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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classical literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_and_fairy_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_and_fairy_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk and fairy tales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_and_fairy_tales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk and fairy tales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_and_fairy_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_fairy_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_fairy_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Russian fairy tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_fairy_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villain_archetypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villain_archetypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Villain archetypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villain_archetypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_donor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_donor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>False donor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_donor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Beast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authority_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Authority figure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traitor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traitor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Traitor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traitor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animated_villains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animated_villains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Animated villains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animated_villains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animated_villain_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animated_villain_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Animated villain controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animated_villain_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animated villain controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animated_villain_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_misogyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_misogyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Allegations of misogyny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_misogyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_homophobic_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_homophobic_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Allegations of homophobic stereotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_homophobic_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villainous_foil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villainous_foil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Villainous foil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villainous_foil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraying_and_employing_villains_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraying_and_employing_villains_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Portraying and employing villains in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraying_and_employing_villains_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villains_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villains_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Villains in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villains_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_villain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_villain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Female villain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_villain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_term_"villain"_to_describe_historical_figures_and_real-life_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_term_"villain"_to_describe_historical_figures_and_real-life_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Use of the term "villain" to describe historical figures and real-life people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_term_"villain"_to_describe_historical_figures_and_real-life_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sympathetic_villain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sympathetic_villain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sympathetic villain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sympathetic_villain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Villain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="شخصية شريرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شخصية شريرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolent" title="Dolent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dolent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padouch" title="Padouch – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Padouch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schurke_(Literatur)" title="Schurke (Literatur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schurke (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villano" title="Villano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Villano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliculo_(rolulo)" title="Maliculo (rolulo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maliculo (rolulo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doilor" title="Doilor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Doilor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_(%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="ویلن (شخصیت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلن (شخصیت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9chant_(fiction)" title="Méchant (fiction) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méchant (fiction)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1n" title="Vilán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vilán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%8B%B9" title="악당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="खलनायक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खलनायक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjahat" title="Penjahat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjahat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%BArkur" title="Skúrkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skúrkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattivo" title="Cattivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95" title="ಖಳನಾಯಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಳನಾಯಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrik" title="Bedrik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bedrik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBaundaris" title="Ļaundaris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļaundaris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonosztev%C5%91" title="Gonosztevő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gonosztevő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Злобник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Злобник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="खलनायक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खलनायक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajingan" title="Bajingan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bajingan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schurk" title="Schurk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schurk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E5%BD%B9" title="悪役 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪役" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yovuz_odam" title="Yovuz odam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yovuz odam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarny_charakter" title="Czarny charakter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarny charakter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A3o" title="Vilão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vilão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Злодей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Злодей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskarai" title="Maskarai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maskarai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain" title="Villain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Villain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konna_(kirjallisuus)" title="Konna (kirjallisuus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konna (kirjallisuus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skurk" title="Skurk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skurk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6t%C3%BC_adam" title="Kötü adam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kötü adam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Лиходій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лиходій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81c_nh%C3%A2n" title="Ác nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ác nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Evil character or person</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Villain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Villain (disambiguation)">Villain (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villainy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Villainy (disambiguation)">Villainy (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Guy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bad Guy (disambiguation)">Bad Guy (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Badman (disambiguation)">Badman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the feudal term <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">Villein</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Villain" title="Special:EditPage/Villain">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Villain" title="Talk:Villain">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Villain" title="Special:EditPage/Villain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Villain%22">"Villain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Villain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Villain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Villain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Villain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Villain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg/220px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg/330px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg/440px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> is an example of a villain in classic literature and film.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_guy_riff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bad_guy_riff.png/220px-Bad_guy_riff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bad_guy_riff.png/330px-Bad_guy_riff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bad_guy_riff.png/440px-Bad_guy_riff.png 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Theme from <i><a href="/wiki/Mysterioso_Pizzicato" title="Mysterioso Pizzicato">Mysterioso Pizzicato</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a> silent movie cue for villainy <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid\/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mysterioso Pizzicato.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid" title="File:Mysterioso Pizzicato.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>villain</b> (also known as a "<b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/black_hat" class="extiw" title="wikt:black hat">black hat</a></b>" or "<b>bad guy</b>"; the <a href="/wiki/Feminine_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine form">feminine form</a> is <b>villainess</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a>, whether based on a historical narrative or one of <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Unabridged Dictionary</a></i> defines such a character as "a <a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">cruelly</a> <a href="/wiki/Malice_(law)" title="Malice (law)">malicious</a> person who is involved in or devoted to <a href="/wiki/Wickedness" title="Wickedness">wickedness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>; scoundrel; or a character in a <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, or the like, who constitutes an important <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agency" class="extiw" title="wikt:agency">agency</a> in the plot".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a> of a villain is a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>. </p><p>The villain's structural purpose is to serve as the opposite to the hero character, and their motives or evil actions drive a plot along.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the hero, who is defined by feats of ingenuity and <a href="/wiki/Bravery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bravery">bravery</a> and the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and the greater good, a villain is often defined by their acts of selfishness, evilness, arrogance, cruelty, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cunning" class="extiw" title="wikt:cunning">cunning</a>, displaying <a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">immoral</a> behavior that can oppose or pervert justice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villains_before_going_to_Work_receiving_their_Lord%27s_Orders_Miniature_in_the_Proprietaire_des_Choses_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_Library_of_the_Arsenal_in_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Villains_before_going_to_Work_receiving_their_Lord%27s_Orders_Miniature_in_the_Proprietaire_des_Choses_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_Library_of_the_Arsenal_in_Paris.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Villains_before_going_to_Work_receiving_their_Lord%27s_Orders_Miniature_in_the_Proprietaire_des_Choses_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_Library_of_the_Arsenal_in_Paris.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Villains_before_going_to_Work_receiving_their_Lord%27s_Orders_Miniature_in_the_Proprietaire_des_Choses_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_Library_of_the_Arsenal_in_Paris.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>French villains in the 15th century before going to work, receiving their lord's orders.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>villain</i> first came into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>vilain</i>, which in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> word <i>villanus</i>,.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This refers to those bound to the soil of the <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a>, who worked on the equivalent of a modern estate in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Vilain</i> later shifted to <i><a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villein</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which referred to a person of less than knightly status, implying a lack of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">courtesy</a>. All actions that were unchivalrous or evil (such as <a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">treachery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>) eventually became part of the identity of a villain in the modern sense of the word. Additionally, <i>villein</i> came into use as a term of <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> and eventually took on its modern meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landed aristocracy of mediaeval Europe used politically and linguistically the Middle English descendant of <i>villanus</i> meaning "villager" (styled as <i>vilain</i> or <i>vilein</i>) with the meaning "a person of uncouth mind and manners". As the common equating of manners with morals gained in strength and currency, the connotations worsened, so that the modern word <i>villain</i> is no unpolished villager, but is instead (among other things) a deliberate scoundrel or criminal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the mediaeval expression "vilein" or "vilain" is closely influenced by the word "vile", referring to something wicked or worthless. As from the late 13th century, <i>vile</i> meant "morally repugnant; morally flawed, corrupt, wicked; of no value; of inferior quality; disgusting, foul, ugly; degrading, humiliating; of low estate, without worldly honor or esteem", from Anglo-French <i>ville</i>, Old French <i>vil</i>, from Latin <i>vilis</i> "cheap, worthless, of low value".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_literature">Classical literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In classical literature, the villain character is not always the same as those that appear in modern and postmodern incarnations, as the lines of morality are often blurred to imply a sense of <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> or affected by historical context and cultural ideas. Often the delineation of heroes and villains in such literature is left unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there are some exceptions to this such as <a href="/wiki/Grendel" title="Grendel">Grendel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> who is unambiguously evil. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> modelled his <a href="/wiki/Archetypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypical">archetypical</a> villains as three-dimensional characters and acknowledged the complex nature that villains display in modern literature. For instance, he made <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a> a sympathetic character. However, Shakespeare's incarnations of historical figures were influenced by the propaganda pieces coming from Tudor sources, and his works often showed this <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a> and discredited their reputation. For example, Shakespeare famously portrayed <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> as a hideous monster who destroyed his family out of <a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">spite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inquiriesjournal.