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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أسيتازولاميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسيتازولاميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="استازولامید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استازولامید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetasolamid" title="Acetasolamid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acetasolamid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ακεταζολαμίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακεταζολαμίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamida" title="Acetazolamida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acetazolamida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="استازولامید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استازولامید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tazolamide" title="Acétazolamide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acétazolamide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%80%EC%A1%B8%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="아세타졸아마이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아세타졸아마이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Ացետազոլամիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ացետազոլամիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetazolamid" title="Asetazolamid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acetazolamide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="אצטזולאמיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצטזולאמיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolam%C4%ABds" title="Acetazolamīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Acetazolamīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diakarbas" title="Diakarbas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Diakarbas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acetazolamide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%BE%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%89" title="アセタゾラミド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アセタゾラミド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1" title="ଆସେଟାଜୋଲାମାଇଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆସେଟାଜୋଲାମାଇଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamida" title="Acetazolamida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acetazolamida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid%C4%83" title="Acetazolamidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acetazolamidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Ацетазоламид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ацетазоламид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetatsolamidi" title="Asetatsolamidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asetatsolamidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamid" title="Acetazolamid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Acetazolamid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Ацетазоламід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ацетазоламід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acetazolamide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E5%94%91%E8%83%BA" title="乙酰唑胺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乙酰唑胺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413690#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Whywhenwhohow" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Whywhenwhohow" data-mw-revid="1260348371"><bdi>Whywhenwhohow</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Whywhenwhohow" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Whywhenwhohow">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Whywhenwhohow" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Whywhenwhohow">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>48,198</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">EML</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Acetazolamide came into medical use in 1952.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471899792|page=390|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA390|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195543/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA390|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">WHO21st</del>">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">21st</del> list <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2019</del> | year = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2019</del> | hdl = 10665/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">325771</del> | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MVP</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EMP</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IAU</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2019</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO</del> | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Acetazolamide is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Acetazolamide came into medical use in 1952.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471899792|page=390|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA390|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195543/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA390|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">WHO23rd</ins>">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A:</ins> World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">23rd</ins> list <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(2023)</ins> | year = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2023</ins> | hdl = 10665/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">371090</ins> | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MHP</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HPS</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EML</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2023</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">02</ins> | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Acetazolamide is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Medical uses==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Medical uses==</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 07:14, 30 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">acetohexamide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methazolamide" title="Methazolamide">methazolamide</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetazolamide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal formula of acetazolamide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Acetazolamide.svg/200px-Acetazolamide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Acetazolamide.svg/300px-Acetazolamide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Acetazolamide.svg/400px-Acetazolamide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of the acetazolamide molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png/180px-Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png/270px-Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png/360px-Acetazolamide_3D_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Diamox, Diacarb, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetazolamide.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> B3</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01" title="ATC code S01">S01EC01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S01EC01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–90%<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">2–4 hours<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urine (90%)<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;"><i>N</i>-(5-Sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-66-5">59-66-5</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1986">1986</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=6792">6792</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00819">DB00819</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1909.html">1909</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/O3FX965V0I">O3FX965V0I</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00218">D00218</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27690">CHEBI:27690</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL20">ChEMBL20</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>AZM (<span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=AZM">PDBe</a></span>, <span title="www.rcsb.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/AZM">RCSB PDB</a></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7022544">DTXSID7022544</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413690#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.400">100.000.400</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413690#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002222240000000000♠"></span>222.24</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=NS%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29c1nnc%28s1%29NC%28%3DO%29C">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">258 to 259 °C (496 to 498 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">NS(=O)(=O)c1nnc(s1)NC(=O)C</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C4H6N4O3S2/c1-2(9)6-3-7-8-4(12-3)13(5,10)11/h1H3,(H2,5,10,11)(H,6,7,9)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:BZKPWHYZMXOIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477238754&page2=Acetazolamide">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Acetazolamide</b>, sold under the trade name <b>Diamox</b> among others, is a medication used to treat <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_mountain_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute mountain sickness">acute mountain sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodic_paralysis" title="Periodic paralysis">periodic paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a> (raised brain pressure of unclear cause), <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> and to alkalinize urine.