CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Philippines - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"13922c97-c04b-4659-8643-9f0203d2d563","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Philippines","wgTitle":"Philippines","wgCurRevisionId":1259082478,"wgRevisionId":1259082478,"wgArticleId":23440, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Philippines","wgRelevantArticleId":23440,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath" :"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":500000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":13,"lon":122},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym": "žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym": "isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw" ,"mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q928","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles": "ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Philippines - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Philippines rootpage-Philippines stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philippines" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Philippines" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Philippines</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Philippines" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Philippines" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philippines" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Philippine" redirects here. For the town in the Netherlands, see <a href="/wiki/Philippine,_Netherlands" title="Philippine, Netherlands">Philippine, Netherlands</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> officially the Republic of the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-25">[h]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. In the western <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, it consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">7,641 islands</a>, with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">three main geographical divisions</a> from north to south: <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. The Philippines is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a> to the south. It shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> to the east and southeast, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the northwest. It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">twelfth-most-populous country</a>, with diverse <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnicities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">cultures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> is <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">the country's capital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Largest_cities" title="Cities of the Philippines">its most populated city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. Both are within <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Philippines</div><div class="ib-country-names">Republika ng Pilipinas (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Philippines"><img alt="Flag of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/130px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/195px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/260px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms[a] of the Philippines"><img alt="Coat of arms[a] of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> "For God, People, Nature, and Country"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>" "Chosen Land"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Philippine_National_Anthem,_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Philippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Philippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg/Philippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PHL_orthographic.svg/220px-PHL_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PHL_orthographic.svg/330px-PHL_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PHL_orthographic.svg/440px-PHL_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900"></a>Show map of ASEAN</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Philippines (green)in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey) – [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg" title="File:Location Philippines ASEAN.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (de jure) <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a><a href="#cite_note-a-5">[b]</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">19 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages-6">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">National <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">Other recognized languages<a href="#cite_note-b-8">[c]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">[6]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>26.0% <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li><li>14.3% <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Bisaya</a></li><li>8.0% <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li><li>8.0% <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li><li>7.9% <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Ilonggo</a></li><li>6.5% <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li><li>20.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census-10">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>85.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> <ul><li>78.8% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-2020Census-11">[d]</a></li> <li>6.5% other <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines#Christianity" title="Religion in the Philippines">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines#Other_religions" title="Religion in the Philippines">other</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> (neutral) Filipina (feminine) <a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a> (colloquial neutral) Pinay (colloquial feminine) Philippine (adjective for certain common nouns)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">Senate President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">House Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_the_Philippines" title="Sovereignty of the Philippines">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 12, 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Cession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Self-government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1935</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 2, 1987</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<a href="#cite_note-Philippines_country_profile-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-land-area-14">[e]</a> km2 (120,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">72nd</a><a href="#cite_note-List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-16">[11]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.61<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> (inland waters)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 114,163,719<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 109,035,343<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-18">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">363.45/km2 (941.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.392 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $12,192<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">116th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $471.516 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $4,130<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 41.2<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.710<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-21">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign" title="Philippine peso sign">₱</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PHP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8 (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time" title="Philippine Standard Time">PhST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">MM/DD/YYYY DD/MM/YYYY<a href="#cite_note-22">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">+63</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PH" title="ISO 3166-2:PH">PH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ph" title=".ph">.ph</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a>, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by <a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">waves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. The adoption of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> influence, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> established <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">island-kingdoms</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">sultans</a>. Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Song</a> empire brought <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Chinese</a> people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in and <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">intermix</a> over the centuries. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> explorer leading a fleet for <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonization_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonization in the Philippines">Spanish colonization</a>. In 1543, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip II of Castile">King Philip II of Castile</a>. Spanish colonization via <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, for more than 300 years. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">trans-Pacific trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Hispanic</a> immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> would also selectively colonize. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Filipino revolutionaries</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> ended with the United States controlling the territory until the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Japanese invasion</a> of the islands during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese</a>, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">a decades-long dictatorship</a> in <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">a nonviolent revolution</a>. The Philippines is an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a>, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>; it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a> and close to the equator makes it prone to <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">typhoons</a>. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">level of biodiversity</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory_(pre%E2%80%93900)">2.1 Prehistory (pre–900)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_states_(900%E2%80%931565)">2.2 Early states (900–1565)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Spanish_and_American_colonial_rule_(1565%E2%80%931934)">2.3 Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Commonwealth_and_World_War_II_(1935%E2%80%931946)">2.4 Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Independence_(1946%E2%80%93present)">2.5 Independence (1946–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.1 Biodiversity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.1 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Military">4.2 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.3 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.1 Science and technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Tourism">5.2 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Infrastructure">6 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Transportation">6.1 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Energy">6.2 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation">6.3 Water supply and sanitation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ethnicity">7.1 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Languages">7.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Religion">7.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Health">7.4 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Education">7.5 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Values">8.1 Values</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Art_and_architecture">8.2 Art and architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Music_and_dance">8.3 Music and dance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Literature">8.4 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Media">8.5 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Cuisine">8.6 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Sports_and_recreation">8.7 Sports and recreation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Names of the Philippines</a></div> During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> named the islands of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a> "Felipinas" after the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II of Castile">Philip II of Castile</a>. Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-1994-26">[18]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6">6</a> Other names, such as "Islas del Poniente" (Western Islands), "Islas del Oriente" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San Lázaro" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> proclaimed it the República Filipina (the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-30">[22]</a> American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).<a href="#cite_note-31">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[24]</a> The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,<a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a> and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline of Philippine history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_(pre–900)">Prehistory (pre–900)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/170px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1980"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/170px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg" data-alt="A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat" data-width="170" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/255px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/340px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul burial jar</a>, one of the numerous <a href="/wiki/Burial_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial jar">burial jars</a> found on the cave system</figcaption></figure> There is <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">evidence</a> of early <a href="/wiki/Hominins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominins">hominins</a> living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a> A small number of bones from <a href="/wiki/Callao_Cave" title="Callao Cave">Callao Cave</a> potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, <a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a>, who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern human">modern human</a> remains on the islands are from the <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/U/Th-dated" class="mw-redirect" title="U/Th-dated">U/Th-dated</a> to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a> is presumably a <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a>, among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">southern Asia</a> to the now-sunken landmasses of <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a> The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a> Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as <a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">ijangs</a>)<a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Jade artifacts</a> have been dated to 2000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[36]</a> By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> tribes, warrior societies, highland <a href="/wiki/Plutocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocracies">plutocracies</a>, and port principalities.<a href="#cite_note-Legarda-2001-45">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_states_(900–1565)">Early states (900–1565)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">History of the Philippines (900–1565)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturales_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/220px-Naturales_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="725"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 306px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/220px-Naturales_4.png" data-width="220" data-height="306" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/330px-Naturales_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/440px-Naturales_4.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A couple from the nobility class in pre-colonial Philippines draped in gold</figcaption></figure> The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the early-10th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a>, which was written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> using the early <a href="/wiki/Kawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi alphabet">Kawi</a> script with a number of technical <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words and <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">honorifics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">societal changes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deGraaf-1977-47">[39]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a> Trade with China began during the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[43]</a> and expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[43]</a> Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were also part of the <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">tributary system of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-1994-26">[18]</a>: 177–178 <a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> merchants and migrants from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Fujian">Southern Fujian</a>, known as "Langlang"<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a> and "Sangley" in later years,<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices <a href="/wiki/Indian_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" title="Indian influences in early Philippine polities">began to spread</a> in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> By the 15th century, Islam was established in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a> and spread from there.<a href="#cite_note-deGraaf-1977-47">[39]</a> Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ring-1996-59">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Lanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">[53]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA672">672</a> Among the nobility were leaders known as <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a>, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (<a href="/wiki/Barangay_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Barangay state">barangays</a> or dulohan).<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a> their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "<a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">paramount datu</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58</a> <a href="#cite_note-Legarda-2001-45">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah">rajah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> and would rule the community.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">18</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon#Frequency" title="Typhoon">frequency of typhoons</a> and the Philippines' location on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by <a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a>'s men in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT46">21</a> <a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA261">261</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_and_American_colonial_rule_(1565–1934)">Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">History of the Philippines (1565–1898)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_(1847).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/220px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/220px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png" data-alt="See caption" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/330px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/440px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, 1847</figcaption></figure> Unification and colonization by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> began when Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Nueva España) in 1565.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-deBorja-2005-72">[64]</a>: 20–23 Many <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> were brought to New Spain <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spanish_slavery_in_the_Philippines" title="History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines">as slaves</a> and forced crew.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Whereas many Latin Americans</a> were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists. <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Spanish Manila</a> became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> in 1571,<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA374">374</a> bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> Disparate barangays were deliberately <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">consolidated into towns</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Catholic missionaries</a> could more easily convert their inhabitants to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">[71]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA53">53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA68">68</a> <a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> which was initially <a href="/wiki/Religious_Syncretism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Syncretism">Syncretist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Spanish friars</a> occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halili-2004-82">[74]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA81">81</a> Manila became the western hub of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">trans-Pacific trade</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">indigenous revolts</a><a href="#cite_note-Halili-2004-82">[74]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA111">111–122</a> and defending against external military attacks,<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077">1077</a> <a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro piracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> a 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">war against the Dutch</a>, 18th-century <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a>, and conflict with Muslims in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161256/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm">4</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Philippines#undue" title="Talk:Philippines">discuss</a>] Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077">1077</a> and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–8</a> <a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077">1077</a> averaging 250,000 pesos,<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a> usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British forces occupied Manila</a> from 1762 to 1764 during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, and Spanish rule was restored with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deBorja-2005-72">[64]</a>: 81–83 The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a> during the last quarter of the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> and the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilustrados_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of a large group of men on steps. Some are seated, and others are standing; several are wearing top hats." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/240px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1029"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/240px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg" data-alt="Photo of a large group of men on steps. Some are seated, and others are standing; several are wearing top hats." data-width="240" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/360px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/480px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrados</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> around 1890</figcaption></figure> Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> Social identity changed, with the term Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spaniards born in the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited <a href="/wiki/Colonial_troops" title="Colonial troops">colonial troops</a> and laborers alongside <a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">three activist Catholic priests</a> were executed on <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">questionable grounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> This inspired the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>, organized by <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>, which advocated political reform in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> Attempts at reform met with resistance; <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Halili-2004-82">[74]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA137">137</a> The Katipunan <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> Internal disputes led to the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a>, at which Bonifacio lost his position and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> was elected the new leader of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Duka-2008-106">[98]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA147">145–147</a> The 1897 <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a> government in exile. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> from Spain on June 12, 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2022-107">[99]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a> In December 1898, the islands were <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">ceded by Spain</a> to the United States with <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> after the Spanish–American War.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> was promulgated on January 21, 1899.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> Lack of recognition by the United States led to an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">outbreak of hostilities</a> that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,<a href="#cite_note-111">[i]</a> escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nation18990504-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops,_around_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/220px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/220px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/330px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/440px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Filipino General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine-American War">Philippine-American War</a></figcaption></figure> The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2009-116">[107]</a> Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to <a href="/wiki/List_of_concentration_and_internment_camps#Philippines" title="List of concentration and internment camps">concentration camps</a>, where thousands died.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">American civilian government</a> was established with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">extension of the Philippine Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Duka-2008-106">[98]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA200">200–202</a> <a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2009-116">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiram%E2%80%93Bates_Treaty" title="Kiram–Bates Treaty">securing the Sultanate of Sulu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_and_World_War_II_(1935–1946)">Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)</h3></div> Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,<a href="#cite_note-Armes-1987-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tofighian-2006-126">[117]</a>: 12 and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> began to take precedence over other local languages.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">[71]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA121">121</a> Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081">1081</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117">1117</a> the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a> granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> the following year,<a href="#cite_note-Nadeau-2020-127">[118]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel Quezon</a> president and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> vice president.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081">1081</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117">1117</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">[120]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27">27–29</a> <a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">women's suffrage was introduced</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA416">416</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Land reform in the Philippines">land reform</a> was considered.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Douglas MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña, and Osmeña's staff wading ashore in knee-deep water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" data-alt="Douglas MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña, and Osmeña's staff wading ashore in knee-deep water" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Douglas_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="General Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (left) coming ashore during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a> on October 20, 1944</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> invaded the Philippines in December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">during World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> governed by <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> Beginning in 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> was <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">opposed</a> by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#Resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">underground guerrilla activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a> were committed during the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> The Philippine resistance and Allied troops <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">defeated the Japanese</a> in 1944 and 1945. Over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">founding member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">[136]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38">38–41</a> On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">[136]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38">38–41</a> <a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_(1946–present)">Independence (1946–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">History of the Philippines (1946–1965)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">History of the Philippines (1965–1986)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">History of the Philippines (1986–present)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Independence,_July_4_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/180px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 249px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/180px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/270px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/360px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The raising of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of the Philippines</a> during the declaration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946</figcaption></figure> Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a> succeeded during <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a>'s presidency,<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2013-148">[139]</a> Under Magsaysay's successor, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a>, the government initiated a <a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a> which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">[71]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182">182</a> Succeeding Garcia, <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> and pursued <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">a claim</a> on eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/180px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/180px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/270px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/360px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">The Declaration of Martial Law</a> in the headlines of the Sunday Express</figcaption></figure> In 1965, Macapagal <a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">lost</a> the presidential election to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_term_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Early in his presidency</a>, Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">reelection in 1969</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timberman-1991-152">[143]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58">58</a> <a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">declared martial law</a> on September 21, 1972<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> using the specter of communism<a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> and began to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>;<a href="#cite_note-TheEuropaWorldYear-2004-158">[149]</a> the period was characterized by <a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">political repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">censorship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monopolies_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)">Monopolies</a> controlled by <a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos's cronies</a> were established in key industries,<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines#Deforestation_during_the_martial_law_era" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">logging</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> and broadcasting;<a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA120">120</a> a sugar monopoly led to <a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">a famine on the island of Negros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> With his wife, <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda</a>, Marcos was accused of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">embezzling billions of dollars</a> of public funds.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> Marcos's heavy borrowing <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">early in his presidency</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">economic crashes</a>, exacerbated by an <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">early 1980s recession</a> where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">[159]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">212</a> <a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> On August 21, 1983, opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> (Marcos's chief rival) was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">assassinated on the tarmac</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Manila International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> Marcos called a snap <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">presidential election in 1986</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> The resulting protests led to the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-3DayRevolution-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. Aquino's widow, <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon</a>, was installed as president<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-3DayRevolution-173">[164]</a> and a new constitution was promulgated.<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A huge ash cloud, seen from a distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/220px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2875" data-file-height="1923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/220px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" data-alt="A huge ash cloud, seen from a distance" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/330px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/440px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The June <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_1500%E2%80%931999" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999">second-largest terrestrial eruption</a> of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-176">[167]</a></figcaption></figure> The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">national debt</a>, government corruption, and <a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">coup attempts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timberman-1991-152">[143]</a>: xii, xiii A <a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">communist insurgency</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> and military conflict with <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro separatists</a> persisted;<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in June 1991.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-176">[167]</a> Aquino was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalized</a> the national economy with <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> Ramos's economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Gargan-1997-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, prioritized public housing<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> but faced corruption allegations<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> which led to his overthrow by the <a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2001 EDSA Revolution</a> and the succession of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> on January 20, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> Arroyo's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">nine-year administration</a> was marked by economic growth,<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hello_Garci_scandal" title="Hello Garci scandal">electoral fraud allegations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> Economic growth continued during <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>'s administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.<a href="#cite_note-Lum-Dolven-2014-191">[182]</a>: 1, 3 <a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> Aquino III signed <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro">a peace agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF) resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Organic_Law" title="Bangsamoro Organic Law">Bangsamoro Organic Law</a> establishing an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> region, but a <a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano</a> delayed passage of the law.<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> Growing public frustration with post-<a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">EDSA</a> governance led to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016 election</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> of populist <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CasipleEtAl-2016-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">presidency</a> saw the decline of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">liberalism in the country</a> albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-2022-199">[190]</a> Among Duterte's priorities was <a href="/wiki/Build!_Build!_Build!" title="Build! Build! Build!">aggressively increasing infrastructure spending</a> to spur economic growth;<a href="#cite_note-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a> the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law;<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> an intensified crackdown on crime and communist insurgencies;<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">an anti-drug campaign</a> that reduced drug proliferation<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> but that has also led to <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> In early 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a> reached the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> necessitating <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">nationwide lockdowns</a> that caused a brief but severe <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">economic recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> Under a promise of continuing Duterte's policies,<a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-2022-199">[190]</a> Marcos's son, <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, ran with Duterte's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara</a>, and won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> Marcos's renewal of a pro-US foreign policy, however, has been viewed as a reversal of Duterte's cordiality with China, and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a> have since escalated.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">List of islands of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/240px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="351" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="3120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 351px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/240px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png" data-alt="Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation" data-width="240" data-height="351" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/360px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/480px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make up 65 percent of the country's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">[53]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA38">38</a> <a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of about 7,641 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: 15 <a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-land-area-14">[e]</a> Stretching 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) north to south,<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a> the Philippines <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">is bordered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a> to the east,<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a> to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">country's 11 largest islands</a> are <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros" title="Negros">Negros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (island)">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masbate_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masbate (island)">Masbate</a>, about 95 percent of its total land area.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> The Philippines' coastline measures 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi), the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_length_of_coastline" title="List of countries by length of coastline">fifth-longest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_Philippines" title="Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines">country's exclusive economic zone</a> covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">highest mountain</a> is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Apo" title="Mount Apo">Mount Apo</a> on Mindanao, with an altitude of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> The Philippines' <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">longest river</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_River" title="Cagayan River">Cagayan River</a> in northern Luzon, which flows for about 520 kilometers (320 mi).<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, on which is the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> is connected to <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> (the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">largest lake</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> On the western fringes of the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA4">4</a> The region is <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismically</a> active, and has been <a href="/wiki/Subduction_tectonics_of_the_Philippines" title="Subduction tectonics of the Philippines">constructed by plates</a> converging towards each other from multiple directions.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">last major earthquakes</a> were in 1976 in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Moro_Gulf_earthquake" title="1976 Moro Gulf earthquake">Moro Gulf</a> and in 1990 on <a href="/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake" title="1990 Luzon earthquake">Luzon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> The Philippines has <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">23 active volcanoes</a>; of them, <a href="/wiki/Mayon" title="Mayon">Mayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Canlaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Canlaon">Canlaon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bulusan" title="Mount Bulusan">Bulusan</a> have the largest number of recorded eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a> The country has valuable<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Miners-240">[231]</a> and the world's largest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal-241">[232]</a> Other minerals include <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Miners-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_species_of_the_Philippines" title="List of threatened species of the Philippines">List of threatened species of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carabao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/220px-Carabao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="546"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/220px-Carabao.jpg" data-alt="Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/330px-Carabao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/440px-Carabao.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Berba-Matias-2022-245">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_with_high_endemism" title="List of ecoregions with high endemism">endemism</a> (67 percent).<a href="#cite_note-OECD-2017April-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> With an <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Philippines" title="Flora of the Philippines">estimated 13,500 plant species</a> in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> about 3,500 species of trees,<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species, 1,100 <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, and 998 <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_orchids_of_the_Philippines" title="List of the orchids of the Philippines">orchid</a> species<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-Sajise-2010-254">[245]</a> The Philippines has 167 terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (102 endemic species), 235 <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> (160 endemic species), 99 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (74 endemic species), 686 <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Philippines" title="List of birds of the Philippines">birds</a> (224 endemic species),<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> and over 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-Sajise-2010-254">[245]</a> As an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a> ecoregion,<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life<a href="#cite_note-CalAcademyOrg-2015-258">[249]</a> and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic).<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> Philippine waters sustain <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">the cultivation</a> of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">dipterocarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> forest,<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forest, <a href="/wiki/Vitex_parviflora" title="Vitex parviflora">molave</a> forest, <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">lower montane forest</a>, upper montane (or <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">mossy forest</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultrabasic</a> forest.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> According to official estimates, the Philippines had 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq mi) of forest cover in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">deforestation</a> continued after independence, accelerating during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos presidency</a> due to unregulated logging concessions.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-Forests-269">[260]</a> Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berba-Matias-2022-245">[236]</a> it has <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">more than 200 protected areas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> which was expanded to 7,790,000 hectares (30,100 sq mi) as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">Three sites</a> in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the <a href="/wiki/Tubbataha_Reef" title="Tubbataha Reef">Tubbataha Reef</a> in the Sulu Sea,<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park" title="Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park">Puerto Princesa Subterranean River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hamiguitan" title="Mount Hamiguitan">Mount Hamiguitan</a> Wildlife Sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/220px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6194" data-file-height="7420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/220px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/330px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/440px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines is common from June to November.</figcaption></figure> The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> from March to May, a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a> from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.<a href="#cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">[268]</a> The southwest <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> (known as the habagat) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon (<a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">amihan</a>) lasts from November to April.<a href="#cite_note-Carating-2014-278">[269]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24–25</a> The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) but is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-PAGASA-Climate-279">[270]</a> The country's average <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> is 82 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Carating-2014-278">[269]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24–25</a> Annual rainfall is as high as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) on the mountainous east coast, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some sheltered valleys.<a href="#cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility" title="Philippine Area of Responsibility">Philippine Area of Responsibility</a> has 19 <a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">typhoons</a> in a typical year,<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> usually from July to October;<a href="#cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">[268]</a> eight or nine of them make <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> The country <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">is among</a> the world's ten most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political history of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_(local_img).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large white-and-red building on a river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/220px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/220px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg" data-alt="Large white-and-red building on a river" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/330px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/440px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> is the president's official residence.</figcaption></figure> The Philippines has a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> government, a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">armed forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">[277]</a> The president <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">is elected</a> through <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">citizens of the Philippines</a> for a six-year term.<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> The president appoints and presides over the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">cabinet</a> and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Lazo-2009-289">[280]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=213">213–214</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, with members <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_elections" title="Philippine Senate elections">elected to a six-year term</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, with members elected to a three-year term.<a href="#cite_note-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections-290">[281]</a> Senators are elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections-290">[281]</a> and representatives are elected from <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">legislative districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">party lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lazo-2009-289">[280]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=162">162–163</a> Judicial authority is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, composed of a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">chief justice</a> and fourteen <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">associate justices</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a> who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council" title="Judicial and Bar Council">Judicial and Bar Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">Attempts to change</a> the government to a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary government</a> have been made since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">Ramos administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> Philippine politics tends to be dominated by <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">well-known families</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Political_dynasties_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dynasties in the Philippines">political dynasties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_influence_in_politics" title="Celebrity influence in politics">celebrities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">party switching</a> is widely practiced.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption is significant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a> attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's <a href="/wiki/Padrino_system" title="Padrino system">padrino system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Church and State">separation of Church and State</a> exists.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Color-coded world map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/290px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/290px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="Color-coded world map" data-width="290" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/435px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/580px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines">Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_United_Nations" title="Philippines and the United Nations">founding and active member</a> of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">[136]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA37">37–38</a> the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> The country participates in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions, particularly in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">East Timor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">founding</a> and active member of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> The country has sought to obtain observer status in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> since 2003,<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[303]</a> and was a member of <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> Over 10 million Filipinos <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">live</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">work in 200 countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> giving the Philippines <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">[159]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">207</a> During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a><a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 7–8 to help spur <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 8 and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> The Philippines entered into the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement</a> in 2010<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> (FTA) in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with <a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">India</a>, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 15 The country has bilateral FTAs with <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a>, South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">four European states</a>: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 9–10, 15 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/220px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 338px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/220px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="338" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/330px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/440px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag</figcaption></figure> The Philippines has a long <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">relationship with the United States</a>, involving economics, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Philippines" title="CIA activities in the Philippines">security</a>, and interpersonal relations.<a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> The Philippines' location <a href="/wiki/United_States_bases_in_the_Philippines" title="United States bases in the Philippines">serves</a> an <a href="/wiki/First_island_chain" title="First island chain">important role</a> in the United States' <a href="/wiki/Island_chain_strategy" title="Island chain strategy">island chain strategy</a> in the West Pacific;<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a> between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement">1999 Visiting Forces Agreement</a> and the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> The country supported American policies during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> wars.<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">Under President Duterte</a>, ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeCastro-2022-331">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a> The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;<a href="#cite_note-Lum-Dolven-2014-191">[182]</a>: 11 the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a> Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">relations with China</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a>—its top trading partner,<a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> and cooperates significantly with the country.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeCastro-2022-331">[322]</a> Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of <a href="/wiki/Official_development_assistance" title="Official development assistance">official development assistance</a> to the Philippines;<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a> although some tension exists because of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, much animosity has faded.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161330/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm">93</a> Historical and cultural ties continue to affect <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Philippines–Spain relations">relations with Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a> Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,<a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a> and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a> concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.<a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a> The Philippines <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">has claims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a> The largest of <a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Spratly_Islands" title="Philippines and the Spratly Islands">its controlled islands</a> is <a href="/wiki/Thitu_Island" title="Thitu Island">Thitu Island</a>, which contains the <a href="/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawan" title="Kalayaan, Palawan">Philippines' smallest town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[339]</a> The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal_standoff" title="Scarborough Shoal standoff">Scarborough Shoal standoff</a>, after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an <a href="/wiki/Philippines_v._China" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines v. China">international arbitration case</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[340]</a> which the Philippines eventually won;<a href="#cite_note-350">[341]</a> China rejected the result,<a href="#cite_note-351">[342]</a> and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.<a href="#cite_note-352">[343]</a> China has rejected new Philippine maritime laws aimed at strengthening sovereignty in the South China Sea, stating they infringe on Chinese territorial claims and vowing to defend its interests in contested areas.<a href="#cite_note-353">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Gray ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/220px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5145" data-file-height="3675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/220px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg" data-alt="Gray ship" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/330px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/440px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BRP_Jose_Rizal_(FF-150)" class="mw-redirect" title="BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)">BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lead_ship" title="Lead ship">lead ship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jose_Rizal-class_frigate" title="Jose Rizal-class frigate">her class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile frigate">guided missile frigates</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer</a> Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> Civilian security is handled by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Department of the Interior and Local Government">Department of the Interior and Local Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[347]</a> The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Armed_Force_Geographical_Unit" title="Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit">paramilitaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> In 2023, US$477 million (1.4 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military.<a href="#cite_note-358">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[350]</a> Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as <a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Muslim</a> separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Philippine_Navy" title="List of equipment of the Philippine Navy">Philippine naval capability</a> which began during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/AFP_Modernization_Act" title="AFP Modernization Act">A military modernization program</a> began in 1995<a href="#cite_note-361">[352]</a> and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.<a href="#cite_note-362">[353]</a> The Philippines has long struggled against <a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">local insurgencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_the_Philippines" title="Separatism in the Philippines">separatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_Philippines" title="Terrorism in the Philippines">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-2017-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a>'s largest separatist organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a>, signed final peace agreements with the government in <a href="/wiki/1996_Final_Peace_Agreement" title="1996 Final Peace Agreement">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro">2014</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-366">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[358]</a> Other, more-militant groups such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters">Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters</a><a href="#cite_note-CTCSentinel-BIFF-368">[359]</a> have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago<a href="#cite_note-369">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[361]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CTCSentinel-BIFF-368">[359]</a> but their presence has been reduced.<a href="#cite_note-371">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[363]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> (CPP) and its military wing, the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a> (NPA), have been waging <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">guerrilla warfare</a> against the government since the 1970s and have <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines">engaged</a> in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces;<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023-373">[364]</a> although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-2017-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[365]</a> the CPP-NPA, through the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a>, continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting up <a href="/wiki/Communist_front" title="Communist front">communist fronts</a>, infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.<a href="#cite_note-375">[366]</a> The Philippines ranked 104th out of 163 countries in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Color-coded political map of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/260px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="378" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="6105"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 378px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/260px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png" data-alt="Color-coded political map of the Philippines" data-width="260" data-height="378" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/390px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/520px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Philippines' regions and provinces</figcaption></figure> The Philippines is divided into 18 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">regions</a>, 82 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a>, 146 <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">cities</a>, 1,488 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">municipalities</a>, and 42,036 <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[368]</a> Regions other than <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> are divided for administrative convenience.<a href="#cite_note-378">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a> was the region with the greatest population as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a> (NCR) was the most densely populated.<a href="#cite_note-PSA-2020-Census-Highlights-379">[370]</a> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),<a href="#cite_note-380">[371]</a> although there have been <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">steps towards decentralization</a>;<a href="#cite_note-381">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[373]</a> a 1991 law <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> some powers to <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">local governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[374]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy of the Philippines</a></div> The Philippine economy is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">34th largest</a>, with an estimated 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a> nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of US$435.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FederalRegister-Vol78-384">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[376]</a> the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FederalRegister-Vol78-384">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[377]</a> The country's labor force was around 50 million as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> was 3.1 percent.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2023-387">[378]</a> Gross international reserves totaled US$103.406 billion as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">Debt-to-GDP ratio</a> decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[380]</a> The country's unit of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> (₱<a href="#cite_note-390">[381]</a> or PHP<a href="#cite_note-391">[382]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-392">[383]</a> The Philippines is a net importer,<a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 55–56, 61–65, 77, 83, 111 <a href="#cite_note-393">[384]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Net_international_investment_position" title="Net international investment position">debtor nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[385]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> primary exports included <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> Major export crops include <a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Coconut production in the Philippines">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana_industry#Production_and_export" title="Banana industry">bananas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">pineapples</a>; it is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">226–242</a> and was the world's second biggest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel ore</a> in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-396">[387]</a> as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two people planting rice plants in water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/220px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/220px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG" data-alt="Two people planting rice plants in water" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/330px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/440px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Filipinos planting rice. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture employed 24 percent of the Filipino workforce</a> as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2022-397">[388]</a></figcaption></figure> With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,<a href="#cite_note-398">[389]</a> driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018-399">[390]</a> Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-400">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Remittances</a> from <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">overseas Filipinos</a> contribute significantly to the country's economy;<a href="#cite_note-402">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018-399">[390]</a> they reached a record US$37.20 billion in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-403">[394]</a> The Philippines is the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">business process outsourcing</a> (BPO) center.<a href="#cite_note-404">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[396]</a> About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Modern, landscaped office building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="Modern, landscaped office building" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Ba%C3%B1os,_Laguna" title="Los Baños, Laguna">Los Baños, Laguna</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.