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquiriesjournal.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare also ensured that <a href="/wiki/Iago" title="Iago">Iago</a> in <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> and Antonio in <a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a> were completely void of redeeming traits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_and_fairy_tales">Folk and fairy tales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Folk and fairy tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_fairy_tales">Russian fairy tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian fairy tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an analysis of Russian <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Propp" title="Vladimir Propp">Vladimir Propp</a> concluded that the majority of stories had only eight "<a href="/wiki/Dramatis_personae" title="Dramatis personae">dramatis personae</a>", one being the villain.<sup id="cite_ref-Propp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Propp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> This analysis has been widely applied to non-Russian tales. The actions within a villain's sphere were: </p> <ul><li>a story-initiating villainy, where the villain caused <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a> to the hero or his family</li> <li>a conflict between the hero and the villain, either a fight or other competition</li> <li>pursuing the hero after he has succeeded in winning the fight or obtaining something from the villain</li></ul> <p>When a character displays these traits, it is not necessarily tropes specific to the fairy tale genre, but it does imply that the one who performs certain acts to be the villain. The villain, therefore, can appear twice in a story to fulfill certain roles: once in the opening of the story, and a second time as the person sought out by the hero.<sup id="cite_ref-Propp_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Propp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p><p>When a character has only performed actions or displayed traits that coincide with Vladimir Propp's analysis, that character can be identified as a pure villain. Folklore and fairy tale villains can also play a myriad of roles that can influence or propel a story forward. In fairy tales villains can perform an influential role; for example, a <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a> who fought the hero and ran away, and who lets the hero follow her, is also performing the task of "guidance" and thus acting as a helper.<sup id="cite_ref-Propp_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Propp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p><p>Propp also proposed another two <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a> of the villain's role within the narrative, in which they can portray themselves as villainous in a more general sense. The first is the <a href="/wiki/False_hero" title="False hero">false hero</a>: This character is always villainous, presenting a false claim to be the hero that must be rebutted for the <a href="/wiki/Happy_ending" title="Happy ending">happy ending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Propp_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Propp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> Examples of characters who display this trait, and interfere with the success of a tale's hero, are the Ugly Sisters in <a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a> who chopped off parts of their feet to fit in the shoe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another role for the villain would be the dispatcher, who sends the hero on their <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a>. At the beginning of the story, their request may appear benevolent or innocent, but the dispatcher's real intentions might be to send the hero on a journey in the hopes of being rid of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Propp_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Propp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p><p>The roles and influence that villains can have over a narrative can also be transferred to other characters – to continue their role in the narrative through another character. The legacy of the villain is often transferred through that of <a href="/wiki/Bloodline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodline">bloodlines</a> (family) or a devoted follower. For example, if a <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> played the role of a villain but was killed by the hero, another character (such as the dragon's sister) might take on the legacy of the previous villain and pursue the hero out of revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Propp_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Propp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villain_archetypes">Villain archetypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Villain archetypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fairy tale genre utilises villains as key components to push the narrative forward and influence the hero's journey. These, while not as rounded as those that appear in other forms of literature, are what is known as <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a>. The archetypal villain is a common occurrence within the genre and come under different categories that have different influences on the protagonist and the narrative. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="False_donor">False donor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: False donor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>false donor</b> is a villain who utilises <a href="/wiki/Trickery" class="mw-redirect" title="Trickery">trickery</a> to achieve their ends. Often the false donor will pose as a benevolent figure or influence on the protagonist (or those associated with them) to present them with a deal. The deal will present a short-term solution or benefit for whoever accepts it and, in return, benefit the villain in the long term. During the story's climax, the hero often has to find a way to rectify the agreement in order to defeat the villain or achieve the happy ending. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a> archetype is one that also makes an offer to the protagonist (or someone associated with them) and appeals to their needs and desires. However, the devil archetype does not hide their intentions from the protagonist. The subsequent story often follows the protagonist's journey to try and <a href="/wiki/Annul" class="mw-redirect" title="Annul">annul</a> the agreement before any damage can be done. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beast">Beast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>beast</b> is a character who relies on their <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instincts</a> and ability to cause destruction to achieve their ends. The evil intentions of their actions are often easily identified, as they act without concern for others (or their <a href="/wiki/Wellbeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellbeing">wellbeing</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Subtlety" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtlety">subtlety</a>. The rampaging villain can take the form of a very powerful individual or a rampaging beast but is still one of the more dangerous villain archetypes due to their affinity for destruction. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authority_figure">Authority figure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authority figure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>authority figure</b> is one that has already attained a level of command and power but always craves more. They are often driven by their desire for <a href="/wiki/Material_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Material wealth">material wealth</a>, distinguished stature or great power and appear as a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a> climber or other powerful individual. Their end goal is often the total domination of their corporation, nation, or world through mystical means or political manipulation. Often this villain is defeated by their own greed, pride, or arrogance. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traitor">Traitor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traitor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>traitor</b> is a villain who emphasizes the traits of trickery, manipulation and deception to achieve their goals, which is often to offer or supply information to the protagonist's opposition to halt them on their journey; often in exchange for their own freedom or safety. The traitor's goals are not always evil but the actions they commit to reach their goal can be considered inherently evil. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animated_villains">Animated villains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Animated villains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animation is home to several different villains. <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates" title="How a Mosquito Operates">How a Mosquito Operates</a></i> had a cartoon <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> torment a human being and in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> created <a href="/wiki/Pete_(Disney)" title="Pete (Disney)">Pete</a> as an antagonist for the <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Comedies" title="Alice Comedies">Alice Comedies</a></i> with Pete later becoming an antagonist of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> and his friends and the first Disney villain. <a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a> later had <a href="/wiki/Bluto" title="Bluto">Bluto</a> as the antagonist of the <i><a href="/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor_(film_series)" title="Popeye the Sailor (film series)">Popeye</a></i> cartoons. <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> created <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cat" title="Tom Cat">Tom</a> as an antagonist of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mouse" title="Jerry Mouse">Jerry</a>. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a> had villains like <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Fudd" title="Elmer Fudd">Elmer Fudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Sam" title="Yosemite Sam">Yosemite Sam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_the_Martian" title="Marvin the Martian">Marvin the Martian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blacque_Jacque_Shellacque" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacque Jacque Shellacque">Blacque Jacque Shellacque</a>. </p><p>In 1937, Disney made the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> and it had the <a href="/wiki/Evil_Queen_(Disney)" title="Evil Queen (Disney)">Evil Queen</a> as its antagonist. Since then, Disney made a lot of animated movies with villains based on fairy tale villains. <a href="/wiki/Disney_Villains" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Villains">Disney Villains</a> became a major part of that franchise. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saturday-morning_cartoon" title="Saturday-morning cartoon">Saturday-morning cartoons</a> also had villains like <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dastardly" title="Dick Dastardly">Dick Dastardly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muttley" title="Muttley">Muttley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snidely_Whiplash" title="Snidely Whiplash">Snidely Whiplash</a>. Since then cartoon villains have had a reputation for being one-dimensional. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In modern animation, animated villains that are more significant and fleshed out have become increasingly common as cartoons have begun to be favored by adults. Shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Time" title="Adventure Time">Adventure Time</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Falls" title="Gravity Falls">Gravity Falls</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rick_and_Morty" title="Rick and Morty">Rick and Morty</a></i> range from child to adult cartoons, but are all watched by a largely older audience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animated_villain_controversies">Animated villain controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Animated villain controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is sometimes alleged that villains in animated works, such as Disney movies, often embody stereotypes in a more direct way than live-action villains. That their character design is based on caricatures of racist, antisemitic, and/or homophobic stereotypes with exaggerated features. That female animated villains are portrayed in ways that feed into misogynistic ideas and traditional gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_misogyny">Allegations of misogyny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Allegations of misogyny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sattar Sharmin and Sanyat Tania have argued that animated villains frequently fall into two categories: women who exhibit societally undesirable traits, or men displaying feminine traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of men with feminine traits, this may stem from both a <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynistic</a> point of view which is further discussed below. </p><p>As for female villains who are portrayed with "displeasing" characteristics, not only are they crafted to look unattractive, but their motivations for becoming evil are rooted in very trivial matters. Debra Bradley's survey on Disney films discovered that 28% of female villains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evil_Queen_(Disney)" title="Evil Queen (Disney)">evil queen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Tremaine" title="Lady Tremaine">Lady Tremaine</a>, are influenced by jealousy/vanity whereas only 4% of male villains are driven by these same factors. Rather the men, such as <a href="/wiki/Hades_(Hercules)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades (Hercules)">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a>, have motives grounded in wealth and power, giving in to masculine stereotypes and signifying an attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, in animation there is a history of mothers and grandmothers being posed as the villains of many stories. <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Coraline" title="Coraline">Coraline</a></i> presents this phenomenon through the idea of the other-mother. In <i><a href="/wiki/Coraline_(film)" title="Coraline (film)">Coraline</a></i>, the Other Mother is a loving, caring parent who welcomes Coraline to a new life, helping in the face of troubles back home.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By glorifying this other mother, the story paints Coraline's real mother as negligent, in turn causing her to be the villain of the story. Disney films also take on the motherly stereotypes in their villains.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other female villains are portrayed as hyper-sexual and powerful beings that are used to juxtapose the beauty or physical characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroine</a>; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Tremaine" title="Lady Tremaine">Lady Tremaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney%27s_Cinderella_characters" title="List of Disney's Cinderella characters">stepsisters</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)" title="Cinderella (1950 film)">Cinderella</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male villains also hold several traits that are characteristically feminine. Characters like <a href="/wiki/Jafar_(Aladdin)" title="Jafar (Aladdin)">Jafar (<i>Aladdin</i>)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hades_(Hercules)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades (Hercules)">Hades (<i>Hercules</i>)</a> have features such as shaded eyelids and accentuated facial features, similar to those typically associated with femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_homophobic_stereotypes">Allegations of homophobic stereotypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Allegations of homophobic stereotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Queer_coding#Villains" title="Queer coding">Queer coding § Villains</a></div></dd></dl> <p>Zachary Doiron has argued that animated villains are based on homophobic stereotypes. As an example, he brings up is effeminate men, sometimes referred to by subject experts as "sissy villains," where their mannerisms represent stereotypes relating to gay men.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the depiction of masculine women, which emulates drag queens or butch lesbians. Adelia Brown makes a similar allegation about <a href="/wiki/Ursula_(The_Little_Mermaid)" title="Ursula (The Little Mermaid)">Ursula</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>. Ursula is closely modelled after the famous drag queen "<a href="/wiki/Divine_(performer)" title="Divine (performer)">Divine</a>" with her heavy makeup, hair styled in a mohawk, and her nails painted bright red. Her goal throughout the film is to become queen and disrupt the coupling of <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)" title="Ariel (The Little Mermaid)">Ariel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Eric">Prince Eric</a>, both of which connect villainy to <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queens</a>, suggesting that there is inherent evil in those who do drag.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Villainous_foil">Villainous foil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Villainous foil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wicked_Witch_of_the_West_W.W._Denslow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West_W.W._Denslow.jpg/220px-Wicked_Witch_of_the_West_W.W._Denslow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West_W.W._Denslow.