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be used long term for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Open_angle_glaucoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Open angle glaucoma">open angle glaucoma</a> and short term for <a href="/wiki/Acute_angle_closure_glaucoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle closure glaucoma">acute angle closure glaucoma</a> until surgery can be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">injection into a vein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide is a first generation <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> inhibitor and it decreases the ocular fluid and <a href="/wiki/Osmolality" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolality">osmolality</a> in the eye to decrease intraocular pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common side effects include numbness, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">ringing in the ears</a>, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sleepiness.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not recommended in those with significant <a href="/wiki/Kidney_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney problems">kidney problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver problems">liver problems</a>, or who are <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfonamide allergy">allergic to sulfonamides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide is in the <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">carbonic anhydrase inhibitor</a> families of medication.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It works by decreasing the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen ions">hydrogen ions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> from carbon dioxide and water.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acetazolamide came into medical use in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO23rd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, drug-induced <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, heart failure-induced edema, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and in reducing intraocular pressure after surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TGA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Increased_intracranial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Increased intracranial pressure">increased intracranial pressure</a> and neuromuscular disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide is also used in the critical care setting to stimulate respiratory drive in patients with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label</a> indication.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In epilepsy, the main use of acetazolamide is in menstrual-related epilepsy and as an add on to other treatments in refractory epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though various websites on the internet report that acetazolamide can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Dural_ectasia" title="Dural ectasia">dural ectasia</a> in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a>, the only supporting evidence for this assertion exists from a small study of 14 patients which was not peer-reviewed or submitted for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several published cases of intracranial hypotension related to Marfan syndrome would warrant caution in using acetazolamide in these patients unless there is a clear indication, as it could lower intracranial pressure further.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 review and meta-analysis found that there was "limited supporting evidence" but that acetazolamide "may be considered" for the treatment of central (as opposed to obstructive) <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>-induced kidney damage by alkalinizing the urine, hence speeding up methotrexate excretion by increasing its solubility in urine.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence to support its use to prevent <a href="/wiki/Hemiplegic_migraine" title="Hemiplegic migraine">hemiplegic migraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_altitude_sickness">High altitude sickness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: High altitude sickness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acetazolamide is also used for the treatment of acute mountain sickness. In the prevention or treatment of mountain sickness, acetazolamide inhibits the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> to reabsorb <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">conjugate base</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>. Increasing the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine leads to acidification of the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the body senses CO<sub>2</sub> concentration indirectly via blood pH (increase in CO<sub>2</sub> causes a decrease in pH), acidifying the blood through decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate is sensed as an increase in CO<sub>2</sub>. This, in turn, causes the body to increase minute ventilation (the amount of air breathed per minute) in order to "breathe off" CO<sub>2</sub>, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-altorg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altorg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leaf_2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaf_2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide is not an immediate cure for acute mountain sickness; rather, it speeds up (or, when taking before traveling, forces the body to early start) part of the <a href="/wiki/Acclimatization" title="Acclimatization">acclimatization</a> process which in turn helps to relieve symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Acclimatization_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acclimatization-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide is still effective if started early in the course of mountain sickness. As prevention, it is started one day before travel to altitude and continued for the first two days at altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_lactation">Pregnancy and lactation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and lactation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acetazolamide is pregnancy category B3 in Australia, which means that studies in rats, mice and rabbits in which acetazolamide was given intravenously or orally caused an increased risk of fetal malformations, including defects of the limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, there is insufficient evidence from studies in humans to either support or discount this evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limited data are available on the effects of nursing mothers taking acetazolamide. Therapeutic doses create low levels in breast milk and are not expected to cause problems in infants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common adverse effects of acetazolamide include the following: <a href="/wiki/Paraesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraesthesia">paraesthesia</a>, fatigue, drowsiness, depression, decreased libido, bitter or metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, black stool, <a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">polyuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stones">kidney stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a> and electrolyte changes (<a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">hypokalemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas less common adverse effects include <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyscrasia#Modern_use" title="Dyscrasia">blood dyscrasias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contraindications include:<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hyperchloremic acidosis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Hypokalemia</a> (low blood potassium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Hyponatremia</a> (low blood sodium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Adrenal insufficiency</a></li> <li>Impaired kidney function</li> <li>Hypersensitivity to acetazolamide or other sulphonamides.</li> <li>Marked liver disease or impairment of liver function, including cirrhosis because of the risk of development of hepatic encephalopathy. Acetazolamide decreases ammonia clearance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible that it might interact with:<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamines</a>, because it increases the pH of the renal tubular urine, hence reducing the clearance of amphetamines.