanks, Nantulya’s study found.\nChina-Africa specialist David Shinn, a professor at George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, said Xi’s speech represented an expansion of his goal to export China’s governance model to Africa – or at least, elements of it.\nThe invitation for 1,000 African political party members to visit China over the next three years and learn about state and party governance is another part of this effort, as party-to-party exchanges resumed after the pandemic, he said.\nHowever, these “exchanges” beg the question of whether China is really interested in learning about African governing models, according to Shinn. “It seems that the CPC already has a fixed idea about its governance policies.”\nObservers said China’s aim is not only to promote the development model that helped it to become an economic giant. Beijing is also hoping that its governance model will counter Western liberal norms.\n\nNantulya pointed out that while China’s political model is popular with African ruling parties intent on extending their longevity, it has not been something to which many African citizens aspire – despite widespread admiration for its economic model.\n“It should be recalled that Africa’s experience with single-party rule was almost uniformly negative [and explains] the popular groundswell of pro-democracy movements that spearheaded the collapse of one-party states during the 1990s transition to multiparty politics,” he said.\nAccording to Nantulya, political parties from Burundi, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Uganda and Kenya have approached Beijing for help with building their schools and strengthening their party base.\nThere have also been numerous visits to Africa by Chinese party officials and vice versa.\nIn August, Liu Jianchao, head of the Communist Party of China’s international department, led a delegation to South Africa for talks with President Cyril Ramaphosa and officials from his ANC party.\nThe two sides agreed to strengthen inter-party exchanges and deepen exchanges on governing experience.\nAccording to Yun Sun, co-director of the East Asia Programme and director of the Washington-based Stimson Centre’s China Programme, Beijing’s goal is to give Africa the opportunity to understand and utilise the Chinese experience of governance and development.\n“For China, it is a contribution as a responsible stakeholder, to help developing countries to stabilise and develop,” Sun said.\nThe sharing of governance and development experience does not constitute interference in internal affairs because it is not imposed and Africa has the liberty to choose other countries’ options, she added.\n\n\nBenjamin Barton, an associate professor at the University of Nottingham Malaysia, said the trend in recent years of China funding and building communist party schools was basically following in a long line of policy endeavours emanating from FOCAC.\n“This is designed to build long-lasting relations with the African elite, present and future, as well as build long-term inroads into African political scenes,” he said.\n“Clearly, the underlying motive is not simply about spreading influence but also about countering Western liberal norms through the promotion of China’s own interpretation of themes such as governance and development.”\nIn the context of its ties with Africa, China prefers to frame governance as etched around economic development, in contrast to Western interpretations, which traditionally put political development and democratisation on a par with modernisation, he said.\nAccording to Barton, economic development carries less baggage than political development and because China does not have a colonial legacy, Beijing’s proposed interpretation of governance would be seen as non-intrusive in most cases.\nNevertheless, if China does build a platform – physically and figuratively – to spread its governance model in Africa, the level of participation in the continent will not really say much, Barton said.\n“African elites, future leaders, students and activists may attend training, workshops and other activities held under the banner of this platform but whether they actually agree and take on board Chinese prescriptions is a different matter altogether.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3273698/how-chinas-communist-party-building-political-schools-and-influence-africa","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"9294ca07-9309-49fc-ac0f-41516d02ae46","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology"}]},{"type":"text","data":" in Harare stands tall as a symbol of "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-africa-relations","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"8a286ac4-6a2d-4dbe-bc00-b998cdb053cf","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"China’s soft power."}]},{"type":"text","data":" The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party school reopened last year after a China-funded refurbishment."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The school not only conducts training and seminars for ZANU-PF cadres, students and politicians, it also attracts regular visits by lecturers from China’s ruling Communist Party."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In December, the Chinese party donated 1,300 books to the school, covering China’s history, financial reforms and development, as well as foreign affairs and culture as part of deepening party-to-party exchanges."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The bonds between the two countries were forged decades ago. "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/zimbabwe","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c651f74c-12cd-4430-9f68-526b7f1ef0c1","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zimbabwe"}]},{"type":"text","data":" was one of several African countries that received Chinese ideological and military support during their liberation struggles."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa – who took over from former leader Robert Mugabe after a coup in 2017 – was among those to undergo military training in China in the 1960s."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zimbabwe continues to benefit from Chinese economic assistance, especially since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions over the seizure of land from white farmers while Mugabe was in power."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As China-Africa ties have grown closer, Beijing has also stepped up training of the continent’s political elites and exchanges in governance as part of a joint pursuit of modernisation."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China’s ambition to export its governance model to Africa was evident in President Xi Jinping’s opening speech at the ninth "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3277375/security-and-finance-headline-chinas-pledges-africa-focac-summit","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"6461c761-90f2-487a-8ef7-ff68146b1b0a","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation"}]},{"type":"text","data":" (FOCAC) summit on September 5, as well as in talks with Mnangagwa and other leaders."