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West" title="Wicked Witch of the West">Wicked Witch of the West</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> is an example of a literary villain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Villains in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> commonly function in the dual role of adversary and <a href="/wiki/Foil_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (literature)">foil</a> to a story's heroes. In their role as an adversary, the villain serves as an obstacle the hero must struggle to overcome. In their role as a foil, they exemplify characteristics that are diametrically opposed to those of the hero, creating a contrast distinguishing heroic traits from villainous ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other have pointed out that many acts of villains have a hint of wish-fulfillment,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes some readers or viewers identify with them as characters more strongly than with the heroes. Because of this, a convincing villain must be given a <a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">characterization</a> that provides a <a href="/wiki/Base_motive" class="mw-redirect" title="Base motive">motive</a> for doing wrong, as well as being a worthy adversary to the hero. As put by <a href="/wiki/Film_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Film critic">film critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>: "Each film is only as good as its villain. Since the heroes and the gimmicks tend to repeat from film to film, only a great villain can transform a good try into a triumph."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraying_and_employing_villains_in_fiction">Portraying and employing villains in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portraying and employing villains in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tod_Slaughter" title="Tod Slaughter">Tod Slaughter</a> typically portrayed villainous characters on both stage and screen in a <a href="/wiki/Melodramatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodramatic">melodramatic</a> manner, with mustache-twirling, <a href="/wiki/Eye-rolling" title="Eye-rolling">eye-rolling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leering" class="mw-redirect" title="Leering">leering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evil_laughter" title="Evil laughter">cackling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hand-rubbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-rubbing">hand-rubbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Villains_in_film">Villains in film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Villains in film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Clark_(director)" title="Alfred Clark (director)">Alfred Clark</a> made <i><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart" title="The Execution of Mary Stuart">The Execution of Mary Stuart</a></i> depicting <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> being decapitated. It describes neither Mary nor her executioner as villains (though at the time, it was deemed so realistic that audience members believed an actual woman had been beheaded in the making of that film.) In 1896, <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a> made a horror film titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Devil_(1896_film)" title="The House of the Devil (1896 film)">The House of the Devil</a></i> which had <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">The Devil</a> as an antagonist. Edison's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i>, released in 1903 had the bandits who rob the train as its villains. In 1909, there was a feature length adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Javert" title="Javert">Javert</a> as a villain and in 1910, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Turner" title="Otis Turner">Otis Turner</a> had a Wicked Witch as the villain of a short film adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(1910_film)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>. In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Weber" title="Lois Weber">Lois Weber</a> made a film of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Smalley" title="Phillips Smalley">Phillips Smalley</a> as a villainous <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a>. </p><p>The 1915 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> has "Northern carpetbaggers" inciting black violence as its villains.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1916 film <i><a href="/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1916_film)" title="20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)">20,000 Leagues Under the Sea</a></i> has a man named Charles Denver as its villain. In the same year, <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_(1916_film)" title="Snow White (1916 film)">Snow White</a></i> had Queen Brongomar as a villain. The 1923 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1923 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> has the main character's brother be a villain due to his commitment to breaking all of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>. In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> had the <a href="/wiki/Evil_Queen_(Disney)" title="Evil Queen (Disney)">Evil Queen</a> as a villain. In 1939, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> had <a href="/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West" title="Wicked Witch of the West">Wicked Witch of the West</a> as its villain. In the 1940s, serial films about <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superheroes</a> introduced supervillains as characters like Dr. Dana in <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)">Batman</a></i>. The 1949 film <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a></i> has <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a> as the villainous <a href="/wiki/Delilah" title="Delilah">Delilah</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Sanders" title="George Sanders">George Sanders</a> as the villainous Prince of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. </p><p>In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Byron_Haskin" title="Byron Haskin">Byron Haskin</a> made a film of <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1953_film)" title="The War of the Worlds (1953 film)">The War of the Worlds</a></i>. Like the book, it has <a href="/wiki/Martians" class="mw-redirect" title="Martians">Martians</a> as villains. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>'s 1956 remake of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> had two main villains. <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dathan" title="Dathan">Dathan</a> played by <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a>. (It also had <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a> be a <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a> figure egging Ramesses on.) </p><p>In 1960, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></i> had <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> as its villain. In the same year, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i> had <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bates" title="Norman Bates">Norman Bates</a> as a villainous protagonist. The 1962 film <i><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)" title="To Kill a Mockingbird (film)">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></i>, like the book, had <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Ewell">Bob Ewell</a> as its villain. Other 1960s films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(film)" title="The Guns of Navarone (film)">The Guns of Navarone</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)" title="The Great Escape (film)">The Great Escape</a></i> had <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> as their villains. </p><p>Beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a></i> in 1962, every <i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a></i> film has had a villain. </p><p>There were also villains in 1960s children's film. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1961_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Dalmatians (1961 film)">101 Dalmatians</a></i> and the 1966 <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1966_film)" title="Batman (1966 film)">Batman</a></i> both had villains. The former having <a href="/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil" title="Cruella de Vil">Cruella de Vil</a> and the latter being the first time comic book supervillains were adapted to film. </p><p>In the 1970s and early 1980s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> films introduced <a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Palpatine" title="Palpatine">Palpatine</a>. </p><p>1980s films had villains like <a href="/wiki/Khan_Noonien_Singh" title="Khan Noonien Singh">Khan</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kreese" title="John Kreese">John Kreese</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid" title="The Karate Kid">The Karate Kid</a></i> and its sequels, <a href="/wiki/Skynet_(Terminator)" title="Skynet (Terminator)">Skynet</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)" title="Terminator (franchise)">Terminator</a></i> films, <a href="/wiki/Biff_Tannen" title="Biff Tannen">Biff Tannen</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i> films, <a href="/wiki/The_Joker" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joker">The