</li> <li>Other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors—potential for additive inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase and hence potential for toxicity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">Ciclosporin</a>, may increase plasma levels of ciclosporin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">Antifolates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim" title="Trimethoprim">trimethoprim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pemetrexed" title="Pemetrexed">pemetrexed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raltitrexed" title="Raltitrexed">raltitrexed</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycemic">Hypoglycemics</a>, acetazolamide can both increase or decrease blood glucose levels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a>, increases excretion, hence reducing therapeutic effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenamine" title="Methenamine">Methenamine</a> compounds, reduces the urinary excretion of methenamines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a>, reduces phenytoin excretion, hence increasing the potential for toxicity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>, reduces plasma levels of primidone. Hence reducing anticonvulsant effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a>, reduces urinary excretion of quinidine, hence increasing the potential for toxicity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylates" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylates">Salicylates</a>, potential for severe toxicity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a>, potential for kidney stone formation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulants">Anticoagulants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glycosides">cardiac glycosides</a>, may have their effects potentiated by acetazolamide.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4ITO2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/4ITO2.png/250px-4ITO2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/4ITO2.png/375px-4ITO2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/4ITO2.png/500px-4ITO2.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Carbonic anhydrase (<a href="/wiki/Ribbon_diagram" title="Ribbon diagram">ribbon</a>) complex with a sulfonamide inhibitor (<a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">ball-and-sticks</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg/250px-Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg/375px-Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg/500px-Proximal_convoluted_tubule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Proximal convoluted tubule. Urinary space is on left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Acetazolamide is a <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">carbonic anhydrase inhibitor</a>, hence causing the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a> and many other tissues that catalyses the following reaction:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>hence lowering blood pH, by means of the following reaction that carbonic acid undergoes:<sup id="cite_ref-chem_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> ⇌ HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>which has a <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">pK<sub>a</sub></a> of 6.3.<sup id="cite_ref-chem_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mechanism of diuresis involves the proximal tubule of the kidney. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found here, allowing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. By inhibiting this enzyme, these ions are excreted, along with excess water, lowering blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and intraocular pressure. A general side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is loss of potassium due to this function. By excreting bicarbonate, the blood becomes acidic, causing compensatory hyperventilation with deep respiration (Kussmaul breathing), increasing levels of oxygen and decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Leaf_2007_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaf_2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eye this results in a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">aqueous humour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) has a pK<sub>a</sub> of 10.3 with carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>), far further from physiologic pH (7.35–7.45), and so it is more likely to accept a proton than to donate one, but it is also far less likely for it to do either, thus bicarbonate will be the major species at physiological pH. </p><p>Under normal conditions in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney, most of the carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) produced intracellularly by the action of carbonic anhydrase quickly dissociates in the cell to <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and an H<sup>+</sup> ion (a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>), as previously mentioned. The bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) exits at the basal portion of the cell via sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) symport and chloride (Cl<sup>−</sup>) antiport and re-enters circulation, where it may accept a proton if blood pH decreases, thus acting as a weak, basic buffer. The remaining H<sup>+</sup> left over from the intracellular production of carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) exits the apical (urinary lumen) portion of the cell by Na<sup>+</sup> antiport, acidifying the urine. There, it may join with another bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) that dissociated from its H<sup>+</sup> in the lumen of the urinary space only after exiting the proximal convoluted kidney cells/glomerulus as carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) because bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) itself can not diffuse across the cell membrane in its polar state. This will replenish carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) so that it then may be reabsorbed into the cell as itself or CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O (produced via a luminal carbonic anhydrase). As a result of this whole process, there is a greater net balance of H<sup>+</sup> in the urinary lumen than bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), and so this space is more acidic than physiologic pH. Thus, there is an increased likelihood that any bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) that was left over in the lumen diffuses back into the cell as carbonic acid, CO<sub>2</sub>, or H<sub>2</sub>O. </p><p>In short, under normal conditions, the net effect of carbonic anhydrase in the urinary lumen and cells of the proximal convoluted tubule is to acidify the urine and transport bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) into the body. Another effect is excretion of Cl<sup>−</sup> as it is needed to maintain electroneutrality in the lumen, as well as the reabsorption of Na<sup>+</sup> into the body. </p><p>Thus, by disrupting this process with acetazolamide, urinary Na<sup>+</sup> and bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) are increased, and urinary H<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> are decreased. Inversely, serum Na<sup>+</sup> and bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) are decreased, and serum H<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> are increased. H<sub>2</sub>O generally follows sodium, and so this is how the clinical diuretic effect is achieved, which reduces blood volume and thus preload on the heart to improve contractility and reduce blood pressure, or achieve other desired clinical effects of reduced blood volume such as reducing edema or intracranial pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19948674_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19948674-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early description of this compound (as 2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide) and its synthesis has been patented.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaller clinical trials have also shown promising results in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">normal pressure hydrocephalus</a> (NPH).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetazolamide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSR-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.medscape.com/drug/diamox-acetazolamide-342809#showall">"Diamox Sequels (acetazolamide) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"</a>. <i>Medscape Reference</i>. 