<a href="#cite_note-407">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[399]</a> The country has developed new varieties of crops, including <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Rice production in the Philippines">rice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-409">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[401]</a> coconuts,<a href="#cite_note-411">[402]</a> and bananas.<a href="#cite_note-412">[403]</a> Research organizations include the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Rice_Research_Institute" title="Philippine Rice Research Institute">Philippine Rice Research Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[404]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[405]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">Philippine Space Agency</a> maintains the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">country's space program</a>,<a href="#cite_note-415">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[407]</a> and the country bought its first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_satellites" title="List of Philippine satellites">satellite</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-417">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diwata-1" title="Diwata-1">Diwata-1</a>, its first <a href="/wiki/Small_satellite#Microsatellites" title="Small satellite">micro-satellite</a>, was launched on the United States' <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> spacecraft in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-418">[409]</a> The Philippines has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_smartphone_penetration" title="List of countries by smartphone penetration">high concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cellular-phone</a> users,<a href="#cite_note-419">[410]</a> and a high level of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">mobile commerce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[411]</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> messages per day in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-421">[412]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippine telecommunications industry</a> had been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/PLDT" title="PLDT">PLDT</a>-<a href="/wiki/Globe_Telecom" title="Globe Telecom">Globe Telecom</a> duopoly for more than two decades,<a href="#cite_note-422">[413]</a> and the 2021 entry of <a href="/wiki/Dito_Telecommunity" title="Dito Telecommunity">Dito Telecommunity</a> improved the country's telecommunications service.<a href="#cite_note-423">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="People on an observation deck overlooking hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/220px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/220px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg" data-alt="People on an observation deck overlooking hills" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/330px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/440px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tourists at <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_Hills" title="Chocolate Hills">Chocolate Hills</a>, conical <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> hills in <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-424">[415]</a> The country's main tourist attractions are <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_Philippines" title="List of beaches in the Philippines">its numerous beaches</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eajOEAAAQBAJ&pg=109">109</a> <a href="#cite_note-425">[416]</a> the Philippines is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts.<a href="#cite_note-426">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[418]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist spots</a> include <a href="/wiki/Boracay" title="Boracay">Boracay</a>, called the best island in the world by <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> in 2012;<a href="#cite_note-428">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coron,_Palawan" title="Coron, Palawan">Coron</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Nido,_Palawan" title="El Nido, Palawan">El Nido</a> in Palawan; <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siargao" title="Siargao">Siargao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[420]</a> Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),<a href="#cite_note-430">[421]</a> and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-431">[422]</a> The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).<a href="#cite_note-432">[423]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman,_Quezon_City_on_March_16,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg" data-alt="Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/440px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Traditional (left) and modern <a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">jeepneys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Vehicle_Modernization_Program" title="Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program">gradually being phased out</a> in favor of eco-friendly <a href="/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards">Euro 4</a>-compliant vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-433">[424]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation in the Philippines</a> is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.<a href="#cite_note-ADBOrg-PH-Transport-434">[425]</a> In December 2018, there were 210,528 kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the country.<a href="#cite_note-435">[426]</a> The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Philippine_Highway" title="Pan-Philippine Highway">Pan-Philippine Highway</a>, which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-436">[427]</a> Inter-island transport is by the 919-kilometer (571 mi) <a href="/wiki/Strong_Republic_Nautical_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Republic Nautical Highway">Strong Republic Nautical Highway</a>, an integrated set of highways and <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> routes linking 17 cities.<a href="#cite_note-437">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[429]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepneys</a> are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496">496–497</a> other public land transport includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_companies_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bus companies of the Philippines">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/UV_Express" title="UV Express">UV Express</a>, <abbr title="transport network vehicle service">TNVS</abbr>, Filcab, <a href="/wiki/Taxis_of_the_Philippines" title="Taxis of the Philippines">taxis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motorized_tricycle_(Philippines)" title="Motorized tricycle (Philippines)">tricycles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[431]</a> Traffic is a significant issue <a href="/wiki/Traffic_in_Metro_Manila" title="Traffic in Metro Manila">in Manila</a> and on arterial roads to the capital.<a href="#cite_note-441">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[433]</a> Despite wider historical use,<a href="#cite_note-443">[434]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Rail transportation in the Philippines">rail transportation in the Philippines</a> is limited<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491">491</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area">transporting passengers within Metro Manila</a> and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[435]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-445">[436]</a> with a short track in the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491">491</a> The country had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers (49 mi) as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, which it planned to expand to 244 kilometers (152 mi).<a href="#cite_note-446">[437]</a> A revival of <a href="/wiki/Freight_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail">freight rail</a> is planned to reduce road congestion.<a href="#cite_note-447">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[439]</a> The Philippines had <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of airports in the Philippines">90 national government-owned airports</a> as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which eight are <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim-449">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Ninoy Aquino International Airport</a>, formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the busiest airports in the Philippines">greatest number of passengers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim-449">[440]</a> The 2017 <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_Philippines" title="List of airlines of the Philippines">air domestic market</a> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> and Asia's oldest commercial airline,<a href="#cite_note-450">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[442]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Pacific" title="Cebu Pacific">Cebu Pacific</a> (the country's leading <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carrier</a>).<a href="#cite_note-452">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[444]</a> A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;<a href="#cite_note-454">[445]</a> most are <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">double-outrigger</a> vessels known as banca<a href="#cite_note-Aguilar-2004-455">[446]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">bangka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Funtecha-2000-456">[447]</a> Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;<a href="#cite_note-Aguilar-2004-455">[446]</a> they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.<a href="#cite_note-Funtecha-2000-456">[447]</a> The Philippines has <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of ports in the Philippines">over 1,800 seaports</a>;<a href="#cite_note-457">[448]</a> of these, the principal seaports of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Manila</a> (the country's chief, and busiest, port),<a href="#cite_note-458">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Batangas_International_Port" title="Batangas International Port">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Subic_Bay" title="Port of Subic Bay">Subic Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cebu" title="Port of Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Iloilo" title="Port of Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Davao" title="Port of Davao">Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Port of Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_General_Santos" title="Port of General Santos">General Santos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Zamboanga" title="Port of Zamboanga">Zamboanga</a> are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<a href="#cite_note-459">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A large dam, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/220px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/220px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg" data-alt="A large dam, seen from above" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/330px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/440px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ambuklao_Dam" title="Ambuklao Dam">Ambuklao Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Agno_River" title="Agno River">Agno River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bokod,_Benguet" title="Bokod, Benguet">Bokod, Benguet</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a> in 2021; 43 percent was generated from <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_Philippines" title="Coal mining in the Philippines">coal</a>, 14 percent from <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, 14 percent <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, 12 percent from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and seven percent from <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-461">[452]</a> It is the world's third-biggest <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">geothermal-energy producer</a>, behind the United States and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-462">[453]</a> The country's largest dam is the 1.2-kilometer-long (0.75 mi) <a href="/wiki/San_Roque_Dam_(Philippines)" title="San Roque Dam (Philippines)">San Roque Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Agno_River" title="Agno River">Agno River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[454]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malampaya_gas_field" title="Malampaya gas field">Malampaya gas field</a>, discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347">347</a> <a href="#cite_note-464">[455]</a> The Philippines has three <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a>, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-2016-465">[456]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines" title="National Grid Corporation of the Philippines">National Grid Corporation of the Philippines</a> manages <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Philippines" title="Electricity sector in the Philippines">the country's power grid</a> since 2009<a href="#cite_note-466">[457]</a> and provides <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead transmission lines</a> across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers <a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_distribution_utilities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines">is provided</a> by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned <a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">electric cooperatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-2016-465">[456]</a> As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.<a href="#cite_note-467">[458]</a> Plans to harness <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Nuclear power in the Philippines">nuclear energy</a> began during the early 1970s during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">presidency of Ferdinand Marcos</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines-468">[459]</a> The Philippines completed <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Pekkanen-2021-469">[460]</a> Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> prevented the plant from being commissioned,<a href="#cite_note-470">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines-468">[459]</a> and plans to operate it remain controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Pekkanen-2021-469">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banate_Water_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A low, blue building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/220px-Banate_Water_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/220px-Banate_Water_District.jpg" data-alt="A low, blue building" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/330px-Banate_Water_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/440px-Banate_Water_District.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A water-district office in <a href="/wiki/Banate,_Iloilo" title="Banate, Iloilo">Banate, Iloilo</a></figcaption></figure> Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local <a href="/wiki/Water_district" title="Water district">water districts</a> in cities or towns.<a href="#cite_note-472">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[465]</a> Metro Manila is served by <a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad Water Services</a>. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the <a href="/wiki/National_Water_Resources_Board" title="National Water Resources Board">National Water Resources Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">[464]</a> In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to 91 billion cubic meters (3.2×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) from 89 billion cubic meters (3.1×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱144.81 billion.<a href="#cite_note-475">[466]</a> Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">[464]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a> and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-476">[467]</a> Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.<a href="#cite_note-DOH-2018-477">[468]</a>: 46 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">List of cities in the Philippines</a></div> As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-18">[13]</a> More than 60 percent of the country's population live in the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal zone">coastal zone</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[469]</a> and in 2020, 54 percent lived in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban-479">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, its capital, and <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (the country's most populous city) are in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. About 13.48 million people (12 percent of the Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban-479">[470]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Philippines" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines">country's most populous metropolitan area</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[471]</a> and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">fifth most populous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-481">[472]</a> Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold from 19 million to 92 million.<a href="#cite_note-482">[473]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">country's median age</a> is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.<a href="#cite_note-483">[474]</a> The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,<a href="#cite_note-484">[475]</a> although government attempts to further reduce population growth have been <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_Health_Bill_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines)">contentious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-485">[476]</a> The country reduced its <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">poverty rate</a> from 49.2 percent in 1985<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-Poverty-2023-486">[477]</a> to 18.1 percent in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-487">[478]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">income inequality</a> began to decline in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-Poverty-2023-486">[477]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities in the Philippines <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/Table%20B%20-%20Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20by%20Province%2C%20City%2C%20and%20Municipality%20-%20By%20Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx">2020 Philippine census of population and housing</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastwood_Libis_(Quezon_City;_03-01-2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quezon City"><noscript><img alt="Quezon City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/120px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/120px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg" data-alt="Quezon City" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/180px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/240px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_(Thomas_Yie)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila"><noscript><img alt="Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/120px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/120px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg" data-alt="Manila" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/180px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/240px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,960,048</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">714,978 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Davao City"><noscript><img alt="Davao City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/120px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/120px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" data-alt="Davao City" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/180px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/240px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Bonifacio_Monument_(Caloocan)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caloocan"><noscript><img alt="Caloocan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/120px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/120px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg" data-alt="Caloocan" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/180px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/240px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,846,513</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">703,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,776,949</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos">General Santos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">697,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,661,584</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">689,992 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,261,738</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">664,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">977,234</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">651,813 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">964,169</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">606,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">887,399</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">Negros Island Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">600,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">803,159</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">543,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">728,402</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">539,671 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Another color-coded map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/220px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="2863"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 341px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/220px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png" data-alt="Another color-coded map" data-width="220" data-height="341" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/330px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/440px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dominant ethnic groups by province</figcaption></figure> The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> According to the 2020 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> (26.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a> [excluding the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a>] (14.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a> and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bikol</a> (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">country's indigenous peoples</a> consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,<a href="#cite_note-488">[479]</a> with a combined population of 15.56 million, in 2020;<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">[6]</a> they include the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">indigenous peoples of Palawan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-489">[480]</a> <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160916/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm">35</a> These minority aboriginal settlers are an <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australoid</a> group, a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">first human migration from Africa to Australia</a> who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.<a href="#cite_note-490">[481]</a> Some Philippine Negritos have a <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovan</a> admixture in their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[483]</a> Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">[484]</a> The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese aborigines</a> probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.<a href="#cite_note-494">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[486]</a> The Lumad and <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a> ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Htin</a> peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[487]</a> Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">from the Spanish Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-497">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehl-2016-498">[489]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C">Chpt. 6</a> <a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-499">[490]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Geno_2.0_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geno 2.0 Next Generation">National Geographic</a> project <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">concluded</a> that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic markers</a> in the following percentages: 53 percent <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, 36 percent <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern Asia</a>, 5 percent <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, 3 percent <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern Asia</a>, and 2 percent Native American (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mehl-2016-498">[489]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C">Chpt. 6</a> <a href="#cite_note-500">[491]</a> Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Mestizos</a> or tisoy,<a href="#cite_note-501">[492]</a> which during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial times</a>, were mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Chinese mestizos</a> (Mestizos de Sangley), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish mestizos</a> (Mestizos de Español) and the mix thereof (<a href="/wiki/Torna_atr%C3%A1s" title="Torna atrás">tornatrás</a>).<a href="#cite_note-502">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[495]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> are well-integrated into Filipino society.<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[496]</a> Primarily the descendants of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-506">[497]</a> the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial era</a> (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants.<a href="#cite_note-507">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov.ph-508">[499]</a> During the Hispanic era (late 1700s), the tribute-census showed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">mixed Spanish Filipinos</a> made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-509">[500]</a>: 539 <a href="#cite_note-510">[501]</a>: 31, 54, 113 Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-499">[490]</a>: 100 Almost 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American citizens</a> live in the country as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-511">[502]</a> and up to 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasians</a> are scattered across the cities of <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles</a>, Manila, and <a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[504]</a> Other significant non-indigenous minorities include <a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indians</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[505]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Philippines" title="Arabs in the Philippines">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-515">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese Filipinos</a> include escaped Christians (<a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Kirishitan</a>) who <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[507]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Another color-coded map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/260px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/260px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png" data-alt="Another color-coded map" data-width="260" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/390px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/520px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are <a href="/wiki/Living_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Living language">living languages</a>; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>, which is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">[484]</a> Spanish-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> varieties, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, are also spoken.<a href="#cite_note-517">[508]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Negrito_languages#Unique_vocabulary" title="Philippine Negrito languages">Philippine Negrito languages</a> have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.<a href="#cite_note-518">[509]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> are the country's official languages.<a href="#cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">[5]</a> Filipino, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.<a href="#cite_note-519">[510]</a> Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Ganguly-2003-520">[511]</a> <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> between English and other local languages, notably <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Tagalog</a>, is common.<a href="#cite_note-521">[512]</a> The Philippine constitution provides for <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.<a href="#cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">[5]</a> Spanish, a widely used <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> during the late nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">has declined greatly in use</a>,<a href="#cite_note-522">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[514]</a> although Spanish <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> are still present in Philippine languages.<a href="#cite_note-524">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[517]</a> Arabic is primarily taught in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> Islamic schools.<a href="#cite_note-527">[518]</a> The top languages generally spoken at home as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a> are Tagalog, <a href="/wiki/Binisaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Binisaya">Binisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[519]</a> Nineteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">regional languages</a> are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:<a href="#cite_note-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages-6">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li>Bikol</li> <li>Cebuano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li>Hiligaynon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li>Ilocano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li> <li>Tagalog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div> Other indigenous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>, are used in their respective provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a> is the national sign language, and the language of <a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_the_Philippines" title="Deafness in the Philippines">deaf education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-529">[520]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large crowd outside a colorfully-decorated church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/220px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/220px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg" data-alt="Large crowd outside a colorfully-decorated church" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/330px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/440px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Catholics attend Mass at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Basilica del Santo Niño">Basilica del Santo Niño</a> during the annual <a href="/wiki/Sinulog" title="Sinulog">Sinulog</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Philippines" title="Secularism in the Philippines">secular state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">freedom of religion</a>, an overwhelming majority of Filipinos <a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">consider religion very important</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[521]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">irreligion</a> is very low.<a href="#cite_note-531">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2015Census-Religion-533">[524]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> is the dominant religion<a href="#cite_note-534">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015-535">[526]</a> followed by about 89 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-536">[527]</a> The country had the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">world's third-largest Roman Catholic population</a> as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, and was Asia's <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">largest Christian nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-537">[528]</a> Census data from <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020</a> found that 78.8 percent of the population professed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholicism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Catholic-2020Census-11">[d]</a> other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Christian denominations in the Philippines">Christian denominations</a> include <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestants</a> made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-539">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[531]</a> The Philippines sends many <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a> around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.<a href="#cite_note-541">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-542">[533]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a> is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,<a href="#cite_note-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015-535">[526]</a> and most adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-543">[534]</a> About 0.2 percent of the population follow <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">indigenous religions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> whose practices and folk beliefs are often <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretized</a> with Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA29">29–30</a> <a href="#cite_note-544">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism</a> is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.<a href="#cite_note-545">[536]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A steadily-rising graph until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="A steadily-rising graph until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_Philippines" title="Health care in the Philippines">Health care in the Philippines</a> is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.<a href="#cite_note-DOH-2018-477">[468]</a>: 25–27 <a href="#cite_note-546">[537]</a> Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">₱</a>10,059.49 and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-547">[538]</a> The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was ₱334.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget-548">[539]</a> The 2019 enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal Health Care Act</a> by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Health_Insurance_Corporation" title="Philippine Health Insurance Corporation">national health insurance program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-549">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[541]</a> Since 2018, <a href="/wiki/Malasakit_Center" title="Malasakit Center">Malasakit Centers</a> (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.<a href="#cite_note-551">[542]</a> Average life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a> is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females).<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOH-2018-477">[468]</a>: 58 The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart diseases">ischaemic heart diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-552">[543]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communicable_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicable disease">Communicable diseases</a> are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.<a href="#cite_note-553">[544]</a> One million Filipinos have active <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, the fourth highest global prevalence rate.<a href="#cite_note-554">[545]</a> The Philippines has 1,387 <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of hospitals in the Philippines">hospitals</a>, 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 <a href="/wiki/Birthing_center" title="Birthing center">birthing homes</a>, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-RVONL-HealthCare-2021-555">[546]</a> Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;<a href="#cite_note-556">[547]</a> seventy percent of <a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_Philippines" title="Nursing in the Philippines">nursing graduates</a> go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-557">[548]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Front of a very old building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/220px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/220px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" data-alt="Front of a very old building" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/330px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/440px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Founded in 1611, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> is Asia's oldest extant university.<a href="#cite_note-558">[549]</a></figcaption></figure> Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.<a href="#cite_note-559">[550]</a> Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Access_to_Quality_Tertiary_Education_Act" title="Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act">most public higher-education institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-2017May-560">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Science_High_School_System" title="Philippine Science High School System">Science high schools</a> for talented students were established in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-562">[553]</a> The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Education_and_Skills_Development_Authority" title="Technical Education and Skills Development Authority">Technical Education and Skills Development Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-563">[554]</a> In 2004, the government began offering <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Learning_System_(Philippines)" title="Alternative Learning System (Philippines)">alternative education</a> to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;<a href="#cite_note-564">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[556]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madaris</a> were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-566">[557]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_universities_and_colleges_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines">Catholic schools</a>, which number more than 1,500,<a href="#cite_note-567">[558]</a> and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.<a href="#cite_note-568">[559]</a> The Philippines has <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of colleges and universities in the Philippines">1,975 higher education institutions</a> as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.<a href="#cite_note-569">[560]</a> Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_schools,_colleges_and_universities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of state schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines">state-administered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_colleges_and_universities_(Philippines)" title="Local colleges and universities (Philippines)">local government-funded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-570">[561]</a><a href="#cite_note-571">[562]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">national university</a> is the eight-school <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> (UP) system.<a href="#cite_note-572">[563]</a> The country's top-ranked universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-573">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[566]</a> In 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Philippines had a basic <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,<a href="#cite_note-576">[567]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">functional literacy</a> rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.<a href="#cite_note-577">[568]</a> Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated ₱900.9 billion from the ₱5.268 trillion 2023 budget.<a href="#cite_note-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget-548">[539]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country has 1,640 <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public libraries</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-578">[569]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A terraced hillside, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/220px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/220px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg" data-alt="A terraced hillside, seen from above" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/330px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/440px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a>, carved by ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r50BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">61</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bankoff-2017-579">[570]</a> Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.<a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">[53]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503">503</a> Indigenous groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorots</a> have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by <a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">resisting the Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-581">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[573]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">national identity</a> <a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">emerged</a> during the 19th century, however, with <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">shared national symbols</a> and cultural and historical <a href="/wiki/Touchstone_(metaphor)" title="Touchstone (metaphor)">touchstones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bankoff-2017-579">[570]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_influence_on_Filipino_culture" title="Spanish influence on Filipino culture">Hispanic legacies</a> include the dominance of Catholicism<a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA5">5</a> <a href="#cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">[571]</a> and the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_alfab%C3%A9tico_de_apellidos" title="Catálogo alfabético de apellidos">Spanish names and surnames</a>, which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">75</a> <a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT262">237</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_place_names_of_Spanish_origin" title="List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin">names of many locations</a> also have Spanish origins.<a href="#cite_note-583">[574]</a> American influence on modern Filipino culture<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> is evident in the use of English<a href="#cite_note-Nadal-2011-584">[575]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12">12</a> and Filipino consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> and American films and music.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">[571]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays in the Philippines</a> are classified as regular or special.<a href="#cite_note-585">[576]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a> are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>).<a href="#cite_note-586">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-1998-587">[578]</a> Better-known festivals include <a href="/wiki/Ati-Atihan_festival" title="Ati-Atihan festival">Ati-Atihan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-588">[579]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinagyang" title="Dinagyang">Dinagyang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-589">[580]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moriones_Festival" title="Moriones Festival">Moriones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-590">[581]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinulog" title="Sinulog">Sinulog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-591">[582]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flores_de_Mayo" title="Flores de Mayo">Flores de Mayo</a>—a month-long devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> held in May.<a href="#cite_note-592">[583]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Christmas season</a> begins as early as September 1,<a href="#cite_note-Rood-2019-593">[584]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">149</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines" title="Holy Week in the Philippines">Holy Week</a> is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.<a href="#cite_note-594">[585]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rood-2019-593">[584]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">149</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Filipino values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Filipino psychology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_Value.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/220px-Core_Value.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/220px-Core_Value.JPG" data-alt="Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/330px-Core_Value.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/440px-Core_Value.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue in <a href="/wiki/Iriga" title="Iriga">Iriga</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Mano_(gesture)" title="Mano (gesture)">mano po</a></figcaption></figure> Filipino <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a> are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">kinship</a>, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm">41</a> They center around social harmony through <a href="/wiki/Pakikisama" title="Pakikisama">pakikisama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Qiu-2004-595">[586]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74">74</a> motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.<a href="#cite_note-596">[587]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warner-2014-597">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nadal-2011-584">[575]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47">47</a> Reciprocity through <a href="/wiki/Utang_na_loob" title="Utang na loob">utang na loob</a> (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.<a href="#cite_note-Qiu-2004-595">[586]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76">76</a> <a href="#cite_note-598">[589]</a> The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of hiya (shame)<a href="#cite_note-599">[590]</a> and loss of amor propio (<a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Warner-2014-597">[588]</a> The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.<a href="#cite_note-600">[591]</a><a href="#cite_note-601">[592]</a> Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as mano and the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">honorifics</a> po and opo and kuya (older brother) or ate (older sister).<a href="#cite_note-602">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-603">[594]</a> Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>, religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">women</a>), and integrity.<a href="#cite_note-604">[595]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Painting of dying gladiators" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/220px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4886" data-file-height="3166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/220px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" data-alt="Painting of dying gladiators" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/330px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/440px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a> (1884) at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-605">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-McFerson-2002-606">[597]</a> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.<a href="#cite_note-McFerson-2002-606">[597]</a> Classical paintings were mainly religious;<a href="#cite_note-607">[598]</a> prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Resurrecci%C3%B3n_Hidalgo" title="Félix Resurrección Hidalgo">Félix Resurrección Hidalgo</a>, whose works drew attention to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-608">[599]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Victorio_Edades" title="Victorio Edades">Victorio Edades</a> and popular <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> scenes by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Amorsolo" title="Fernando Amorsolo">Fernando Amorsolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-609">[600]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Old, mossy church with a lawn in front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/220px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/220px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg" data-alt="Old, mossy church with a lawn in front" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/330px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/440px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque <a href="/wiki/Paoay_Church" title="Paoay Church">Paoay Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>, a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches-610">[601]</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">bahay kubo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a>, which developed under Spanish rule.<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438">438–444</a> Some regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<a href="#cite_note-611">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-612">[603]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish architecture</a> left an imprint in town designs around a <a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">central square</a> or plaza mayor, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-613">[604]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ring-1996-59">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_churches_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Baroque churches in the Philippines">Several</a> Philippine <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Catholic churches in the Philippines">churches</a> adapted <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque architecture</a> to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a>;<a href="#cite_note-614">[605]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girard-2021-615">[606]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Baroque Churches of the Philippines">four baroque churches</a> have been listed as a collective UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches-610">[601]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_fortifications_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines">Spanish colonial fortifications</a> (fuerzas) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<a href="#cite_note-616">[607]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-617">[608]</a> American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> theaters.<a href="#cite_note-NCCAGovPH-Architecture-618">[609]</a> During the American period, construction of <a href="/wiki/Gabaldon_school_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabaldon school buildings">Gabaldon school buildings</a> began,<a href="#cite_note-619">[610]</a> and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a> was done in portions of <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Manila" title="Burnham Plan of Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-620">[611]</a><a href="#cite_note-621">[612]</a> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCCAGovPH-Architecture-618">[609]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girard-2021-615">[606]</a> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Calle_Real,_Iloilo" title="Calle Real, Iloilo">Calle Real</a>.<a href="#cite_note-622">[613]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinikling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Female dancers in colorful dresses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/220px-Tinikling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="1229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/220px-Tinikling.jpg" data-alt="Female dancers in colorful dresses" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/330px-Tinikling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/440px-Tinikling.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a>, a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a tikling bird eluding a farmer's traps<a href="#cite_note-623">[614]</a></figcaption></figure> There are two types of Philippine <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a>, stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173">173</a> Although native dances had become less popular,<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77">77</a> folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82">82</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a>, a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.<a href="#cite_note-625">[616]</a> Popular indigenous dances include the <a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singkil_(Maranao_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singkil (Maranao dance)">Singkil</a>, which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.<a href="#cite_note-626">[617]</a><a href="#cite_note-627">[618]</a> Present-day dances vary from delicate <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[619]</a> to street-oriented <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-629">[620]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[621]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rondalla" title="Rondalla">Rondalya</a> music, with traditional <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>-type <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine musical instruments">instruments</a>, was popular during the Spanish era.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">[159]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327">327</a> <a href="#cite_note-KCET-MasterRondalla-631">[622]</a> Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily <a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">bandurria</a>-based bands with 14-string guitars.<a href="#cite_note-632">[623]</a><a href="#cite_note-KCET-MasterRondalla-631">[622]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Kundiman</a> developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Ellingham-1999-633">[624]</a> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">U.S. culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">popular music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellingham-1999-633">[624]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a> was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Pinoy rock</a>), a term encompassing <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. Martial law in the 1970s produced <a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_music" title="Philippine folk music">Filipino folk rock</a> bands and artists who <a href="/wiki/Protest_music_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship">were at the forefront</a> of political demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-2016-634">[625]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38–41</a> The decade also saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Pilipino Music">Original Pilipino Music</a> (OPM).<a href="#cite_note-Shunwei-2022-635">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196">171</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino hip-hop">Filipino hip-hop</a>, which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-636">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray-2016-634">[625]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38–41</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a> is also popular.<a href="#cite_note-637">[628]</a> From 2010 to 2020, <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pop" title="Pinoy pop">Pinoy pop</a> (P-pop) was influenced by <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-638">[629]</a> Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a> plays (with music)<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2016-639">[630]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedia_(play)" title="Comedia (play)">comedia</a>s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69">69–70</a> and were written in a number of local languages.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2016-639">[630]</a> American influence introduced <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> and ballet.<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69">69–70</a> <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realistic</a> theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2016-639">[630]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="photograph of José Rizal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/180px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/180px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" data-alt="photograph of José Rizal" data-width="180" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/270px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/360px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>José Rizal's writings inspired the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> Philippine literature consists of <a href="/wiki/Filipiniana" title="Filipiniana">works</a> usually written in Filipino, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Spanish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">English</a>. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-640">[631]</a> They include <a href="/wiki/Ibong_Adarna" title="Ibong Adarna">Ibong Adarna</a>, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<a href="#cite_note-641">[632]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a> by Tagalog author <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Balagtas" title="Francisco Balagtas">Francisco Balagtas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-642">[633]</a><a href="#cite_note-643">[634]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> wrote the novels <a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a> (Social Cancer) and <a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a> (The Reign of Greed),<a href="#cite_note-644">[635]</a> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-645">[636]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folk literature</a> was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Filipino elites</a> who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59">59–62</a> The American arrival <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines_during_American_rule" title="Education in the Philippines during American rule">began</a> Filipino literary use of English<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65">65–66</a> and influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a> industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-646">[637]</a><a href="#cite_note-647">[638]</a> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was <a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">influenced by political activism</a>; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69">69–71</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a> has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<a href="#cite_note-648">[639]</a> popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">figures</a> are <a href="/wiki/Maria_Makiling" title="Maria Makiling">Maria Makiling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-649">[640]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-Ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Biag ni Lam-Ang">Lam-ang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-650">[641]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">Sarimanok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61">61</a> <a href="#cite_note-651">[642]</a> The country has a number of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_epic_poetry" title="Philippine epic poetry">folk epics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-652">[643]</a> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a> is an example.<a href="#cite_note-653">[644]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Mass media in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_(2017-present).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="TV network logo, a multicolored triangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/220px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/220px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg" data-alt="TV network logo, a multicolored triangle" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/330px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/440px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People's Television Network logo</figcaption></figure> Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> has shifted to Filipino.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Ganguly-2003-520">[511]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_television_shows" title="List of Philippine television shows">Television shows</a>, commercials, and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Philippine_films" title="Lists of Philippine films">films</a> are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Movie and Television Review and Classification Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-654">[645]</a><a href="#cite_note-655">[646]</a> Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,<a href="#cite_note-656">[647]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_the_Philippines" title="Social media use in the Philippines">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNNPH-SWSFacebook-657">[648]</a> The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">People's Television Network</a> (PTV).<a href="#cite_note-658">[649]</a> <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a>, were the dominant TV networks;<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Philippines-Profile-659">[650]</a> before the May 2020 <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_franchise_renewal_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy">expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise</a>, it was the country's largest network.<a href="#cite_note-660">[651]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_television_drama" title="Philippine television drama">Philippine television dramas</a>, known as teleseryes and mainly produced by <a href="/wiki/List_of_ABS-CBN_original_drama_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ABS-CBN original drama series">ABS-CBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_GMA_Network_original_drama_series" title="List of GMA Network original drama series">GMA</a>, are also seen in several other countries.<a href="#cite_note-661">[652]</a><a href="#cite_note-662">[653]</a> Local film-making <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_films_before_1940" title="List of Philippine films before 1940">began in 1919</a> with the release of the first Filipino-produced <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dalagang_Bukid" title="Dalagang Bukid">Dalagang Bukid</a> (A Girl from the Country), directed by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Nepomuceno" title="José Nepomuceno">Jose Nepomuceno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armes-1987-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tofighian-2006-126">[117]</a>: 8 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_film_studios" title="List of Philippine film studios">Production companies</a> remained small during the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Armes-1987-125">[116]</a> Critically acclaimed Philippine films include <a href="/wiki/Himala" title="Himala">Himala</a> (Miracle) and <a href="/wiki/Oro,_Plata,_Mata" title="Oro, Plata, Mata">Oro, Plata, Mata</a> (Gold, Silver, Death), both released in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-663">[654]</a><a href="#cite_note-664">[655]</a> Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films<a href="#cite_note-665">[656]</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood films</a>).<a href="#cite_note-666">[657]</a><a href="#cite_note-667">[658]</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art films</a> have thrived, however, and several <a href="/wiki/Philippine_New_Wave" title="Philippine New Wave">indie films</a> have been successful domestically and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast-668">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-669">[660]</a><a href="#cite_note-670">[661]</a> The Philippines has a large number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of radio stations in the Philippines">radio stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Philippines-Profile-659">[650]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheets</a> are popular among executives, professionals and students.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">[120]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233">233–251</a> Less-expensive Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloids</a>, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);<a href="#cite_note-671">[662]</a> however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of <a href="/wiki/Social_media_as_a_news_source" title="Social media as a news source">online news</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNNPH-SWSFacebook-657">[648]</a><a href="#cite_note-672">[663]</a> The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">[120]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">233</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-673">[664]</a><a href="#cite_note-674">[665]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> is protected by the constitution,<a href="#cite_note-675">[666]</a> the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-676">[667]</a> The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.<a href="#cite_note-677">[668]</a> In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-678">[669]</a> The Philippines ranked 53rd on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-679">[670]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_sinigang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Chunky soup in a white bowl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/220px-Fish_sinigang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/220px-Fish_sinigang.jpg" data-alt="Chunky soup in a white bowl" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/330px-Fish_sinigang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/440px-Fish_sinigang.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bowl of fish <a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">sinigang</a></figcaption></figure> From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.<a href="#cite_note-680">[671]</a><a href="#cite_note-681">[672]</a> Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,<a href="#cite_note-682">[673]</a> centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.<a href="#cite_note-Aquino-Porter-2022-683">[674]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88</a> Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple <a href="/wiki/Starch#Food" title="Starch">starch</a><a href="#cite_note-684">[675]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">cassava</a> is more common in parts of Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-685">[676]</a><a href="#cite_note-686">[677]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a> is the unofficial national dish.<a href="#cite_note-687">[678]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_dishes" title="List of Philippine dishes">popular dishes</a> include <a href="/wiki/Lech%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechón">lechón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">kare-kare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">sinigang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-688">[679]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pancit" title="Pancit">pancit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">lumpia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arroz_caldo" title="Arroz caldo">arroz caldo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2018-689">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-690">[681]</a><a href="#cite_note-691">[682]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_desserts" title="List of Philippine desserts">Traditional desserts</a> are kakanin (<a href="/wiki/Rice_cake" title="Rice cake">rice cakes</a>), which include <a href="/wiki/Puto_(food)" title="Puto (food)">puto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suman_(food)" title="Suman (food)">suman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibingka" title="Bibingka">bibingka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-692">[683]</a><a href="#cite_note-693">[684]</a> Ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">calamansi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-694">[685]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube</a>,<a href="#cite_note-695">[686]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">pili</a> are used in Filipino desserts.<a href="#cite_note-696">[687]</a><a href="#cite_note-697">[688]</a> The generous use of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_condiments" title="Philippine condiments">condiments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Patis_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patis (sauce)">patis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagoong" title="Bagoong">bagoong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce#Filipino" title="Soy sauce">toyo</a> impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2018-689">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aquino-Porter-2022-683">[674]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a> Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a>; they use spoons and forks.<a href="#cite_note-698">[689]</a> Traditional eating with the fingers<a href="#cite_note-699">[690]</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Kamayan" title="Kamayan">kamayan</a>) had been used in less urbanized areas,<a href="#cite_note-700">[691]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266">266–268, 277</a> but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.<a href="#cite_note-701">[692]</a><a href="#cite_note-702">[693]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_recreation">Sports and recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/220px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/220px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg" data-alt="Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/330px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/440px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Philippines men's national basketball team">Philippines men's national basketball team</a> celebrating their <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">2015 Southeast Asian Games</a> championship</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_the_Philippines" title="Basketball in the Philippines">Basketball</a>, played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-703">[694]</a><a href="#cite_note-704">[695]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/History_of_boxing_in_the_Philippines" title="History of boxing in the Philippines">boxing</a> and billiards, boosted by the achievements of <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efren_Reyes" title="Efren Reyes">Efren Reyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rood-2019-593">[584]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">142</a> <a href="#cite_note-705">[696]</a> The national <a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">martial art</a> is <a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-706">[697]</a> Sabong (<a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockfighting</a>) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-707">[698]</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Video games in the Philippines">Video gaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esports_in_the_Philippines" title="Esports in the Philippines">esports</a> are emerging pastimes,<a href="#cite_note-708">[699]</a><a href="#cite_note-Booc-2019-709">[700]</a> with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">indigenous games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Patintero" title="Patintero">patintero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbang_preso" title="Tumbang preso">tumbang preso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luksong_tinik" title="Luksong tinik">luksong tinik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piko_(Filipino_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piko (Filipino game)">piko</a> declining among young people;<a href="#cite_note-710">[701]</a><a href="#cite_note-Booc-2019-709">[700]</a> several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.