Joker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dark_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Helmet">Dark Helmet</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Spaceballs" title="Spaceballs">Spaceballs</a></i>. </p><p>1990s films had villains like General Mandible in <i><a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Nedry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Nedry">Dennis Nedry</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></i>, Edgar in <i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)" title="Men in Black (1997 film)">Men in Black</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt" title="Van Pelt">Van Pelt</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Jumanji" title="Jumanji">Jumanji</a></i>, Rameses in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt" title="The Prince of Egypt">The Prince of Egypt</a></i>, Carrigan in <i><a href="/wiki/Casper_(film)" title="Casper (film)">Casper</a></i> and Shan-Yu in <i><a href="/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)" title="Mulan (1998 film)">Mulan</a></i>. The <i>Star Wars</i> prequels also introduced several villains in addition to those the franchise already had. </p><p>Early 2000s films like the <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider-Man (2002 film series)"><i>Spider-Man</i> trilogy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Knight Trilogy">The Dark Knight Trilogy</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i> films, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> films and <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> all had villains like, <a href="/wiki/Green_Goblin" title="Green Goblin">Green Goblin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-Face" title="Two-Face">Two-Face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Voldemort" title="Lord Voldemort">Lord Voldemort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_Quaritch" title="Miles Quaritch">Miles Quaritch</a>. </p><p>In the 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe" title="DC Extended Universe">DC Extended Universe</a> have had several notable supervillains such as <a href="/wiki/Thanos_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" title="Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Thanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Zod" title="General Zod">General Zod</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_villain">Female villain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Female villain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg/220px-Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg/330px-Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg/440px-Joseph_Alanen_-_Kalevala_rya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3377" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louhi" title="Louhi">Louhi</a>, the wicked queen and mistress of <a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a>, is a villain of the Finnish epic poetry <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Rya_(rug)" title="Rya (rug)">Rya</a> of <i>Louhi stealing the sun and the moon</i>, Joseph Alanen, c. 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>villain</b> is the universal term for characters who pose as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catalyst" class="extiw" title="wikt:catalyst">catalysts</a> for certain ideals that readers or observers find immoral, but the term "villainess" is often used to highlight specific traits that come with their female identity—separating them, in some aspects, from their male counterparts. The use of the female villain (or villainess) is often to highlight the traits that come specifically with the character and the abilities they possess that are exclusive to them. For example, one of the female villain's greatest weapons is her alluring beauty, sexuality or emotional intelligence. The perversion of inherently female traits in <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> also alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demonic</a> display of the <a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">succubus</a> and their affinity for utilizing their beauty as a weapon—a trait utilized by many female villains throughout modern fiction and mythology. However, this is not always the case. As seen often in animated films, female villains are portrayed with "ugly" appearances to contrast the beauty of the protagonist, in turn associating unattractiveness with evil. This paints female villains in a negative light compared to their heroine counterparts, and showcases the duality of the female villain character.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_term_"villain"_to_describe_historical_figures_and_real-life_people"><span id="Use_of_the_term_.22villain.22_to_describe_historical_figures_and_real-life_people"></span>Use of the term "villain" to describe historical figures and real-life people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use of the term "villain" to describe historical figures and real-life people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethical dimension of history poses the problem of judging those who acted in the past, and at times, tempts scholars and historians to construct a world of black and white in which the terms "hero" and "villain" are used arbitrary and with the pass of time become interchangeable. These binaries of course are reflected to varying degrees in endless movies, novels, and other fictional and non-fictional narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As processes of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> connect the world, cultures with different historical trajectories and political traditions will need to find ways to work together not only economically, but also politically. In this evolving framework of globalization, tradition, according to political theorists like <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, historical figures perceived and evaluated as either positive or negative become the embodiment of national political cultures that may collude or collide against one another.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usage of villain to describe a historical figure dates back to Tudor propaganda, pieces of which ended up influencing <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> as a spiteful and hunchback <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inquiriesjournal.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquiriesjournal.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sympathetic_villain">Sympathetic villain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sympathetic villain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Villain" title="Special:EditPage/Villain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein%27s_monster_(Boris_Karloff).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/220px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/330px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/440px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>, an example of a sympathetic villain</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>sympathetic villain</b> or <b>anti-villain</b> is one with the typical traits of a villainous character but differs in their <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivations</a>. Their intention to cause chaos or commit evil actions is driven by an ambiguous motivation or is not driven by an intent to cause evil. Their intentions may coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">ideals of a greater good, or even a desire to make the world a better place</a>, but their actions are inherently evil in nature. An anti-villain is the opposite of an antihero. While the antihero often fights on the side of good, but with questionable or selfish motives, the anti-villain plays a villain's game, but for a noble cause in a way that the audience or other characters can sympathize with. They may be more noble or heroic than an antihero, but the means to achieve their ends are often considered exploitative, immoral, unjust, or simply evil. Characters who fall into this category are often created with the intention of humanizing them, making them more relatable to the reader/viewer by posing the "how" and "why" behind their motivations rather than simply creating a one-dimensional character. Because of their motives, many of these types of villains are commonly nicknamed "anti-villains". </p><p> American writer <a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a> has argued that "only cartoon villains cackle with glee while rubbing their hands together and dream of ruling the world in the name of all that is wicked and bad".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American writer <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bova" title="Ben Bova">Ben Bova</a> recommends to writers that their works not contain villains. He states, in his <i>Tips for writers</i>:</p><blockquote><p>In the real world there are no villains. No one actually sets out to do evil ... Fiction mirrors life. Or, more accurately, fiction serves as a lens to focus on what they know in life and bring its realities into sharper, clearer understanding for us. There are no villains cackling and rubbing their hands in glee as they contemplate their evil deeds. There are only people with problems, struggling to solve them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following up on Bova's point, American writer <a href="/wiki/David_Lubar" title="David Lubar">David Lubar</a> adds that the villain "may be driven by greed, neuroses, or the conviction that his cause is just, but he's driven by something, not unlike the things that drive a hero."