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J. Thomson]] | notable_students = | known_for = | footnotes = | spouse = Nalini Sircar (1919–1975) | prizes = }} '''Debendra Mohan Bose''' (D. M. Bose) (26 November 1885 – 2 June 1975) was an Indian physicist who made contributions in the field of [[cosmic ray]]s, [[artificial radioactivity]] and [[Neutron (physics)|neutron physics]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy, Volume 7 | author = Indian National Science Academy | year = 1983 }}</ref> He was the longest serving Director (1938–1967) of [[Bose Institute]].<ref name="science_and_culture_76">{{cite journal | title = D. M. Bose: A Scientist Incognito (editorial) | volume = 76 | issue = 11–12 | journal = Science and Culture | date = November–December 2010 | url = http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/Nov-Dec-10/Editorial.pdf | access-date = 5 February 2011 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192740/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/Nov-Dec-10/Editorial.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Bose was the nephew of the famous physicist [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], who laid the foundations of modern science in [[India]]. == Early life == Debendra Mohan Bose was born in Calcutta (present day Kolkata) in a famous [[Brahmo]] family. He was the youngest son of Mohini Mohan Bose, one of the first Indians to proceed to USA to qualify himself in field of [[homeopathy]]. [[Ananda Mohan Bose]] was his paternal uncle, while [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] was his maternal uncle.<ref name="shaping_indian_1948_1981">{{cite book |author=Indian Science Congress Association |title=The Shaping of Indian Science: 1948-1981 |publisher=Universities Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7371-433-7 |pages=702–703}}</ref> After his father's untimely death, Debendra's education was supervised by his uncle [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|J. C. Bose]]. Debendra's plan of getting a degree in engineering from the [[Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur]] was cut short when he suffered a severe [[malaria]] attack. Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]], a close friend of [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|J. C. Bose]], suggested him to pursue physics instead. In 1906, Debendra Bose obtained his [[MA degree|Master of Arts]] degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in first class. He stood first in the order of the merit in the examination. He also obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from Calcutta University. He worked as a research scholar under [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] for one year, during which he participated in his uncle's biophysical and [[Plant physiological ecology|plant physiological]] investigations.<ref name="shaping_indian_1948_1981" /> == Education in Europe == [[File:D_M_Bose 1927.jpg|thumb|left]] In 1907, he joined the [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], and worked with prominent physicists including [[J. J. Thomson]] and [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]] at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]]. In 1910, he joined the [[Royal College of Science]] in London, from where he obtained a diploma and a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] (first class) in Physics in 1912. Later, he returned to Calcutta and taught physics in the [[City College, Kolkata]] in 1913. In 1914, D M Bose was appointed the [[Rashbehary Ghosh Professor of Physics]] in the newly founded Calcutta University College of Science. He was awarded the [[Ghosh Travel Fellowship]] for studying abroad, and chose to study advanced physics for two years at the [[Humboldt University]] in Berlin. In Berlin, Debendra was assigned to Professor [[Erich Regener]]'s laboratory. His stay in Germany got extended to five years due to [[World War I]]. During this period, he worked on the development of a new type of [[cloud chamber]], and was successful in photographing the tracks of recoil protons produced during the passage of fast moving [[alpha particle]]s in the chamber. The results of his preliminary investigations were published in the journal ''[[Physikalische Zeitschrift]]'' in 1916 (a full paper was later published in ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]'' in 1922). He returned to India in March 1919 after obtaining his PhD. == As an academic == In July 1919, D. M. Bose re-joined the Calcutta University as Rashbehary Ghosh Professor of Physics. In 1932, he succeeded Professor [[C. V. Raman]] as the [[Palit Professor of Physics]]. He was one of the only two Indian physicists (the other being [[Meghnad Saha]]) who participated at the Como conference (11–20 September 1927) held at [[Lake Como]] in Italy. The conference featured 60 invited participants from 14 countries, including 11 Nobel laureates.<ref name="science_and_culture_76"/> D. M. Bose encouraged several of his junior colleagues at the Calcutta University to pursue research. He gave [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] two books of [[Max Planck]], Thermodynamik and Warmestrahlung (unavailable in India then). This led to [[Satyendra Nath Bose|S. N. Bose's]] interest in Planck's hypothesis and his deduction on a combinatorial basis of Planck's formula in 1925.