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class="reference-text">Clinical trial number <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03779594">NCT03779594</a></i> for "Acetazolamide for Treating NPH in Shunt-candidates Patients: an Open Label Feasibility Trial" at <a href="/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov" title="ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related):</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a><sup>#</sup>; <b><a href="/wiki/Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2,4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template talk:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs used for <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> preparations and <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01#S01E" title="ATC code S01">S01E</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brimonidine/timolol" title="Brimonidine/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">Epinephrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Parasympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic">muscarinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">muscarinic/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic">nicotinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demecarium_bromide" title="Demecarium bromide">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Ecothiopate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmine" title="Stigmine">Stigmine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Fluostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide" title="Brinzolamide">Brinzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/timolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/brimonidine" title="Brinzolamide/brimonidine">+brimonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenamide" title="Diclofenamide">Diclofenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide" title="Dorzolamide">Dorzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide/timolol" title="Dorzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methazolamide" title="Methazolamide">Methazolamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blocking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">Prostaglandin analogues</a> (F<sub>2α</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost/timolol" title="Bimatoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+netarsudil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latanoprost/timolol" title="Latanoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprostene_bunod" title="Latanoprostene bunod">Latanoprostene bunod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Travoprost/timolol" title="Travoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netarsudil" title="Netarsudil">Netarsudil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+latanoprost</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripasudil" title="Ripasudil">Ripasudil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diuretics_(C03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diuretics" title="Template:Diuretics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diuretics" title="Template talk:Diuretics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diuretics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diuretics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diuretics_(C03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C03" title="ATC code C03">C03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Etacrynic_acid" title="Etacrynic acid">etacrynic acid</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">PT</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acetazolamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loop_diuretic" title="Loop diuretic">Loop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Na-K-Cl_cotransporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-K-Cl cotransporter">Na-K-Cl</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle">AL</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azosemide" title="Azosemide">Azosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etacrynic_acid" title="Etacrynic acid">Etacrynic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etozolin" title="Etozolin">Etozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacrinone" title="Indacrinone">Indacrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzolimine" title="Muzolimine">Muzolimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozolinone" title="Ozolinone">Ozolinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienilic_acid" title="Tienilic acid">Tienilic acid</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torasemide" title="Torasemide">Torasemide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiazide" title="Thiazide">Thiazides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium-chloride_symporter" title="Sodium-chloride symporter">Na-Cl</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">DCT</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Diuretic#Calcium-sparing_diuretics" title="Diuretic">Calcium-sparing</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altizide" title="Altizide">Altizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendroflumethiazide" title="Bendroflumethiazide">Bendroflumethiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butizide" title="Butizide">Butizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorothiazide" title="Chlorothiazide">Chlorothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopenthiazide" title="Cyclopenthiazide">Cyclopenthiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitizide" title="Epitizide">Epitizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">Hydrochlorothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroflumethiazide" title="Hydroflumethiazide">Hydroflumethiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebutizide" title="Mebutizide">Mebutizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyclothiazide" title="Methyclothiazide">Methyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polythiazide" title="Polythiazide">Polythiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichlormethiazide" title="Trichlormethiazide">Trichlormethiazide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiazide-like_diuretic" title="Thiazide-like diuretic">Thiazide-likes</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">DCT</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlortalidone" title="Chlortalidone">Chlortalidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenamide" title="Clofenamide">Clofenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopamide" title="Clopamide">Clopamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorexolone" title="Clorexolone">Clorexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenquizone" title="Fenquizone">Fenquizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indapamide" title="Indapamide">Indapamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefruside" title="Mefruside">Mefruside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meticrane" title="Meticrane">Meticrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metolazone" title="Metolazone">Metolazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinethazone" title="Quinethazone">Quinethazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipamide" title="Xipamide">Xipamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium-sparing_diuretic" title="Potassium-sparing diuretic">Potassium-sparing</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">CD</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel_blocker" title="Epithelial sodium channel blocker">ESC blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">Aldosterone antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirolactone" title="Spirolactone">Spirolactones</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eplerenone" title="Eplerenone">Eplerenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">Nonsteroidal</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finerenone" title="Finerenone">Finerenone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_diuretic" title="Osmotic diuretic">Osmotic diuretics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">PT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Descending limb of loop of Henle">DL</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">Mannitol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vasopressin receptor inhibitors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">DCT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Collecting duct">CD</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist#Vaptans" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vaptans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conivaptan" title="Conivaptan">Conivaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozavaptan" title="Mozavaptan">Mozavaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavaptan" title="Satavaptan">Satavaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolvaptan" title="Tolvaptan">Tolvaptan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist#Demeclocycline_and_lithium" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Others</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demeclocycline" title="Demeclocycline">Demeclocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Amyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Amyl alcohol">2M2B</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercurial_diuretic" title="Mercurial diuretic">mercurial diuretics</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chlormerodrin" title="Chlormerodrin">Chlormerodrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersalyl" title="Mersalyl">Mersalyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meralluride" title="Meralluride">Meralluride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicletanine" title="Cicletanine">Cicletanine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combination products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene" title="Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene">Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> 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