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adversary" class="extiw" title="wikt:adversary">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/archnemesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:archnemesis">Archnemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_laughter" title="Evil laughter">Evil laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Negative_Role" title="Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role">Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role</a> Since 1991, Bollywood has recognized the best actors portraying a villain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soap_opera_villains" title="List of soap opera villains">List of soap opera villains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovable_rogue" title="Lovable rogue">Lovable rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesis (mythology)">Nemesis (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rival_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rival (disambiguation)">Rival (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402110610/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/villain">"villain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/villain">the original</a> on 2014-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=villain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fvillain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-write-an-unforgettable-villain-tips-for-writing-a-great-villain-for-your-novel-or-short-story">"How to Write an Unforgettable Villain: Tips for Writing a Great Villain for Your Novel or Short Story"</a>. <i>MasterClass</i>. September 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Words&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107688650&rft.au=C.+S.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxONwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-villain-in-the-history-of-the-word-villain-isnt-the-villain"><i>The History of the Word 'Villain'<span></span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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An Exploration of the "Flaming Devil" Trope in Children's Animation"</a>. <i>Journal of Religions and Cultures</i>. <b>29</b>: 7–8 – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religions+and+Cultures&rft.atitle=Why+is+Satan+Such+a+Sissy%3F+An+Exploration+of+the+%22Flaming+Devil%22+Trope+in+Children%27s+Animation&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Doiron&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F61683646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Adelia (2021). "Hook, Ursula, and Elsa: Disney and Queer-coding from the 1950s to the 2010s". <i>The Macksey Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (43): 7–9 – via Scholastica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Macksey+Journal&rft.atitle=Hook%2C+Ursula%2C+and+Elsa%3A+Disney+and+Queer-coding+from+the+1950s+to+the+2010s&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Adelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1995" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA416"><i>A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172017989" title="Special:BookSources/9788172017989"><bdi>9788172017989</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+1911-1956&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788172017989&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqBjpV9OzcsC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Ebert1982" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> (January 1, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/star-trek-ii-the-wrath-of-khan-1982">"Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan Movie Review (1982)"</a>. <i>RogerEbert.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RogerEbert.com&rft.atitle=Star+Trek+II%3A+The+Wrath+of+Khan+Movie+Review+%281982%29&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.au=Roger+Ebert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fstar-trek-ii-the-wrath-of-khan-1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Senn1996" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Senn (1996). <i>Golden Horrors: An Illustrated Critical Filmography of Terror Cinema, 1931–1939</i>. McFarland. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786401758" title="Special:BookSources/9780786401758"><bdi>9780786401758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Horrors%3A+An+Illustrated+Critical+Filmography+of+Terror+Cinema%2C+1931%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780786401758&rft.au=Bryan+Senn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_Richards2001" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery Richards (2001). <i>The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–39</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860646287" title="Special:BookSources/9781860646287"><bdi>9781860646287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+1930s%3A+An+Alternative+History+of+the+British+Cinema%2C+1929%E2%80%9339&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781860646287&rft.au=Jeffery+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decentfilms.com/reviews/birthofanation#:~:text=There%20are%20offensive%20depictions%20of,the%20blacks%20to%20unruly%20behavior">"The Birth of a Nation (1915) | Decent Films - SDG Reviews"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+a+Nation+%281915%29+%26%23124%3B+Decent+Films+-+SDG+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecentfilms.com%2Freviews%2Fbirthofanation%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThere%2520are%2520offensive%2520depictions%2520of%2Cthe%2520blacks%2520to%2520unruly%2520behavior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharminSattar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sharmin, Tania; Sattar, Sanyat (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/Contribute/5a2f76c6e2b71.pdf">"Gender Politics in the Projection of "Disney" Villains"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Literature and Art Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 53–57 – via David Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Literature+and+Art+Studies&rft.atitle=Gender+Politics+in+the+Projection+of+%22Disney%22+Villains&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-57&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Sharmin&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft.au=Sattar%2C+Sanyat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidpublisher.com%2FPublic%2Fuploads%2FContribute%2F5a2f76c6e2b71.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2010" class="citation web cs1">Miles, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicalthinking.ca/blog/598">"Heroes and villains | The Historical Thinking Project Blog"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heroes+and+villains+%7C+The+Historical+Thinking+Project+Blog&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalthinking.ca%2Fblog%2F598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankeLiu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hanke, Katja; Liu, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4317187">"Heroes and Villains of World History across Cultures"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>1</b> (1): e0115641. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1015641H">2015PLoSO..1015641H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115641">10.1371/journal.pone.0115641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4317187">4317187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25651504">25651504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Heroes+and+Villains+of+World+History+across+Cultures&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0115641&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4317187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25651504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115641&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1015641H&rft.aulast=Hanke&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft.au=Liu%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4317187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Warner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitdownshutuppun00warn/page/119"><i>Sit Down and Shut Up: Punk Rock Commentaries on Buddha, God, Truth, Sex, Death, and Dogen's Treasury of the Right Dharma Eye</i></a></span>. New World Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitdownshutuppun00warn/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781577315599" title="Special:BookSources/9781577315599"><bdi>9781577315599</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sit+Down+and+Shut+Up%3A+Punk+Rock+Commentaries+on+Buddha%2C+God%2C+Truth%2C+Sex%2C+Death%2C+and+Dogen%27s+Treasury+of+the+Right+Dharma+Eye&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781577315599&rft.au=Brad+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsitdownshutuppun00warn%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Bova2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bova" title="Ben Bova">Ben Bova</a> (2008-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821135403/http://benbova.com/tips2.html">"Tips for writers"</a>. <i>Ben Bova</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://benbova.com/tips2.