<ref name="science_and_culture_76"/> In 1938, D. M. Bose became the Director of [[Bose Institute]] after the death of the institute's founder J. C. Bose. In 1945, Bose was inducted as a nuclear chemistry expert in the Atomic Energy Committee of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]. The committee later became the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC).<ref name="science_and_culture_76"/> == Research with Bibha Choudhuri == A discussion during the 1938 [[Indian Science Congress Association|Science Congress Session]] prompted D. M. Bose and his colleague [[Bibha Chowdhuri]]<ref>For more detail see, Rajinder Singh, S.C. Roy (https://www.shaker.de/de/content/catalogue/index.asp?lang=de&ID=8&ISBN=978-3-8440-6126-0&search=yes</ref> to study [[cosmic rays]] using [[photographic plate]]s. Since the [[particle accelerator]]s were not available at this time, high-energy subatomic particles were only obtainable from atmospheric cosmic rays. [[Walther Bothe]] gave the duo the idea of considering [[photographic emulsion]] as a continuously active cloud chamber to register and store tracks. Due to the [[World War II]] restrictions, full tone photographic plates were not available in India at that time. During 1939–1942, Bose and Choudhuri exposed [[Ilford Photo|Ilford]] [[half-tone]] photographic plates in the high altitude mountainous regions of [[Darjeeling]], and observed long curved ionizing tracks that appeared to be different from the tracks of alpha particles or protons. In a series of articles published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', they identified a cosmic particle having an average mass close to 200 times the mass of electron.<ref name="science_and_culture_76"/> Their research came to an end when Choudhuri left India in 1945 to work with [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]] in England. In Europe, [[Cecil Frank Powell]] independently used exactly the same method to identify the new particle [[pi-meson]] (now [[pion]]), but with improved full-tone photographic emulsion plates. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/ | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 | publisher = Nobelprize.org (Nobel Media) | access-date = 6 February 2011 }}</ref> Powell acknowledge the method developed by Bose and Choudhuri as the first attempt in this field in his 1959 book ''The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method''.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method | url = https://archive.org/details/studyofelementar0000powe | url-access = registration | author = Cecil Frank Powell | publisher = Pergamon Press | year = 1959 | oclc = 2404250 }}</ref> == Later life == As director of the Bose Institute, D. M. Bose expanded the activities of the existing departments and also opened the new department of microbiology. He was a dedicated worker of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] and was served several years as its office bearer (President, Secretary & Treasurer). He was the General President of the [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress Session]] in 1953 at [[Lucknow]]. Bose served as the director of the Bose Institute till 1967, when his [[arthritis]] and other health problems forced him to take retirement. In the later years of his life, he became more interested in philosophy focusing on the [[relationship between religion and science]].<ref name="shaping_indian_1948_1981"/> He died on the morning of 2 June 1975. ===Como Conference - S.N. Bose vs. D.M. Bose=== In 1927, at the occasion of the 100th death anniversary of Italian physicist [[Alessandro Volta]], in Como, a conference was organized (as mentioned above). D. M. Bose and [[Meghnad Saha|M. N. Saha]] participated. In the late 1980s it was reported that the "wrong" Bose, that is, D. M. Bose attended the meeting. The invitation was supposed to be for [[Satyendra Nath Bose|S. N. Bose]]. The historical documents suggest that D. M. Bose was not the "wrong" person, because in those days his national and international status was far better than that of S.N. Bose.<ref>Rajinder Singh, Celebrating 125th birth anniversary of DM Bose - Invitation to the Como conference, Science and Culture 76, 494-501, 2010.</ref><ref>Rajinder Singh: D.M. Bose - His scientific work in international context, Shaker Publisher, Aachen 2016. [http://www.shaker.de/de/content/catalogue/index.asp?lang=de&ID=8&ISBN=978-3-8440-4619-9&search=yes DM Bose Scientific work]</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * http://scientificman.com/2013/01/19/a-tribute-to-debendra-mohan-bose-the-unknown-indian-who-missed-the-nobel-prize/ {{Bengal Renaissance}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Debendra Mohan}} [[Category:19th-century Indian physicists]] [[Category:Bengali scientists]] [[Category:Brahmos]] [[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]] [[Category:1885 births]] [[Category:1975 deaths]] [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Science]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]] [[Category:Academic staff of City College, Kolkata]] [[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]] [[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the 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