<a href="#cite_note-711">[702]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team" title="Philippines national football team">men's national football team</a> has participated in one <a href="/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2019 AFC Asian Cup">Asian Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-712">[703]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Philippines women's national football team">women's national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, their first <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">World Cup</a>, in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-713">[704]</a> The Philippines has participated in every <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/Philippines_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>, except when they supported the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-714">[705]</a><a href="#cite_note-715">[706]</a> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics">tropical nation</a> to compete at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics">debuting in 1972</a>.<a href="#cite_note-716">[707]</a><a href="#cite_note-717">[708]</a> In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifter</a> <a href="/wiki/Hidilyn_Diaz" title="Hidilyn Diaz">Hidilyn Diaz</a>'s victory in <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">Tokyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-718">[709]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline of the Philippines</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called. </li> <li id="cite_note-a-5"><a href="#cite_ref-a_5-0">^</a> While <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> is designated as <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">the nation's capital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> is the National Capital Region, commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>", of which the city of Manila is a part.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city. </li> <li id="cite_note-b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-b_8-0">^</a> As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<a href="#cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-2020Census-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic-2020Census_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic-2020Census_11-1">b</a> Excludes <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Catholic Charismatics</a> numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census-10">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-land-area-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-land-area_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-land-area_14-1">b</a> The actual area of the Philippines is 343,448 km2 (132,606 sq mi) according to some sources.<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_the_Philippines" title="Date and time notation in the Philippines">Date and time notation in the Philippines</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfilɪpiːnz/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/En-us-Philippines.ogg\/En-us-Philippines.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Philippines.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/En-us-Philippines.ogg/En-us-Philippines.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Philippines.ogg" title="File:En-us-Philippines.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Pilipinas, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Tagalog pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas. In the recognized regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aklan language">Aklan</a>: Republika it Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a>: Republika kan Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: Republika sa Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavacano language">Chavacano</a>: República de Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>: Republika sang Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a>: Republika nat Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: Republika ti Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>: Republika nu Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>: Republika ning Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a>: Republika kang Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanaon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguindanaon language">Maguindanaon</a>: Republika nu Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>: Republika a Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>: Republika na Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a>: Republika nin Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a>: Republika nan Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: Republika ng Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>: Republika sin Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>: Republika han Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a>: Republika si Pilipinas</li></ul> </div> In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: República de las Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جمهورية الفلبين, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn</li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see <a href="/wiki/Schurman_Commission#Survey_visit_to_the_Philippines" title="Schurman Commission">Schurman Commission § Survey visit to the Philippines</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Act_No._84911998" class="citation cs2">Republic Act No. 8491 (February 12, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084350/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/">Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines</a>, Metro Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)" title="Official Gazette (Philippines)">Official Gazette of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/">the original</a> on May 25, 2017, retrieved March 8, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flag+and+Heraldic+Code+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1998-02-12&rft.au=Republic+Act+No.+8491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1998%2F02%2F12%2Frepublic-act-no-8491%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresidential_Decree_No._940,_s._19761976" class="citation cs2">Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 (May 29, 1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084430/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/">Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government</a>, Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/">the original</a> on May 25, 2017, retrieved April 4, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+Manila+as+the+Capital+of+the+Philippines+and+as+the+Permanent+Seat+of+the+National+Government&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1976-05-29&rft.au=Presidential+Decree+No.+940%2C+s.+1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1976%2F05%2F29%2Fpresidential-decree-no-940-s-1976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820074250/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background">"Quezon City Local Government – Background"</a>. Quezon City Local Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background">the original</a> on August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quezon+City+Local+Government+%E2%80%93+Background&rft.pub=Quezon+City+Local+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquezoncity.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2Fabout-the-city-government%2Fbackground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045522/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3">"DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMA News Online</a>. July 13, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3">the original</a> on December 16, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=DepEd+adds+7+languages+to+mother+tongue-based+education+for+Kinder+to+Grade+3&rft.date=2013-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F317280%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdeped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GovPH-OfficialLanguage_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovPH-OfficialLanguage_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovPH-OfficialLanguage_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609073807/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/">"Article XIV, Section 7"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/">the original</a> on June 9, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+XIV%2C+Section+7&rft.pub=Constitution+of+the+Philippines.+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%22%3EOfficial+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906202953/https://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978">"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978">the original</a> on September 6, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+in+the+Philippines+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.gov.ph%2Fstatistics%2Fpopulation-and-housing%2Fnode%2F1684059978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2023" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis</a> (February 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_Press%20Release%20on%20Religious%20Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf">"Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> (Press release). p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812114943/https://www.psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_Press%20Release%20on%20Religious%20Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Affiliation+in+the+Philippines+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.gov.ph%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fphcd%2F1_Press%2520Release%2520on%2520Religious%2520Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philippines_country_profile-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Philippines_country_profile_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219164940/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-67765684">"Philippines country profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. December 19, 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-67765684">the original</a> on December 19, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Philippines+country+profile&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-67765684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/#geography">"Philippines"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. February 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines#geography">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2023 – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fphilippines%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactBook_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactBook_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactBook_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactBook_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactBook_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/">"Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. June 7, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fphilippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-16"><a href="#cite_ref-List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area">"Philippines"</a>. June 7, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/census/projected-population">"Population Projection Statistics"</a>. psa.gov.ph. March 28, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226235925/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/census/projected-population">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psa.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Population+Projection+Statistics&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus%2Fprojected-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2021" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (July 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707104119/https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president">"2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president">the original</a> on July 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+%282020+CPH%29+Population+Counts+Declared+Official+by+the+President&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2F2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PH_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PH_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PH_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PH_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PH_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=566,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Philippines)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 16, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416221054/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=566,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28Philippines%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D566%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-preliminary-results-2021-annual-family-income-and-expenditure-survey">"Highlights of the Preliminary Results of the 2021 Annual Family Income and Expenditure Survey"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">PSA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516030556/https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-preliminary-results-2021-annual-family-income-and-expenditure-survey">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Preliminary+Results+of+the+2021+Annual+Family+Income+and+Expenditure+Survey&rft.pub=PSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fhighlights-preliminary-results-2021-annual-family-income-and-expenditure-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-21"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. March 13, 2024. p. 289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gX6aAAAAIAAJ">Philippine Yearbook</a> (1978 ed.). Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">National Economic and Development Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">National Census and Statistics Office</a>. 1978. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gX6aAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA716">716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102626/https://books.google.com/books?id=gX6aAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Yearbook&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=716&rft.edition=1978&rft.pub=National+Economic+and+Development+Authority%2C+National+Census+and+Statistics+Office&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgX6aAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-1994-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-1994_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-1994_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC">Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4"><bdi>978-971-550-135-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved October 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15KZU-yMuisC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Malcolm" title="George A. Malcolm">Malcolm, George A.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC">The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals</a>. Philippine Law Collection. Rochester, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Lawyers_Co-operative_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company">Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/578245510">578245510</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands%3A+Its+Development+and+Fundamentals&rft.place=Rochester%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Philippine+Law+Collection&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Lawyers+Co-operative+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F578245510&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpEz7_tzzJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpate2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Spate" title="Oskar Spate">Spate, Oskar H.K.</a> (November 2004) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html">"Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos"</a>. The Spanish Lake. The Pacific since Magellan. Vol. I. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FSL.11.2004">10.22459/SL.11.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0049-8"><bdi>978-0-7099-0049-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.+Magellan%27s+Successors%3A+Loaysa+to+Urdaneta.+Two+failures%3A+Grijalva+and+Villalobos&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Lake&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=The+Pacific+since+Magellan&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FSL.11.2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8&rft.aulast=Spate&rft.aufirst=Oskar+H.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Fspanish_lake%2Fmobile_devices%2Fch04s05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC">The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia</a>. Vol. 2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66370-0"><bdi>978-0-521-66370-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66370-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIz4CDTCOwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/">"The 1899 Malolos Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a> (in Spanish and English). Título I – De la República; Articulo 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/">the original</a> on June 5, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+1899+Malolos+Constitution&rft.pages=T%C3%ADtulo+I+-+De+la+Rep%C3%BAblica%3B+Articulo+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2Fthe-1899-malolos-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ">The Philippines: A Past Revisited</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: Tala Pub. Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-8958-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-8958-00-1"><bdi>978-971-8958-00-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Tala+Pub.+Services&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-971-8958-00-1&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1ZxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/">"The Jones Law of 1916"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. August 29, 1916. Section 1.―The Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/">the original</a> on August 8, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+Jones+Law+of+1916&rft.pages=Section+1.%E2%80%95The+Philippines&rft.date=1916-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2Fthe-jones-law-of-1916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/">"The 1935 Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. Article XVII, Section 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/">the original</a> on June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+1935+Constitution&rft.pages=Article+XVII%2C+Section+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2Fthe-1935-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/">"1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. January 17, 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/">the original</a> on June 25, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=1973+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1973-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2F1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/">"The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. February 11, 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/">the original</a> on June 7, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1987-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2F1987-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngiccovan_den_BerghJago-onBahain2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.; Chacón, M. G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Reyes, M. C.; Sémah, A.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P.C.H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A.; de Vos, J. (May 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers">"Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago"</a>. Nature. 557 (7704). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>: 233–237. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..233I">2018Natur.557..233I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0072-8">10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29720661">29720661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256771231">256771231</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers">the original</a> on April 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Earliest+known+hominin+activity+in+the+Philippines+by+709+thousand+years+ago&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7704&rft.pages=233-237&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256771231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..233I&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0072-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29720661&rft.aulast=Ingicco&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=van+den+Bergh%2C+G.+D.&rft.au=Jago-on%2C+C.&rft.au=Bahain%2C+J.&rft.au=Chac%C3%B3n%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Amano%2C+N.&rft.au=Forestier%2C+H.&rft.au=King%2C+C.&rft.au=Manalo%2C+K.&rft.au=Nomade%2C+S.&rft.au=Pereira%2C+A.&rft.au=Reyes%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=S%C3%A9mah%2C+A.&rft.au=Shao%2C+Q.&rft.au=Voinchet%2C+P.&rft.au=Falgu%C3%A8res%2C+C.&rft.au=Albers%2C+P.C.H.&rft.au=Lising%2C+M.&rft.au=Lyras%2C+G.&rft.au=Yurnaldi%2C+D.&rft.au=Rochette%2C+P.&rft.au=Bautista%2C+A.&rft.au=de+Vos%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6441%26context%3Dsmhpapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreshkoWei-Haas2019" class="citation news cs1">Greshko, Michael; Wei-Haas, Maya (April 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/">"New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/">the original</a> on April 10, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=New+species+of+ancient+human+discovered+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=Greshko&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wei-Haas%2C+Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2F04%2Fnew-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rincon" title="Paul Rincon">Rincon, Paul</a> (April 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072">"New human species found in Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072">the original</a> on April 10, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+human+species+found+in+Philippines&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-47873072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDétroitDizonFalguèresHameau2004" class="citation journal cs1">Détroit, Florent; Dizon, Eusebio; Falguères, Christophe; Hameau, Sébastien; Ronquillo, Wilfredo; Sémah, François (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf">"Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries"</a> (PDF). Human Palaeontology and Prehistory. 3 (2004). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 705–712. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CRPal...3..705D">2004CRPal...3..705D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2004.06.004">10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Palaeontology+and+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Upper+Pleistocene+Homo+sapiens+from+the+Tabon+cave+%28Palawan%2C+The+Philippines%29%3A+description+and+dating+of+new+discoveries&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2004&rft.pages=705-712&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2004.06.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004CRPal...3..705D&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9troit&rft.aufirst=Florent&rft.au=Dizon%2C+Eusebio&rft.au=Falgu%C3%A8res%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Hameau%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Ronquillo%2C+Wilfredo&rft.au=S%C3%A9mah%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffdetroit.free.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FDetroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jett, Stephen C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ">Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas</a>. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168">168–171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1939-7"><bdi>978-0-8173-1939-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ocean+Crossings%3A+Reconsidering+the+Case+for+Contacts+with+the+Pre-Columbian+Americas&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=168-171&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7&rft.aulast=Jett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgOUDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMitchellBeresford2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jessica; Mitchell, Nora J.; Beresford, Michael, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf">The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community</a> (PDF). Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a>. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0797-6"><bdi>978-2-8317-0797-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 8, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protected+Landscape+Approach%3A+Linking+Nature%2C+Culture+and+Community&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland+and+Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportals.iucn.org%2Flibrary%2Fsites%2Flibrary%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2005-006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ">Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0227-5"><bdi>978-971-10-0227-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehispanic+Source+Materials+for+the+Study+of+Philippine+History&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-971-10-0227-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSlwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Ness" title="Immanuel Ness">Ness, Immanuel</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ">The Global Prehistory of Human Migration</a>. Chichester, West Sussex, England: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97059-1"><bdi>978-1-118-97059-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Prehistory+of+Human+Migration&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+England&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97059-1&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2HMTBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungIizukaBellwoodNguyen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Bellwood, Peter; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellina, Bérénice; Silapanth, Praon; Dizon, Eusebio; Santiago, Rey; Datan, Ipoi; Manton, Jonathan H. (December 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148369">"Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 104 (50). <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>: 19745–19750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707304104">10.1073/pnas.0707304104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148369">2148369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18048347">18048347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ancient+jades+map+3%2C000+years+of+prehistoric+exchange+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=19745-19750&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2148369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18048347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0707304104&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-Chun&rft.au=Iizuka%2C+Yoshiyuki&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Kim+Dung&rft.au=Bellina%2C+B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft.au=Silapanth%2C+Praon&rft.au=Dizon%2C+Eusebio&rft.au=Santiago%2C+Rey&rft.au=Datan%2C+Ipoi&rft.au=Manton%2C+Jonathan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2148369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legarda-2001-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Legarda-2001_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Legarda-2001_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegarda2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benito_J._Legarda" title="Benito J. Legarda">Legarda, Benito Jr.</a> (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23. <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_%E2%80%93_Ateneo_de_Cagayan" title="Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan">Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan</a>: 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kinaadman+%28Wisdom%29%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Southern+Philippines&rft.atitle=Cultural+Landmarks+and+their+Interactions+with+Economic+Factors+in+the+Second+Millennium+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Legarda&rft.aufirst=Benito+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoon_Postma" title="Antoon Postma">Postma, Antoon</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">"The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 40 (2). Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 182–203. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">the original</a> on December 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Laguna+Copper-Plate+Inscription%3A+Text+and+Commentary&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-203&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1033%2F1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deGraaf-1977-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deGraaf-1977_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deGraaf-1977_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GraafKennedyScott1977" class="citation book cs1">de Graaf, Hermanus Johannes; Kennedy, Joseph; <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ">Geschichte: Lieferung 2</a>. Leiden, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04859-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04859-1"><bdi>978-90-04-04859-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte%3A+Lieferung+2&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04859-1&rft.aulast=de+Graaf&rft.aufirst=Hermanus+Johannes&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYQeAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker-1999-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Junker-1999_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker-1999_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker-1999_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker-1999_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker-1999_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker1999" class="citation book cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC">Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2035-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-2035-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raiding%2C+Trading%2C+and+Feasting%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Laura+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO2yG0nxTtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2002" class="citation book cs1">Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C">Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution</a>. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97198-4"><bdi>978-0-275-97198-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberation+Theology+in+the+Philippines%3A+Faith+in+a+Revolution&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97198-4&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAINJWo4IJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/">"The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>. n.d. Retrieved December 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+9th+to+10th+century+archaeological+evidence+of+maritime+relations+between+the+Philippines+and+the+islands+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2F2022%2F09%2F20%2Fthe-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_Fox" title="Robert Bradford Fox">Fox, Robert B.</a> (2015). "The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines". In Chu, Richard T. (ed.). More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation, Inc. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719706823" title="Special:BookSources/9789719706823"><bdi>9789719706823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeological+Record+of+Chinese+Influences+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=More+Tsinoy+Than+We+Admit%3A+Chinese-Filipino+Interactions+Over+the+Centuries&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Vibal+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789719706823&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloverBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC">Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/RoutledgeCurzon" class="mw-redirect" title="RoutledgeCurzon">RoutledgeCurzon</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29777-6"><bdi>978-0-415-29777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+From+Prehistory+to+History&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29777-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kDm5d3cMIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/">"Pre-colonial Manila"</a>. Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/">the original</a> on July 24, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malaca%C3%B1an+Palace%3A+Presidential+Museum+And+Library&rft.atitle=Pre-colonial+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2F75832-pre-colonial-manila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Buena_Ventura1613" class="citation book cs1">San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ">Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> & <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a>). La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 545. <q>Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos</q> [Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+lengua+tagala%3A+El+romance+castellano+puesto+primero&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=La+Noble+Villa+de+Pila&rft.date=1613&rft.aulast=San+Buena+Ventura&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Pedro+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8QxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Buena_Ventura1613" class="citation book cs1">San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ">Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> & <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a>). La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+lengua+tagala%3A+El+romance+castellano+puesto+primero&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=La+Noble+Villa+de+Pila&rft.date=1613&rft.aulast=San+Buena+Ventura&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Pedro+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8QxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326">Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript)</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Early Manila Hokkien</a>). <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a>, once kept by Sir <a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">C. R. Boxer</a>. Manila. 1590s. pp. 415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved March 24, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> Digital Library, as digitized from the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Library" title="Lilly Library">Lilly Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boxer+Codex+%28Manila+Manuscript%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=415+PDF+%2F+204+As+Written&rft.date=1590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapp1.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fmetsnav%2Fcommon%2Fnavigate.do%3Fpn%3D1%26size%3Dlarge%26oid%3DVAB8326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez-Faria2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC">"Philippines"</a>. Concise Encyclopedia of World History. New Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Books" title="Atlantic Books">Atlantic Publishers & Distributors</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560">560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0775-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0775-5&rft.aulast=Ramirez-Faria&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGKsS-9h4BYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista1965" class="citation journal cs1">Evangelista, Alfredo E. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf">"Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites"</a> (PDF). Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Asian_Center" title="University of the Philippines Asian Center">Asian Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 87–88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies%3A+Journal+of+Critical+Perspectives+on+Asia&rft.atitle=Identifying+Some+Intrusive+Archaeological+Materials+Found+in+Philippine+Proto-historic+Sites&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-88&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Alfredo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-03-01-1965%2FEvangelista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring-1996-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ring-1996_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring-1996_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkinLa_Boda1996" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M. & La Boda, Sharon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</a>. Chicago, Ill.: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 565–569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=565-569&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=La+Boda%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuezonGoitia2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Quezon" title="Manolo Quezon">Quezon, Manuel L. III</a>; Goitia, Pocholo, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up">Historical Atlas of the Republic</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Group" title="Presidential Communications Group">Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-95551-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-95551-6-2"><bdi>978-971-95551-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Republic&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Presidential+Communications+Development+and+Strategic+Planning+Office&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-971-95551-6-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorical-atlas-of-the-republic%2Fpage%2Fn65%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernstedt-1967_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernstedt-1967_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernstedt-1967_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernstedtSpencer1967" class="citation book cs1">Wernstedt, Frederick L.; Spencer, Joseph Earle (January 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C">The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography</a>. Berkeley, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03513-3"><bdi>978-0-520-03513-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Island+World%3A+A+Physical%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Regional+Geography&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03513-3&rft.aulast=Wernstedt&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Joseph+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcilla1998" class="citation book cs1">Arcilla, José S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C">An Introduction to Philippine History</a> (Fourth enlarged ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0"><bdi>978-971-550-261-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Philippine+History&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=Fourth+enlarged&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-261-0&rft.aulast=Arcilla&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxEYobbU-D8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecasa1999" class="citation book cs1">Decasa, George C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC">The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society</a>. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 1. Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universit%C3%A0_Gregoriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Università Gregoriana">Pontificia Università Gregoriana</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-812-5"><bdi>978-88-7652-812-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27anic+Concept+of+Umma+and+Its+Function+in+Philippine+Muslim+Society&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.series=Interreligious+and+Intercultural+Investigations&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Pontificia+Universit%C3%A0+Gregoriana&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-812-5&rft.aulast=Decasa&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYNqz-1ayssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newson-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newson_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newson_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newson_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newson_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewson2009" class="citation book cs1">Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ">Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6197-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-6197-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Pestilence+in+the+Early+Spanish+Philippines&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1&rft.aulast=Newson&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA40BEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleyJenkinsSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Michael; Jenkins, Paul; Smith, Harry, eds. (2013) [2001]. "Chapter 7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ">Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities</a>. Sterling, Va.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20050-4"><bdi>978-1-134-20050-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=Urban+Development+and+Civil+Society%3A+The+Role+of+Communities+in+Sustainable+Cities&rft.place=Sterling%2C+Va.&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20050-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycT9AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Tan" title="Samuel K. Tan">Tan, Samuel K.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C">A History of the Philippines</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-568-1"><bdi>978-971-542-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-542-568-1&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Samuel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpw5FWmdNmj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankoff2007" class="citation book cs1">Bankoff, Greg (January 1, 2007). "Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930". In Boomgaard, Peter (ed.). A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 240. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/KITLV_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLV Press">KITLV Press</a>. pp. 153–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25401-5"><bdi>978-90-04-25401-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9">10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Storms+of+history%3A+Water%2C+hazard+and+society+in+the+Philippines%3A+1565-1930&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Water%3A+Rain%2C+Rivers+and+Seas+in+Southeast+Asian+Histories&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.pages=153-184&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76vd0.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25401-5&rft.aulast=Bankoff&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-2006-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Damon_Woods" title="Damon Woods">Woods, Damon L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C">The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-675-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-675-6&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Damon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Z-n_kDTxf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guillermo-2012_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillermo-2012_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillermo-2012_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillermo-2012_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillermo-2012_69-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC">Historical Dictionary of the Philippines</a>. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (Third ed.). Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7246-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7246-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2&rft.aulast=Guillermo&rft.aufirst=Artemio+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmgX9M_yETIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWing2015" class="citation book cs1">Wing, J.T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ">Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750</a>. Brill's Series in the History of the Environment. Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26137-2"><bdi>978-90-04-26137-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024. <q>At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Empire%3A+Forests+and+State+Power+in+Early+Modern+Spain%2C+c.1500%E2%80%931750&rft.series=Brill%27s+Series+in+the+History+of+the+Environment&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26137-2&rft.aulast=Wing&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dQuBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1961" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Arthur L. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf">Higher Education in the Philippines</a> (PDF). Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Education">Office of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755650">755650</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Bulletin&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Office+of+Education%2C+United+States+Department+of+Health%2C+Education%2C+and+Welfare&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F755650&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED544128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deBorja-2005-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deBorja-2005_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deBorja-2005_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Borja2005" class="citation book cs1">de Borja, Marciano R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff">Basques In The Philippines</a>. The Basque Series. Reno, Nev.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada_Press" title="University of Nevada Press">University of Nevada Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-590-5"><bdi>978-0-87417-590-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff">the original</a> on March 26, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basques+In+The+Philippines&rft.place=Reno%2C+Nev.&rft.series=The+Basque+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-590-5&rft.aulast=de+Borja&rft.aufirst=Marciano+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fb-ok.cc%2Fbook%2F2577458%2Fffb6ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeijas2014" class="citation book cs1">Seijas, Tatiana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">"The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ">Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians</a>. Cambridge Latin American Studies. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06312-9"><bdi>978-1-107-06312-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diversity+and+Reach+of+the+Manila+Slave+Market&rft.btitle=Asian+Slaves+in+Colonial+Mexico%3A+From+Chinos+to+Indians&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Cambridge+Latin+American+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06312-9&rft.aulast=Seijas&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCWjAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauleDouglass2020" class="citation book cs1">Beaule, Christine; Douglass, John G., eds. (April 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ">The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism</a>. Tucson, Ariz.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4084-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-4084-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Spanish+Empire%3A+Five+Hundred+Years+of+Place+Making+and+Pluralism&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Ariz.&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cfcDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Santiago, Fernando A. Jr. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887">"Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898"</a>. Malay (in Filipino). 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>: 70–87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2243-7851">2243-7851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2008 – via Philippine E-Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay&rft.atitle=Isang+Maikling+Kasaysayan+ng+Pandacan%2C+Maynila+1589%E2%80%931898&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70-87&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=2243-7851&rft.aulast=Santiago&rft.aufirst=Fernando+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.ph%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D7887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html">"Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12855-1"><bdi>978-0-231-12855-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2007 – via Gutenberg-e.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+La+Isla+Hermosa%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Spanish+Colony+in+Northern+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish+and+Han+colonialization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12855-1&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiráldez2015" class="citation book cs1">Giráldez, Arturo (March 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ">The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4352-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4352-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Trade%3A+The+Manila+Galleons+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Global+Economy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4352-1&rft.aulast=Gir%C3%A1ldez&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mCGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcabado2017" class="citation journal cs1">Acabado, Stephen (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150313/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn">"The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Historical_Archaeology" title="International Journal of Historical Archaeology">International Journal of Historical Archaeology</a>. 21 (1). <a href="/wiki/Springer_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer New York">Springer New York</a>: 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10761-016-0342-9">10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254541436">254541436</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn">the original</a> (PDF) on November 6, 2020 – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Pericolonialism%3A+Responses+of+the+%22Unconquered%22+to+Spanish+Conquest+and+Colonialism+in+Ifugao%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10761-016-0342-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254541436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Acabado&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt3tp1p8m3%2Fqt3tp1p8m3.pdf%3Ft%3Dqa7wdn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2005_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2005_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2005_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC">State and Society in the Philippines</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1024-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N.&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiOQdEzgP9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantinoConstantino1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a>; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ">A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58–59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-394-9"><bdi>978-0-85345-394-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines%3A+From+the+Spanish+Colonization+to+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-394-9&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft.au=Constantino%2C+Letizia+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkdhWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Schumacher" title="John N. Schumacher">Schumacher, John N.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054">"Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 32 (3). Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>: 254. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2244-1093">2244-1093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632710">42632710</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6015358201">6015358201</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Syncretism+in+Philippine+Catholicism%3A+Its+Historical+Causes&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=254&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6015358201&rft.issn=2244-1093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42632710%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3833%2F4054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halili-2004-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halili-2004_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halili-2004_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halili-2004_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalili2004" class="citation book cs1">Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC">Philippine History</a> (First ed.). Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9"><bdi>978-971-23-3934-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3934-9&rft.aulast=Halili&rft.aufirst=Maria+Christine+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Kawainui_Kane" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb Kawainui Kane">Kane, Herb Kawainui</a> (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. pp. 25–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1829-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Galleons&rft.btitle=Hawai%CA%BB+Chronicles%3A+Island+History+from+the+Pages+of+Honolulu+Magazine&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=25-32&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Herb+Kawainui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolunia" class="citation report cs1">Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233643/http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf">"Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themua.org/collections/collections/show/13">Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region</a> (Conference proceeding). Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892536655">892536655</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015 – via The Museum of Underwater Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2014+Asia-Pacific+Regional+Conference+on+Underwater+Cultural+Heritage+Conference%3B+Session+5%3A+Early+Modern+Colonialism+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Regional+Conference+on+Underwater+Cultural+Heritage+Planning+Committee&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892536655&rft.aulast=Bolunia&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane+Louise+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themua.org%2Fcollections%2Ffiles%2Foriginal%2F34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1995" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, William J. (December 1, 1995). "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Maritime_History" title="International Journal of Maritime History">International Journal of Maritime History</a>. 7 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 149–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F084387149500700208">10.1177/084387149500700208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163709949">163709949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Maritime+History&rft.atitle=The+Yards+at+Cavite%3A+Shipbuilding+in+the+Early+Colonial+Philippines&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=1995-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F084387149500700208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163709949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094029/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClosmann2009" class="citation book cs1">Closmann, Charles Edwin, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36">War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age</a>. College Station, Tex.: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-380-7"><bdi>978-1-60344-380-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102727/https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Environment%3A+Military+Destruction+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Tex.&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-380-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalK4QtqHpyAC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinMackenthun2012" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Bernhard; Mackenthun, Gesa, eds. (August 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC">Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC&pg=PA63">63–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94046-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94046-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811080240/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Changes%3A+Historicizing+the+Ocean&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94046-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbntzV53vZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan1991" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109092341/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/">Philippines</a>. Country Studies/Area Handbook Series. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm">the original</a> on November 9, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2023 – via Country Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Country+Studies%2FArea+Handbook+Series&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fphilippines%2F41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2013" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, John Newsome (July 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ">Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the Golden Age</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">168–169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8242-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-8242-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124615/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hernando+de+los+R%C3%ADos+Coronel+and+the+Spanish+Philippines+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8242-0&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=John+Newsome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQmiAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1985" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Jeffrey A. (1985). The Potosí Mita, 1573–1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes. Stanford, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1256-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-1256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Potos%C3%AD+Mita%2C+1573%E2%80%931700%3A+Compulsory+Indian+Labor+in+the+Andes&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1256-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoadleyRuland2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoadley, Stephen; Ruland, Jurgen, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC">Asian Security Reassessed</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC&pg=PA215">215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-400-1"><bdi>978-981-230-400-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Security+Reassessed&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-981-230-400-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5P9bgGxfYKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefnerHorvatich1997" class="citation book cs1">Hefner, Robert W.; Horvatich, Patricia, eds. (September 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC">Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC&pg=PA43">43–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1957-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1957-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+an+Era+of+Nation-States%3A+Politics+and+Religious+Renewal+in+Muslim+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1997-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kQ4yo-GIWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_War_Department1903" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States War Department</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ">Annual Report of the Secretary of War</a> (Report). Vol. III. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379">379–398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=379-398&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1903&rft.au=United+States+War+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8FMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2007" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC">The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State</a> (Second ed.). Singapore: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA124">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-386-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-386-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073403/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sulu+Zone%2C+1768%E2%80%931898%3A+The+Dynamics+of+External+Trade%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Transformation+of+a+Southeast+Asian+Maritime+State&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-386-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUZq93ydrrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón_de_Dalmau_y_de_Olivart1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramón de Dalmau y de Olivart (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ">Colección de los Tratados, Convenios y Documentos Internacionales Celebrados por Nuestros Gobiernos Con los Estados Extranjeros Desde el Reinado de Doña Isabel II Hasta Nuestros Días, Vol. 4: Acompañados de Notas Historico-Criticas Sobre Su Negociación y Complimiento y Cotejados Con los Textos Originales, Publicada de Real Orden</a> (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: El Progreso Editorial. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120">120–123</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124613/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+de+los+Tratados%2C+Convenios+y+Documentos+Internacionales+Celebrados+por+Nuestros+Gobiernos+Con+los+Estados+Extranjeros+Desde+el+Reinado+de+Do%C3%B1a+Isabel+II+Hasta+Nuestros+D%C3%ADas%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Acompa%C3%B1ados+de+Notas+Historico-Criticas+Sobre+Su+Negociaci%C3%B3n+y+Complimiento+y+Cotejados+Con+los+Textos+Originales%2C+Publicada+de+Real+Orden&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=120-123&rft.pub=El+Progreso+Editorial&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Ram%C3%B3n+de+Dalmau+y+de+Olivart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0gMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amado_Castro" title="Amado Castro">Castro, Amado A.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211184927/https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274">"Foreign Trade and Economic Welfare in the Last Half-Century of Spanish Rule"</a>. Philippine Review of Economics. 19 (1 & 2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_School_of_Economics" title="University of the Philippines School of Economics">University of the Philippines School of Economics</a>: 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1655-1516">1655-1516</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274">the original</a> on February 11, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Review+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Foreign+Trade+and+Economic+Welfare+in+the+Last+Half-Century+of+Spanish+Rule&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=1655-1516&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Amado+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecon.upd.edu.ph%2Fpre%2Findex.php%2Fpre%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F361%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeroSta._RomanaSantos2006" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Ma. Corona S.; Sta. Romana, Julita R.; Santos, Lourdes Y. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC">Rizal & the Development of National Consciousness</a> (Second ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Katha Publishing Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC&pg=PA25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-574-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-574-103-3"><bdi>978-971-574-103-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rizal+%26+the+Development+of+National+Consciousness&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Katha+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-574-103-3&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Corona+S.&rft.au=Sta.+Romana%2C+Julita+R.&rft.au=Santos%2C+Lourdes+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngonYm_SDSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedmanSidel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hedman, Eva-Lotta; <a href="/wiki/John_Sidel" title="John Sidel">Sidel, John</a> (2005). Leifer, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C">Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories</a>. Politics in Asia. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75421-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75421-2"><bdi>978-1-134-75421-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Colonial+Legacies%2C+Post-Colonial+Trajectories&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+in+Asia&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75421-2&rft.aulast=Hedman&rft.aufirst=Eva-Lotta&rft.au=Sidel%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_lDpY3vj60C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2018" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, David Joel (2018). "Chapter 3: A Singular and a Plural Folk". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ">The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place</a>. Nations of the Modern World: Asia (Fourth ed.). Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">The New Filipinos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429494383">10.4324/9780429494383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3755-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-3755-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Folk&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Place&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.series=Nations+of+the+Modern+World%3A+Asia&rft.pages=The+New+Filipinos&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429494383&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=David+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NFMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Schumacher" title="John N. Schumacher">Schumacher, John N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC">The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution</a> (Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-209-2"><bdi>978-971-550-209-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073519/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Propaganda+Movement%2C+1880%E2%80%931895%3A+The+Creation+of+a+Filipino+Consciousness%2C+the+Making+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=8-9&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-550-209-2&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GU_Tzxu5qoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Schumacher" title="John N. Schumacher">Schumacher, John N.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC">Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. pp. 23–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-121-7"><bdi>978-971-550-121-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073446/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Clergy%3A+The+Filipino+Clergy+and+the+Nationalist+Movement%2C+1850%E2%80%931903&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=23-30&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-121-7&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaLh8W6_84cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAciboGalicano-Adanza1995" class="citation book cs1">Acibo, Libert Amorganda; Galicano-Adanza, Estela (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC">Jose P. Rizal: His Life, Works, and Role in the Philippine Revolution</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC&pg=PA46">46–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-1837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-1837-5"><bdi>978-971-23-1837-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144211/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jose+P.+Rizal%3A+His+Life%2C+Works%2C+and+Role+in+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-971-23-1837-5&rft.aulast=Acibo&rft.aufirst=Libert+Amorganda&rft.au=Galicano-Adanza%2C+Estela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8PCT9AB_REC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2005" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Norman G., ed. (January 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC">The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC&pg=PA156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2841-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2841-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-2841-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2841-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVGMjBzBz9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorromeo-Buehler1998" class="citation book cs1">Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C">The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8"><bdi>978-971-550-278-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073342/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cry+of+Balintawak%3A+A+Contrived+Controversy%3A+A+Textual+Analysis+with+Appended+Documents&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-278-8&rft.aulast=Borromeo-Buehler&rft.aufirst=Soledad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJnMSmXLvr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duka-2008-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duka-2008_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duka-2008_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuka2008" class="citation book cs1">Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC">Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-5045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-5045-0"><bdi>978-971-23-5045-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144103/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Freedom%3A+A+Textbook+on+Philippine+History&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-23-5045-0&rft.aulast=Duka&rft.aufirst=Cecilio+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wk8yqCEmJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abinales-2022-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2022_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinales2022" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N. (July 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ">Modern Philippines</a>. Understanding Modern Nations. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6005-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-6005-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144210/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Philippines&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=Understanding+Modern+Nations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6005-8&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Draper" title="Andrew S. Draper">Draper, Andrew Sloan</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ">The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Burdett" title="Silver Burdett">Silver Burdett</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170">170–172</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9764656">9764656</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172545/https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rescue+of+Cuba%3A+An+Episode+in+the+Growth+of+Free+Government&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170-172&rft.pub=Silver+Burdett&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9764656&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD8OAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantina2006" class="citation book cs1">Fantina, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC">Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006</a>. New York: Algora Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9"><bdi>978-0-87586-454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desertion+and+the+American+Soldier%2C+1776%E2%80%932006&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-454-9&rft.aulast=Fantina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAD0B560nGVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1988" class="citation book cs1">Starr, J. Barton, ed. (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ">The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia</a>. Hong Kong, China: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-201-3"><bdi>978-962-209-201-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124609/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Constitution%3A+Its+Birth%2C+Growth%2C+and+Influence+in+Asia&rft.place=Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1988-09&rft.isbn=978-962-209-201-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTPxAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nation18990504-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Nation18990504_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QUDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA323">"The week"</a>. The Nation. Vol. 68, no. 1766. May 4, 1899. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+week&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1766&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1899-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QUDAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian McAllister</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ">The Philippine War, 1899–1902</a>. Lawrence, Kans.: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ&pg=PA75">75–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1225-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1225-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073827/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved December 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kans.&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSJGPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">The Development of Philippine politics (1872–1920)</a>. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company, Inc. pp. 199–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214233312/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+politics+%281872%E2%80%931920%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Oriental+Commercial+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2Fafj2233.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterno1899" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Paterno, Pedro Alejandro</a> (June 2, 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pa990602.html">"Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War"</a>. The Philippine-American War Documents. San Pablo City, Philippines: MSC Institute of Technology, Inc. Retrieved December 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine-American+War+Documents&rft.atitle=Pedro+Paterno%27s+Proclamation+of+War&rft.date=1899-06-02&rft.aulast=Paterno&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2Fpa990602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-2009-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2009_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2009_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer</a>, ed. (May 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC">"Philippine-American War"</a>. The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. I: A–L (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA478">478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923151624/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine-American+War&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=478&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriley2020" class="citation book cs1">Briley, Ron (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ">Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States</a>. Santa Fe, N.M.: Sunstone Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247">247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63293-288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63293-288-4"><bdi>978-1-63293-288-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172542/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+American+History%3A+An+Informal+Narrative+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+N.M.&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Sunstone+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-63293-288-4&rft.aulast=Briley&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TbvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocksHolloranLessoff2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cocks, Catherine; Holloran, Peter C.; Lessoff, Alan (March 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC">"Philippine-American War (1899–1902)"</a>. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era. Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Historical Eras. Vol. 12. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA332">332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6293-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6293-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172543/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine-American+War+%281899%E2%80%931902%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Progressive+Era&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+U.S.+Historical+Eras&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6293-7&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Holloran%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Lessoff%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvxD_LjXVRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2002" class="citation book cs1">Gates, John M. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html">"Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines"</a>. The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49327571">49327571</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010 – via <a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Pacification+of+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+and+Irregular+Warfare&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49327571&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.wooster.edu%2Fhistory%2Fjgates%2Fbook-ch3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbanes2014" class="citation book cs1">Abanes, Menandro Sarion (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ">Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines</a>. Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change. Zürich, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag Münster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90580-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90580-2"><bdi>978-3-643-90580-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethno-religious+Identification+and+Intergroup+Contact+Avoidance%3A+An+Empirical+Study+on+Christian-Muslim+Relations+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Nijmegen+Studies+in+Development+and+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90580-2&rft.aulast=Abanes&rft.aufirst=Menandro+Sarion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dir8vBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederspiel2007" class="citation book cs1">Federspiel, Howard M. (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC">Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3052-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-3052-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073948/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans%2C+Shamans%2C+and+Saints%3A+Islam+and+Muslims+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6&rft.aulast=Federspiel&rft.aufirst=Howard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Qf39DpguysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar-Cariño1994" class="citation journal cs1">Aguilar-Cariño, Ma. Luisa (1994). "The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period". <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 42 (2). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 194–209. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633435">42633435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Igorot+as+Other%3A+Four+Discourses+from+the+Colonial+Period&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-209&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42633435%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Aguilar-Cari%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Luisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffÖzkanca2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wolff" title="Stefan Wolff">Wolff, Stefan</a>; Özkanca, Oya Dursun-, eds. (March 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ">External Interventions in Civil Wars: The Role and Impact of Regional and International Organisations</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91142-4"><bdi>978-1-134-91142-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163243/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=External+Interventions+in+Civil+Wars%3A+The+Role+and+Impact+of+Regional+and+International+Organisations&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-134-91142-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNu_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersBamatIdeh2008" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Mark M.; Bamat, Tom; Ideh, Julie, eds. (March 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208080127/https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56">Pursuing Just Peace: An Overview and Case Studies for Faith-Based Peacebuilders</a>. Baltimore, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61492-030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61492-030-4"><bdi>978-1-61492-030-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56">the original</a> on February 8, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pursuing+Just+Peace%3A+An+Overview+and+Case+Studies+for+Faith-Based+Peacebuilders&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Catholic+Relief+Services&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-61492-030-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crs.org%2Fpublications%2Fshowpdf.cfm%3Fpdf_id%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armes-1987-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armes-1987_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armes-1987_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armes-1987_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmes1987" class="citation book cs1">Armes, Roy (July 29, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC">Third World Film Making and the West</a>. Berkeley, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&pg=PA152">152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90801-7"><bdi>978-0-520-90801-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073829/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved October 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+World+Film+Making+and+the+West&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90801-7&rft.aulast=Armes&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFDnqIwdr8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tofighian-2006-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tofighian-2006_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tofighian-2006_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTofighian2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Tofighian, Nadi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309052902/http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01">The role of Jose Nepomuceno in the Philippine society: What language did his silent films speak?</a>. <a href="/wiki/DiVA_(open_archive)" title="DiVA (open archive)">DiVA portal</a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1235074310">1235074310</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01">the original</a> on March 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+role+of+Jose+Nepomuceno+in+the+Philippine+society%3A+What+language+did+his+silent+films+speak%3F&rft.inst=Stockholm+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1235074310&rft.aulast=Tofighian&rft.aufirst=Nadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A200615%2FFULLTEXT01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadeau-2020-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Nadeau-2020_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2020" class="citation book cs1">Nadeau, Kathleen (April 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">The History of the Philippines</a>. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations (Second ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7359-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7359-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-7359-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019084900/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=The+Greenwood+Histories+of+the+Modern+Nations&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-7359-1&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ErEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai_ToOthman2016" class="citation book cs1">Lai To, Lee; Othman, Zarina, eds. (September 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ">Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus</a>. Politics in Asia. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26556-6"><bdi>978-1-317-26556-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172544/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Community+Building+in+East+Asia%3A+Countries+in+Focus&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Politics+in+Asia&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-26556-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCwlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2003_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2003_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-2003_129-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Roger M. (October 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ">Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching From Multiple Perspectives</a>. Varieties of English Around the World. Amsterdam, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9607-8"><bdi>978-90-272-9607-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092514/https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+English+and+Taglish%3A+Language+Switching+From+Multiple+Perspectives&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Varieties+of+English+Around+the+World&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003-10-16&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9607-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VI9AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2020" class="citation news cs1">Gonzales, Cathrine (April 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506193300/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines">"Celebrating 83 years of women's suffrage in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines">the original</a> on May 6, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Celebrating+83+years+of+women%27s+suffrage+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Cathrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1267381%2Fcelebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwiatkowski2019" class="citation book cs1">Kwiatkowski, Lynn (May 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ">Struggling With Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines</a>. Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96562-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96562-3"><bdi>978-0-429-96562-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073947/https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+With+Development%3A+The+Politics+of+Hunger+and+Gender+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-429-96562-3&rft.aulast=Kwiatkowski&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI__EDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldenJacobson2012" class="citation book cs1">Holden, William N.; Jacobson, R. Daniel (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ">Mining and Natural Hazard Vulnerability in the Philippines: Digging to Development or Digging to Disaster?</a>. Anthem Environmental Studies. London, England: Anthem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229">229</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-396-0"><bdi>978-1-84331-396-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144208/https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mining+and+Natural+Hazard+Vulnerability+in+the+Philippines%3A+Digging+to+Development+or+Digging+to+Disaster%3F&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Anthem+Environmental+Studies&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-396-0&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+R.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcA1DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedinger1995" class="citation book cs1">Riedinger, Jeffrey M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC">Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform</a>. Stanford, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC&pg=PA87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2530-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2530-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-2530-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422235850/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Reform+in+the+Philippines%3A+Democratic+Transitions+and+Redistributive+Reform&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2530-9&rft.aulast=Riedinger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlasRfravpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2019" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Sharon W. (March 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ">A Reckoning: Philippine Trials of Japanese War Criminals</a>. New Perspectives in Southeast Asian Studies. Madison, Wis.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31860-4"><bdi>978-0-299-31860-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073830/https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reckoning%3A+Philippine+Trials+of+Japanese+War+Criminals&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wis.&rft.series=New+Perspectives+in+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.isbn=978-0-299-31860-4&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Sharon+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJByIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1943" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_L._Rankin" title="Karl L. Rankin">Rankin, Karl L.</a> (November 25, 1943). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629000417/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984">Document 984</a> (Report). Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984">the original</a> on June 29, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Document+984&rft.series=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+Diplomatic+Papers%2C+1943%2C+The+British+Commonwealth%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+the+Far+East&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=1943-11-25&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Karl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1943v03%2Fd984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2017" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ">State and Society in the Philippines</a> (Second ed.). Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0395-1"><bdi>978-1-5381-0395-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073954/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0395-1&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N.&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwglDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153210/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html">"The Guerrilla War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html">the original</a> on January 28, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=The+Guerrilla+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmacarthur%2Fsfeature%2Fbataan_guerrilla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Minor, Colin (March 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320025106/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy">"Filipino Guerilla Resistance to Japanese Invasion in World War II"</a>. Legacy. 15 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy">the original</a> on March 20, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Carbondale" title="Southern Illinois University Carbondale">Southern Illinois University Carbondale</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legacy&rft.atitle=Filipino+Guerilla+Resistance+to+Japanese+Invasion+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensiuc.lib.siu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1044%26context%3Dlegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC">"Philippines, Anti-Japanese Guerrillas in"</a>. World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA819">819–825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-1883-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073835/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines%2C+Anti-Japanese+Guerrillas+in&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=819-825&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-027Yrx12UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Jeffrey Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414092157/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Japanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf">Japanese War Crimes and Related Topics: A Guide to Records at the National Archives</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1031">1031–1037</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Japanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 14, 2010 – via <a href="/wiki/Ibiblio" title="Ibiblio">ibiblio</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+War+Crimes+and+Related+Topics%3A+A+Guide+to+Records+at+the+National+Archives&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1031-1037&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FJapan%2FJapanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi" class="citation book cs1">Li, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002122006/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japanese_War_Crimes/2J0ZqRZw-QQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22japanese+atrocities&pg=PA250">Japanese War Crimes: The Search for Justice</a>. New Brunswick, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC&pg=PA250">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2683-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-2683-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC">the original</a> on October 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+War+Crimes%3A+The+Search+for+Justice&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2683-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2J0ZqRZw-QQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_L._Rottman" title="Gordon L. Rottman">Rottman, Gordon L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC">World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study</a>. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA318">318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012205757/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-Military+Study&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChyilRml0hcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Gallego2020" class="citation book cs1">Del Gallego, John A. (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ">The Liberation of Manila: 28 Days of Carnage, February–March 1945</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3597-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-3597-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144212/https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberation+of+Manila%3A+28+Days+of+Carnage%2C+February%E2%80%93March+1945&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3597-2&rft.aulast=Del+Gallego&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D983xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml">"Founding Member States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml">the original</a> on November 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founding+Member+States&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Fdhl%2Funms%2Ffounders.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buhler-2001_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buhler-2001_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buhler-2001_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler2001" class="citation book cs1">Bühler, Konrad G. (February 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C">State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories versus Political Pragmatism</a>. Legal Aspects of International Organization. The Hague, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Law_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Law International">Kluwer Law International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1553-9"><bdi>978-90-411-1553-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405131023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations%3A+Legal+Theories+versus+Political+Pragmatism&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Legal+Aspects+of+International+Organization&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2001-02-08&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1553-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Konrad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy7NAG1Jl-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824161243/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf">Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America; 1776–1949</a> (PDF). Vol. II. United States: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 1974. pp. 3–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaties+and+Other+International+Agreements+of+the+United+States+of+America%3B+1776%E2%80%931949&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fservice%2Fll%2Flltreaties%2F%2Flltreaties-ustbv011%2Flltreaties-ustbv011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goodwin" title="Jeff Goodwin">Goodwin, Jeff</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff">No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991</a>. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62069-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62069-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Way+Out%3A+States+and+Revolutionary+Movements%2C+1945%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62069-7&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnootherwayout00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-2013-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2013_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>, ed. (October 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ">"Hukbalahap Rebellion"</a>. Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-280-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hukbalahap+Rebellion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Insurgency+and+Counterinsurgency%3A+A+New+Era+of+Modern+Warfare&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-280-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXCjAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225103921/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/">"Republic Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. II. Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/">the original</a> on February 25, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Republic+Day&rft.pages=II.+Independence+Day+moved+from+July+4+to+June+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Ffeatured%2Frepublic-day%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2010" class="citation book cs1">Dobbs, Charles M. (February 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ">Trade and Security: The United States and East Asia, 1961–1969</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1995-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-1995-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Security%3A+The+United+States+and+East+Asia%2C+1961%E2%80%931969&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne%2C+England&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1995-4&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkMaBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherbeeEmmersPangestuSebastian2005" class="citation book cs1">Weatherbee, Donald E.; Emmers, Ralf; Pangestu, Mari; Sebastian, Leonard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC">International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2842-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-2842-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143037/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Struggle+for+Autonomy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2842-0&rft.aulast=Weatherbee&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Emmers%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Pangestu%2C+Mari&rft.au=Sebastian%2C+Leonard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wqEC4jHl9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timberman-1991-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timberman-1991_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timberman-1991_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberman1991" class="citation book cs1">Timberman, David G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC">A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics</a>. Armonk, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-86-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-86-7"><bdi>978-981-3035-86-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094758/https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Changeless+Land%3A+Continuity+and+Change+in+Philippine+Politics&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-981-3035-86-7&rft.aulast=Timberman&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkBO2RhI4NUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Fernandes" title="Clinton Fernandes">Fernandes, Clinton</a> (June 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC">Hot Spot: Asia and Oceania</a>. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC&pg=PA188">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35413-7"><bdi>978-0-313-35413-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073832/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot+Spot%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35413-7&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mrU4FBGqCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708065018/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/">"Declaration of Martial Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/">the original</a> on July 8, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Martial+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Ffeatured%2Fdeclaration-of-martial-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastedt2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hastedt, Glenn P. (January 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC">"Philippines"</a>. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC&pg=392">392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0989-3"><bdi>978-1-4381-0989-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510063237/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0989-3&rft.aulast=Hastedt&rft.aufirst=Glenn+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HpR1b5zZxwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martin, Gus, ed. (June 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ">"New People's Army"</a>. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism (Second ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=427">427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6638-1"><bdi>978-1-4522-6638-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+People%27s+Army&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=427&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6638-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClN2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1975" class="citation journal cs1">van der Kroef, Justus M. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C">"Asian Communism in the Crucible"</a>. Problems of Communism. XXIV (March–April 1975). Documentary Studies Section, <a href="/wiki/International_Information_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Information Administration">International Information Administration</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C&pg=PA59">59</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212090208/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Communism&rft.atitle=Asian+Communism+in+the+Crucible&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=March%E2%80%93April+1975&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=van+der+Kroef&rft.aufirst=Justus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XBafuPyHq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheEuropaWorldYear-2004-158"><a href="#cite_ref-TheEuropaWorldYear-2004_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C">The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe</a>. Vol. II (45th ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3408">3408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-255-8"><bdi>978-1-85743-255-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europa+World+Year%3A+Kazakhstan+%E2%80%93+Zimbabwe&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=3408&rft.edition=45th&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-255-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgP_-8rXzQs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearyEllisMadlener1984" class="citation report cs1">Leary, Virginia A.; Ellis, A. A.; Madlener, Kurt (1984). "Chapter 1: An Overview of Human Rights". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329103100/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf">The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law: Report of a Mission</a> (PDF) (Report). Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9037-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9037-023-9"><bdi>978-92-9037-023-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 29, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Human+Rights+After+Martial+Law%3A+Report+of+a+Mission&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=International+Commission+of+Jurists&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-92-9037-023-9&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Virginia+A.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Madlener%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1984%2F01%2FPhilippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Erven1992" class="citation book cs1">van Erven, Eugène (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC">The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia</a>. Bloomington, Ind.: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC&pg=PA35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20729-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20729-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Playful+Revolution%3A+Theatre+and+Liberation+in+Asia&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20729-6&rft.aulast=van+Erven&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWe8mLteIigC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Kang" title="David C. Kang">Kang, David C.</a> (January 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC">Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC&pg=PA140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00408-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00408-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crony+Capitalism%3A+Corruption+and+Development+in+South+Korea+and+the+Philippines&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-01-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00408-4&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dim465FAopWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">White, Lynn T. III (December 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ">Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy</a>. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57422-4"><bdi>978-1-317-57422-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074430/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Politics%3A+Possibilities+and+Problems+in+a+Localist+Democracy&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Contemporary+Southeast+Asia+Series&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-57422-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lynn+T.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mvfBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2007" class="citation book cs1">Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC">Getting a Dial Tone: Telecommunications Liberalisation in Malaysia and the Philippines</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/ISEAS_-_Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC&pg=PA12">12–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-382-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-382-0"><bdi>978-981-230-382-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+a+Dial+Tone%3A+Telecommunications+Liberalisation+in+Malaysia+and+the+Philippines&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-981-230-382-0&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwA2P9HBcr2YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInoueIsozaki2013" class="citation book cs1">Inoue, M.; Isozaki, H., eds. (November 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ">People and Forest — Policy and Local Reality in Southeast Asia, the Russian Far East, and Japan</a>. Dordrecht, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-2554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-2554-5"><bdi>978-94-017-2554-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Forest+%E2%80%94+Policy+and+Local+Reality+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+the+Russian+Far+East%2C+and+Japan&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-94-017-2554-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwTuCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040705/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345">"UCAN Special Report: What's Behind the Negros Famine Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Asian_News" title="Union of Catholic Asian News">Union of Catholic Asian News</a>. September 10, 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345">the original</a> on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Catholic+Asian+News&rft.atitle=UCAN+Special+Report%3A+What%27s+Behind+the+Negros+Famine+Crisis&rft.date=1985-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fstory-archive%2F%3Fpost_name%3D%2F1985%2F09%2F11%2Fucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis%26post_id%3D33345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai2012" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D. R. (December 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Southeast Asia: Past and Present</a> (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4838-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4838-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjNWDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogl2016" class="citation book cs1">Vogl, Frank (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC">Waging War on Corruption: Inside the Movement Fighting the Abuse of Power</a>. Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC&pg=PA60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1853-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-1853-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waging+War+on+Corruption%3A+Inside+the+Movement+Fighting+the+Abuse+of+Power&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1853-6&rft.aulast=Vogl&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBCMTGiVBYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-Batalla-2018_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-Batalla-2018_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-Batalla-2018_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBatalla2018" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mark R.; Batalla, Eric Vincent C., eds. (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines</a>. Routledge Handbooks. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48526-1"><bdi>978-1-317-48526-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Contemporary+Philippines&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48526-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmkPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaquiza2013" class="citation book cs1">Raquiza, Antoinette R. (June 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC">State Structure, Policy Formation, and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Thailand and the Philippines</a>. Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC&pg=PA40">40–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50502-7"><bdi>978-1-136-50502-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Structure%2C+Policy+Formation%2C+and+Economic+Development+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Thailand+and+the+Philippines&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+Growth+Economies+of+Asia&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50502-7&rft.aulast=Raquiza&rft.aufirst=Antoinette+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5bkhjFAzyMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn-Judge1983" class="citation news cs1">Quinn-Judge, Paul (September 7, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908131731/https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html">"Assassination of Aquino linked to power struggle for successor to Marcos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Assassination+of+Aquino+linked+to+power+struggle+for+successor+to+Marcos&rft.date=1983-09-07&rft.aulast=Quinn-Judge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1983%2F0907%2F090742.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermida2014" class="citation book cs1">Hermida, Ranilo Balaguer (November 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ">Imagining Modern Democracy: A Habermasian Assessment of the Philippine Experiment</a>. Albany, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5387-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-5387-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Modern+Democracy%3A+A+Habermasian+Assessment+of+the+Philippine+Experiment&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5387-3&rft.aulast=Hermida&rft.aufirst=Ranilo+Balaguer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVASXBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwoodSchuette" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Brian_Atwood" title="J. Brian Atwood">Atwood, J. Brian</a>; Schuette, Keith E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220659/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf">A Path to Democratic Renewal</a> (PDF) (Report). p. 350. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 12, 2014 – via <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute_for_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Institute for International Affairs">National Democratic Institute for International Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Path+to+Democratic+Renewal&rft.pages=350&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=J.+Brian&rft.au=Schuette%2C+Keith+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPNABK494.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-3DayRevolution-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LATimes-3DayRevolution_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimes-3DayRevolution_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineman1986" class="citation news cs1">Fineman, Mark (February 27, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042718/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html">"The 3-Day Revolution: How Marcos Was Toppled"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html">the original</a> on August 25, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+3-Day+Revolution%3A+How+Marcos+Was+Toppled&rft.date=1986-02-27&rft.aulast=Fineman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1986" class="citation news cs1">Burgess, John (April 21, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230212085658/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/">"Not All Filipinos Glad Marcos Is Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/">the original</a> on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Not+All+Filipinos+Glad+Marcos+Is+Out&rft.date=1986-04-21&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1986%2F04%2F21%2Fnot-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out%2Fd90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtienza2019" class="citation book cs1">Atienza, Maria Ela L., ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025141304/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf">Chronology of the 1987 Philippine Constitution</a> (PDF). Public Policy Monographs. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> Center for Integrative and Development Studies. pp. 4–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-742-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-742-119-3"><bdi>978-971-742-119-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+1987+Philippine+Constitution&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.series=Public+Policy+Monographs&rft.pages=4-11&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Center+for+Integrative+and+Development+Studies&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-971-742-119-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fchronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhallHendleyStauffer2005" class="citation web cs1">Newhall, Chris; Hendley, James W. II & Stauffer, Peter H. (February 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217063847/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf">"The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97)"</a> (PDF). Reducing the Risk from Volcano Hazards. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731752857">731752857</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 17, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cataclysmic+1991+Eruption+of+Mount+Pinatubo%2C+Philippines+%28U.S.+Geological+Survey+Fact+Sheet+113-97%29&rft.series=Reducing+the+Risk+from+Volcano+Hazards&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%3B+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731752857&rft.aulast=Newhall&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Hendley%2C+James+W.+II&rft.au=Stauffer%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F1997%2Ffs113-97%2Ffs113-97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Kingsbury" title="Damien Kingsbury">Kingsbury, Damien</a> (September 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ">Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49628-1"><bdi>978-1-317-49628-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193225/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Contemporary+Southeast+Asia%3A+Authority%2C+Democracy+and+Political+Change&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49628-1&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CQlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2009" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Andrew T. H., ed. (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC">A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia</a>. Cheltenham, England: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC&pg=PA405">405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-718-0"><bdi>978-1-84720-718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Terrorism+and+Insurgency+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+England&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84720-718-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzMmpCinBYoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806030349/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf">"The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks"</a> (PDF). Asia Report (202). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>: 5–7. February 14, 2011. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905388916">905388916</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020 – via Refworld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Report&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Insurgency+in+the+Philippines%3A+Tactics+and+Talks&rft.issue=202&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905388916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F4d5a310e2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans1986" class="citation news cs1">Mydans, Seth (September 14, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524190820/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html">"Philippine Communists Are Spread Widely, but Not Thinly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philippine+Communists+Are+Spread+Widely%2C+but+Not+Thinly&rft.date=1986-09-14&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F09%2F14%2Fweekinreview%2Fphilippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPecotichShultz2016" class="citation book cs1">Pecotich, Anthony; Shultz, Clifford J., eds. (July 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546">Handbook of Markets and Economies: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand</a>. Armonk, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-49875-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-49875-1"><bdi>978-1-315-49875-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171259/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Markets+and+Economies%3A+East+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia%2C+Australia%2C+New+Zealand%3A+East+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia%2C+Australia%2C+New+Zealand&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-315-49875-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DySe3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega2016" class="citation book cs1">Ortega, Arnisson Andre (September 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ">Neoliberalizing Spaces in the Philippines: Suburbanization, Transnational Migration, and Dispossession</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">51–52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3052-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-3052-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171253/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoliberalizing+Spaces+in+the+Philippines%3A+Suburbanization%2C+Transnational+Migration%2C+and+Dispossession&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3052-1&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Arnisson+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwDTVDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Gargan-1997-183"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Gargan-1997_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargan1997" class="citation news cs1">Gargan, Edward A. (December 11, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228024452/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html">"Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Laugh+for+the+Philippines%3B+Onetime+Joke+Economy+Avoids+Much+of+Asia%27s+Turmoil&rft.date=1997-12-11&rft.aulast=Gargan&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F12%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Flast-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPempel1999" class="citation book cs1">Pempel, T. J., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC">The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis</a>. Ithaca, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC&pg=163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8634-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8634-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Asian+Economic+Crisis&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8634-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTAuUXE_ANsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebullida2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rebullida, Ma. Lourdes G. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215251/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf">"The Politics of Urban Poor Housing: State and Civil Society Dynamics"</a> (PDF). Philippine Political Science Journal. 24 (47). Philippine Political Science Association: 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01154451.2003.9754247">10.1080/01154451.2003.9754247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154441392">154441392</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 11, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Political+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Urban+Poor+Housing%3A+State+and+Civil+Society+Dynamics&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01154451.2003.9754247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154441392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rebullida&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Lourdes+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pssc.org.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fpssc-archives%2FPhilippine%2520Political%2520Science%2520Journal%2F2003%2F06_The%2520Political%2520of%2520Urban%2520Poor%2520Housing_%2520State%2520and%2520Civil%2520Society%2520Dynamics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargavaBolongaita2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhargava, Vinay Kumar; Bolongaita, Emil P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC">Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action</a>. Directions in Development. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Publications">World Bank Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC&pg=PA78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5683-8"><bdi>978-0-8213-5683-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171257/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenging+Corruption+in+Asia%3A+Case+Studies+and+a+Framework+for+Action&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Directions+in+Development&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5683-8&rft.aulast=Bhargava&rft.aufirst=Vinay+Kumar&rft.au=Bolongaita%2C+Emil+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHS1bTsu2IUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandler2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Landler" title="Mark Landler">Landler, Mark</a> (February 9, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090537/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html">"In Philippines, The Economy As Casualty; The President Ousted, a Credibility Repair Job"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Philippines%2C+The+Economy+As+Casualty%3B+The+President+Ousted%2C+a+Credibility+Repair+Job&rft.date=2001-02-09&rft.aulast=Landler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F02%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fphilippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchcroft2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchcroft, Paul D. (Paul David) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/230460">"The Arroyo Imbroglio in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy">Journal of Democracy</a>. 19 (1). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 141–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2008.0001">10.1353/jod.2008.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144031968">144031968</a>. Retrieved June 16, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Arroyo+Imbroglio+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-155&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144031968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2008.0001&rft.aulast=Hutchcroft&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.+%28Paul+David%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F230460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizon2010" class="citation news cs1">Dizon, David (August 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806185404/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey">"Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey">the original</a> on August 6, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Corruption+was+Gloria%27s+biggest+mistake%3A+survey&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Dizon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fnation%2F08%2F04%2F10%2Fcorruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">McCoy, Alfred W.</a> (October 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC">Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State</a>. Madison, Wis.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC&pg=PA498">498</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23413-3"><bdi>978-0-299-23413-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+America%27s+Empire%3A+The+United+States%2C+the+Philippines%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Surveillance+State&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wis.&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-299-23413-3&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYj6WUGsRuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lum-Dolven-2014-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lum-Dolven-2014_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lum-Dolven-2014_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumDolven2014" class="citation report cs1">Lum, Thomas; Dolven, Ben (May 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417070815/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7">The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRS_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="CRS Reports">CRS Reports</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1121453557">1121453557</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7">the original</a> on April 17, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+the+Philippines+and+U.S.+Interests%E2%80%942014&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1121453557&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Dolven%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FR%2FR43498%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2012" class="citation news cs1">Lucas, Dax (June 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610044835/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance">"Aquino attributes growth to good governance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance">the original</a> on June 10, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Aquino+attributes+growth+to+good+governance&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Dax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F39227%2Faquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuendia2015" class="citation book cs1">Buendia, Rizal G. (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294888285">The Politics of the Bangsamoro Basic Law</a>. Manila, Philippines: Yuchengco Center, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3954.9205%2F1">10.13140/RG.2.1.3954.9205/1</a>. Retrieved May 10, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Bangsamoro+Basic+Law&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Yuchengco+Center%2C+De+La+Salle+University&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3954.9205%2F1&rft.aulast=Buendia&rft.aufirst=Rizal+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F294888285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapano2016" class="citation news cs1">Clapano, Jose Rodel (February 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920054536/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill">"Congress buries Bangsamoro bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill">the original</a> on September 20, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Congress+buries+Bangsamoro+bill&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft.aulast=Clapano&rft.aufirst=Jose+Rodel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2016%2F02%2F03%2F1549507%2Fcongress-buries-bangsamoro-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberto-Masakayan2016" class="citation news cs1">Alberto-Masakayan, Thea (May 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528141509/http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/">"Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/">the original</a> on May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Duterte%2C+Robredo+win+2016+polls&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.aulast=Alberto-Masakayan&rft.aufirst=Thea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fhalalan2016%2Fnation%2F05%2F27%2F16%2Fduterte-robredo-win-2016-polls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasipleEtAl-2016-196"><a href="#cite_ref-CasipleEtAl-2016_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasipleMcCargoAspinallDavidson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Casiple, Ramon C.; McCargo, Duncan; Aspinall, Edward; Davidson, Michael W.; Hicken, Allen; Weiss, Meredith L.; Villegas, Bernardo M.; Manzano, George; Baviera, Aileen S. P. (August 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319034802/https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862">"Roundtable: The 2016 Philippine Presidential Election"</a>. Contemporary Southeast Asia. 38 (2). <a href="/wiki/ISEAS-Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute">ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute</a>: 180–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2Fcs38-2a">10.1355/cs38-2a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157111016">157111016</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862">the original</a> on March 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Roundtable%3A+The+2016+Philippine+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=180-181&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2Fcs38-2a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157111016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Casiple&rft.aufirst=Ramon+C.&rft.au=McCargo%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Aspinall%2C+Edward&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Hicken%2C+Allen&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Meredith+L.&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Bernardo+M.&rft.au=Manzano%2C+George&rft.au=Baviera%2C+Aileen+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.iseas.edu.sg%2Fcomponent%2Fget%2F18862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrido2022" class="citation news cs1">Garrido, Marco (May 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/">"Analysis; Filipinos don't long for the Marcos era. Why is his son in the lead?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/">the original</a> on May 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis%3B+Filipinos+don%27t+long+for+the+Marcos+era.+Why+is+his+son+in+the+lead%3F&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.aulast=Garrido&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F05%2F05%2Fbongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2024" class="citation journal cs1">Horner, Lindsey K. (March 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14767724.2022.2048799?needAccess=true">"Oscillating between populism and liberalism in the Philippines: participatory education's role in addressing stubborn inequalities"</a>. Globalisation, Societies and Education. 22 (2). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 337–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14767724.2022.2048799">10.1080/14767724.2022.2048799</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F6014417b-a302-4966-ab51-5410e818c8e9">20.500.11820/6014417b-a302-4966-ab51-5410e818c8e9</a>. Retrieved October 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globalisation%2C+Societies+and+Education&rft.atitle=Oscillating+between+populism+and+liberalism+in+the+Philippines%3A+participatory+education%27s+role+in+addressing+stubborn+inequalities&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=337-339&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F6014417b-a302-4966-ab51-5410e818c8e9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14767724.2022.2048799&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1080%2F14767724.2022.2048799%3FneedAccess%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beauchamp-2022-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp-2022_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp-2022_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2022" class="citation news cs1">Beauchamp, Zack (May 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517160207/https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23068682/marcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism">"The Philippine election is the latest example of illiberalism's popularity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23068682/marcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism">the original</a> on May 17, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+election+is+the+latest+example+of+illiberalism%27s+popularity&rft.date=2022-05-17&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2022%2F5%2F17%2F23068682%2Fmarcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas2016" class="citation news cs1">Nicolas, Fiona (November 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107131039/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html">"Big projects underway in 'golden age' of infrastructure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html">the original</a> on November 7, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Big+projects+underway+in+%27golden+age%27+of+infrastructure&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft.aulast=Nicolas&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2F04%2Fgolden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vera2020" class="citation news cs1">de Vera, Ben O. (August 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817063018/https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed">"Build, Build, Build's 'new normal': 13 projects added, 8 removed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed">the original</a> on August 17, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Build%2C+Build%2C+Build%27s+%27new+normal%27%3A+13+projects+added%2C+8+removed&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft.aulast=de+Vera&rft.aufirst=Ben+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F304612%2Fbuild-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitem2019" class="citation news cs1">Maitem, Jeoffrey (January 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126214617/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html">"It's Official: Majority in So. Philippines Backs Muslim Autonomy Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BenarNews" class="mw-redirect" title="BenarNews">BenarNews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html">the original</a> on January 26, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BenarNews&rft.atitle=It%27s+Official%3A+Majority+in+So.+Philippines+Backs+Muslim+Autonomy+Law&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Maitem&rft.aufirst=Jeoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benarnews.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fphilippine%2FBOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepomuceno2022" class="citation news cs1">Nepomuceno, Priam (July 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707084355/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431">"Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency" title="Philippine News Agency">Philippine News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431">the original</a> on July 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Duterte+admin+made+significant+gains+vs.+NPA%3A+AFP&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft.aulast=Nepomuceno&rft.aufirst=Priam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1178431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaliwan2022" class="citation news cs1">Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (March 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001">"Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency" title="Philippine News Agency">Philippine News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001">the original</a> on March 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Over+24K+villages+%27drug-cleared%27+as+of+February%3A+PDEA&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Caliwan&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1171001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2017" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Alexis (December 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226113810/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk">"Duterte gov't probing over 16,000 drug war-linked deaths as homicide, not EJK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk">the original</a> on December 26, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Duterte+gov%27t+probing+over+16%2C000+drug+war-linked+deaths+as+homicide%2C+not+EJK&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2017%2F12%2F26%2F1771944%2Fduterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabiling2021" class="citation news cs1">Kabiling, Genalyn (March 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123210/https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/">"Duterte unfazed by drug war criticisms: 'You want me to go prison? So be it'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/">the original</a> on March 5, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Duterte+unfazed+by+drug+war+criticisms%3A+%27You+want+me+to+go+prison%3F+So+be+it%27&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Kabiling&rft.aufirst=Genalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmb.com.ph%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Fduterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130083057/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus">"Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. January 30, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus">the original</a> on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Philippines+confirms+first+case+of+new+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F01%2F30%2F20%2Fphilippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordero2020" class="citation news cs1">Cordero, Ted (March 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308064057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/">"DOH recommends declaration of public health emergency after COVID-19 local transmission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMA News Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/">the original</a> on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=DOH+recommends+declaration+of+public+health+emergency+after+COVID-19+local+transmission&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft.aulast=Cordero&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F728715%2Fdoh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenzon2021" class="citation news cs1">Venzon, Cliff (January 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128061938/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947">"Philippines GDP shrinks 9.5% in 2020, worst since 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947">the original</a> on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Philippines+GDP+shrinks+9.5%25+in+2020%2C+worst+since+1947&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Venzon&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FPhilippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoralesLema2022" class="citation news cs1">Morales, Neil Jerome; Lema, Karen (January 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204094028/https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/philippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27/">"Philippines economy on recovery path, but policy seen remaining loose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/philippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27/">the original</a> on February 4, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Philippines+economy+on+recovery+path%2C+but+policy+seen+remaining+loose&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Neil+Jerome&rft.au=Lema%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcurrencies%2Fphilippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114935/https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220">"Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos wins the Philippine presidency in a landslide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. May 10, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220">the original</a> on May 10, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+%22Bongbong%22+Marcos+wins+the+Philippine+presidency+in+a+landslide&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2Fferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide%2F21809220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2024" class="citation web cs1">Storey, Henry (August 5, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914110341/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/marcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy">"Marcos vs Duterte: Domestic politics meets grand strategy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/marcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy">the original</a> on September 14, 2024. Retrieved October 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=Marcos+vs+Duterte%3A+Domestic+politics+meets+grand+strategy&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fmarcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ">A Pocket Guide to the Philippines</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Information_Service" title="American Forces Information Service">American Forces Information Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>. 