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ben+Bova&rft.atitle=Tips+for+writers&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft.au=Ben+Bova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbenbova.com%2Ftips2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy_Pattison2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darcy_Pattison" title="Darcy Pattison">Darcy Pattison</a> (January 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darcypattison.com/writing/characters/villains-dont-always-wear-black/">"Villains Don't Always Wear Black"</a>. <i>Fiction Notes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fiction+Notes&rft.atitle=Villains+Don%27t+Always+Wear+Black&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft.au=Darcy+Pattison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darcypattison.com%2Fwriting%2Fcharacters%2Fvillains-dont-always-wear-black%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stock_characters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stock_characters" title="Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stock_characters" title="Template talk:Stock characters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stock_characters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stock_characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_ethics_and_morality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By ethics and morality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Classic hero</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_hero" title="Action hero">Action hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_figure" title="Christ figure">Christ figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_One_(trope)" title="The Chosen One (trope)">Chosen One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_hero" title="Legacy hero">Legacy hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_king" title="Mythological king">Mythological king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">Paladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngest_son" title="Youngest son">Youngest son</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_alone" title="Man alone">Man alone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberhero" title="Cyberhero">Cyberhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soldier" title="Super soldier">Super soldier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">Space marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lovable_rogue" title="Lovable rogue">Lovable rogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman detective">Gentleman detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tricky_slave" title="Tricky slave">Tricky slave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni">Zanni</a> (servants, clowns: <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapino" title="Scapino">Scapino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">Good cop/bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Villains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sympathetic_villain">Antivillains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_hero" title="False hero">False hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_twin" title="Evil twin">Evil twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">Mad scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-eyed_monster" title="Bug-eyed monster">Bug-eyed monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_(monster)" title="Slime (monster)">Slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamp_monsters" title="List of swamp monsters">Swamp monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_zombies" title="Nazi zombies">Nazi zombies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">Alazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_villain" title="Masked villain">Masked villain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">Miser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecchio" title="Vecchio">Vecchio</a> (wealthy old men, <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il_Dottore" title="Il Dottore">Il Dottore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Capitano" title="Il Capitano">Il Capitano</a> (self styled captain, braggart)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_sex_and_gender" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By sex and gender</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">Feminine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Love interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonde_stereotype" title="Blonde stereotype">Blonde stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_daughter" title="Farmer's daughter">Farmer's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_next_door" title="Girl next door">Girl next door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">Hooker with a heart of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosu_ponnu" title="Loosu ponnu">Loosu ponnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girlfriend" title="Magical girlfriend">Magical girlfriend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catgirl" title="Catgirl">Catgirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manic_Pixie_Dream_Girl" title="Manic Pixie Dream Girl">Manic Pixie Dream Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vixen_(stock_character)" title="Vixen (stock character)">Vixen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_lady" title="Cat lady">Cat lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruffiana" title="La Ruffiana">La Ruffiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hawksian_woman" title="Hawksian woman">Hawksian woman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lady" title="Dragon Lady">Dragon Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">Femme fatale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundere" title="Tsundere">Tsundere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_girl" title="Jungle girl">Jungle girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virago" title="Virago">Virago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)" title="Queen bee (sociology)">Queen bee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princesse_lointaine" title="Princesse lointaine">Princesse lointaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_girl" title="Valley girl">Valley girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotong" title="Laotong">Laotong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">Lady-in-waiting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina">Columbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy stereotype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geek_girl" title="Geek girl">Geek girl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamer_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamer girl">Gamer girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">Masculine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Father_figure" title="Father figure">Father figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">Wise old man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_martial_arts_master" title="Elderly martial arts master">Elderly martial arts master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Young</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_mappillai" title="American mappillai">American mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbo" title="Himbo">Himbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool" title="Ivan the Fool">Ivan the Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)" title="Jock (stereotype)">Jock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Johnny" title="Little Johnny">Little Johnny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_guy" title="Nice guy">Nice guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy stereotype">Nice Jewish boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluous_man" title="Superfluous man">Superfluous man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charming" title="Prince Charming">Prince Charming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Primitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">Mountain man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi#Seme_and_uke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Seme and uke</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">Black knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">Pop icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_angel" title="Shoulder angel">Shoulder angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">Sidekick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">Tokenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-kun" title="Truck-kun">Truck-kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_idiot" title="Village idiot">Village idiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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