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In bilateral talks with Xi on the FOCAC sidelines, Mnangagwa said Harare was “ready to strengthen experience exchange with China on state governance and party administration”."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/09/18/c4b4a8b1-13b1-4d5c-80c8-0888375277f2_bea19eb6.jpg","data-fid":"15552672","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1719","title":"The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology in Zimbabwe was refurbished and stocked with books, thanks to funding and donations from China. Photo: Zimbabwe African National Union- Patriotic Front","alt":"The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology in Zimbabwe was refurbished and stocked with books, thanks to funding and donations from China. Photo: Zimbabwe African National Union- Patriotic Front"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The issue of “sharing governance experience” also came up during talks between Xi and leaders from Namibia, Mozambique and Tanzania."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In his speech, Xi flagged that Beijing would increasingly deploy soft power through a “platform for governance experience sharing, a China-Africa knowledge network for development, and 25 centres on China and Africa studies”."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China will also invite 1,000 members of African political parties to “deepen exchanges of experience”, he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While China has built and supported a number of party schools in Africa since the 1960s, the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Tanzania is noteworthy because of its support for multiple African political parties."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Communist Party of China provided US$40 million for construction of the school, which opened its doors in 2022 to trainees from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The intake represents the coalition of the Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa – made up of parties that have all prevailed in every election since their countries’ independence."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The school – in Kibaha, 40km (25 miles) outside Dar es Salaam – is modelled on China’s Central Party School and parallels the China-Africa Institute, a Chinese initiative to train African leaders."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/09/18/9dcfbe81-d47b-46dc-befd-0a3722306273_d09d1907.jpg","data-fid":"15552673","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1126","title":"The Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Kibaha, Tanzania is modelled on China’s Central Party School. Photo: Handout","alt":"The Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Kibaha, Tanzania is modelled on China’s Central Party School. 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Beijing is also hoping that its governance model will counter Western liberal norms."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/09/18/491c5873-d28f-444b-bb05-bda4620faeec_ddaf49e4.jpg","data-fid":"15552674","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening ceremony of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 5. Photo: AP","alt":"Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening ceremony of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 5. Photo: AP"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Nantulya pointed out that while China’s political model is popular with African ruling parties intent on extending their longevity, it has not been something to which many African citizens aspire – despite widespread admiration for its economic model."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It should be recalled that Africa’s experience with single-party rule was almost uniformly negative [and explains] the popular groundswell of pro-democracy movements that spearheaded the collapse of one-party states during the 1990s transition to multiparty politics,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Nantulya, political parties from Burundi, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Uganda and Kenya have approached Beijing for help with building their schools and strengthening their party base."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"There have also been numerous visits to Africa by Chinese party officials and vice versa."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In August, Liu Jianchao, head of the Communist Party of China’s international department, led a delegation to South Africa for talks with President Cyril Ramaphosa and officials from his ANC party."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The two sides agreed to strengthen inter-party exchanges and deepen exchanges on governing experience."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Yun Sun, co-director of the East Asia Programme and director of the Washington-based Stimson Centre’s China Programme, Beijing’s goal is to give Africa the opportunity to understand and utilise the Chinese experience of governance and 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The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party school reopened last year after a China-funded refurbishment.\nThe school not only conducts training and seminars for ZANU-PF cadres, students and politicians, it also attracts regular visits by lecturers from China’s ruling Communist Party.\nIn December, the Chinese party donated 1,300 books to the school, covering China’s history, financial reforms and development, as well as foreign affairs and culture as part of deepening party-to-party exchanges.\nThe bonds between the two countries were forged decades ago. Zimbabwe was one of several African countries that received Chinese ideological and military support during their liberation struggles.\nZimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa – who took over from former leader Robert Mugabe after a coup in 2017 – was among those to undergo military training in China in the 1960s.\nZimbabwe continues to benefit from Chinese economic assistance, especially since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions over the seizure of land from white farmers while Mugabe was in power.\nAs China-Africa ties have grown closer, Beijing has also stepped up training of the continent’s political elites and exchanges in governance as part of a joint pursuit of modernisation.\nChina’s ambition to export its governance model to Africa was evident in President Xi Jinping’s opening speech at the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit on September 5, as well as in talks with Mnangagwa and other leaders.\nIn bilateral talks with Xi on the FOCAC sidelines, Mnangagwa said Harare was “ready to strengthen experience exchange with China on state governance and party administration”.\n\nThe issue of “sharing governance experience” also came up during talks between Xi and leaders from Namibia, Mozambique and Tanzania.\nIn his speech, Xi flagged that Beijing would increasingly deploy soft power through a “platform for governance experience sharing, a China-Africa knowledge network for development, and 25 centres on China and Africa studies”.\nChina will also invite 1,000 members of African political parties to “deepen exchanges of experience”, he said.\nWhile China has built and supported a number of party schools in Africa since the 1960s, the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Tanzania is noteworthy because of its support for multiple African political parties.\nThe Communist Party of China provided US$40 million for construction of the school, which opened its doors in 2022 to trainees from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.\nThe intake represents the coalition of the Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa – made up of parties that have all prevailed in every election since their countries’ independence.\nThe school – in Kibaha, 40km (25 miles) outside Dar es Salaam – is modelled on China’s Central Party School and parallels the China-Africa Institute, a Chinese initiative to train African leaders.\n\nBut there are other, less noticeable – and non-bricks-and-mortar – schools associated with China’s National Academy of Governance (CAG), the party school’s external name, according to a study by China specialist Paul Nantulya published in July.\n“China’s party exchanges have increased alongside this expanding training,” said Nantulya, from the National Defence University’s Africa Centre for Strategic Studies in Washington.\nAccording to Nantulya, China is expected to receive more than 50 African party delegations this year – double the number of comparable visits that were hosted in 2015.\nBeijing has active relationships with 110 African ruling and opposition parties, 35 parliaments and 59 politically oriented organisations, including party think tanks, Nantulya’s study found.\nChina-Africa specialist David Shinn, a professor at George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, said Xi’s speech represented an expansion of his goal to export China’s governance model to Africa – or at least, elements of it.\nThe invitation for 1,000 African political party members to visit China over the next three years and learn about state and party governance is another part of this effort, as party-to-party exchanges resumed after the pandemic, he said.\nHowever, these “exchanges” beg the question of whether China is really interested in learning about African governing models, according to Shinn. “It seems that the CPC already has a fixed idea about its governance policies.”\nObservers said China’s aim is not only to promote the development model that helped it to become an economic giant. Beijing is also hoping that its governance model will counter Western liberal norms.\n\nNantulya pointed out that while China’s political model is popular with African ruling parties intent on extending their longevity, it has not been something to which many African citizens aspire – despite widespread admiration for its economic model.\n“It should be recalled that Africa’s experience with single-party rule was almost uniformly negative [and explains] the popular groundswell of pro-democracy movements that spearheaded the collapse of one-party states during the 1990s transition to multiparty politics,” he said.\nAccording to Nantulya, political parties from Burundi, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Uganda and Kenya have approached Beijing for help with building their schools and strengthening their party base.\nThere have also been numerous visits to Africa by Chinese party officials and vice versa.\nIn August, Liu Jianchao, head of the Communist Party of China’s international department, led a delegation to South Africa for talks with President Cyril Ramaphosa and officials from his ANC party.\nThe two sides agreed to strengthen inter-party exchanges and deepen exchanges on governing experience.\nAccording to Yun Sun, co-director of the East Asia Programme and director of the Washington-based Stimson Centre’s China Programme, Beijing’s goal is to give Africa the opportunity to understand and utilise the Chinese experience of governance and development.\n“For China, it is a contribution as a responsible stakeholder, to help developing countries to stabilise and develop,” Sun said.\nThe sharing of governance and development experience does not constitute interference in internal affairs because it is not imposed and Africa has the liberty to choose other countries’ options, she added.\n\n\nBenjamin Barton, an associate professor at the University of Nottingham Malaysia, said the trend in recent years of China funding and building communist party schools was basically following in a long line of policy endeavours emanating from FOCAC.\n“This is designed to build long-lasting relations with the African elite, present and future, as well as build long-term inroads into African political scenes,” he said.\n“Clearly, the underlying motive is not simply about spreading influence but also about countering Western liberal norms through the promotion of China’s own interpretation of themes such as governance and development.”\nIn the context of its ties with Africa, China prefers to frame governance as etched around economic development, in contrast to Western interpretations, which traditionally put political development and democratisation on a par with modernisation, he said.\nAccording to Barton, economic development carries less baggage than political development and because China does not have a colonial legacy, Beijing’s proposed interpretation of governance would be seen as non-intrusive in most cases.\nNevertheless, if China does build a platform – physically and figuratively – to spread its governance model in Africa, the level of participation in the continent will not really say much, Barton said.\n“African elites, future leaders, students and activists may attend training, workshops and other activities held under the banner of this platform but whether they actually agree and take on board Chinese prescriptions is a different matter altogether.”\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3273698/how-chinas-communist-party-building-political-schools-and-influence-africa","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"9294ca07-9309-49fc-ac0f-41516d02ae46","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology"}]},{"type":"text","data":" in Harare stands tall as a symbol of "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-africa-relations","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"8a286ac4-6a2d-4dbe-bc00-b998cdb053cf","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"China’s soft power."}]},{"type":"text","data":" The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party school reopened last year after a China-funded refurbishment."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The school not only conducts training and seminars for ZANU-PF cadres, students and politicians, it also attracts regular visits by lecturers from China’s ruling Communist Party."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In December, the Chinese party donated 1,300 books to the school, covering China’s history, financial reforms and development, as well as foreign affairs and culture as part of deepening party-to-party exchanges."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The bonds between the two countries were forged decades ago. "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/zimbabwe","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c651f74c-12cd-4430-9f68-526b7f1ef0c1","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zimbabwe"}]},{"type":"text","data":" was one of several African countries that received Chinese ideological and military support during their liberation struggles."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa – who took over from former leader Robert Mugabe after a coup in 2017 – was among those to undergo military training in China in the 1960s."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zimbabwe continues to benefit from Chinese economic assistance, especially since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions over the seizure of land from white farmers while Mugabe was in power."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"As China-Africa ties have grown closer, Beijing has also stepped up training of the continent’s political elites and exchanges in governance as part of a joint pursuit of modernisation."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China’s ambition to export its governance model to Africa was evident in President Xi Jinping’s opening speech at the ninth "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3277375/security-and-finance-headline-chinas-pledges-africa-focac-summit","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"6461c761-90f2-487a-8ef7-ff68146b1b0a","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation"}]},{"type":"text","data":" (FOCAC) summit on September 5, as well as in talks with Mnangagwa and other leaders."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In bilateral talks with Xi on the FOCAC sidelines, Mnangagwa said Harare was “ready to strengthen experience exchange with China on state governance and party administration”."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/09/18/c4b4a8b1-13b1-4d5c-80c8-0888375277f2_bea19eb6.jpg","data-fid":"15552672","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1719","title":"The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology in Zimbabwe was refurbished and stocked with books, thanks to funding and donations from China. Photo: Zimbabwe African National Union- Patriotic Front","alt":"The Herbert Chitepo School of Ideology in Zimbabwe was refurbished and stocked with books, thanks to funding and donations from China. Photo: Zimbabwe African National Union- Patriotic Front"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The issue of “sharing governance experience” also came up during talks between Xi and leaders from Namibia, Mozambique and Tanzania."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In his speech, Xi flagged that Beijing would increasingly deploy soft power through a “platform for governance experience sharing, a China-Africa knowledge network for development, and 25 centres on China and Africa studies”."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China will also invite 1,000 members of African political parties to “deepen exchanges of experience”, he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While China has built and supported a number of party schools in Africa since the 1960s, the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Tanzania is noteworthy because of its support for multiple African political parties."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Communist Party of China provided US$40 million for construction of the school, which opened its doors in 2022 to trainees from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The intake represents the coalition of the Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa – made up of parties that have all prevailed in every election since their countries’ independence."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The school – in Kibaha, 40km (25 miles) outside Dar es Salaam – is modelled on China’s Central Party School and parallels the China-Africa Institute, a Chinese initiative to train African leaders."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/09/18/9dcfbe81-d47b-46dc-befd-0a3722306273_d09d1907.jpg","data-fid":"15552673","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1126","title":"The Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Kibaha, Tanzania is modelled on China’s Central Party School. Photo: Handout","alt":"The Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School in Kibaha, Tanzania is modelled on China’s Central Party School. 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Beijing is also hoping that its governance model will counter Western liberal norms."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/09/18/491c5873-d28f-444b-bb05-bda4620faeec_ddaf49e4.jpg","data-fid":"15552674","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening ceremony of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 5. Photo: AP","alt":"Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening ceremony of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 5. Photo: AP"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Nantulya pointed out that while China’s political model is popular with African ruling parties intent on extending their longevity, it has not been something to which many African citizens aspire – despite widespread admiration for its economic model."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It should be recalled that Africa’s experience with single-party rule was almost uniformly negative [and explains] the popular groundswell of pro-democracy movements that spearheaded the collapse of one-party states during the 1990s transition to multiparty politics,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Nantulya, political parties from Burundi, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Uganda and Kenya have approached Beijing for help with building their schools and strengthening their party base."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"There have also been numerous visits to Africa by Chinese party officials and vice versa."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In August, Liu Jianchao, head of the Communist Party of China’s international department, led a delegation to South Africa for talks with President Cyril Ramaphosa and officials from his ANC party."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The two sides agreed to strengthen inter-party exchanges and deepen exchanges on governing experience."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Yun Sun, co-director of the East Asia Programme and director of the Washington-based Stimson Centre’s China Programme, Beijing’s goal is to give Africa the opportunity to understand and utilise the Chinese experience of governance and 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