1982. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/989862194">989862194</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103622/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pocket+Guide+to+the+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=American+Forces+Information+Service%2C+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F989862194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dIXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> [ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217161952/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines">"Know before you go: the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. June 4, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines">the original</a> on February 17, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Know+before+you+go%3A+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fpartner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024729/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html">"More islands, more fun in PH"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. February 20, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html">the original</a> on June 20, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=More+islands%2C+more+fun+in+PH&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fvideos%2F2016%2F02%2F20%2FMore-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991-216"><a href="#cite_ref-NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012339/http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf">"Land Use and Land Classification of the Philippines"</a> (PDF). Infomapper. 1 (2). <a href="/wiki/National_Mapping_and_Resource_Information_Authority" title="National Mapping and Resource Information Authority">National Mapping and Resource Information Authority</a>: 10. December 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1674">0117-1674</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infomapper&rft.atitle=Land+Use+and+Land+Classification+of+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1991-12&rft.issn=0117-1674&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namria.gov.ph%2Fjdownloads%2FInfo_Mapper%2F00a_im_dec911.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boquet-2017_217-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoquet2017" class="citation book cs1">Boquet, Yves (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ">The Philippine Archipelago</a>. Springer Geography. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51926-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51926-5"><bdi>978-3-319-51926-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074433/https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved April 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Archipelago&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Springer+Geography&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51926-5&rft.aulast=Boquet&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90C4DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826232930/http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf">Achieving Sustainable Urban Development Project; Philippines; Summary Report</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-Habitat</a>. 2016. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 26, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Achieving+Sustainable+Urban+Development+Project%3B+Philippines%3B+Summary+Report&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=UN-Habitat&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funhabitat.org.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FVolume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625233633/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html">"Philippines – Places in the News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+%E2%80%93+Places+in+the+News&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ftoday%2Fplacesinthenews%2Farchive%2F2008arch%2F20080624_philippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (August 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729042251/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523">"Celebes Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth" title="Encyclopedia of Earth">Encyclopedia of Earth</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523">the original</a> on July 29, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celebes+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FCelebes_Sea%3Ftopic%3D49523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html">"Philippine Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine+Sea&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761580288%2FPhilippine_Sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> on August 20, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714194604/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea">"Philippine Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea">the original</a> on July 14, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPhilippine-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926140334/https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/">"Philippines – A country profile"</a>. Eye on Asia. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/">the original</a> on September 26, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eye+on+Asia&rft.atitle=Philippines+%E2%80%93+A+country+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyeonasia.gov.sg%2Fasean-countries%2Fknow%2Foverview-of-asean-countries%2Fphilippines-a-country-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffeeAurellBarthBetters1969" class="citation book cs1">Chaffee, Frederic H.; Aurell, George E.; Barth, Helen A.; Betters, Elinor C.; Cort, Ann S.; Dombrowski, John H.; Fasano, Vincent J.; Weaver, John O. (February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ">Area Handbook for the Philippines</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19734">19734</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033448/https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+the+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1969-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19734&rft.aulast=Chaffee&rft.aufirst=Frederic+H.&rft.au=Aurell%2C+George+E.&rft.au=Barth%2C+Helen+A.&rft.au=Betters%2C+Elinor+C.&rft.au=Cort%2C+Ann+S.&rft.au=Dombrowski%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Fasano%2C+Vincent+J.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83UsAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> [ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html">"Field Listing – Coastline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%E2%80%93+Coastline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230205081936/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/%23/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10">"Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Catches by Taxon in the waters of Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10">the original</a> on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fisheries%2C+Ecosystems+and+Biodiversity%3B+Catches+by+Taxon+in+the+waters+of+Philippines&rft.pub=Sea+Around+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez%2F608%3Fchart%3Dcatch-chart%26dimension%3Dtaxon%26measure%3Dtonnage%26limit%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollege_of_Forestry_and_Natural_Resources,_University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños" class="citation report cs1">College of Forestry and Natural Resources, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Ba%C3%B1os" title="University of the Philippines Los Baños">University of the Philippines Los Baños</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730173552/https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf">Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Cagayan River Basin; Volume I – Executive Summary</a> (PDF). River Basin Control Office (Report). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a>. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Climate-Responsive+Integrated+Master+Plan+for+Cagayan+River+Basin%3B+Volume+I+%E2%80%93+Executive+Summary&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Department+of+Environment+and+Natural+Resources&rft.au=College+of+Forestry+and+Natural+Resources%2C+University+of+the+Philippines+Los+Ba%C3%B1os&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friverbasin.denr.gov.ph%2Fmasterplans%2Fcagayanexecutivesummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolanski2006" class="citation book cs1">Wolanski, Eric, ed. (2006). "Chapter 19: Manila Bay: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC">The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours</a>. Dordrecht, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC&pg=PA309">309–328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3654-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3654-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321055842/https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%3A+Manila+Bay%3A+Environmental+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.btitle=The+Environment+in+Asia+Pacific+Harbours&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=309-328&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3654-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudK-kt3cQCsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618040407/https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/">"Laguna de Bay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Lake_Development_Authority" title="Laguna Lake Development Authority">Laguna Lake Development Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/">the original</a> on June 18, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laguna+de+Bay&rft.pub=Laguna+Lake+Development+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fllda.gov.ph%2Flaguna-de-bay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyAnana2004" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Denis; Anana, Ted (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123338/http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197">"Pasig River Rehabilitation Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Habitat_International_Coalition" title="Habitat International Coalition">Habitat International Coalition</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197">the original</a> on October 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasig+River+Rehabilitation+Program&rft.pub=Habitat+International+Coalition&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Anana%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hic-net.org%2Fdocument.asp%3FPID%3D197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodell-2002_231-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodell2002" class="citation book cs1">Rodell, Paul A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC">Culture and Customs of the Philippines</a>. Culture and Customs of Asia. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30415-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30415-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30415-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.series=Culture+and+Customs+of+Asia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30415-6&rft.aulast=Rodell&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1CVR74_KHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerckhemerHsü1982" class="citation book cs1">Berckhemer, H.; Hsü, K., eds. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C">Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics</a>. Geodynamics Series. Vol. 7. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C&pg=RA1-PA31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-087-590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-087-590-9"><bdi>978-978-087-590-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195929/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alpine-Mediterranean+Geodynamics&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Geodynamics+Series&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-978-087-590-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jQavSJCro4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohlich2006" class="citation book cs1">Frohlich, Cliff (May 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC">Deep Earthquakes</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC&pg=PA421">421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82869-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82869-7"><bdi>978-0-521-82869-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Earthquakes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82869-7&rft.aulast=Frohlich&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lZGdmBwSPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRantucciPhilippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology1994" class="citation book cs1">Rantucci, Giovanni; <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology" title="Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology">Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology</a> (1994). "Chapter 2: Overview of Past and Recent Disasters in the Philippines". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530050031/https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf">Geological Disasters in the Philippines; The July 1990 Earthquake and the June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo; Description, Effects, and Lessons Learned</a> (PDF). Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)">Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri</a>, Dipt. per l'Informazione e l'Editoria. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4752-3936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4752-3936-2"><bdi>978-1-4752-3936-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 30, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Overview+of+Past+and+Recent+Disasters+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Geological+Disasters+in+the+Philippines%3B+The+July+1990+Earthquake+and+the+June+1991+Eruption+of+Mount+Pinatubo%3B+Description%2C+Effects%2C+and+Lessons+Learned&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Presidenza+del+Consiglio+dei+Ministri%2C+Dipt.+per+l%27Informazione+e+l%27Editoria&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-4752-3936-2&rft.aulast=Rantucci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Philippine+Institute+of+Volcanology+and+Seismology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eird.org%2Festrategias%2Fpdf%2Feng%2Fdoc13258%2Fdoc13258-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rinard Hinga, Bethany D. (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ">"Philippines"</a>. Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-297-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Fire%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Pacific+Rim%27s+Earthquakes%2C+Tsunamis%2C+and+Volcanoes&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-297-7&rft.aulast=Rinard+Hinga&rft.aufirst=Bethany+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHq1BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806190713/https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines">"Volcanoes of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology" title="Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology">Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines">the original</a> on August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Philippine+Institute+of+Volcanology+and+Seismology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2Fvolcano-hazard%2Fvolcanoes-of-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsplanada2012" class="citation news cs1">Esplanada, Jerry E. (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194026/https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us">"Philippines sits on $840B of mine—US"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us">the original</a> on March 2, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Philippines+sits+on+%24840B+of+mine%E2%80%94US&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Esplanada&rft.aufirst=Jerry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F47013%2Fphilippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryner1969" class="citation journal cs1">Bryner, Leonid (September 1, 1969). "Ore Deposits of the Philippines Their Geology". <a href="/wiki/Economic_Geology_(journal)" title="Economic Geology (journal)">Economic Geology</a>. 64 (6). Economic Geology Publishing Company: 645–647. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.875.7878">10.1.1.875.7878</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.64.6.644">10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=Ore+Deposits+of+the+Philippines+Their+Geology&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=645-647&rft.date=1969-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.875.7878%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.64.6.644&rft.aulast=Bryner&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1974" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Gabriel Jr. (1974). "Mineral Distribution and Geological Features of the Philippines". Metallogenetische und Geochemische Provinzen / Metallogenetic and Geochemical Provinces. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-4065-9_8">10.1007/978-3-7091-4065-9_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-81249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-81249-5"><bdi>978-3-211-81249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mineral+Distribution+and+Geological+Features+of+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Metallogenetische+und+Geochemische+Provinzen+%2F+Metallogenetic+and+Geochemical+Provinces&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-7091-4065-9_8&rft.isbn=978-3-211-81249-5&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Miners-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Miners_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Miners_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenlees2008" class="citation news cs1">Greenlees, Donald (May 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511224056/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html">"Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Miners+shun+mineral+wealth+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft.aulast=Greenlees&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F14iht-mine.1.12876764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinco2016" class="citation news cs1">Cinco, Maricar (June 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724163335/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea">"Firm sees metal costlier than gold in Romblon sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea">the original</a> on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Firm+sees+metal+costlier+than+gold+in+Romblon+sea&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.aulast=Cinco&rft.aufirst=Maricar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F788940%2Ffirm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamosQuiniquini1966" class="citation book cs1">Ramos, Socorro B.; Quiniquini, Salvador M., eds. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ">The Philippines: a Handbook of Economic Facts and General Information</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)">Department of Commerce and Industry</a>, Research and Information Division. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63394">63394</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081259/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+a+Handbook+of+Economic+Facts+and+General+Information&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Department+of+Commerce+and+Industry%2C+Research+and+Information+Division&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjmxAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2017" class="citation news cs1">Schneider, Keith (June 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710043841/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/">"The Philippines, a nation rich in precious metals, encounters powerful opposition to mining"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mongabay" title="Mongabay">Mongabay</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/">the original</a> on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=The+Philippines%2C+a+nation+rich+in+precious+metals%2C+encounters+powerful+opposition+to+mining&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2017%2F06%2Fthe-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippine_Historical_AssociationNew_Day_Publishers1999" class="citation book cs1">Philippine Historical Association; New Day Publishers (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ">Philippine Presidents: 100 Years</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Historical_Association" title="Philippine Historical Association">Philippine Historical Association</a>. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1027-0"><bdi>978-971-10-1027-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311174135/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Presidents%3A+100+Years&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Philippine+Historical+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-10-1027-0&rft.au=Philippine+Historical+Association&rft.au=New+Day+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4C6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berba-Matias-2022-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berba-Matias-2022_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berba-Matias-2022_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerbaMatias2022" class="citation journal cs1">Berba, Carmela Maria P.; Matias, Ambrocio Melvin A. (March 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8944339">"State of biodiversity documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context of species occurrence data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PeerJ" title="PeerJ">PeerJ</a>. 10. Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.13146">10.7717/peerj.13146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8944339">8944339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35341040">35341040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=State+of+biodiversity+documentation+in+the+Philippines%3A+Metadata+gaps%2C+taxonomic+biases%2C+and+spatial+biases+in+the+DNA+barcode+data+of+animal+and+plant+taxa+in+the+context+of+species+occurrence+data&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8944339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35341040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.13146&rft.aulast=Berba&rft.aufirst=Carmela+Maria+P.&rft.au=Matias%2C+Ambrocio+Melvin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8944339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsReadNortonDovers2001" class="citation report cs1">Williams, Jann; Read, Cassia; Norton, Tony; Dovers, Steve; Burgman, Mark; Proctor, Wendy & Anderson, Heather (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html">Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued)</a> (Report). Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> on behalf of the Australian Government <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_and_Heritage" title="Department of the Environment and Heritage">Department of the Environment and Heritage</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06749-3"><bdi>978-0-643-06749-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html">the original</a> on May 14, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+Theme+Report%3A+The+Meaning%2C+Significance+and+Implications+of+Biodiversity+%28continued%29&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO+on+behalf+of+the+Australian+Government+Department+of+the+Environment+and+Heritage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06749-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jann&rft.au=Read%2C+Cassia&rft.au=Norton%2C+Tony&rft.au=Dovers%2C+Steve&rft.au=Burgman%2C+Mark&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fsoe%2F2001%2Fpublications%2Ftheme-reports%2Fbiodiversity%2Fbiodiversity01-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-2017April-247"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD-2017April_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ">OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews Agricultural Policies in the Philippines</a>. Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD Publishing</a>. April 7, 2017. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264269088-en">10.1787/9789264269088-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-26908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-26908-8"><bdi>978-92-64-26908-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509130815/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Food+and+Agricultural+Reviews+Agricultural+Policies+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264269088-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-26908-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6-gDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinley2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McGinley, Mark, ed. (January 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218154050/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines">"Biological diversity in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth" title="Encyclopedia of Earth">Encyclopedia of Earth</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines">the original</a> on February 18, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+diversity+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FBiological_diversity_in_the_Philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemen-PascualMacahigRojas2022" class="citation journal cs1">Clemen-Pascual, Lydia M.; Macahig, Rene Angelo S.; Rojas, Nina Rosario L. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8685920">"Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medicinal plants"</a>. Toxicology Reports. 9. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland</a>: 22–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ToxR....9...22C">2022ToxR....9...22C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2021.12.002">10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-7500">2214-7500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8685920">8685920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34976744">34976744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Reports&rft.atitle=Comparative+toxicity%2C+phytochemistry%2C+and+use+of+53+Philippine+medicinal+plants&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=22-35&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8685920%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ToxR....9...22C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34976744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2021.12.002&rft.issn=2214-7500&rft.aulast=Clemen-Pascual&rft.aufirst=Lydia+M.&rft.au=Macahig%2C+Rene+Angelo+S.&rft.au=Rojas%2C+Nina+Rosario+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8685920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916011731/http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines">"Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines"</a>. Foundation for the Philippine Environment. February 18, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines">the original</a> on September 16, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hub+of+Life%3A+Species+Diversity+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Philippine+Environment&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffpe.ph%2Fbiodiversity.html%2Fview%2Fhub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaguinod2008" class="citation news cs1">Taguinod, Fioro (November 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219210524/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines">"Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMANews.TV</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines">the original</a> on February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMANews.TV&rft.atitle=Rare+flower+species+found+only+in+northern+Philippines&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Taguinod&rft.aufirst=Fioro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanews.tv%2Fstory%2F134682%2FRare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulteSchöne1996" class="citation book cs1">Schulte, Andreas; Schöne, Dieter Hans-Friedrich, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC">Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems: Towards Sustainable Management</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC&pg=PA494">494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2729-6"><bdi>978-981-02-2729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dipterocarp+Forest+Ecosystems%3A+Towards+Sustainable+Management&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-981-02-2729-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHNzvs02F5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Agoo, Esperanza Maribel G. (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407154939/https://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf">"Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines"</a> (PDF). Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology. 1 (1). Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 7, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Status+of+Orchid+Taxonomy+Research+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Agoo&rft.aufirst=Esperanza+Maribel+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbp.org.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2F907-3032-2-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sajise-2010-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sajise-2010_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sajise-2010_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajiseTicsaySaguiguit2010" class="citation book cs1">Sajise, Percy E.; Ticsay, Mariliza V.; Saguiguit, Gil Jr. C., eds. (February 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC">Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Biodiversity</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/ISEAS_-_Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC&pg=PA147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-978-5"><bdi>978-981-230-978-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103904/https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+Forward%3A+Southeast+Asian+Perspectives+on+Climate+Change+and+Biodiversity&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.isbn=978-981-230-978-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorX6zp38uwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishizakiNumaoCaroSuarez2019" class="citation book cs1">Nishizaki, Shin-ya; Numao, Masayuki; Caro, Jaime; Suarez, Merlin Teodosia, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ">Theory and Practice of Computation: Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2018), September 17–18, 2018, Manila, The Philippines</a> (Conference proceeding). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53694-6"><bdi>978-0-429-53694-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Computation%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Computation%3A+Theory+and+Practice+%28WCTP+2018%29%2C+September+17%E2%80%9318%2C+2018%2C+Manila%2C+The+Philippines&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-53694-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdCwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenMous2008" class="citation report cs1">Green, Alison L.; Mous, Peter J. (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123930/https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf">Delineating the Coral Triangle, its Ecoregions and Functional Seascapes: Version 5.0</a> (PDF). Conservation Gateway (Report). TNC Coral Triangle Program. <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a>. pp. vii–viii, 1, 4, 6–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Delineating+the+Coral+Triangle%2C+its+Ecoregions+and+Functional+Seascapes%3A+Version+5.0&rft.series=TNC+Coral+Triangle+Program&rft.pages=vii-viii%2C+1%2C+4%2C+6-7&rft.pub=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Alison+L.&rft.au=Mous%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationgateway.org%2FDocuments%2FGreen%2520and%2520Mous%25202008%2520CT%2520Delineation%2520v5%25200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeman2019" class="citation news cs1">Leman, Jennifer (February 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429190233/https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html">"What Is the Coral Triangle?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Coral+Triangle%3F&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.aulast=Leman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F64738-coral-triangle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalAcademyOrg-2015-258"><a href="#cite_ref-CalAcademyOrg-2015_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowling2015" class="citation news cs1">Bowling, Haley (July 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071328/https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines">"Over 100 New Marine Species Discovered in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines">the original</a> on September 6, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Over+100+New+Marine+Species+Discovered+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.aulast=Bowling&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calacademy.org%2Fexplore-science%2Fover-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterSpringer2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kent_E._Carpenter" title="Kent E. Carpenter">Carpenter, Kent E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Victor_G._Springer" title="Victor G. Springer">Springer, Victor G.</a> (April 2005). "The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands". <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Biology_of_Fishes" title="Environmental Biology of Fishes">Environmental Biology of Fishes</a>. 74 (2). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Netherlands">Springer Netherlands</a>: 467–480. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvBF..72..467C">2005EnvBF..72..467C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10641-004-3154-4">10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8280012">8280012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Biology+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=The+center+of+the+center+of+marine+shore+fish+biodiversity%3A+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=467-480&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8280012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10641-004-3154-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnvBF..72..467C&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Kent+E.&rft.au=Springer%2C+Victor+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAniCastillo2020" class="citation web cs1">Ani, Princess Alma B.; Castillo, Monica B. (March 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114110925/https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836">"Revisiting the State of Philippine Biodiversity And The Legislation on Access and Benefit Sharing"</a>. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP). Taipei: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Fertilizer_Technology_Center" title="Food and Fertilizer Technology Center">Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region</a>. The Philippine Biodiversity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836">the original</a> on November 14, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FFTC+Agricultural+Policy+Platform+%28FFTC-AP%29&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+State+of+Philippine+Biodiversity+And+The+Legislation+on+Access+and+Benefit+Sharing&rft.pages=The+Philippine+Biodiversity&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft.aulast=Ani&rft.aufirst=Princess+Alma+B.&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Monica+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fap.fftc.org.tw%2Farticle%2F1836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173033/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en">"National Aquaculture Sector Overview: Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en">the original</a> on October 10, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Aquaculture+Sector+Overview%3A+Philippines&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fcountrysector%2Fnaso_philippines%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYap1999" class="citation report cs1">Yap, Wilfredo G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005507/https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf">Rural Aquaculture in the Philippines</a> (PDF) (Report). RAP Publication. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Background. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rural+Aquaculture+in+the+Philippines&rft.series=RAP+Publication&rft.pages=Background&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Yap&rft.aufirst=Wilfredo+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fx6943e%2Fx6943e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimaveraMontilijao2017" class="citation book cs1">Primavera, J. H.; Montilijao, C. L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225115902/https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf">Field Guide to Philippine Beach Forest Species</a> (PDF). Iloilo City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a> – CMRP Philippines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-621-95325-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-621-95325-1-8"><bdi>978-621-95325-1-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 25, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Philippine+Beach+Forest+Species&rft.place=Iloilo+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Zoological+Society+of+London+%E2%80%93+CMRP+Philippines&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-621-95325-1-8&rft.aulast=Primavera&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Montilijao%2C+C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.zsl.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-02%2F12%2520Field%2520guide%2520-%2520Philippine%2520Beach%2520Forest%2520Species.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikramanayakeDinersteinLoucks2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wikramanayake" title="Eric Wikramanayake">Wikramanayake, Eric D.</a>; Dinerstein, Eric; Loucks, Colby J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC">Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA480">480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-923-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-923-1"><bdi>978-1-55963-923-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions+of+the+Indo-Pacific%3A+A+Conservation+Assessment&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-923-1&rft.aulast=Wikramanayake&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft.au=Dinerstein%2C+Eric&rft.au=Loucks%2C+Colby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VGRBWqIG2gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomingo2023" class="citation news cs1">Domingo, Katrina (June 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627063837/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph">"DENR targets to reforest 1 to 2 million hectares in PH"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph">the original</a> on June 27, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=DENR+targets+to+reforest+1+to+2+million+hectares+in+PH&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft.aulast=Domingo&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F06%2F27%2F23%2Fdenr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauvergne1997" class="citation book cs1">Dauvergne, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC">Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC&pg=PA157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54087-2"><bdi>978-0-262-54087-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830215429/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+in+the+Forest%3A+Japan+and+the+Politics+of+Timber+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54087-2&rft.aulast=Dauvergne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyXMKFa7kCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahl2006" class="citation book cs1">Kahl, Colin H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC">States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World</a>. Princeton, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC&pg=PA85">85–86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12406-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12406-3"><bdi>978-0-691-12406-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States%2C+Scarcity%2C+and+Civil+Strife+in+the+Developing+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12406-3&rft.aulast=Kahl&rft.aufirst=Colin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltWfu4quplgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Japan_Environmental_Council2012" class="citation book cs1">The Japan Environmental Council, ed. (December 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ">The State of the Environment in Asia: 2002/2003</a>. Tokyo, Japan: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Verlag</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">106–107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-431-70345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-431-70345-7"><bdi>978-4-431-70345-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+Environment+in+Asia%3A+2002%2F2003&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-4-431-70345-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPGPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-Forests-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO-Forests_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeralta2005" class="citation report cs1">Peralta, Eleno O. (2005). "Chapter 21: Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines". In Sim, H. C.; Appanah, S.; Hooda, N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084729/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm">Proceedings of the workshop: Forests for Poverty Reduction: Changing Role for Research, Development and Training Institutions, 17–18 June 2003, Dehradun, India</a> (Conference proceeding). RAP Publication. Bangkok, Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7946-76-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-7946-76-5"><bdi>978-974-7946-76-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm">the original</a> on October 18, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+workshop%3A+Forests+for+Poverty+Reduction%3A+Changing+Role+for+Research%2C+Development+and+Training+Institutions%2C+17%E2%80%9318+June+2003%2C+Dehradun%2C+India&rft.place=Bangkok%2C+Thailand&rft.series=RAP+Publication&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations%2C+Regional+Office+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-974-7946-76-5&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Eleno+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F008%2Faf349e%2Faf349e0n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140810/https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf">National Greening Program (PAO-2019-01); Reforestation Remains an Urgent Concern but Fast-Tracking its Process Without Adequate Preparation and Support by and Among Stakeholders Led to Waste of Resources</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a>. December 2019. p. 26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 2, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Greening+Program+%28PAO-2019-01%29%3B+Reforestation+Remains+an+Urgent+Concern+but+Fast-Tracking+its+Process+Without+Adequate+Preparation+and+Support+by+and+Among+Stakeholders+Led+to+Waste+of+Resources&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Commission+on+Audit&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intosai.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fdownloads%2Ffocus_areas%2FSDG_atlas_reports%2FPhilippines%2FPhilippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205015021/https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines">"Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Critical_Ecosystem_Partnership_Fund" title="Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund">Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines">the original</a> on February 5, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.pub=Critical+Ecosystem+Partnership+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepf.net%2Four-work%2Fbiodiversity-hotspots%2Fphilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201105841/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management">"Establishment and Management of National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) (as of October 31, 2011)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management">the original</a> on December 1, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Establishment+and+Management+of+National+Integrated+Protected+Areas+System+%28NIPAS%29+%28as+of+October+31%2C+2011%29&rft.pub=Protected+Areas+and+Wildlife+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pawb.gov.ph%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D120%3Aestablishing-and-managing-protected-areas%26catid%3D58%3Aprotected-area-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230222202956/https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas">"List of Protected Areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Biodiversity Management Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas">the original</a> on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Protected+Areas&rft.pub=Biodiversity+Management+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmb.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2Flist-of-protected-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154057/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/">"Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/">the original</a> on February 10, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tubbataha+Reefs+Natural+Park&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F653%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119122807/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652">"Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652">the original</a> on November 19, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto-Princesa+Subterranean+River+National+Park&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223081604/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph">"Philippines – UNESCO World Heritage Convention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph">the original</a> on February 23, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Convention&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LocGov-Philippines_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LocGov-Philippines_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LocGov-Philippines_277-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050717172656/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf">"Country Profile: Philippines"</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 17, 2005. Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FPhilippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carating-2014-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carating-2014_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carating-2014_278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaratingGalantaBacatio2014" class="citation book cs1">Carating, Rodelio B.; Galanta, Raymundo G.; Bacatio, Clarita D. (April 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ">The Soils of the Philippines</a>. World Soils Book Series. Dordrecht, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-8682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-8682-9"><bdi>978-94-017-8682-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320145709/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soils+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=World+Soils+Book+Series&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.isbn=978-94-017-8682-9&rft.aulast=Carating&rft.aufirst=Rodelio+B.&rft.au=Galanta%2C+Raymundo+G.&rft.au=Bacatio%2C+Clarita+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsY7EBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAGASA-Climate-279"><a href="#cite_ref-PAGASA-Climate_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418140425/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines">"Climate of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration">Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines">the original</a> on April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Philippine+Atmospheric%2C+Geophysical+and+Astronomical+Services+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph%2Finformation%2Fclimate-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChongSmithLizarondo1982" class="citation book cs1">Chong, Kee-Chai; Smith, Ian R. & Lizarondo, Maura S. (February 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm">"Chapter III: The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm">Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System</a>. Tokyo, Japan: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University_Press" title="United Nations University Press">United Nations University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-808-0346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-808-0346-4"><bdi>978-92-808-0346-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htm">the original</a> on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+The+transformation+sub-system%3A+cultivation+to+market+size+in+fishponds&rft.btitle=Economics+of+the+Philippine+Milkfish+Resource+System&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1982-02&rft.isbn=978-92-808-0346-4&rft.aulast=Chong&rft.aufirst=Kee-Chai&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ian+R.&rft.au=Lizarondo%2C+Maura+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2F80346e%2F80346E06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_(PAGASA)2009" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration">Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration</a> (PAGASA) (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001056/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf">Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/ESCAP/WMO_Typhoon_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee">ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee</a>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Member+Report+to+the+ESCAP%2FWMO+Typhoon+Committee%2C+41st+Session&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=ESCAP%2FWMO+Typhoon+Committee&rft.date=2009-01&rft.au=Philippine+Atmospheric%2C+Geophysical+and+Astronomical+Services+Administration+%28PAGASA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typhooncommittee.org%2F41st%2Fdocs%2FTC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421190314/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en">"Digital Typhoon: Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts (Active Typhoon Maps)"</a>. KITAMOTO Asanobu / <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Informatics" title="National Institute of Informatics">National Institute of Informatics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en">the original</a> on April 21, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Typhoon%3A+Monthly+Typhoon+Tracking+Charts+%28Active+Typhoon+Maps%29&rft.pub=KITAMOTO+Asanobu+%2F+National+Institute+of+Informatics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagora.ex.nii.ac.jp%2Fdigital-typhoon%2Freference%2Fmonthly%2Findex.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802160749/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf">Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)</a> (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. 2009. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11045-9"><bdi>978-92-63-11045-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+on+Estimation+of+Probable+Maximum+Precipitation+%28PMP%29&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-92-63-11045-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2Fpages%2Fprog%2Fhwrp%2Fpublications%2FPMP%2FWMO%25201045%2520en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØverlandVakulchuk2017" class="citation report cs1">Øverland, Indra; Vakulchuk, Roman; et al. (2017). Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier (Report). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2465067">11250/2465067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Climate+Change+on+ASEAN+International+Affairs%3A+Risk+and+Opportunity+Multiplier&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2465067&rft.aulast=%C3%98verland&rft.aufirst=Indra&rft.au=Vakulchuk%2C+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapucuLiou2014" class="citation book cs1">Kapucu, Naim; Liou, Kuotsai Tom, eds. (April 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ">Disaster and Development: Examining Global Issues and Cases</a>. Environmental Hazards. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04468-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04468-2"><bdi>978-3-319-04468-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306104213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+and+Development%3A+Examining+Global+Issues+and+Cases&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Environmental+Hazards&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04468-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFW6BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_286-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose-Ackerman_286-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose-AckermanDesiertoVolosin2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rose-Ackerman" title="Susan Rose-Ackerman">Rose-Ackerman, Susan</a>; Desierto, Diane A.; Volosin, Natalia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072232/https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/3618/29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">"Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Berkeley Journal of International Law">Berkeley Journal of International Law</a>. 29. <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">UC Berkeley School of Law</a>: 246–333. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8092527577">8092527577</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/3618/29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">the original</a> (PDF) on January 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Hyper-Presidentialism%3A+Separation+of+Powers+without+Checks+and+Balances+in+Argentina+and+Philippines&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=246-333&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8092527577&rft.aulast=Rose-Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Desierto%2C+Diane+A.&rft.au=Volosin%2C+Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenyls.law.yale.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.13051%2F3618%2F29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banlaoi-2009_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banlaoi-2009_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banlaoi-2009_287-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banlaoi-2009_287-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banlaoi-2009_287-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanlaoi2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rommel_Banlaoi" title="Rommel Banlaoi">Banlaoi, Rommel</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ">Philippine Security in the Age of Terror: National, Regional, and Global Challenges in the Post-9/11 World</a>. Boca Raton, Fla.: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">31–32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1551-9"><bdi>978-1-4398-1551-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Security+in+the+Age+of+Terror%3A+National%2C+Regional%2C+and+Global+Challenges+in+the+Post-9%2F11+World&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-1551-9&rft.aulast=Banlaoi&rft.aufirst=Rommel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhi_NBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeehankeeThompson2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julio_C._Teehankee" title="Julio C. Teehankee">Teehankee, Julio C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Thompson" title="Mark R. Thompson">Thompson, Mark R.</a> (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/">"The Vote in the Philippines: Electing A Strongman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy">Journal of Democracy</a>. 27 (4). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 124–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2016.0068">10.1353/jod.2016.0068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117011258/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Vote+in+the+Philippines%3A+Electing+A+Strongman&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=124-134&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2016.0068&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft.aulast=Teehankee&rft.aufirst=Julio+C.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazo-2009-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazo-2009_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazo-2009_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazo2009" class="citation book cs1">Lazo, Ricardo S. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC">Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution</a> (2006 ed.). Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4546-3"><bdi>978-971-23-4546-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Governance+and+the+1987+Constitution&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4546-3&rft.aulast=Lazo&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMszAErMRKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323212046/https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf">Carter Center Limited Mission to the May 2010 Elections in the Philippines Final Report</a> (PDF) (Report). Atlanta, Ga.: <a href="/wiki/The_Carter_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carter Center">The Carter Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733049273">733049273</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Carter+Center+Limited+Mission+to+the+May+2010+Elections+in+the+Philippines+Final+Report&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Ga.&rft.pub=The+Carter+Center&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733049273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2Fnews%2Fpeace_publications%2Felection_reports%2Fphilippines-may%25202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangalangan2001" class="citation book cs1">Pangalangan, Raul C., ed. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305185845/https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf">The Philippine Judicial System</a> (PDF). Asian Law Series. Chiba, Japan: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Developing_Economies" title="Institute of Developing Economies">Institute of Developing Economies</a>. pp. 6, 39. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862953657">862953657</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Judicial+System&rft.place=Chiba%2C+Japan&rft.series=Asian+Law+Series&rft.pages=6%2C+39&rft.pub=Institute+of+Developing+Economies&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862953657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutphilippines.org%2Fdoc-pdf-ppt-etc%2F05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeGalliganInoguchi2009" class="citation book cs1">He, Baogang; Galligan, Brian; Inoguchi, Takashi, eds. (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC">Federalism in Asia</a>. Cheltenham, England: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC&pg=PA176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-702-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-702-9"><bdi>978-1-84720-702-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212201623/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+in+Asia&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+England&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84720-702-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXf9C2xbKsYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidAtun2015" class="citation journal cs1">David, Clarissa C.; Atun, Jenna Mae L. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043652/http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/download/4796/4328">"Celebrity Politics: Correlates of Voting for Celebrities in Philippine Presidential Elections"</a>. Social Science Diliman. 11 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 1–2, 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1655-1524">1655-1524</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8539228072">8539228072</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/download/4796/4328">the original</a> on September 25, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Diliman&rft.atitle=Celebrity+Politics%3A+Correlates+of+Voting+for+Celebrities+in+Philippine+Presidential+Elections&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-2%2C+16-17&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8539228072&rft.issn=1655-1524&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Clarissa+C.&rft.au=Atun%2C+Jenna+Mae+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.upd.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fsocialsciencediliman%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F4796%2F4328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidSan_Pascual2016" class="citation journal cs1">David, Clarissa C.; San Pascual, Ma. Rosel S. (December 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml">"Predicting vote choice for celebrity and political dynasty candidates in Philippine national elections"</a>. Philippine Political Science Journal. 37 (2). Philippine Political Science Association: 82–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01154451.2016.1198076">10.1080/01154451.2016.1198076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156251503">156251503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044320/https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Political+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Predicting+vote+choice+for+celebrity+and+political+dynasty+candidates+in+Philippine+national+elections&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82-93&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01154451.2016.1198076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156251503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Clarissa+C.&rft.au=San+Pascual%2C+Ma.+Rosel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fppsj%2F37%2F2%2Farticle-p82_1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickenKuhonta2015" class="citation book cs1">Hicken, Allen; Kuhonta, Erik Martinez, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ">Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04157-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04157-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+System+Institutionalization+in+Asia%3A+Democracies%2C+Autocracies%2C+and+the+Shadows+of+the+Past&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04157-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZmiBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2008" class="citation journal cs1">Robles, Alan C. (July–August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113453/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml">"Civil service reform: Whose service?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/D%2BC_Development_and_Cooperation" title="D+C Development and Cooperation">D+C Development and Cooperation</a>. 49: 285–289. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml">the original</a> on December 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%2BC+Development+and+Cooperation&rft.atitle=Civil+service+reform%3A+Whose+service%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=285-289&rft.date=2008-07%2F2008-08&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Alan+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inwent.org%2Fez%2Farticles%2F077943%2Findex.en.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812233543/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/">The Philippines Corruption Report</a>. GAN Integrity (Report). May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/">the original</a> on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Philippines+Corruption+Report&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ganintegrity.com%2Fportal%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fthe-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatalla2020" class="citation journal cs1">Batalla, Eric V. C. (June 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FPAP-11-2019-0036">"Grand corruption scandals in the Philippines"</a>. Public Administration and Policy. 23 (1). <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Publishing Limited</a>: 73–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FPAP-11-2019-0036">10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2517-679X">2517-679X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Grand+corruption+scandals+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-86&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FPAP-11-2019-0036&rft.issn=2517-679X&rft.aulast=Batalla&rft.aufirst=Eric+V.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%252FPAP-11-2019-0036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSriwarakuelDyHaryatmokoChuan2005" class="citation book cs1">Sriwarakuel, Warayuth; Dy, Manuel B.; Haryatmoko, J.; Chuan, Nguyen Trong; Yiheang, Chhay, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC">Cultural Traditions and Contemporary Challenges in Southeast Asia: Hindu and Buddhist</a>. Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIID, South East Asia. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC&pg=PA294">294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-213-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-213-4"><bdi>978-1-56518-213-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318171623/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Traditions+and+Contemporary+Challenges+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Hindu+and+Buddhist&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Cultural+Heritage+and+Contemporary+Change.+Series+IIID%2C+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-213-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnxpmvgAwcQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuah2011" class="citation book cs1">Quah, Jon S. T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC">Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream?</a>. Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management. Vol. 20. Bingley, West Yorkshire, England: <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Group Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC&pg=115">115–117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85724-820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85724-820-6"><bdi>978-0-85724-820-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074650/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curbing+Corruption+in+Asian+Countries%3A+An+Impossible+Dream%3F&rft.place=Bingley%2C+West+Yorkshire%2C+England&rft.series=Research+in+Public+Policy+Analysis+and+Management&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85724-820-6&rft.aulast=Quah&rft.aufirst=Jon+S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qV6un8vKNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrother2013" class="citation news cs1">Strother, Jason (March 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307075323/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0306/Power-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines">"Power of the Catholic Church slipping in Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0306/Power-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines">the original</a> on March 7, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Power+of+the+Catholic+Church+slipping+in+Philippines&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAsia-Pacific%2F2013%2F0306%2FPower-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatallaBaring2019" class="citation journal cs1">Batalla, Eric; Baring, Rito (March 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030197">"Church-State Separation and Challenging Issues Concerning Religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religions_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions (journal)">Religions</a>. 10 (3). <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a>. Chapter 3: The Secular State and Church-State Separation, Chapter 4: Changing Church-State Relations. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030197">10.3390/rel10030197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Church-State+Separation+and+Challenging+Issues+Concerning+Religion&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=Chapter+3%3A+The+Secular+State+and+Church-State+Separation%2C+Chapter+4%3A+Changing+Church-State+Relations&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10030197&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Batalla&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Baring%2C+Rito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10030197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030423092237/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/">"The Philippines and the UN Security Council"</a>. Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/">the original</a> on April 23, 2003. Retrieved February 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philippines+and+the+UN+Security+Council&rft.pub=Permanent+Mission+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+to+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fphilippines%2Fsecurity_council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorada2013" class="citation web cs1">Morada, Noel (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321073939/https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf">"Contributor Profile: The Philippines"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Institute" title="International Peace Institute">International Peace Institute</a>. pp. 1–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 21, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contributor+Profile%3A+The+Philippines&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=International+Peace+Institute&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Morada&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipinst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2Fipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831201046/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers">"In the know: Filipino peacekeepers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. August 30, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers">the original</a> on August 31, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=In+the+know%3A+Filipino+peacekeepers&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F110218%2Fin-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030109213038/http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm">"ASEAN Structure"</a>. 3rd ASEAN Informal Summit. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Press_Secretary_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Press Secretary (Philippines)">Office of the Press Secretary</a>. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm">the original</a> on January 9, 2003. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3rd+ASEAN+Informal+Summit&rft.atitle=ASEAN+Structure&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summit99.ops.gov.ph%2Fasean_structure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyuan2021" class="citation book cs1">Keyuan, Zou, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of the South China Sea</a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337">337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39613-3"><bdi>978-1-000-39613-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033455/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+South+China+Sea&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-39613-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWBCEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726165059/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas">"East Asia Summit (EAS)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas">the original</a> on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.atitle=East+Asia+Summit+%28EAS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Finternational-relations%2Fregional-architecture%2Feas%2FPages%2Feast-asia-summit-eas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229140058/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx">"International Economic Cooperation: Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four (on International Monetary Affairs and Development (G-24)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx">the original</a> on December 29, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Economic+Cooperation%3A+Intergovernmental+Group+of+Twenty-Four+%28on+International+Monetary+Affairs+and+Development+%28G-24%29&rft.pub=Bangko+Sentral+ng+Pilipinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsp.gov.ph%2FPages%2FAboutTheBank%2FWhoWeAre%2FMandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities%2FInternationalEconomicCooperation%2FInternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928052527/http://cns.miis.edu/nam/index.php/site/about">"About NAM"</a>. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Disarmament Database. <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_Center_for_Nonproliferation_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies">James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_Institute_of_International_Studies_at_Monterey" title="Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey">Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cns.miis.edu/nam/index.php/site/about">the original</a> on September 28, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Non-Aligned+Movement+%28NAM%29+Disarmament+Database&rft.atitle=About+NAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcns.miis.edu%2Fnam%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee-Brago2003" class="citation news cs1">Lee-Brago, Pia (May 30, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322181401/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/05/30/208100/rp-seeks-observer-status-oic">"RP seeks observer status in OIC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/05/30/208100/rp-seeks-observer-status-oic">the original</a> on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=RP+seeks+observer+status+in+OIC&rft.date=2003-05-30&rft.aulast=Lee-Brago&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2003%2F05%2F30%2F208100%2Frp-seeks-observer-status-oic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevilla2013" class="citation web cs1">Sevilla, Henelito A. Jr. (May 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161216/https://www.mei.edu/publications/philippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status">"The Philippines' Elusive Quest for Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Observer Status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/philippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status">the original</a> on November 21, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%27+Elusive+Quest+for+Organization+of+the+Islamic+Conference+%28OIC%29+Observer+Status&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft.aulast=Sevilla&rft.aufirst=Henelito+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fphilippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>, ed. (May 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC">"Philippines"</a>. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. I: A–G (Second ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA907">907</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-961-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731183806/https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=907&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-961-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqh5lffww-KsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiow2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liow, Joseph Chinyong (November 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ">"SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) 1955–77"</a>. Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia (Fourth ed.). Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62233-8"><bdi>978-1-317-62233-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319184926/https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SEATO+%28Southeast+Asia+Treaty+Organization%29+1955%E2%80%9377&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Modern+Politics+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=334&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62233-8&rft.aulast=Liow&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Chinyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5KLBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahoo2021" class="citation book cs1">Sahoo, Ajaya K., ed. (March 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development</a>. Routledge Handbooks. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255">255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-36686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-36686-0"><bdi>978-1-000-36686-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185509/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Asian+Diaspora+and+Development&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-000-36686-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xsfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207092932/http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf">Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Overseas_Employment_Administration" title="Philippine Overseas Employment Administration">Philippine Overseas Employment Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 7, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Stock+Estimate+of+Filipinos+Overseas+As+of+December+2013&rft.pub=Philippine+Overseas+Employment+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfo.gov.ph%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpdf%2FStockEstimate2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILOOrg-2019_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILOOrg-2019_317-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILOOrg-2019_317-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILOOrg-2019_317-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILOOrg-2019_317-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124055119/https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_742567.pdf">The Impact of Trade on Employment in the Philippines: Country Report</a> (PDF) (Report). Makati, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>. April 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-133021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-2-133021-9"><bdi>978-92-2-133021-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_742567.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 24, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Trade+on+Employment+in+the+Philippines%3A+Country+Report&rft.place=Makati%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft.date=2019-04&rft.isbn=978-92-2-133021-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---ed_emp%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_742567.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenzon2022" class="citation news cs1">Venzon, Cliff (January 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117055231/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Retail/Philippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law">"Philippines eases Asia's toughest FDI rules with new retail entry law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Retail/Philippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law">the original</a> on January 17, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Philippines+eases+Asia%27s+toughest+FDI+rules+with+new+retail+entry+law&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Venzon&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FRetail%2FPhilippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717043955/https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines">"Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines">the original</a> on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.pub=Asia+Pacific+Economic+Cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apec.org%2Fgroups%2Fcommittee-on-trade-and-investment%2Fmarket-access-group%2Fntm%2Fphilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 2: Background and Objectives". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824114701/https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade/Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf">Impact of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) on Intra-ASEAN Trade</a> (PDF). Jakarta, Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Institute_for_ASEAN_and_East_Asia" title="Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia">Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia</a>. August 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-5460-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-5460-19-7"><bdi>978-602-5460-19-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade/Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 24, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Background+and+Objectives&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+ASEAN+Trade+in+Goods+Agreement+%28ATIGA%29+on+Intra-ASEAN+Trade&rft.place=Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=Economic+Research+Institute+for+ASEAN+and+East+Asia&rft.date=2021-08&rft.isbn=978-602-5460-19-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eria.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FBooks%2F2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade%2FImpact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2023" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Alyssa Nicole O. (February 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223061750/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/02/22/506166/senate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification/">"Senate concurs with Philippines' RCEP ratification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/02/22/506166/senate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification/">the original</a> on February 23, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=Senate+concurs+with+Philippines%27+RCEP+ratification&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Alyssa+Nicole+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Ftop-stories%2F2023%2F02%2F22%2F506166%2Fsenate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322221610/https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses/">"Philippines Ratifies RCEP Agreement: Opportunities for Businesses"</a>. ASEAN Briefing. Dezan Shira & Associates. March 22, 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses/">the original</a> on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Briefing&rft.atitle=Philippines+Ratifies+RCEP+Agreement%3A+Opportunities+for+Businesses&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseanbriefing.com%2Fnews%2Fphilippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangaluz2023" class="citation news cs1">Mangaluz, Jean (September 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907140509/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1828353/ph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor">"PH signs free trade agreement with South Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1828353/ph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor">the original</a> on September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PH+signs+free+trade+agreement+with+South+Korea&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft.aulast=Mangaluz&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1828353%2Fph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194536/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm">"U.S. Relations With the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a>. December 15, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm">the original</a> on January 22, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Relations+With+the+Philippines&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State.+Bureau+of+East+Asian+and+Pacific+Affairs&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2794.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ">Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950</a>. Vol. VI: East Asia and the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1516">1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7165200">7165200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504064117/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+1950&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1516&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7165200&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeUtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin, Patrick M. (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410212247/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-2.pdf">"Rethinking Asian Alliances"</a> (PDF). Joint Force Quarterly: JFQ (2). Institute for National Strategic Studies, <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a>: 121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joint+Force+Quarterly%3A+JFQ&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Asian+Alliances&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1993-09&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndupress.ndu.edu%2Fportals%2F68%2FDocuments%2Fjfq%2Fjfq-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdvincula-Lopez2022" class="citation journal cs1">Advincula-Lopez, Leslie V. (June 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430123136/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/586.1030-al-pdf.pdf">"Challenges and Gains in Military Relations between the Philippines and the United States"</a> (PDF). Asia Pacific Bulletin (586). <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/586.1030-al-pdf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+Gains+in+Military+Relations+between+the+Philippines+and+the+United+States&rft.issue=586&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft.aulast=Advincula-Lopez&rft.aufirst=Leslie+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestcenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fprivate%2F586.1030-al-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jagel, Matthew (July 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043832/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf">""Showing Its Flag": The United States, The Philippines, and the Vietnam War"</a> (PDF). Past Tense: Graduate Review of History. 1 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>: 18, 28–38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 31, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+Tense%3A+Graduate+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=%22Showing+Its+Flag%22%3A+The+United+States%2C+The+Philippines%2C+and+the+Vietnam+War&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18%2C+28-38&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.aulast=Jagel&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F91307%2F1%2Fshowing%2520its%2520flag_19836-Article%2520Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2015" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Vivienne (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOQqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">The Cold War in Asia 1945–93</a>. Access to History (Second ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodder Education">Hodder Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-3880-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-3880-4"><bdi>978-1-4718-3880-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+in+Asia+1945%E2%80%9393&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Access+to+History&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4718-3880-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Vivienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOQqCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaramone2003" class="citation news cs1">Garamone, Jim (May 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809092207/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968">"Philippines to Become Major non-NATO Ally, Bush Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Press_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="American Forces Press Service">American Forces Press Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968">the original</a> on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Forces+Press+Service&rft.atitle=Philippines+to+Become+Major+non-NATO+Ally%2C+Bush+Says&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.aulast=Garamone&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D28968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeCastro-2022-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeCastro-2022_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCastro-2022_331-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castro2022" class="citation journal cs1">De Castro, Renato Cruz (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F18681034221081143">"Caught Between Appeasement and Limited Hard Balancing: The Philippines' Changing Relations With the Eagle and the Dragon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Current_Southeast_Asian_Affairs" title="Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs">Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs</a>. 41 (2): 262–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F18681034221081143">10.1177/18681034221081143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-1034">1868-1034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Current+Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Caught+Between+Appeasement+and+Limited+Hard+Balancing%3A+The+Philippines%27+Changing+Relations+With+the+Eagle+and+the+Dragon&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-272&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F18681034221081143&rft.issn=1868-1034&rft.aulast=De+Castro&rft.aufirst=Renato+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F18681034221081143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2021" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Felix K. (July 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430125452/https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1805035/hot-and-cold/2537128/">"Hot and Cold: The Philippines' Relations with China (and the United States)"</a>. Policy Commons. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/07/hot-and-cold-the-philippines-relations-with-china-and-the-united-states/">the original</a> on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Commons&rft.atitle=Hot+and+Cold%3A+The+Philippines%27+Relations+with+China+%28and+the+United+States%29&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Felix+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2021%2F07%2Fhot-and-cold-the-philippines-relations-with-china-and-the-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydarian2019" class="citation web cs1">Heydarian, Richard Javad (October 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019023259/https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-pivot-to-russia/">"Duterte's Pivot to Russia"</a>. Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-pivot-to-russia/">the original</a> on October 19, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Maritime+Transparency+Initiative&rft.atitle=Duterte%27s+Pivot+to+Russia&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Heydarian&rft.aufirst=Richard+Javad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famti.csis.org%2Fdutertes-pivot-to-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmaelBaroñaMendoza2023" class="citation news cs1">Ismael, Javier Joe; Baroña, Franco Jose C.; Mendoza, Red (October 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012654/https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/01/news/national/us-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph/1912561">"US to 'invoke' defense pact in attack on PH"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/01/news/national/us-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph/1912561">the original</a> on October 1, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=US+to+%27invoke%27+defense+pact+in+attack+on+PH&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Javier+Joe&rft.au=Baro%C3%B1a%2C+Franco+Jose+C.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+Red&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2023%2F10%2F01%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fus-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph%2F1912561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriyasu2021" class="citation news cs1">Moriyasu, Ken (January 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202512/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea">"US vows to defend Philippines, including in South China Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea">the original</a> on January 28, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=US+vows+to+defend+Philippines%2C+including+in+South+China+Sea&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.aulast=Moriyasu&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FInternational-relations%2FSouth-China-Sea%2FUS-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanlaoi2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rommel_Banlaoi" title="Rommel Banlaoi">Banlaoi, Rommel C.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmV5quo0UMC">Security Aspects of Philippines-China Relations: Bilateral Issues and Concerns in the Age of Global Terrorism</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmV5quo0UMC&pg=PA53">53–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4929-4"><bdi>978-971-23-4929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Aspects+of+Philippines-China+Relations%3A+Bilateral+Issues+and+Concerns+in+the+Age+of+Global+Terrorism&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4929-4&rft.aulast=Banlaoi&rft.aufirst=Rommel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPgmV5quo0UMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacho2023" class="citation news cs1">Cacho, Katlene O. (October 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102194950/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/china-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu">"China leads PH export, import market; envoy vows to deepen ties with Cebu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SunStar" title="SunStar">SunStar</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/china-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu">the original</a> on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar&rft.atitle=China+leads+PH+export%2C+import+market%3B+envoy+vows+to+deepen+ties+with+Cebu&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft.aulast=Cacho&rft.aufirst=Katlene+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Fcebu%2Fbusiness%2Fchina-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2013" class="citation book cs1">Storey, Ian (August 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59snyW0HIC">Southeast Asia and the Rise of China: The Search for Security</a>. Routledge Security in Asia Series. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59snyW0HIC&pg=PA251">251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-72297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-72297-4"><bdi>978-1-136-72297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Rise+of+China%3A+The+Search+for+Security&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Security+in+Asia+Series&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-136-72297-4&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWO59snyW0HIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrutas2016" class="citation news cs1">Brutas, Ma Karen (November 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119112216/https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091">"Top development aid donors to the Philippines 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Devex" title="Devex">Devex</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091">the original</a> on November 19, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Devex&rft.atitle=Top+development+aid+donors+to+the+Philippines+2015&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Brutas&rft.aufirst=Ma+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.devex.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigitLoSetiawan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sigit; Lo, Shyntia; Setiawan, Theofilus Jose (June 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207191123/https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/251724/172850">"Japanese Official Development Assistance as International Bribery for the Comfort Woman Issue in the Philippines"</a>. Thai Journal of East Asian Studies. 26 (1). Institute of East Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat University</a>: 89–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/251724/172850">the original</a> on December 7, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai+Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Japanese+Official+Development+Assistance+as+International+Bribery+for+the+Comfort+Woman+Issue+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-95&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.au=Sigit&rft.au=Lo%2C+Shyntia&rft.au=Setiawan%2C+Theofilus+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso02.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Feasttu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F251724%2F172850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2014" class="citation news cs1">Santos, Matikas (September 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917001506/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2">"PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2">the original</a> on September 17, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PH-Spain+bilateral+relations+in+a+nutshell&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Matikas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F111122%2Fph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116165209/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/17/madrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary/">"Madrid Embassy commemorates PHL-Spain relations' anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a>. November 17, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/17/madrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary/">the original</a> on November 16, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Madrid+Embassy+commemorates+PHL-Spain+relations%27+anniversary&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2022%2F11%2F17%2Fmadrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlingerSharma2020" class="citation news cs1">Berlinger, Joshua; Sharma, Akanksha (January 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107090831/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html">"The Philippines is particularly vulnerable to any Middle Eastern conflict. Here's why"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+is+particularly+vulnerable+to+any+Middle+Eastern+conflict.+Here%27s+why&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Berlinger&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Akanksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F01%2F07%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevilla2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sevilla, Henelito A. Jr. (June 2011). "Middle East Security Issues and Implications for the Philippines". Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 24 (1/2): 49–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-6402">0970-6402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41950511">41950511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Middle+East+Security+Issues+and+Implications+for+the+Philippines&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=49-61&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41950511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0970-6402&rft.aulast=Sevilla&rft.aufirst=Henelito+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabarJesperson2024" class="citation report cs1">Jabar, Melvin; Jesperson, Sasha (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213250/https://odi.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Analysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf">Analysis of labour migrants' vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons and labour exploitation in the Philippines</a> (PDF) (Report). Trafficking in persons and labour exploitation: A political economy analysis. London, England: <a href="/wiki/ODI_(think_tank)" title="ODI (think tank)">ODI</a>. pp. 37–38, 46, 51. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odi.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Analysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 30, 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+labour+migrants%27+vulnerabilities+to+trafficking+in+persons+and+labour+exploitation+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Trafficking+in+persons+and+labour+exploitation%3A+A+political+economy+analysis&rft.pages=37-38%2C+46%2C+51&rft.pub=ODI&rft.date=2024-03&rft.aulast=Jabar&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft.au=Jesperson%2C+Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodi.cdn.ngo%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FAnalysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrazona2018" class="citation news cs1">Tarrazona, Noel T. (October 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002122006/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination">"For skilled Filipinos, Middle East remains a career destination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination">the original</a> on October 2, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=For+skilled+Filipinos%2C+Middle+East+remains+a+career+destination&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Tarrazona&rft.aufirst=Noel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Ffeatures%2F2018%2F10%2F17%2FFor-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner1999" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Joyner" title="Christopher C. Joyner">Joyner, Christopher C.</a> (1999). "The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China Sea: Problems, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation". In Singh, Ranjeet K. (ed.). Investigating Confidence-Building Measures in the Asia-Pacific Region (Report). <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Center" title="Stimson Center">Stimson Center</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10935.8">resrep10935.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Investigating+Confidence-Building+Measures+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Stimson+Center&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep10935.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitlo2020" class="citation news cs1">Pitlo, Lucio Blanco III (May 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527030224/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship">"Philippines bolsters posture in South China Sea after navy ship docks at new Spratly Islands port"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship">the original</a> on May 27, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Philippines+bolsters+posture+in+South+China+Sea+after+navy+ship+docks+at+new+Spratly+Islands+port&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.aulast=Pitlo&rft.aufirst=Lucio+Blanco+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F3086253%2Fphilippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castro2020" class="citation journal cs1">De Castro, Renato Cruz (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1868103420935562">"The Limits of Intergovernmentalism: The Philippines' Changing Strategy in the South China Sea Dispute and Its Impact on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Current_Southeast_Asian_Affairs" title="Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs">Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs</a>. 39 (3). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 338–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1868103420935562">10.1177/1868103420935562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Current+Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Intergovernmentalism%3A+The+Philippines%27+Changing+Strategy+in+the+South+China+Sea+Dispute+and+Its+Impact+on+the+Association+of+Southeast+Asian+Nations+%28ASEAN%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-346&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1868103420935562&rft.aulast=De+Castro&rft.aufirst=Renato+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1868103420935562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713171115/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html">"PH wins maritime arbitration case vs. China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. July 12, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=PH+wins+maritime+arbitration+case+vs.+China&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F12%2FPH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsHolmesBowcott2016" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom; Holmes, Oliver; Bowcott, Owen (July 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712120247/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china">"Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china">the original</a> on July 12, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beijing+rejects+tribunal%27s+ruling+in+South+China+Sea+case&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Bowcott%2C+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F12%2Fphilippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpio2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Carpio" title="Antonio Carpio">Carpio, Antonio T.</a> (July 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724111626/https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline">"Scarborough Shoal – a redline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline">the original</a> on July 24, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Scarborough+Shoal+%E2%80%93+a+redline&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Carpio&rft.aufirst=Antonio+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F132035%2Fscarborough-shoal-a-redline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCao2024" class="citation news cs1">Cao, Ella (November 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-opposes-new-philippine-maritime-law-vows-protect-south-china-sea-2024-11-10/">"China opposes new Philippine maritime law, vows to protect South China Sea 'sovereignty'"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved November 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+opposes+new+Philippine+maritime+law%2C+vows+to+protect+South+China+Sea+%27sovereignty%27&rft.date=2024-11-10&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fchina-opposes-new-philippine-maritime-law-vows-protect-south-china-sea-2024-11-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307023417/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html">"AFP Organization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2005. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFP+Organization&rft.pub=Armed+Forces+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afp.mil.ph%2Forg3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey-Maslen2014" class="citation book cs1">Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ">The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103764-1"><bdi>978-0-19-103764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Report%3A+Armed+Conflict+in+2013&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103764-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjvKBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Act_No._69751990" class="citation cs2">Republic Act No. 6975 (December 13, 1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829090530/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/">Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990</a>, Metro Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/">the original</a> on August 29, 2017, retrieved February 3, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+of+the+Interior+and+Local+Government+Act+of+1990&rft.place=Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1990-12-13&rft.au=Republic+Act+No.+6975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1990%2F12%2F13%2Frepublic-act-no-6975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaclig2022" class="citation news cs1">Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (January 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053550/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2">"PH 51st on list of world's most powerful militaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2">the original</a> on January 20, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PH+51st+on+list+of+world%27s+most+powerful+militaries&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Baclig&rft.aufirst=Cristina+Eloisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1542851%2Fph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuild2024" class="citation news cs1">Guild, James (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144924/https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/the-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained/">"The Philippines' $35 Billion Military Modernization Plan, Explained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/the-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained/">the original</a> on May 17, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Philippines%27+%2435+Billion+Military+Modernization+Plan%2C+Explained&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Guild&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2024%2F05%2Fthe-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820024146/https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2024/08/20/614989/how-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/">"How does the Philippines compare in the region in terms of military expenditure as share of GDP?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. August 20, 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2024/08/20/614989/how-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/">the original</a> on August 20, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=How+does+the+Philippines+compare+in+the+region+in+terms+of+military+expenditure+as+share+of+GDP%3F&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Finfographics%2F2024%2F08%2F20%2F614989%2Fhow-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillChan2013" class="citation book cs1">Till, Geoffrey; Chan, Jane, eds. (August 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ">Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences</a>. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History. Oxfordshire, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95394-2"><bdi>978-1-135-95394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Modernisation+in+South-East+Asia%3A+Nature%2C+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.place=Oxfordshire%2C+England&rft.series=Cass+Series%3A+Naval+Policy+and+History&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95394-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_bNtAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuZou2013" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Shicun; Zou, Keyuan, eds. (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ">Securing the Safety of Navigation in East Asia: Legal and Political Dimensions</a>. Chandos Asian Studies Series. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78242-160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78242-160-3"><bdi>978-1-78242-160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+Safety+of+Navigation+in+East+Asia%3A+Legal+and+Political+Dimensions&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Chandos+Asian+Studies+Series&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-78242-160-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqM5ZAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421114944/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act">"Aquino signs revised AFP Modernization Act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. December 11, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act">the original</a> on April 21, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Aquino+signs+revised+AFP+Modernization+Act&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fpilipino-star-ngayon%2Fheadlines%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2F884844%2Faquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Arnold" title="Guy Arnold">Arnold, Guy</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ">Wars in the Third World Since 1945</a>. History and Politics in the 20th Century: Conflict: Bloomsbury Academic Collections. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA497">497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-9101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-9101-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-9101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+in+the+Third+World+Since+1945&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=History+and+Politics+in+the+20th+Century%3A+Conflict%3A+Bloomsbury+Academic+Collections&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-9101-9&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3TqDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croissant-2017-364">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant-2017_364-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant-2017_364-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissantLorenz2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aurel_S._Croissant" title="Aurel S. Croissant">Croissant, Aurel</a>; Lorenz, Philip (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ">Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes</a>. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-68182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-68182-5"><bdi>978-3-319-68182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+An+Introduction+to+Governments+and+Political+Regimes&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-68182-5&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77xEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315083451/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes">"GTD Search Results; Philippines"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes">the original</a> on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+Search+Results%3B+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FResults.aspx%3Fpage%3D1%26casualties_type%3D%26casualties_max%3D%26country%3D160%26charttype%3Dline%26chart%3Dovertime%26ob%3DGTDID%26od%3Ddesc%26expanded%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101073611/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front">"MMP: Moro National Liberation Front"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for International Security and Cooperation">Center for International Security and Cooperation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front#text_block_20212">the original</a> on November 1, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+International+Security+and+Cooperation&rft.atitle=MMP%3A+Moro+National+Liberation+Front&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcisac.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fmappingmilitants%2Fprofiles%2Fmoro-national-liberation-front%23text_block_20212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsguerraBurgonio2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Esguerra" title="Christian Esguerra">Esguerra, Christian V.</a>; Burgonio, TJ (March 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328040452/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising">"Philippines, MILF sign peace agreement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising">the original</a> on March 28, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Philippines%2C+MILF+sign+peace+agreement&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Esguerra&rft.aufirst=Christian+V.&rft.au=Burgonio%2C+TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F589706%2Fbangsamoro-rising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTCSentinel-BIFF-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTCSentinel-BIFF_368-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTCSentinel-BIFF_368-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalk2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chalk, Peter (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619003423/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf">"The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters: The Newest Obstacles to Peace in the Southern Philippines?"</a> (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 6 (11–12). <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center at West Point</a>: 15–17. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872740536">872740536</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 19, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Defense_Technical_Information_Center" title="Defense Technical Information Center">Defense Technical Information Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=The+Bangsamoro+Islamic+Freedom+Fighters%3A+The+Newest+Obstacles+to+Peace+in+the+Southern+Philippines%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872740536&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA590315.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (September 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xONDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT539">Armed Conflict Survey 2021</a>. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-54558-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-54558-6"><bdi>978-1-000-54558-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Conflict+Survey+2021&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-000-54558-6&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxONDEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiment2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ciment, James, ed. (March 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ">"Philippines: War on Islamic Militants Since 1990"</a>. Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II. Vol. One–Four (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA662">662</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47186-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines%3A+War+on+Islamic+Militants+Since+1990&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=662&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47186-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpGXBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavo-CampoJudd2005" class="citation book cs1">Schiavo-Campo, Salvatore; Judd, Mary (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007105619/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf">The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend</a> (PDF). Working Papers Series. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992235323">992235323</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mindanao+Conflict+in+the+Philippines%3A+Roots%2C+Costs%2C+and+Potential+Peace+Dividend&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Working+Papers+Series&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992235323&rft.aulast=Schiavo-Campo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft.au=Judd%2C+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTCPR%2F214578-1111996036679%2F20482477%2FWP24_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> [ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepomuceno2020" class="citation news cs1">Nepomuceno, Priam (October 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144543/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108">"PH Army keen to end terror threat with arrest of 3 terrorists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency" title="Philippine News Agency">Philippine News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108">the original</a> on October 30, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=PH+Army+keen+to+end+terror+threat+with+arrest+of+3+terrorists&rft.date=2020-10-10&rft.aulast=Nepomuceno&rft.aufirst=Priam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1118108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023-373"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023_373-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (June 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4659">CIA World Factbook 2022–2023</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-7119-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-7119-2"><bdi>978-1-5107-7119-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+2022%E2%80%932023&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-7119-2&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOFIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT4659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Jonathan R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWF-twYVE7sC">Terrorism and Homeland Security</a> (Seventh ed.). Belmont, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Cengage Learning">Wadsworth Cengage Learning</a>. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91336-8"><bdi>978-0-495-91336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Homeland+Security&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=363&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91336-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLWF-twYVE7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibert2019" class="citation book cs1">Gibert, Stephen P. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMzKDwAAQBAJ">Security In Northeast Asia: Approaching The Pacific Century</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. The Nature of the Internal Crisis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-31112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-31112-9"><bdi>978-1-000-31112-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+In+Northeast+Asia%3A+Approaching+The+Pacific+Century&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=The+Nature+of+the+Internal+Crisis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-31112-9&rft.aulast=Gibert&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMzKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611125528/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">Global Peace Index 2024: Measuring Peace in a Complex World</a> (PDF) (Report). Sydney, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_%26_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Economics & Peace">Institute for Economics & Peace</a>. June 2024. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-87920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-87920-8"><bdi>978-0-646-87920-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 11, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Peace+Index+2024%3A+Measuring+Peace+in+a+Complex+World&rft.place=Sydney%2C+Australia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economics+%26+Peace&rft.date=2024-06&rft.isbn=978-0-646-87920-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151057/http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf">"Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Summary%3A+Number+of+Provinces%2C+Cities%2C+Municipalities+and+Barangays%2C+by+Region+as+of+September+30%2C+2016&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnap.psa.gov.ph%2Factivestats%2Fpsgc%2FSUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusalem2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tusalem, Rollin F (April 9, 2019). "Imperial Manila: How institutions and political geography disadvantage Philippine provinces". Asian Journal of Comparative Politics. 5 (3). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications Ltd</a>: 8–9, 11–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2057891119841441">10.1177/2057891119841441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159099808">159099808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Imperial+Manila%3A+How+institutions+and+political+geography+disadvantage+Philippine+provinces&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8-9%2C+11-12&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2057891119841441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159099808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tusalem&rft.aufirst=Rollin+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA-2020-Census-Highlights-379"><a href="#cite_ref-PSA-2020-Census-Highlights_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2021" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (July 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726073127/https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph">Highlights of the Population Density of the Philippines 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH)</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph">the original</a> on July 26, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Population+Density+of+the+Philippines+2020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+%282020+CPH%29&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fhighlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Villiers2015" class="citation journal cs1">de Villiers, Bertus (2015). "Special regional autonomy in a unitary system – preliminary observations on the case of the Bangsomoro homeland in the Philippines". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 48 (2). <a href="/wiki/Nomos_Publishing_House" title="Nomos Publishing House">Nomos-Verlagsgesellschaft</a>: 205–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0506-7286-2015-2-205">10.5771/0506-7286-2015-2-205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0506-7286">0506-7286</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26160114">26160114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verfassung+und+Recht+in+%C3%9Cbersee+%2F+Law+and+Politics+in+Africa%2C+Asia+and+Latin+America&rft.atitle=Special+regional+autonomy+in+a+unitary+system+%E2%80%93+preliminary+observations+on+the+case+of+the+Bangsomoro+homeland+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-226&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0506-7286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26160114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F0506-7286-2015-2-205&rft.aulast=de+Villiers&rft.aufirst=Bertus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuendia1989" class="citation journal cs1">Buendia, Rizal G. (April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917050906/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/1989/Num%202/06_The%20Prospects%20of%20Federalism%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf">"The Prospects of Federalism in the Philippines: A Challenge to Political Decentralization of the Unitary State"</a> (PDF). Philippine Journal of Public Administration. 33 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 121–122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/1989/Num%202/06_The%20Prospects%20of%20Federalism%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 17, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=The+Prospects+of+Federalism+in+the+Philippines%3A+A+Challenge+to+Political+Decentralization+of+the+Unitary+State&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-122&rft.date=1989-04&rft.aulast=Buendia&rft.aufirst=Rizal+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pssc.org.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fpssc-archives%2FPhilippine%2520Journal%2520of%2520Public%2520Administration%2F1989%2FNum%25202%2F06_The%2520Prospects%2520of%2520Federalism%2520in%2520the%2520Philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigno2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tigno, Jorge V. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032627/https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf">"Beg Your Pardon? The Philippines is Already Federalized in All but Name"</a> (PDF). Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives. 16 and 17. <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies</a>: 1–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 16, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Public+Policy%3A+Interdisciplinary+Development+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Beg+Your+Pardon%3F+The+Philippines+is+Already+Federalized+in+All+but+Name&rft.volume=16+and+17&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tigno&rft.aufirst=Jorge+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcids.up.edu.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtienzaArugayDeeEncinas-Franco2020" class="citation report cs1">Atienza, Maria Ela L.; Arugay, Aries A.; Dee, Francis Joseph A.; Encinas-Franco, Jean; Go, Jan Robert R.; Panao, Rogelio Alicor L.; Jimenez, Alinia Jesam D. (2020). Atienza, Maria Ela L.; Cats-Baril, Amanda (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328053237/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf">Constitutional Performance Assessment of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Summary of Findings</a> (PDF) (Report). Stockholm, Sweden and Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance" title="International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance">International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31752%2Fidea.2020.2">10.31752/idea.2020.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7671-299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7671-299-3"><bdi>978-91-7671-299-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 28, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Performance+Assessment+of+the+1987+Philippine+Constitution%3A+Summary+of+Findings&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden+and+Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance%3B+University+of+the+Philippines+Center+for+Integrative+and+Development+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31752%2Fidea.2020.2&rft.isbn=978-91-7671-299-3&rft.aulast=Atienza&rft.aufirst=Maria+Ela+L.&rft.au=Arugay%2C+Aries+A.&rft.au=Dee%2C+Francis+Joseph+A.&rft.au=Encinas-Franco%2C+Jean&rft.au=Go%2C+Jan+Robert+R.&rft.au=Panao%2C+Rogelio+Alicor+L.&rft.au=Jimenez%2C+Alinia+Jesam+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fconstitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FederalRegister-Vol78-384">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FederalRegister-Vol78_384-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FederalRegister-Vol78_384-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC">"Commercial Setting: The Philippines"</a>. Federal Register. 78 (51). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Federal_Register" title="Office of the Federal Register">Office of the Federal Register</a>, National Archives and Records Service, <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC&pg=PA16468">16468</a>. March 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Commercial+Setting%3A+The+Philippines&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=16468&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIG4iINKSOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu_ChangThorson2010" class="citation book cs1">Yu Chang, Albert Vincent Y.; Thorson, Andrew, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC">A Legal Guide to Doing Business in the Asia-Pacific</a>. Chicago, Ill.: <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC&pg=PA288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60442-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60442-843-8"><bdi>978-1-60442-843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legal+Guide+to+Doing+Business+in+the+Asia-Pacific&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60442-843-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9Ii3nTZ37AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130010406/https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts">"GDP Expands by 7.2 Percent in the Fourth Quarter of 2022, and by 7.6 Percent in Full-year 2022"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. January 26, 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts">the original</a> on January 30, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+Expands+by+7.2+Percent+in+the+Fourth+Quarter+of+2022%2C+and+by+7.6+Percent+in+Full-year+2022&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fnational-accounts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2023-387"><a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2023_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2023-was-estimated-31-percent">"Unemployment Rate in December 2023 was Estimated at 3.1 Percent"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207091631/https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2023-was-estimated-31-percent">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unemployment+Rate+in+December+2023+was+Estimated+at+3.1+Percent&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Funemployment-rate-december-2023-was-estimated-31-percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx">"Gross International Reserves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215120950/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+International+Reserves&rft.pub=Bangko+Sentral+ng+Pilipinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsp.gov.ph%2FStatistics%2Fsdds%2Ftable12_data.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez" class="citation news cs1">Gonzalez, Anna Leah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217973">"PH debt-to-GDP improves in 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency" title="Philippine News Agency">Philippine News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131074513/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217973">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=PH+debt-to-GDP+improves+in+2023&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Anna+Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1217973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Executive Order No. 66". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817095343/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91">Executive Orders and Proclamations Issued by the Governor-General [1903]</a>. Bureau of Public Prints. August 3, 1903. p. 89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91">the original</a> on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Executive+Order+No.+66&rft.btitle=Executive+Orders+and+Proclamations+Issued+by+the+Governor-General+%5B1903%5D&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Public+Prints&rft.date=1903-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2FACD6603.1903.001%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511031332/https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls">"List one: Currency, fund and precious metal codes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency</a>. August 29, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls">the original</a> (XLS) on May 11, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+one%3A+Currency%2C+fund+and+precious+metal+codes&rft.pub=ISO+4217+Maintenance+Agency&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currency-iso.org%2Fdam%2Fdownloads%2Flists%2Flist_one.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund._Monetary_and_Capital_Markets_Department1999" class="citation report cs1">International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department (September 17, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409193323/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781451942804/9781451942804.pdf">Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1999</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. p. 683. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4519-4280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4519-4280-4"><bdi>978-1-4519-4280-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781451942804/9781451942804.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 9, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+on+Exchange+Arrangements+and+Exchange+Restrictions+1999&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=683&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=1999-09-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4519-4280-4&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund.+Monetary+and+Capital+Markets+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.imf.org%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fbook%2F9781451942804%2F9781451942804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadon2022" class="citation news cs1">Gadon, Bernadette Therese M. (April 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421200131/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/22/443881/2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years/">"2021 trade deficit widest in 3 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/22/443881/2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years/">the original</a> on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=2021+trade+deficit+widest+in+3+years&rft.date=2022-04-21&rft.aulast=Gadon&rft.aufirst=Bernadette+Therese+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Ftop-stories%2F2022%2F04%2F22%2F443881%2F2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311060132/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/net-international-investment-position">"Philippines Net International Investment Position"</a>. CEIC. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/net-international-investment-position">the original</a> on March 11, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Philippines+Net+International+Investment+Position&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fphilippines%2Fnet-international-investment-position&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECWorld-PH_395-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECWorld-PH_395-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECWorld-PH_395-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECWorld-PH_395-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205044653/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl">"Philippines (PHL) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatory of Economic Complexity">Observatory of Economic Complexity</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl">the original</a> on December 5, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+%28PHL%29+Exports%2C+Imports%2C+and+Trade+Partners&rft.pub=Observatory+of+Economic+Complexity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fphl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerapioCalonzo2023" class="citation news cs1">Serapio, Manolo Jr.; Calonzo, Andreo (January 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230131145135/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-30/philippines-may-tax-nickel-exports-to-follow-indonesia-s-success">"Nickel Gets Fresh Supply Risk as Philippines Mulls Export Tax"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-30/philippines-may-tax-nickel-exports-to-follow-indonesia-s-success#xj4y7vzkg">the original</a> on January 31, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Nickel+Gets+Fresh+Supply+Risk+as+Philippines+Mulls+Export+Tax&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft.aulast=Serapio&rft.aufirst=Manolo+Jr.&rft.au=Calonzo%2C+Andreo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-01-30%2Fphilippines-may-tax-nickel-exports-to-follow-indonesia-s-success%23xj4y7vzkg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2022-397"><a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2022_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208062354/https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2022-estimated-43-percent">"Employment situation as of December 2022"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-december-2022-estimated-43-percent">the original</a> on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Employment+situation+as+of+December+2022&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Funemployment-rate-december-2022-estimated-43-percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2023" class="citation news cs1">Biswas, Rajiv (March 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311221015/https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html">"Philippines amongst world's fastest growing emerging markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IHS_Markit" title="IHS Markit">IHS Markit</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html">the original</a> on March 11, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IHS+Markit&rft.atitle=Philippines+amongst+world%27s+fastest+growing+emerging+markets&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spglobal.com%2Fmarketintelligence%2Fen%2Fmi%2Fresearch-analysis%2Fphilippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018_399-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264305328-22-en.pdf">"The Philippines"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/sme-policy-index-asean-2018_9789264305328-en">SME Policy Index: ASEAN 2018: Boosting Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth</a>. Paris, France; Jakarta, Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/OECD_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD Publishing">OECD Publishing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Institute_for_ASEAN_and_East_Asia" title="Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia">Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia</a>. September 21, 2018. pp. 371–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264305328-22-en">10.1787/9789264305328-22-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-30531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-30531-1"><bdi>978-92-64-30531-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines&rft.btitle=SME+Policy+Index%3A+ASEAN+2018%3A+Boosting+Competitiveness+and+Inclusive+Growth&rft.place=Paris%2C+France%3B+Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=371-373&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing%3B+Economic+Research+Institute+for+ASEAN+and+East+Asia&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264305328-22-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-30531-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fdocserver%2F9789264305328-22-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208162326/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf">"Critical Perspectives on Federalism for Regional Development (Proceedings of the Third Annual Public Policy Conference 2017)"</a> (PDF). Appc 2017 (Conference proceeding). Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studies" title="Philippine Institute for Development Studies">Philippine Institute for Development Studies</a>: xvii. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2546-1761">2546-1761</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appc+2017&rft.atitle=Critical+Perspectives+on+Federalism+for+Regional+Development+%28Proceedings+of+the+Third+Annual+Public+Policy+Conference+2017%29&rft.pages=xvii&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2546-1761&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpidswebs.pids.gov.ph%2FCDN%2FPUBLICATIONS%2Fpidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajardo2014" class="citation news cs1">Fajardo, Fernando (March 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222102526/http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance">"Poverty and regional development imbalance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance">the original</a> on February 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+regional+development+imbalance&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.aulast=Fajardo&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcebudailynews.inquirer.net%2F22630%2Fpoverty-and-regional-development-imbalance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeriño2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seriño, Moises Neil V. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430132943/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf">"Effects of International Remittances on the Philippine Economy: A Cointegration Analysis"</a> (PDF). DLSU Business & Economics Review. 21 (2). <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>: 47–48. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855102346">855102346</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DLSU+Business+%26+Economics+Review&rft.atitle=Effects+of+International+Remittances+on+the+Philippine+Economy%3A+A+Cointegration+Analysis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855102346&rft.aulast=Seri%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Moises+Neil+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlsu.edu.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FEffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez" class="citation news cs1">Gonzalez, Anna Leah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1218913">"OFW remittances hit all-time high in 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency" title="Philippine News Agency">Philippine News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215073743/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1218913">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=OFW+remittances+hit+all-time+high+in+2023&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Anna+Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1218913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901193030/https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader">"Phl overtakes India as world's BPO leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. December 2, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader">the original</a> on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Phl+overtakes+India+as+world%27s+BPO+leader&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2010%2F12%2F02%2F634901%2Fphl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2014" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Andrew J. R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ">Call Centers and the Global Division of Labor: A Political Economy of Post-Industrial Employment and Union Organizing</a>. Routledge Advances in Sociology. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-11868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-11868-6"><bdi>978-1-135-11868-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+Centers+and+the+Global+Division+of+Labor%3A+A+Political+Economy+of+Post-Industrial+Employment+and+Union+Organizing&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Sociology&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-11868-6&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZ0sAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArenasCoulibaly2022" class="citation book cs1">Arenas, Guillermo; Coulibaly, Souleymane, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFWYEAAAQBAJ">A New Dawn for Global Value Chain Participation in the Philippines</a>. International Development in Focus. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Publications">World Bank Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFWYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28–29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1848-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1848-6"><bdi>978-1-4648-1848-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dawn+for+Global+Value+Chain+Participation+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=International+Development+in+Focus&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-1848-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFWYEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconguis2022" class="citation journal cs1">Baconguis, Rowena T. (February 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224005936/https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/14877/pidsdps2206.pdf?sequence=1">"Agricultural Technology: Why Does the Level of Agricultural Production Remain Low Despite Increased Investments in Research and Extension?"</a> (PDF). PIDS Discussion Paper Series. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studies" title="Philippine Institute for Development Studies">Philippine Institute for Development Studies</a>: 6. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302730898">1302730898</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/14877/pidsdps2206.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> (PDF) on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023 – via Think Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PIDS+Discussion+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Technology%3A+Why+Does+the+Level+of+Agricultural+Production+Remain+Low+Despite+Increased+Investments+in+Research+and+Extension%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302730898&rft.aulast=Baconguis&rft.aufirst=Rowena+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthink-asia.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11540%2F14877%2Fpidsdps2206.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadsFaylonBuendia2007" class="citation report cs1">Stads, Gert-Jan; Faylon, Patricio S.; Buendia, Leah J. (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230224011436/https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/32328">Key trends in agricultural R&D investments in the Philippines</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute">International Food Policy Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Council_for_Agriculture,_Aquatic,_and_Natural_Resources_Research_and_Development" title="Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development">Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/32328">the original</a> on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Key+trends+in+agricultural+R%26D+investments+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=International+Food+Policy+Research+Institute%2C+Philippine+Council+for+Agriculture%2C+Forestry+and+Natural+Resources+Research+and+Development&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Stads&rft.aufirst=Gert-Jan&rft.au=Faylon%2C+Patricio+S.&rft.au=Buendia%2C+Leah+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febrary.ifpri.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp15738coll2%2Fid%2F32328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirmaniSiddiqMuralidharan1998" class="citation book cs1">Virmani, S. S.; Siddiq, E. A.; Muralidharan, K., eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1jRdqJJzcC">Advances in Hybrid Rice Technology: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Hybrid Rice, 14–16 November 1996, Hyderabad, India</a> (Conference proceeding). Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1jRdqJJzcC&pg=PA341">341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-22-0115-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-22-0115-8"><bdi>978-971-22-0115-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Hybrid+Rice+Technology%3A+Proceedings+of+the+3rd+International+Symposium+on+Hybrid+Rice%2C+14%E2%80%9316+November+1996%2C+Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.place=Los+Ba%C3%B1os%2C+Laguna%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-22-0115-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxA1jRdqJJzcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicrochChopraFleischer2014" class="citation book cs1">Ricroch, Agnès; Chopra, Surinder; Fleischer, Shelby J., eds. (July 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkqBAAAQBAJ">Plant Biotechnology: Experience and Future Prospects</a>. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06892-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06892-3"><bdi>978-3-319-06892-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Biotechnology%3A+Experience+and+Future+Prospects&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.isbn=978-3-319-06892-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzkqBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumo2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cumo, Christopher, ed. (April 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ">"Coconut"</a>. Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia. Vol. I: A–F. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-775-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coconut&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cultivated+Plants%3A+From+Acacia+to+Zinnia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-775-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJa7WAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinaRoaMaghuyop2001" class="citation book cs1">Molina, A. B.; Roa, V. N.; Maghuyop, M. A. G., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnY61doEaJUC">Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific Vol. 10: Proceedings of the 10th INIBAP-ASPNET Regional Advisory Committee meeting held at Bangkok, Thailand, 10–11 November 2000</a> (Conference proceeding). Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/International_Network_for_the_Improvement_of_Banana_and_Plantain" class="mw-redirect" title="International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain">International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnY61doEaJUC&pg=PA53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-91751-5-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-91751-5-5"><bdi>978-971-91751-5-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advancing+banana+and+plantain+R+%26+D+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific+Vol.+10%3A+Proceedings+of+the+10th+INIBAP-ASPNET+Regional+Advisory+Committee+meeting+held+at+Bangkok%2C+Thailand%2C+10%E2%80%9311+November+2000&rft.place=Los+Ba%C3%B1os%2C+Laguna%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=International+Network+for+the+Improvement+of+Banana+and+Plantain&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-91751-5-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnY61doEaJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601083727/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/01/nsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice/">"Philippine Rice Research and Technological Advancements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a>. June 1, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/01/nsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice/">the original</a> on June 1, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Philippine+Rice+Research+and+Technological+Advancements&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2022%2F06%2F01%2Fnsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714103217/https://www.irri.org/where-we-work/countries/philippines">"Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irri.org/where-we-work/countries/philippines">the original</a> on July 14, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irri.org%2Fwhere-we-work%2Fcountries%2Fphilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerspierenBerthetCoralNakasuka2022" class="citation book cs1">Verspieren, Quentin; Berthet, Maximilien; Coral, Giulio; Nakasuka, Shinichi; Shiroyama, Hideaki, eds. (January 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdZEAAAQBAJ">ASEAN Space Programs: History and Way Forward</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">57–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-7326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-7326-9"><bdi>978-981-16-7326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASEAN+Space+Programs%3A+History+and+Way+Forward&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.isbn=978-981-16-7326-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQdZEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Doo Hwan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIoEAAAQBAJ">Global Issues Surrounding Outer Space Law and Policy</a>. Advances in Public Policy and Administration (APPA) Book Series. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-7409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-7409-6"><bdi>978-1-7998-7409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Issues+Surrounding+Outer+Space+Law+and+Policy&rft.place=Hershey%2C+Pa.&rft.series=Advances+in+Public+Policy+and+Administration+%28APPA%29+Book+Series&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7998-7409-6&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Doo+Hwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUIoEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061150/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648">"Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite; sets new orbit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Standard" title="Manila Standard">Manila Standard</a>. July 25, 1996. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648">the original</a> on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=Mabuhay+acquires+Indon+satellite%3B+sets+new+orbit&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1996-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1370%26dat%3D19960725%26id%3D9mUVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6158%2C3894648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonda2016" class="citation news cs1">Ronda, Rainier Allan (March 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327120259/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space">"US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space">the original</a> on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=US+aircraft+with+Philippines%27s+first+microsatellite+launched+into+space&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Ronda&rft.aufirst=Rainier+Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2016%2F03%2F24%2F1566175%2Fus-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertierra2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pertierra, Raul (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225214150/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3920/3573">"We Reveal Ourselves to Ourselves: The New Communication Media in the Philippines"</a>. Social Science Diliman. 9 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1655-1524">1655-1524</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3920/3573">the original</a> on February 25, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Diliman&rft.atitle=We+Reveal+Ourselves+to+Ourselves%3A+The+New+Communication+Media+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2013-06&rft.issn=1655-1524&rft.aulast=Pertierra&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.upd.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fsocialsciencediliman%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3920%2F3573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeves2007" class="citation news cs1">Teves, Oliver (September 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025035722/https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm">"Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm">the original</a> on October 25, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Cell+phones+double+as+electronic+wallets+in+Philippines&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft.aulast=Teves&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fwireless%2Fphones%2F2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco2008" class="citation news cs1">Francisco, Rosemarie (March 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115828/http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007">"Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007">the original</a> on March 8, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Filipinos+sent+1+billion+text+messages+daily+in+2007&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft.aulast=Francisco&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.inquirer.net%2Finfotech%2Finfotech%2Fview%2F20080304-122775%2FFilipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottDeck2020" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Vittoria; Deck, Andrew (November 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102142904/https://restofworld.org/2020/duterte-dito-and-the-duopoly/">"Duterte, Dito, and the Duopoly"</a>. Rest of World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restofworld.org/2020/duterte-dito-and-the-duopoly/">the original</a> on November 2, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rest+of+World&rft.atitle=Duterte%2C+Dito%2C+and+the+Duopoly&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Vittoria&rft.au=Deck%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frestofworld.org%2F2020%2Fduterte-dito-and-the-duopoly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuyco2022" class="citation news cs1">Cuyco, Jan (July 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073711/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/07/01/2192313/no-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla">"No longer a duopoly, Philippines' mobile market sees improved 4G, 5G availability – Ookla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/07/01/2192313/no-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla">the original</a> on July 1, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=No+longer+a+duopoly%2C+Philippines%27+mobile+market+sees+improved+4G%2C+5G+availability+%E2%80%93+Ookla&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Cuyco&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2F07%2F01%2F2192313%2Fno-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2015" class="citation news cs1">Frost, Charles (May 31, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601033128/https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258">"Best Place to Retire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258">the original</a> on June 1, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Best+Place+to+Retire&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fbest-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafra2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zafra, Maria Angela G. (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104111713/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/761906/adbi-wp1291.pdf">"Developing the Philippine Blue Economy: Opportunities and Challenges in the Ocean Tourism Sector"</a> (PDF). ADBI Working Paper Series (1291). Tokyo, Japan: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank_Institute" title="Asian Development Bank Institute">Asian Development Bank Institute</a>: 8–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/761906/adbi-wp1291.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 4, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ADBI+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Developing+the+Philippine+Blue+Economy%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges+in+the+Ocean+Tourism+Sector&rft.issue=1291&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2021-12&rft.aulast=Zafra&rft.aufirst=Maria+Angela+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F761906%2Fadbi-wp1291.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordquistMooreLong2019" class="citation book cs1">Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton; Long, Ronán, eds. (November 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny9DwAAQBAJ">Cooperation and Engagement in the Asia-Pacific Region</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41202-6"><bdi>978-90-04-41202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperation+and+Engagement+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41202-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGny9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocamora2021" class="citation news cs1">Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (December 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216093702/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162963">"PH still world's leading dive destination in 2021: WTA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency" title="Philippine News Agency">Philippine News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162963">the original</a> on December 16, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=PH+still+world%27s+leading+dive+destination+in+2021%3A+WTA&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft.aulast=Rocamora&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Ann+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1162963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalig2012" class="citation news cs1">Malig, Jojo (July 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054435/https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/06/12/boracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island">"Boracay named 2012 world's best island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/06/12/boracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island">the original</a> on February 18, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Boracay+named+2012+world%27s+best+island&rft.date=2012-07-09&rft.aulast=Malig&rft.aufirst=Jojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Flifestyle%2F07%2F06%2F12%2Fboracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubiri2022" class="citation news cs1">Zubiri, Stephanie (November 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128091050/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/11/beyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines">"Beyond the beaches: five adventure experiences in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/11/beyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines">the original</a> on November 28, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+beaches%3A+five+adventure+experiences+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft.aulast=Zubiri&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fbc%2F2022%2F11%2Fbeyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchave2022" class="citation news cs1">Ochave, Revin Mikhael D. (June 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621174641/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/">"Philippine tourism industry seen to reach pre-pandemic levels by 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/">the original</a> on June 21, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=Philippine+tourism+industry+seen+to+reach+pre-pandemic+levels+by+2024&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.aulast=Ochave&rft.aufirst=Revin+Mikhael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Ftop-stories%2F2022%2F06%2F22%2F456578%2Fphilippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111072858/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/">"Inbound int'l tourism may pick up starting late 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. October 21, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/">the original</a> on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=Inbound+int%27l+tourism+may+pick+up+starting+late+2021&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Feditors-picks%2F2020%2F10%2F22%2F324125%2Finbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaldo2024" class="citation news cs1">Arnaldo, Ma. Stella F. (January 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102185145/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/03/international-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot/">"International tourists spent $8.69 billion in PHL in 2023–DOT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/03/international-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot/">the original</a> on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=International+tourists+spent+%248.69+billion+in+PHL+in+2023%E2%80%93DOT&rft.date=2024-01-03&rft.aulast=Arnaldo&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Stella+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2024%2F01%2F03%2Finternational-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalasiqueRubioRosete2022" class="citation journal cs1">Malasique, Arion Mari P.; Rubio, Windsor Redz C.; Rosete, Marie Antoinette L. (February 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430050528/https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/download/250/190/">"Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines"</a>. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research. 3 (1): 45, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2722-8878">2722-8878</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/view/250/190">the original</a> on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Engineering+%26+Management+Research&rft.atitle=Analyzing+the+Implementation+of+the+Public+Utility+Vehicle+Modernization+Program+%28PUVMP%29+to+the+Employment+of+PUV+Drivers+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45%2C+48&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft.issn=2722-8878&rft.aulast=Malasique&rft.aufirst=Arion+Mari+P.&rft.au=Rubio%2C+Windsor+Redz+C.&rft.au=Rosete%2C+Marie+Antoinette+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjiemar.org%2Findex.php%2Fjiemar%2Farticle%2Fview%2F250%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADBOrg-PH-Transport-434"><a href="#cite_ref-ADBOrg-PH-Transport_434-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803210126/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf">Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map</a> (PDF) (Report). Mandaluyong, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>. 2012. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-855-3"><bdi>978-92-9092-855-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+Transport+Sector+Assessment%2C+Strategy%2C+and+Road+Map&rft.place=Mandaluyong%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-9092-855-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finstitutional-document%2F33700%2Ffiles%2Fphilippines-transport-assessment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200827174411/https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20%28Osaka,Japan%29%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf">Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies</a> (PDF). Investor Relations Office (Report). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)">Department of Public Works and Highways</a>. February 22, 2019. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20(Osaka,Japan)%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 27, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Department+of+Public+Works+and+Highways%3B+Strategic+Infrastructure+Programs+and+Policies&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Department+of+Public+Works+and+Highways&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firo.ph%2Farticle_doc%2Feaaa3b67_Philippine%2520Economic%2520Briefing%2520%28Osaka%2CJapan%29%2520-%2520DPWH%2520Presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ">The Report: Philippines 2015</a> (Report). London, England: Oxford Business Group. 2015. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152E">152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910068-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910068-26-7"><bdi>978-1-910068-26-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Philippines+2015&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-910068-26-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvYCDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdchimarHanaoka2015" class="citation journal cs1">Odchimar, Anita II; Hanaoka, Shinya (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102758/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja">"Intermodal Road-RoRo Transport in the Philippines, its Development and Position in the Domestic Shipping"</a>. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 11. Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies: 741–746. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11175%2Feasts.11.739">10.11175/easts.11.739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1881-1124">1881-1124</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja">the original</a> on May 10, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/J-STAGE" title="J-STAGE">J-STAGE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Eastern+Asia+Society+for+Transportation+Studies&rft.atitle=Intermodal+Road-RoRo+Transport+in+the+Philippines%2C+its+Development+and+Position+in+the+Domestic+Shipping&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=741-746&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11175%2Feasts.11.739&rft.issn=1881-1124&rft.aulast=Odchimar&rft.aufirst=Anita+II&rft.au=Hanaoka%2C+Shinya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Feasts%2F11%2F0%2F11_739%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225182806/https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and">Bridges across Oceans: Initial Impact Assessment of the Philippines Nautical Highway System and Lessons for Southeast Asia</a> (Report). Metro Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>. April 2010. pp. 11–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-561-896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-561-896-0"><bdi>978-971-561-896-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and">the original</a> on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bridges+across+Oceans%3A+Initial+Impact+Assessment+of+the+Philippines+Nautical+Highway+System+and+Lessons+for+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=11-17&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2010-04&rft.isbn=978-971-561-896-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fpublications%2Fbridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_TransportationDepartment_of_the_Interior_and_Local_GovernmentLand_Transportation_Franchising_and_Regulatory_Board2017" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)" title="Department of Transportation (Philippines)">Department of Transportation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Department of the Interior and Local Government">Department of the Interior and Local Government</a>; <a href="/wiki/Land_Transportation_Franchising_and_Regulatory_Board" title="Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board">Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board</a> (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043749/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf">Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual</a> (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. pp. 7, 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Local+Public+Transport+Route+Plan+Manual&rft.pages=7%2C+16&rft.date=2017-10&rft.au=Department+of+Transportation&rft.au=Department+of+the+Interior+and+Local+Government&rft.au=Land+Transportation+Franchising+and+Regulatory+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dilg.gov.ph%2FPDF_File%2Freports_resources%2Fdilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenNielsen2016" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Arve; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ">Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change</a>. Routledge Studies in Transport, Environment and Development. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39672-7"><bdi>978-1-317-39672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cars%2C+Automobility+and+Development+in+Asia%3A+Wheels+of+change&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Transport%2C+Environment+and+Development&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39672-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFC4lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707035400/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf">Preparing the Metro Manila Transport Project, Phase 1: Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Report</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>. December 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 7, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Preparing+the+Metro+Manila+Transport+Project%2C+Phase+1%3A+Project+Preparatory+Technical+Assistance+Report&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flinked-documents%2F51117-002-ld-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2020" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Luis Pocholo A. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210080714/https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf">"Influence of Traffic Congestion in Business Development: A Literature Review"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing. 10 (12): 27497–27498. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2321-3361">2321-3361</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Engineering+Science+and+Computing&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Traffic+Congestion+in+Business+Development%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=27497-27498&rft.date=2020-12&rft.issn=2321-3361&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Luis+Pocholo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijesc.org%2Fupload%2F2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%2520of%2520Traffic%2520Congestion%2520in%2520Business%2520Development%2520A%2520Literature%2520Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ">"The Railway Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Gazette" title="Railroad Gazette">Railroad Gazette</a>. XLV (5): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148">148</a>. 1908. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-4430">0149-4430</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/675807010">675807010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railroad+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Railway+Age&rft.volume=XLV&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=148&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F675807010&rft.issn=0149-4430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqA9AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinco2019" class="citation news cs1">Cinco, Maricar (September 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos">"PNR extends train trips to Los Baños"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos">the original</a> on September 20, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PNR+extends+train+trips+to+Los+Ba%C3%B1os&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Cinco&rft.aufirst=Maricar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1166894%2Fpnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarroga2022" class="citation news cs1">Barroga, Gienel (June 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626062944/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html">"PNR San Pablo-Lucena line reopens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=PNR+San+Pablo-Lucena+line+reopens&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft.aulast=Barroga&rft.aufirst=Gienel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F6%2F26%2FPNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalang2019" class="citation news cs1">Galang, Vincent Mariel P. (June 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621011358/https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/">"JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/">the original</a> on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=JICA+still+has+900B+yen+to+fund+rail+expansion+in+Philippines&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.aulast=Galang&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Mariel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fjica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYee2018" class="citation news cs1">Yee, Jovic (March 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023448/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon">"PNR to offer freight service soon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon">the original</a> on March 12, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PNR+to+offer+freight+service+soon&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=Jovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F974414%2Fpnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmojelar2018" class="citation news cs1">Amojelar, Darwin G. (October 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033602/https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html">"DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Standard" title="Manila Standard">Manila Standard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=DOTr+to+revive+Manila-Laguna+cargo+rail+project&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=Amojelar&rft.aufirst=Darwin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2Fbusiness%2Ftransport-tourism%2F277153%2Fdotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim-449">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim_449-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim_449-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranciscoLim2022" class="citation journal cs1">Francisco, Kris A.; Lim, Valerie L. (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103074218/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf">"Philippine Air Transport Infrastructure: State, Issues, Government Strategies"</a> (PDF). PIDS Discussion Paper Series. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studies" title="Philippine Institute for Development Studies">Philippine Institute for Development Studies</a>: 3–5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 3, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PIDS+Discussion+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Philippine+Air+Transport+Infrastructure%3A+State%2C+Issues%2C+Government+Strategies&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=2022-12&rft.aulast=Francisco&rft.aufirst=Kris+A.&rft.au=Lim%2C+Valerie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpidswebs.pids.gov.ph%2FCDN%2Fdocument%2Fpidsdps2262.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkUngsonFrancisco2017" class="citation book cs1">Park, Seung Ho; Ungson, Gerardo Rivera; Francisco, Jamil Paolo S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ">ASEAN Champions: Emerging Stalwarts in Regional Integration</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12900-9"><bdi>978-1-107-12900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASEAN+Champions%3A+Emerging+Stalwarts+in+Regional+Integration&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-12900-9&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Seung+Ho&rft.au=Ungson%2C+Gerardo+Rivera&rft.au=Francisco%2C+Jamil+Paolo+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6u6SDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160631/http://philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp">"About PAL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp">the original</a> on February 7, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+PAL&rft.pub=Philippine+Airlines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippineairlines.com%2Fabout_pal%2Fabout_pal.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC">The Report: Philippines 2009</a> (Report). London, England: Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PA97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-12-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-12-2"><bdi>978-1-902339-12-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Philippines+2009&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-12-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeY-Oq1IGzdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoriaDe_VeraParel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Doria, Sheena DC.; De Vera, Leo P. Jr.; Parel, Danice Angelee C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407184736/https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/">"Business Models and Selected Performance Metrics of Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis"</a>. Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology. 2 (1). <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_State_University" title="Pangasinan State University">Pangasinan State University</a>-Lingayen Campus: 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2672-2992">2672-2992</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/">the original</a> on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Journal+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Business+Models+and+Selected+Performance+Metrics+of+Philippine+Airlines+and+Cebu+Pacific%3A+An+Exploratory+Comparative+Analysis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=148-149&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=2672-2992&rft.aulast=Doria&rft.aufirst=Sheena+DC.&rft.au=De+Vera%2C+Leo+P.+Jr.&rft.au=Parel%2C+Danice+Angelee+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sajst.org%2Fonline%2Findex.php%2Fsajst%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F197%2F144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxas-Lim" class="citation web cs1">Roxas-Lim, Aurora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173603/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf">"Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture"</a> (PDF). Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. pp. 219–222. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 12, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Boatbuilding+and+Philippine+Maritime+Culture&rft.pages=219-222&rft.pub=Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region%2C+United+Nations&rft.aulast=Roxas-Lim&rft.aufirst=Aurora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguilar-2004-455">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aguilar-2004_455-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aguilar-2004_455-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar2004" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar, Glenn D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429082453/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf">"Philippine Fishing Boats"</a> (PDF). In Silvestre, Geronimo; Green, Stuart J.; White, Alan T.; Armada, Nygiel; Luna, Cesar; Cruz-Trinidad, Annabelle; Carreon, Marciano F. III (eds.). In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries. Cebu City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)" title="Department of Agriculture (Philippines)">Department of Agriculture</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources" title="Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources">Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources</a>. pp. 118–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-92753-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-92753-4-3"><bdi>978-971-92753-4-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 29, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine+Fishing+Boats&rft.btitle=In+Turbulent+Seas%3A+The+Status+of+Philippine+Marine+Fisheries&rft.place=Cebu+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=118-121&rft.pub=Department+of+Agriculture-Bureau+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Resources&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-92753-4-3&rft.aulast=Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Glenn+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPBAAB124.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funtecha-2000-456">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Funtecha-2000_456-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funtecha-2000_456-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuntecha2000" class="citation journal cs1">Funtecha, Henry F. (2000). "The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 28 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos" title="University of San Carlos">University of San Carlos</a>: 111–132. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0115-0243">0115-0243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792457">29792457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+history+and+culture+of+boats+and+boat-building+in+the+Western+Visayas&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-132&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0115-0243&rft.aulast=Funtecha&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Juan2022" class="citation news cs1">San Juan, Andrea E. (November 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102195328/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/">"Expert presents options to resolve Philippine seaports' 'inadequacy'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/">the original</a> on November 2, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Expert+presents+options+to+resolve+Philippine+seaports%27+%27inadequacy%27&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft.aulast=San+Juan&rft.aufirst=Andrea+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2022%2F11%2F03%2Fexpert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliPorciuncula2001" class="citation techreport cs1">Ali, Mubarik; Porciuncula, Fe (December 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ">Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for Food Production</a> (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/World_Vegetable_Center" title="World Vegetable Center">AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9058-121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9058-121-5"><bdi>978-92-9058-121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Urban+and+Peri-urban+Agriculture+in+Metro+Manila%3A+Resources+and+Opportunities+for+Food+Production&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=AVRDC+%E2%80%93+The+World+Vegetable+Center&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft.isbn=978-92-9058-121-5&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mubarik&rft.au=Porciuncula%2C+Fe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneSXAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035953/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf">Regional and subregional program links: Mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT</a> (PDF) (Report). Mandaluyong, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>. September 2013. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9254-203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9254-203-0"><bdi>978-92-9254-203-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Regional+and+subregional+program+links%3A+Mapping+the+links+between+ASEAN+and+the+GMS%2C+BIMP-EAGA%2C+and+IMT-GT&rft.place=Mandaluyong%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=978-92-9254-203-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F30420%2Fregional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDP_Australia_Pty_Ltd/Meyrick_and_Associates2005" class="citation report cs1">PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates (March 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041010/https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf">Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a>. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Promoting+Efficient+and+Competitive+Intra-ASEAN+Shipping+Services+%E2%80%93+The+Philippines+Country+Report&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Association+of+Southeast+Asian+Nations&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.au=PDP+Australia+Pty+Ltd%2FMeyrick+and+Associates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asean.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F10%2FPhilippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221042947/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf">2021 Power Statistics</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Philippines)" title="Department of Energy (Philippines)">Department of Energy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 21, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2021+Power+Statistics&rft.pub=Department+of+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fenergy_statistics%2F2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616033736/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf">Renewables 2022: Global Update Report</a> (PDF) (Report). Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> Secretariat. 2022. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-948393-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-948393-04-5"><bdi>978-3-948393-04-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Renewables+2022%3A+Global+Update+Report&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=REN21+Secretariat&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-948393-04-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ren21.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FGSR2022_Full_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219225148/https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf">GCC Annual Review 2021</a> (PDF) (Report). The Green Certificate Company Limited. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=GCC+Annual+Review+2021&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+Green+Certificate+Company+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcc.re%2Fdocuments%2FGCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ">The Report: Philippines 2016</a> (Report). London, England: Oxford Business Group. 2016. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910068-55-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910068-55-7"><bdi>978-1-910068-55-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Philippines+2016&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-910068-55-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZ4oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ma-2016-465">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ma-2016_465-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma-2016_465-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaJørgensenBillanes2016" class="citation web cs1">Ma, Zheng; Jørgensen, Bo Nørregaard; Billanes, Joy Dalmacio (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194551/https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf">"Smart Energy in the Philippines"</a> (PDF). SDU's Research Portal. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">University of Southern Denmark</a>. pp. 14, 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 31, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SDU%27s+Research+Portal&rft.atitle=Smart+Energy+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=14%2C+24&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Bo+N%C3%B8rregaard&rft.au=Billanes%2C+Joy+Dalmacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindresearcher.sdu.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F141095725%2FCFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatdula2009" class="citation news cs1">Gatdula, Donnabelle L. (January 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011538/https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco">"National Grid takes over TransCo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco">the original</a> on May 31, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=National+Grid+takes+over+TransCo&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.aulast=Gatdula&rft.aufirst=Donnabelle+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2009%2F01%2F15%2F431441%2Fnational-grid-takes-over-transco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501231703/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf">40th Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) Implementation Status Report (For the Report Period April 2022)</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Philippines)" title="Department of Energy (Philippines)">Department of Energy</a> (Report). p. 69. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 1, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=40th+Electric+Power+Industry+Reform+Act+%28EPIRA%29+Implementation+Status+Report+%28For+the+Report+Period+April+2022%29&rft.pages=69&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Felectric_power%2F40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines-468">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines_468-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines_468-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219230358/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx">"Nuclear Power in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association" title="World Nuclear Association">World Nuclear Association</a>. February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx">the original</a> on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Power+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=World+Nuclear+Association&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fcountries-o-s%2Fphilippines.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pekkanen-2021-469">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pekkanen-2021_469-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pekkanen-2021_469-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekkanenPekkanen2021" class="citation book cs1">Pekkanen, Robert J.; Pekkanen, Saadia, eds. (October 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311">311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005099-3"><bdi>978-0-19-005099-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Japanese+Politics&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005099-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRpREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMochizukiOllapally2016" class="citation book cs1">Mochizuki, Mike; Ollapally, Deepa M., eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ">Nuclear Debates in Asia: The Role of Geopolitics and Domestic Processes</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4700-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4700-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4700-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Debates+in+Asia%3A+The+Role+of+Geopolitics+and+Domestic+Processes&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4700-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXCPDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanEnano2023" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Rebecca; Enano, Jhesset O. (January 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126032945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/">"Clean-energy push puts abandoned Philippine nuclear plant back in spotlight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/">the original</a> on January 26, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Clean-energy+push+puts+abandoned+Philippine+nuclear+plant+back+in+spotlight&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Enano%2C+Jhesset+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F01%2F25%2Fphilippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranceysGerlach2012" class="citation book cs1">Franceys, Richard; Gerlach, Esther, eds. (May 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ">Regulating Water and Sanitation for the Poor: Economic Regulation for Public and Private Partnerships</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Earthscan" title="Earthscan">Earthscan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-55889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-55889-4"><bdi>978-1-136-55889-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+Water+and+Sanitation+for+the+Poor%3A+Economic+Regulation+for+Public+and+Private+Partnerships&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft.isbn=978-1-136-55889-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57QeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohsaka-2007_473-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohsaka-2007_473-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohsaka-2007_473-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohsaka2007" class="citation book cs1">Kohsaka, Akira, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ">Infrastructure Development in the Pacific Region</a>. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-22761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-22761-7"><bdi>978-1-134-22761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+Development+in+the+Pacific+Region&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-22761-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9MqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2014" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, David A., ed. (April 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luZiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118">Rethinking Corporatization and Public Services in the Global South</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-020-5"><bdi>978-1-78360-020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Corporatization+and+Public+Services+in+the+Global+South&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.isbn=978-1-78360-020-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluZiDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Prado2023" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Del Prado, Divina Gracia L. (October 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022">"Country's Overall Water Use Efficiency increased by 5.5 percent in 2022"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005062929/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country%27s+Overall+Water+Use+Efficiency+increased+by+5.5+percent+in+2022&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Del+Prado&rft.aufirst=Divina+Gracia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fcountrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ">Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment</a> (Report). Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2015. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150914-5"><bdi>978-92-4-150914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Progress+on+Sanitation+and+Drinking+Water%3A+2015+Update+and+MDG+Assessment&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-4-150914-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFA0DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOH-2018-477">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOH-2018_477-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOH-2018_477-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOH-2018_477-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913150355/https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1%281%29_0.pdf">National Objectives for Health Philippines, 2017–2022</a> (PDF). National Objectives for Health (Report). Manila, Philippines: Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a>. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1908-6768">1908-6768</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1(1)_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Objectives+for+Health+Philippines%2C+2017%E2%80%932022&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Health+Policy+Development+and+Planning+Bureau%2C+Department+of+Health&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1908-6768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doh.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhealth_magazine%2FNOH-2017-2022-030619-1%281%29_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Environment_and_Natural_ResourcesBureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources_of_the_Department_of_AgricultureDepartment_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources" title="Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources">Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture</a>; <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Department of the Interior and Local Government">Department of the Interior and Local Government</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173748/https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Publication%20Files/crmguidebook1.pdf">Coastal Management Orientation and Overview</a> (PDF). Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series. Vol. 1. Cebu City, Philippines: Coastal Resource Management Project of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a>. pp. 4, 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-92289-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-92289-0-5"><bdi>978-971-92289-0-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Publication%20Files/crmguidebook1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 12, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2024 – via Foreign-Assisted and Special Projects Service (FASPS) eLibrary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal+Management+Orientation+and+Overview&rft.place=Cebu+City%2C+Philippines&rft.series=Philippine+Coastal+Management+Guidebook+Series&rft.pages=4%2C+9&rft.pub=Coastal+Resource+Management+Project+of+the+Department+of+Environment+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-92289-0-5&rft.au=Department+of+Environment+and+Natural+Resources&rft.au=Bureau+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Resources+of+the+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.au=Department+of+the+Interior+and+Local+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaspselib.denr.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPublication%2520Files%2Fcrmguidebook1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban-479">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban_479-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban_479-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2022" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (July 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705104809/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_PR_Urban%20Population_RML_063022_ONS-signed.pdf">"Urban Population of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a> (PDF) (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/urban-population-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">the original</a> on July 5, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Population+of+the+Philippines+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Furban-population-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226035525/https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017-2022-10-03-2017.pdf">"Chapter 3: Overlay of Economic Growth, Demographic Trends, and Physical Characteristics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017-2022-10-03-2017.pdf">Philippine Development Plan, 2017–2022</a> (PDF) (Report). Pasig, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">National Economic and Development Authority</a>. 2017. pp. 31, 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2243-7576">2243-7576</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 26, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Philippine+Development+Plan%2C+2017%E2%80%932022&rft.place=Pasig%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=31%2C+34-35&rft.pub=National+Economic+and+Development+Authority&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=2243-7576&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdp.neda.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FChapter-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203065121/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">Demographia World Urban Areas</a> (PDF) (Report) (18th Annual ed.). <a href="/wiki/Demographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographia">Demographia</a>. July 2022. p. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Demographia+World+Urban+Areas&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=18th+Annual&rft.pub=Demographia&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704171010/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp">"Population of the Philippines: Census Years 1799 to 2010"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">National Statistical Coordination Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp">the original</a> on July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistical+Coordination+Board&rft.atitle=Population+of+the+Philippines%3A+Census+Years+1799+to+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nscb.gov.ph%2Fsecstat%2Fd_popn.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2022" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (August 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812232228/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Release%20on_Age%20Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf">"Age and Sex Distribution in the Philippine Population (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Release%20on_Age%20Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 12, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+and+Sex+Distribution+in+the+Philippine+Population+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fhsd%2Fpressrelease%2F1_Press%2520Release%2520on_Age%2520Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814193607/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf">"2015 Census of Population"</a> (PDF). Census Facts and Figures. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>: 11. June 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453">0117-1453</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 14, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Census+Facts+and+Figures&rft.atitle=2015+Census+of+Population&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2018-06&rft.issn=0117-1453&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F_2015_Census%2520Facts%2520and%2520Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221140718/http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill">"Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMANews.TV</a>. September 29, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill">the original</a> on February 21, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMANews.TV&rft.atitle=Bishops+threaten+civil+disobedience+over+RH+bill&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanews.tv%2F100days%2Fstory%2F202186%2Fbishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBank-Poverty-2023-486">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBank-Poverty-2023_486-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBank-Poverty-2023_486-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206083125/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011232224571/pdf/P17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf">Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines; Past, Present, and Prospects for the Future</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011232224571/pdf/P17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 6, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Poverty+and+Inequality+in+the+Philippines%3B+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Prospects+for+the+Future&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F099325011232224571%2Fpdf%2FP17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2022" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Claire Dennis S.</a> (August 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816035933/https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972">"Proportion of Poor Filipinos was Recorded at 18.1 Percent in 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972">the original</a> on August 16, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proportion+of+Poor+Filipinos+was+Recorded+at+18.1+Percent+in+2021&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Claire+Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fpoverty-press-releases%2Fnid%2F167972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225201804/https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf">Fast Facts: Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts%3A+Indigenous+Peoples+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fzskgke326%2Ffiles%2Fmigration%2Fph%2FfastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCariño2012" class="citation techreport cs1">Cariño, Jacqueline K. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809025044/https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d">Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues; Republic of the Philippines</a> (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a>. pp. 3–5, 31–47. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d">the original</a> on August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Country+Technical+Note+on+Indigenous+Peoples%27+Issues%3B+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.pages=3-5%2C+31-47&rft.pub=International+Fund+for+Agricultural+Development&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Cari%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifad.org%2Fdocuments%2F38714170%2F40224860%2Fphilippines_ctn.pdf%2Fae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Flannery, Tim</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC">The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3943-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3943-6"><bdi>978-0-8021-3943-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+Eaters%3A+An+Ecological+History+of+the+Australasian+Lands+and+People&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3943-6&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIW5aktgo0IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040611/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/">"Extinct humanoid species may have lived in PHL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMA News Online</a>. August 31, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/">the original</a> on December 27, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Extinct+humanoid+species+may+have+lived+in+PHL&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fscitech%2Fscience%2F272046%2Fextinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichPattersonKircherDelfin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, David; Patterson, Nick; Kircher, Martin; Delfin, Frederick; Nandineni, Madhusudan R.; Pugach, Irina; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Ko, Ying-Chin; Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Saitou, Naruya; Wollstein, Andreas; Kayser, Manfred; Pääbo, Svante; Stoneking, Mark (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188841">"Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Journal of Human Genetics">American Journal of Human Genetics</a>. 89 (4): 516–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.09.005">10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188841">3188841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21944045">21944045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Denisova+Admixture+and+the+First+Modern+Human+Dispersals+into+Southeast+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=516-528&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3188841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21944045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.09.005&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Kircher%2C+Martin&rft.au=Delfin%2C+Frederick&rft.au=Nandineni%2C+Madhusudan+R.&rft.au=Pugach%2C+Irina&rft.au=Ko%2C+Albert+Min-Shan&rft.au=Ko%2C+Ying-Chin&rft.au=Jinam%2C+Timothy+A.&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Maude+E.&rft.au=Saitou%2C+Naruya&rft.au=Wollstein%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Manfred&rft.au=P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo%2C+Svante&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3188841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-PH_493-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-PH_493-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-PH_493-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309171641/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH">"Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. Dallas, TX: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH">the original</a> on March 9, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelliWilsonRichardsStumpf2001" class="citation journal cs1">Capelli, Christian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; Gratrix, Fiona; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Underhill, Peter; Ko, Tsang-Ming (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201051/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf">"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Journal of Human Genetics">American Journal of Human Genetics</a>. 68 (2): 432–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318205">10.1086/318205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235276">1235276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11170891">11170891</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Predominantly+Indigenous+Paternal+Heritage+for+the+Austronesian-Speaking+Peoples+of+Insular+South+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=432-443&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11170891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F318205&rft.aulast=Capelli&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Wilson%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Martin&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+Michael+P.H.&rft.au=Gratrix%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ko%2C+Tsang-Ming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpgl.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2FAJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoaresTrejautRitoCavadas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Soares, Pedro A.; Trejaut, Jean A.; Rito, Teresa; Cavadas, Bruno; Hill, Catherine; Eng, Ken Khong; Mormina, Maru; Brandão, Andreia; Fraser, Ross M.; Wang, Tse-Yi; Loo, Jun-Hun; Snell, Christopher; Ko, Tsang-Ming; Amorim, António; Pala, Maria; Macaulay, Vincent; Bulbeck, David; Wilson, James F.; Gusmão, Leonor; Pereira, Luísa; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Lin, Marie; Richards, Martin B. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757630">"Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Genetics_(journal)" title="Human Genetics (journal)">Human Genetics</a>. 135 (3). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>: 309–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-015-1620-z">10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757630">4757630</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781090">26781090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Resolving+the+ancestry+of+Austronesian-speaking+populations&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-326&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4757630%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26781090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-015-1620-z&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=Pedro+A.&rft.au=Trejaut%2C+Jean+A.&rft.au=Rito%2C+Teresa&rft.au=Cavadas%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Hill%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Eng%2C+Ken+Khong&rft.au=Mormina%2C+Maru&rft.au=Brand%C3%A3o%2C+Andreia&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Ross+M.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Tse-Yi&rft.au=Loo%2C+Jun-Hun&rft.au=Snell%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Ko%2C+Tsang-Ming&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Pala%2C+Maria&rft.au=Macaulay%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Bulbeck%2C+David&rft.au=Wilson%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+Leonor&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Lu%C3%ADsa&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Lin%2C+Marie&rft.au=Richards%2C+Martin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4757630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (March 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. 118 (13). <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>: e2026132118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11826132L">2021PNAS..11826132L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118">10.1073/pnas.2026132118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">8020671</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33753512">33753512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multiple+migrations+to+the+Philippines+during+the+last+50%2C000+years&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=e2026132118&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11826132L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33753512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Larena&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Sanchez-Quinto%2C+Federico&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6din%2C+Per&rft.au=McKenna%2C+James&rft.au=Ebeo%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Casel%2C+Ophelia&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jin-Yuan&rft.au=Hagada%2C+Kim+Pullupul&rft.au=Guilay%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Jennelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mawson, Stephanie J. (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603111934/https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419">"Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a> (232). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 87–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw008">10.1093/pastj/gtw008</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419">the original</a> on June 3, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Convicts+or+Conquistadores%3F+Spanish+Soldiers+in+the+Seventeenth-Century+Pacific&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=87-125&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw008&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Farticle%2F232%2F1%2F87%2F1752419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehl-2016-498">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehl-2016_498-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehl-2016_498-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehl2016" class="citation book cs1">Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/22713BE2A688A4F8DFF62EDE85BE427E">Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781316480120">10.1017/CBO9781316480120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-48012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-48012-0"><bdi>978-1-316-48012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+in+the+Spanish+Pacific+World%3A+From+Mexico+to+the+Philippines%2C+1765%E2%80%931811&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781316480120&rft.isbn=978-1-316-48012-0&rft.aulast=Mehl&rft.aufirst=Eva+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fforced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world%2F22713BE2A688A4F8DFF62EDE85BE427E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intercolonial-499">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intercolonial_499-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intercolonial_499-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2022" class="citation book cs1">Park, Paula C. (2022). "3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ">Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964</a>. Pittsburgh, Pa.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8873-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-8873-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+On+the+Globality+of+Mexico+and+the+Manila+Galleon&rft.btitle=Intercolonial+Intimacies%3A+Relinking+Latin%2Fo+America+to+the+Philippines%2C+1898%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8873-1&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Paula+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJg5cEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704204736/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/">"Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/">the original</a> on July 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Reference+Populations+%E2%80%93+Geno+2.0+Next+Generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenographic.nationalgeographic.com%2Freference-populations-next-gen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFerson2002" class="citation book cs1">McFerson, Hazel M., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC">Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines</a>. Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30791-1"><bdi>978-0-313-30791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Blessing%3A+The+Impact+of+the+American+Colonial+Experience+on+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.series=Contributions+in+Comparative+Colonial+Studies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30791-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FPLWmaGQpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillaraza2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Villaraza, Lily Ann B. (January 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724162046/https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7758&context=allgraduate-thesesdissertations">Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: A Study of Aurelio Tolentino's Articulation of Nationalism and Identity through Theatre in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period</a>. Huskie Commons (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a>. pp. 52–54. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1257957511">1257957511</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/6759/">the original</a> on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Yesterday%2C+Today%2C+and+Tomorrow%3A+A+Study+of+Aurelio+Tolentino%27s+Articulation+of+Nationalism+and+Identity+through+Theatre+in+the+Philippines+during+the+American+Colonial+Period&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Northern+Illinois+University&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1257957511&rft.aulast=Villaraza&rft.aufirst=Lily+Ann+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuskiecommons.lib.niu.edu%2Fallgraduate-thesesdissertations%2F6759%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194046/https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/">"Sheer Realities: A Celebration of Philippine Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grey_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Art Gallery">Grey Art Gallery</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. December 8, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/">the original</a> on January 17, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grey+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Sheer+Realities%3A+A+Celebration+of+Philippine+Culture&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreyartgallery.nyu.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fsheer-realities-022300-042200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2010" class="citation book cs1">Chu, Richard T. (January 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ">Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s–1930s</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2685-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2685-1"><bdi>978-90-474-2685-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Chinese+Mestizos+of+Manila%3A+Family%2C+Identity%2C+and+Culture%2C+1860s%E2%80%931930s&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2685-1&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRewCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Carter, Lauren Louise (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf">The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia</a> (PDF). Summit Research Repository (M.A. thesis). <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a>. pp. 5, 96. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 1, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+ethnic+Chinese+variable+in+domestic+and+foreign+policies+in+Malaysia+and+Indonesia&rft.inst=Simon+Fraser+University&rft.date=1995-04&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Lauren+Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsummit.sfu.ca%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Firitems1%2F6689%2Fb1744892x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1999" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Kwok-Chu (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC">The Chinese in the Philippine Economy, 1898–1941</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC&pg=PA15">15–16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-323-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-323-5"><bdi>978-971-550-323-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+the+Philippine+Economy%2C+1898%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-550-323-5&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Kwok-Chu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZQ0aAAAZ4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuanqun2009" class="citation news cs1">Guanqun, Wang (August 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm">"Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm">the original</a> on August 26, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Chinese+lunar+new+year+might+become+national+holiday+in+Philippines+too&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft.aulast=Guanqun&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-08%2F23%2Fcontent_11930729.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate.gov.ph-508"><a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov.ph_508-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrohon2013" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Macrohon, Pilar (January 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp">"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday"</a> (Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp">the original</a> on May 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+declares+Chinese+New+Year+as+special+working+holiday&rft.pub=PRIB%2C+Office+of+the+Senate+Secretary%2C+Senate+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.aulast=Macrohon&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov.ph%2Fpress_release%2F2013%2F0121_prib1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_ZúñigaRetana1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Zúñiga, Joaquín Martínez; Retana, Wenceslao Emilio (December 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721063037/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf">Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas: Ó, Mis Viajes Por Este País; Tomo Primero</a> (PDF) (in Spanish) (Spanish ed.). Madrid, Spain: Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estadismo+de+las+Islas+Filipinas%3A+%C3%93%2C+Mis+Viajes+Por+Este+Pa%C3%ADs%3B+Tomo+Primero&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.edition=Spanish&rft.pub=Imp.+de+la+Viuda+de+M.+Minuesa+de+los+R%C3%ADos&rft.date=1893-12&rft.aulast=de+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.au=Retana%2C+Wenceslao+Emilio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xeniaeditrice.it%2Fzu%25C3%25B1igaIocrpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_ZúñigaRetana1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Zúñiga, Joaquín Martínez; Retana, Wenceslao Emilio (December 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2">Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas: Ó, Mis Viajes Por Este País; Tomo Segundo</a> (in Spanish) (Spanish ed.). Madrid, Spain: Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estadismo+de+las+Islas+Filipinas%3A+%C3%93%2C+Mis+Viajes+Por+Este+Pa%C3%ADs%3B+Tomo+Segundo&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.edition=Spanish&rft.pub=Imp.+de+la+Viuda+de+M.+Minuesa+de+los+R%C3%ADos&rft.date=1893-12&rft.aulast=de+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.au=Retana%2C+Wenceslao+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207062435/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/">"U.S. Relations With the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. March 3, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/">the original</a> on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Relations+With+the+Philippines&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fu-s-relations-with-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212827/http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf">"200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding"</a> (PDF). Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. (Press release). November 5, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=200%2C000%E2%80%93250%2C000+or+More+Military+Filipino+Amerasians+Alive+Today+in+Republic+of+the+Philippines+according+to+USA-RP+Joint+Research+Paper+Finding&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerasianresearch.org%2Freleases%2Famerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutscheraCaputi2012" class="citation web cs1">Kutschera, P. C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101213421/http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf">"The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora"</a> (PDF) (Academic paper presented at 9th International Conference on the Philippines (ICOPHIL-9)). E. Lansing, Mich.: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016 – via AmerasianResearch.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Categorization+of+Military+Filipino+Amerasians+as+Diaspora&rft.place=E.+Lansing%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Kutschera&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft.au=Caputi%2C+Marie+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerasianresearch.org%2Fpdf%2FICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabooSinthuphan2018" class="citation book cs1">Daboo, Jerri; Sinthuphan, Jirayudh, eds. (October 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ">Mapping Migration: Culture and Identity in the Indian Diasporas of Southeast Asia and the UK</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1775-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1775-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-1775-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Migration%3A+Culture+and+Identity+in+the+Indian+Diasporas+of+Southeast+Asia+and+the+UK&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne%2C+England&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-1775-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOpwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevilla2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sevilla, Henelito Jr. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231845/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf">"West Asian Communities in the Philippines: An Exploratory Study of Migrant Iranians, Jews, Arabs, and Turkish"</a> (PDF). Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia. 51 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Asian_Center" title="University of the Philippines Asian Center">Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman</a>: 98, 100. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 11, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies%3A+Journal+of+Critical+Perspectives+on+Asia&rft.atitle=West+Asian+Communities+in+the+Philippines%3A+An+Exploratory+Study+of+Migrant+Iranians%2C+Jews%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Turkish&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98%2C+100&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sevilla&rft.aufirst=Henelito+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-51-1-2015%2FWest%2520Asian%2520Communities%2520in%2520the%2520Philippines%2520-%2520Migrant%2520Iranians%2520Jews%2520Arabs%2520and%2520Turkish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerpstra2019" class="citation book cs1">Terpstra, Nicholas, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uuYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64">Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-67825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-67825-7"><bdi>978-0-429-67825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Reformations%3A+Transforming+Early+Modern+Religions%2C+Societies%2C+and+Cultures&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-67825-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uuYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherMoseley2018" class="citation book cs1">Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher, eds. (April 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP226">Atlas of the World's Languages</a> (Second ed.). Florence, Ky.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85108-0"><bdi>978-1-317-85108-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Florence%2C+Ky.&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-85108-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0xWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Reid" title="Lawrence A. Reid">Reid, Lawrence A.</a> (June 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711143411/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content">"Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Linguistics" title="Oceanic Linguistics">Oceanic Linguistics</a>. 33 (1). Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>: 37–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623000">10.2307/3623000</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F32986">10125/32986</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623000">3623000</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content">the original</a> on July 11, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/ScholarSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="ScholarSpace">ScholarSpace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Possible+Non-Austronesian+Lexical+Elements+in+Philippine+Negrito+Languages&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-72&rft.date=1994-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F32986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3623000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3623000&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Ff88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakacs2015" class="citation book cs1">Takacs, Sarolta (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ">The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA659">659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45572-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45572-1"><bdi>978-1-317-45572-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World%3A+Civilizations+of+Africa%2C+Civilizations+of+Europe%2C+Civilizations+of+the+Americas%2C+Civilizations+of+the+Middle+East+and+Southwest+Asia%2C+Civilizations+of+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=659&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45572-1&rft.aulast=Takacs&rft.aufirst=Sarolta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1TrBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-Ganguly-2003-520">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Ganguly-2003_520-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Ganguly-2003_520-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGanguly2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael Edward; <a href="/wiki/Sumit_Ganguly" title="Sumit Ganguly">Ganguly, Sumit</a>, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC">Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia</a>. BCSIA Studies in International Security. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA323">323–325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52333-2"><bdi>978-0-262-52333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+Language+Policy+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.series=BCSIA+Studies+in+International+Security&rft.pages=323-325&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52333-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcoDezu1ABoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautista2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf">"Tagalog-English Code Switching as a Mode of Discourse"</a> (PDF). Asia Pacific Education Review. 5 (2). Education Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a>: 226–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03024960">10.1007/BF03024960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-1037">1598-1037</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/425894528">425894528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145684166">145684166</a>. Retrieved July 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Education+Review&rft.atitle=Tagalog-English+Code+Switching+as+a+Mode+of+Discourse&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=226-231&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F425894528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145684166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1598-1037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03024960&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Maria+Lourdes+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ720543.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2012" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Miranda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C">The Spanish Language Today</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C&pg=PA9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-76548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-76548-5"><bdi>978-1-134-76548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Language+Today&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-76548-5&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfaUqzf1ht8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeedon2019" class="citation news cs1">Weedon, Alan (August 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810044706/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590">"The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590">the original</a> on August 10, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+is+fronting+up+to+its+Spanish+heritage%2C+and+for+some+it%27s+paying+off&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=Weedon&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-08-10%2Finside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines%2F11356590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymes1971" class="citation book cs1">Hymes, Dell, ed. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ">Pidginization and Creolization of Languages; Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968</a> (Conference proceeding). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09888-5"><bdi>978-0-521-09888-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidginization+and+Creolization+of+Languages%3B+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+Held+at+the+University+of+the+West+Indies%2C+Mona%2C+Jamaica%2C+April+1968&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09888-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwG08AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspilleraHernandez2014" class="citation book cs1">Aspillera, Paraluman S.; Hernandez, Yolanda Canseco (July 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ">Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-Tagalogs (with Online Audio)</a> (Revised Third ed.). North Clarendon, Vt.: <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0166-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0166-1"><bdi>978-1-4629-0166-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Tagalog+for+Foreigners+and+Non-Tagalogs+%28with+Online+Audio%29&rft.place=North+Clarendon%2C+Vt.&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=Revised+Third&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0166-1&rft.aulast=Aspillera&rft.aufirst=Paraluman+S.&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Yolanda+Canseco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8bZAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2020" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Keith, ed. (August 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ">Dynamics of Language Changes: Looking Within and Across Languages</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-6430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-6430-7"><bdi>978-981-15-6430-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Language+Changes%3A+Looking+Within+and+Across+Languages&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.isbn=978-981-15-6430-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmn6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamid2022" class="citation journal cs1">Samid, Amina (August 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2521857">"Islamic Education and the Development of Madrasah Schools in the Philippines"</a>. International Journal of Political Studies. 8 (2): 37, 41–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25272%2Ficps.1139650">10.25272/icps.1139650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2528-9969">2528-9969</a>. Retrieved August 14, 2024 – via DergiPark Akademik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamic+Education+and+the+Development+of+Madrasah+Schools+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37%2C+41-44&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25272%2Ficps.1139650&rft.issn=2528-9969&rft.aulast=Samid&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F2521857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2023" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (March 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108195246/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577">"Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577">the original</a> on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tagalog+is+the+Most+Widely+Spoken+Language+at+Home+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fstatistics%2Fpopulation-and-housing%2Fnode%2F1684041577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabiling2018" class="citation news cs1">Kabiling, Genalyn (November 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112122321/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/">"Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/">the original</a> on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Filipino+Sign+Language+declared+as+nat%27l+sign+language+of+Filipino+deaf&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.aulast=Kabiling&rft.aufirst=Genalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mb.com.ph%2F2018%2F11%2F12%2Ffilipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamirConnaughtonSalazar2020" class="citation report cs1">Tamir, Christine; Connaughton, Aidan; Salazar, Ariana Monique (July 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722193955/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/">The Global God Divide</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/">the original</a> on July 22, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Global+God+Divide&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft.aulast=Tamir&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Connaughton%2C+Aidan&rft.au=Salazar%2C+Ariana+Monique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2020%2F07%2F20%2Fthe-global-god-divide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivantRuse2013" class="citation book cs1">Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael, eds. (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Atheism</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA563">563</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166739-8"><bdi>978-0-19-166739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=563&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166739-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93VoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael, ed. (October 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC">The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3"><bdi>978-1-139-82739-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82739-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-2015Census-Religion-533"><a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2015Census-Religion_533-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf">2015 Census of Population, Report No. 2 – Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics Philippines</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. June 2017. Table 8: Total Population by Religious Affiliation and Sex: 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453">0117-1453</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009143047/http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2015+Census+of+Population%2C+Report+No.+2+%E2%80%93+Demographic+and+Socioeconomic+Characteristics+Philippines&rft.pages=Table+8%3A+Total+Population+by+Religious+Affiliation+and+Sex%3A+2015&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2017-06&rft.issn=0117-1453&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2015%2520CPH_REPORT%2520NO.%25202_PHILIPPINES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526202948/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm">2013 International Religious Freedom Report</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a>. July 28, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm">the original</a> on May 26, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2013+International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights+and+Labor&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2013%2Feap%2F222161.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015-535">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015_535-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015_535-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121020127/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256347.pdf">Philippines 2015 International Religious Freedom Report</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a>. 2014. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256347.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Philippines+2015+International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights+and+Labor&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F256347.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209100417/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/">2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Philippines</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_International_Religious_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of International Religious Freedom">Office of International Religious Freedom</a>. June 2, 2022. Section I. Religious Demography. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/">the original</a> on December 9, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Philippines&rft.pages=Section+I.+Religious+Demography&rft.pub=Office+of+International+Religious+Freedom&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fphilippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928103612/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/">The Global Catholic Population</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</a>. February 13, 2013. Which countries have the most Catholics now?. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/">the original</a> on September 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Global+Catholic+Population&rft.pages=Which+countries+have+the+most+Catholics+now%3F&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2013%2F02%2F13%2Fthe-global-catholic-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_538-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_538-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_538-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_538-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2023" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (February 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310184554/https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">"Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">the original</a> on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Affiliation+in+the+Philippines+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Freligious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Arun W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109154652/http://janate.org/index.php/janate/article/download/1319/2198">"Local Agency and the Reception of Protestantism in the Philippines"</a>. Journal of Asian/North American Theological Educators. 2 (1): 61. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janate.org/index.php/janate/article/download/1319/2198">the original</a> on November 9, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian%2FNorth+American+Theological+Educators&rft.atitle=Local+Agency+and+the+Reception+of+Protestantism+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Arun+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanate.org%2Findex.php%2Fjanate%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1319%2F2198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421202509/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/protestant-christianity-philippines">"Protestant Christianity in the Philippines"</a>. Religious Literacy Project. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/protestant-christianity-philippines">the original</a> on April 21, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religious+Literacy+Project&rft.atitle=Protestant+Christianity+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frlp.hds.harvard.edu%2Ffaq%2Fprotestant-christianity-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423154532/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html">"Religious and lay Filipino missionaries in the world are "Christ first witnesses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AsiaNews" title="AsiaNews">AsiaNews</a>. July 16, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AsiaNews&rft.atitle=Religious+and+lay+Filipino+missionaries+in+the+world+are+%22Christ+first+witnesses&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FReligious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%25E2%2580%259CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimKim2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kim" title="Sebastian Kim">Kim, Sebastian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kirsteen_Kim" title="Kirsteen Kim">Kim, Kirsteen</a> (November 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YAdDQAAQBAJ">Christianity as a World Religion: An Introduction</a> (Second ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YAdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-6936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-6936-3"><bdi>978-1-4725-6936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+as+a+World+Religion%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-6936-3&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Kim%2C+Kirsteen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YAdDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn-Na'im2002" class="citation book cs1">An-Na'im, Abdullahi, ed. (October 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC">Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC&pg=PA5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-093-1"><bdi>978-1-84277-093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Family+Law+in+a+Changing+World%3A+A+Global+Resource+Book&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-093-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHg0zCFM0fwkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinKim2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pyong_Gap_Min" title="Pyong Gap Min">Min, Pyong Gap</a>; Kim, Jung Ha, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ">Religions in Asian America: Building Faith Communities</a>. Walnut Creek, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4762-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4762-1"><bdi>978-1-4616-4762-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Asian+America%3A+Building+Faith+Communities&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-4762-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUx7AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2000" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C">Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality</a>. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 3. Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universit%C3%A0_Gregoriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Università Gregoriana">Pontificia Università Gregoriana</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C&pg=PA87">87–88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-848-4"><bdi>978-88-7652-848-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inculturation+of+Filipino-Chinese+Culture+Mentality&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.series=Interreligious+and+Intercultural+Investigations&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Pontificia+Universit%C3%A0+Gregoriana&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-848-4&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vidamor+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4WqAOKb5c8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdinario2018" class="citation news cs1">Ordinario, Cai (October 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061056/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/">"Out-of-pocket health expense of Pinoys rose in 2017–PSA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/">the original</a> on July 28, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Out-of-pocket+health+expense+of+Pinoys+rose+in+2017%E2%80%93PSA&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.aulast=Ordinario&rft.aufirst=Cai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2018%2F10%2F26%2Fout-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-total-health-spending-contributes-55-percent-economy-2022">"The Country's Total Health Spending Contributes 5.5 Percent to the Economy in 2022"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">PSA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901100356/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-total-health-spending-contributes-55-percent-economy-2022">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Country%27s+Total+Health+Spending+Contributes+5.5+Percent+to+the+Economy+in+2022&rft.pub=PSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fcountrys-total-health-spending-contributes-55-percent-economy-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget-548">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget_548-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget_548-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores2022" class="citation news cs1">Flores, Helen (December 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217155623/https://www.onenews.ph/articles/marcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023">"Marcos Signs P5.268-Trillion National Budget For 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/One_News_(TV_channel)" title="One News (TV channel)">OneNews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onenews.ph/articles/marcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023">the original</a> on December 17, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OneNews&rft.atitle=Marcos+Signs+P5.268-Trillion+National+Budget+For+2023&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onenews.ph%2Farticles%2Fmarcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vera2022" class="citation news cs1">de Vera, Ben O. (March 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321033643/https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022">"Gov't subsidy to PhilHealth hits record-high in 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022">the original</a> on March 21, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+subsidy+to+PhilHealth+hits+record-high+in+2022&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft.aulast=de+Vera&rft.aufirst=Ben+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F343893%2Fgovt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329031526/https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care">"UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. March 14, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care">the original</a> on March 29, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=UHC+Act+in+the+Philippines%3A+a+new+dawn+for+health+care&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fphilippines%2Fnews%2Ffeature-stories%2Fdetail%2Fuhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmael2022" class="citation news cs1">Ismael, Javier Joe (March 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305120759/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/04/news/regions/151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino/1834988">"151st Malasakit Center inaugurated in Quirino"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/04/news/regions/151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino/1834988">the original</a> on March 5, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=151st+Malasakit+Center+inaugurated+in+Quirino&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Javier+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2022%2F03%2F04%2Fnews%2Fregions%2F151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino%2F1834988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapa2023" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mapa" title="Dennis Mapa">Mapa, Dennis S.</a> (February 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324134007/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/specialrelease/SR%20Death%20Statistics%202021_0.pdf">Registered Deaths in the Philippines, 2021</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/specialrelease/SR%20Death%20Statistics%202021_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 24, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Registered+Deaths+in+the+Philippines%2C+2021&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft.aulast=Mapa&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fcrd%2Fspecialrelease%2FSR%2520Death%2520Statistics%25202021_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazarPesiganLawWinkler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Salazar, Miguel Antonio; Pesigan, Arturo; Law, Ronald; Winkler, Volker (December 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871893">"Post-disaster health impact of natural hazards in the Philippines in 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Health_Action" title="Global Health Action">Global Health Action</a>. 9 (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 31320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fgha.v9.31320">10.3402/gha.v9.31320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871893">4871893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27193265">27193265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Health+Action&rft.atitle=Post-disaster+health+impact+of+natural+hazards+in+the+Philippines+in+2013&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31320&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4871893%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27193265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Fgha.v9.31320&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Antonio&rft.au=Pesigan%2C+Arturo&rft.au=Law%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4871893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00516-7/fulltext">"The social determinants of tuberculosis in the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 10 (1). January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+social+determinants+of+tuberculosis+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flanglo%2Farticle%2FPIIS2214-109X%2821%2900516-7%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RVONL-HealthCare-2021-555"><a href="#cite_ref-RVONL-HealthCare-2021_555-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange_Health_Consultants2021" class="citation report cs1">Orange Health Consultants (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017093201/https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/Healthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf">Health Care in the Philippines</a> (PDF) (Report). Rotterdam, Netherlands: Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO). Organization of the health care system. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/Healthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 17, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Health+Care+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Rotterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=Organization+of+the+health+care+system&rft.pub=Netherlands+Enterprise+Agency+%28RVO%29&rft.date=2021-04&rft.au=Orange+Health+Consultants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021%2F06%2FHealthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCachero2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Cachero, Paulina (May 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530110820/https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/">"How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America's Medical System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/">the original</a> on May 30, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Filipino+Nurses+Have+Propped+Up+America%27s+Medical+System&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft.aulast=Cachero&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6051754%2Fhistory-filipino-nurses-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzoGalvez-TanIcaminaJavier2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzo, Fely Marilyn; Galvez-Tan, Jaime; Icamina, Kriselle; Javier, Lara (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955369">"Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Services_Research_(journal)" title="Health Services Research (journal)">Health Services Research</a>. 42 (3 (pt 2)). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley-Blackwell Publishing">Wiley-Blackwell Publishing</a>: 1406–1418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6773.2007.00716.x">10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955369">1955369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17489922">17489922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Services+Research&rft.atitle=Nurse+Migration+from+a+Source+Country+Perspective%3A+Philippine+Country+Case+Study&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3+%28pt+2%29&rft.pages=1406-1418&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1955369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17489922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6773.2007.00716.x&rft.aulast=Lorenzo&rft.aufirst=Fely+Marilyn&rft.au=Galvez-Tan%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Icamina%2C+Kriselle&rft.au=Javier%2C+Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1955369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kent, Allen, ed. (February 26, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_faTic0w7sMC">"Asia, Libraries in"</a>. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Vol. 42 – Supplement 7: The Albert I Royal Library to The United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBIS) (1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_faTic0w7sMC&pg=PA74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2042-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2042-1"><bdi>978-0-8247-2042-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asia%2C+Libraries+in&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=74&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1987-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2042-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_faTic0w7sMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Pedro2013" class="citation news cs1">San Pedro, Dexter (May 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614003442/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law">"Aquino signs K–12 enhanced basic education law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InterAksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="InterAksyon">InterAksyon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law">the original</a> on June 14, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InterAksyon&rft.atitle=Aquino+signs+K%E2%80%9312+enhanced+basic+education+law&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=San+Pedro&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interaksyon.com%2Farticle%2F61826%2Faquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-2017May-560"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD-2017May_560-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECDScalabrini_Migration_Center2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>; Scalabrini Migration Center (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WSQDwAAQBAJ">Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development in the Philippines</a>. OECD Development Pathways. Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/OECD_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD Publishing">OECD Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WSQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">138–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-27228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-27228-6"><bdi>978-92-64-27228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrelations+between+Public+Policies%2C+Migration+and+Development+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.series=OECD+Development+Pathways&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-92-64-27228-6&rft.au=OECD&rft.au=Scalabrini+Migration+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WSQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2017" class="citation news cs1">Corrales, Nestor (August 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804035732/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs">"Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs">the original</a> on August 4, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Duterte+signs+into+law+bill+granting+free+tuition+in+SUCs&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F920306%2Fbreaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagaoRoganMagno2007" class="citation book cs1">Nagao, Masafumi; Rogan, John M.; Magno, Marcelita Coronel, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqpGsyqHez4C">Mathematics and Science Education in Developing Countries: Issues, Experiences, and Cooperation Prospects</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqpGsyqHez4C&pg=PA31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-533-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-533-9"><bdi>978-971-542-533-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+and+Science+Education+in+Developing+Countries%3A+Issues%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Cooperation+Prospects&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-542-533-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqpGsyqHez4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuBaiZhu2019" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Qiuchen; Bai, Bin; Zhu, Xiaolin (April 2019). "Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Philippines: Development and Status Quo". In Bai, Bin; Paryono (eds.). Vocational Education and Training in ASEAN Member States. Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. 155, 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-6617-8_7">10.1007/978-981-13-6617-8_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6616-1"><bdi>978-981-13-6616-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159328746">159328746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technical+and+Vocational+Education+and+Training+in+the+Philippines%3A+Development+and+Status+Quo&rft.btitle=Vocational+Education+and+Training+in+ASEAN+Member+States&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Rethinking+and+Reforming+Education&rft.pages=155%2C+158&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159328746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-6617-8_7&rft.isbn=978-981-13-6616-1&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Qiuchen&rft.au=Bai%2C+Bin&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiaolin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooneyNowacki2013" class="citation book cs1">Mooney, Thomas Brian; Nowacki, Mark, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQNAAAAAQBAJ">Aquinas, Education and the East</a>. Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQNAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5261-0"><bdi>978-94-007-5261-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquinas%2C+Education+and+the+East&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Sophia+Studies+in+Cross-cultural+Philosophy+of+Traditions+and+Cultures&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5261-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQNAAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230222171030/https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/deped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second">"DepEd, UNICEF strengthen Alternative Learning System toward quality, relevant second chance basic education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (Press release). June 9, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/deped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second">the original</a> on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DepEd%2C+UNICEF+strengthen+Alternative+Learning+System+toward+quality%2C+relevant+second+chance+basic+education&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fphilippines%2Fpress-releases%2Fdeped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsplanada2009" class="citation news cs1">Esplanada, Jerry E. (July 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102132/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa">"Mainstreaming Madrasa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa">the original</a> on July 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Mainstreaming+Madrasa&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Esplanada&rft.aufirst=Jerry+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2Finquirerheadlines%2Flearning%2Fview%2F20090720-216304%2FMainstreaming-Madrasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceap.org.ph/who-we-are/about-ceap">"About Us"</a>. Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203064402/https://www.ceap.org.ph/who-we-are/about-ceap">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Educational+Association+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceap.org.ph%2Fwho-we-are%2Fabout-ceap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguas2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aguas, Jove Jim S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50848177">"Catholic Education in the Philippines"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peters_(education_academic)" title="Michael Peters (education academic)">Peters, Michael A.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_147-1">Encyclopedia of Teacher Education</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-1179-6_147-1">10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_147-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-1179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-1179-6"><bdi>978-981-13-1179-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 24, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic+Education+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Teacher+Education&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-1179-6_147-1&rft.isbn=978-981-13-1179-6&rft.aulast=Aguas&rft.aufirst=Jove+Jim+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50848177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115539/https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Distribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf">Table 2. Distribution of Higher Education Institutions by Region and Sector: AY 2019–20</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)">Commission on Higher Education</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Distribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 28, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Table+2.+Distribution+of+Higher+Education+Institutions+by+Region+and+Sector%3A+AY+2019%E2%80%9320&rft.pub=Commission+on+Higher+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fched.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDistribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319071934/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2019-report/economy/working-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students">New measures support university and technical students in the Philippines – Asia 2019</a> (Report). Oxford Business Group. September 9, 2019. Sector Structure. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2019-report/economy/working-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students">the original</a> on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=New+measures+support+university+and+technical+students+in+the+Philippines+%E2%80%93+Asia+2019&rft.pages=Sector+Structure&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Freports%2Fphilippines%2F2019-report%2Feconomy%2Fworking-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNessLin2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ness, Daniel; Lin, Chia-Ling, eds. (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ">"Philippines"</a>. International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems. Vol. 1–2. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA459">459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46751-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46751-9"><bdi>978-1-317-46751-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=International+Education%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Issues+and+Systems&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46751-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_FnBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Act_No._95002008" class="citation cs2">Republic Act No. 9500 (April 19, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830074039/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/04/19/republic-act-no-9500/">The University of the Philippines Charter of 2008</a>, Metro Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/04/19/republic-act-no-9500/">the original</a> on August 30, 2018, retrieved February 6, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+the+Philippines+Charter+of+2008&rft.place=Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2008-04-19&rft.au=Republic+Act+No.+9500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2008%2F04%2F19%2Frepublic-act-no-9500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2017" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, V. V., ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNguDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT328">Universities in the National Innovation Systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-61900-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-61900-4"><bdi>978-1-351-61900-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universities+in+the+National+Innovation+Systems%3A+Experiences+from+the+Asia-Pacific&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-61900-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNguDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings/2023">"QS Asia University Rankings 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>. 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=QS+Asia+University+Rankings+2023&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fasia-university-rankings%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/PH/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats">"World University Rankings 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2020&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2020%2Fworld-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Flocations%2FPH%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2020" class="citation news cs1">Hernandez, Jobo E. (October 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111071307/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/">"Literacy rate estimated at 93.8% among 5 year olds or older — PSA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/">the original</a> on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate+estimated+at+93.8%25+among+5+year+olds+or+older+%E2%80%94+PSA&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Jobo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Feconomy%2F2020%2F10%2F29%2F325932%2Fliteracy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalavera2020" class="citation news cs1">Talavera, Catherine (December 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214020049/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa">"Functional literacy rate improves in 2019 – PSA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa">the original</a> on December 14, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Functional+literacy+rate+improves+in+2019+%E2%80%93+PSA&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Talavera&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2020%2F12%2F14%2F2063627%2Ffunctional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230725004228/http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10266">"Statistical Number of Affiliated Public Libraries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10266">the original</a> on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Statistical+Number+of+Affiliated+Public+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.nlp.gov.ph%2Fnlp%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F10266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bankoff-2017-579">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bankoff-2017_579-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bankoff-2017_579-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankoffWeekley2017" class="citation book cs1">Bankoff, Greg; Weekley, Kathleen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Se1HDwAAQBAJ">Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence</a>. Routledge Revivals. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74209-2"><bdi>978-1-351-74209-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Colonial+National+Identity+in+the+Philippines%3A+Celebrating+the+Centennial+of+Independence&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-74209-2&rft.aulast=Bankoff&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Weekley%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSe1HDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edelstein-2011_580-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edelstein-2011_580-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edelstein-2011_580-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Edelstein, Sari, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC">Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals</a>. Sudbury, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Learning</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA515">515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-5965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Cuisine%2C+and+Cultural+Competency+for+Culinary%2C+Hospitality%2C+and+Nutrition+Professionals&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlj0CeaIIETkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (February 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ">"Igorot"</a>. Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA473">473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6118-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-6118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Igorot&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=473&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_zRDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Minahan, James B. (August 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT101">"Cordillerans"</a>. Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Ethnic Groups of the World (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-660-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cordillerans&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=Ethnic+Groups+of+the+World&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-660-7&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOQkpcVcd9AC%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Law, Gwillim (November 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ">Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6097-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-6097-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Subdivisions+of+Countries%3A+A+Comprehensive+World+Reference%2C+1900+through+1998&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6097-7&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Gwillim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0OeCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadal-2011-584">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nadal-2011_584-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadal-2011_584-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadal2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Nadal" title="Kevin Nadal">Nadal, Kevin L.</a> (March 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC">Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice</a>. Hoboken, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-01977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-01977-1"><bdi>978-1-118-01977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+American+Psychology%3A+A+Handbook+of+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Clinical+Practice&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-118-01977-1&rft.aulast=Nadal&rft.aufirst=Kevin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzN7-s84jAkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExecutive_Order_No._2921987" class="citation cs2">Executive Order No. 292 (July 25, 1987), "Chapter 7, section 26: Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903160004/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/">Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days</a>, Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)" title="Official Gazette (Philippines)">Official Gazette of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/">the original</a> on September 3, 2017, retrieved March 10, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%2C+section+26%3A+Regular+Holidays+and+Nationwide+Special+Days&rft.btitle=Regular+Holidays+and+Nationwide+Special+Days&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1987-07-25&rft.au=Executive+Order+No.+292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1987%2F07%2F25%2Fexecutive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Richel Royce T. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430021308/https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251">"The Festival Extravaganza of Vigan City, Philippines"</a>. UNP Research Journal. XXIX. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Philippines" title="University of Northern Philippines">University of Northern Philippines</a>: 64–66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0119-3058">0119-3058</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251">the original</a> on April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNP+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Festival+Extravaganza+of+Vigan+City%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.pages=64-66&rft.date=2020-01&rft.issn=0119-3058&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Richel+Royce+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvector.unp.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2F1%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F57%2F7%2F251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendt-1998-587"><a href="#cite_ref-Wendt-1998_587-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wendt, Reinhard (1998). "Philippine Fiesta and Colonial Culture". <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 46 (1). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633620">42633620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Philippine+Fiesta+and+Colonial+Culture&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42633620%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Wendt&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguirre2018" class="citation news cs1">Aguirre, Jun (March 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903154448/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/">"Legend of the Ati-atihan Fest in Aklan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/">the original</a> on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Legend+of+the+Ati-atihan+Fest+in+Aklan&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft.aulast=Aguirre&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2018%2F03%2F04%2Flegend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPison2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pison, Ruth Jordana (May 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/view/6728/5829">"The Dinagyang Festival: An Afterlife of the Ilonggos' Faith"</a>. Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature. 16. <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 81, 85. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0119-1721">0119-1721</a>. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Studies+and+Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Dinagyang+Festival%3A+An+Afterlife+of+the+Ilonggos%27+Faith&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=81%2C+85&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft.issn=0119-1721&rft.aulast=Pison&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Jordana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.upd.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fjescl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6728%2F5829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-590"><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinco2018" class="citation news cs1">Cinco, Maricar (March 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326035724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots">"Moriones: solemn tradition, not festive occasion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots">the original</a> on March 26, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Moriones%3A+solemn+tradition%2C+not+festive+occasion&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Cinco&rft.aufirst=Maricar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F978072%2Fmoriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903161024/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival">"Sinulog named as Asia's most popular festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SunStar" title="SunStar">SunStar</a>. February 27, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival">the original</a> on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar&rft.atitle=Sinulog+named+as+Asia%27s+most+popular+festival&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Farticle%2F421022%2FBusiness%2FSinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-592"><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Patricia Marion Y. (February 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623012242/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444">"Mary as Mother in the Flores de Mayo in Poblacion, Oslob"</a>. Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities. 13 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2012-0788">2012-0788</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7181411125">7181411125</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444">the original</a> on June 23, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+Diliman%3A+A+Philippine+Journal+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=Mary+as+Mother+in+the+Flores+de+Mayo+in+Poblacion%2C+Oslob&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7181411125&rft.issn=2012-0788&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Marion+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.upd.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fhumanitiesdiliman%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4932%2F4444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rood-2019-593">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rood-2019_593-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rood-2019_593-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rood-2019_593-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRood2019" class="citation book cs1">Rood, Steven (June 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ">The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know®</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092060-9"><bdi>978-0-19-092060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know%C2%AE&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092060-9&rft.aulast=Rood&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmCpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-594"><a href="#cite_ref-594">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2006" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Colleen A. (January 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC">Philippines in Pictures</a>. Visual Geography Series. Minneapolis, Minn.: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-First Century Books">Twenty-First Century Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC&pg=PA46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2677-3"><bdi>978-0-8225-2677-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines+in+Pictures&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minn.&rft.series=Visual+Geography+Series&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Colleen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffGdShrIrQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qiu-2004-595">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qiu-2004_595-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qiu-2004_595-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu2004" class="citation book cs1">Qiu, Renzong, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C">Bioethics: Asian Perspectives: A Quest for Moral Diversity</a>. Philosophy and Medicine. Vol. 80. Dordrecht, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1795-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-1795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioethics%3A+Asian+Perspectives%3A+A+Quest+for+Moral+Diversity&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Philosophy+and+Medicine&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1795-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpuYpTx1gE40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-596"><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallig" class="citation journal cs1">Hallig, Jason V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid">"Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs the Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness"</a>. Didache: Faithful Teaching. 2 (1): 2, 10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-0156">1536-0156</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid">the original</a> on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_Theological_Seminary" title="Nazarene Theological Seminary">Nazarene Theological Seminary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Didache%3A+Faithful+Teaching&rft.atitle=Communicating+Holiness+to+the+Filipinos%3A+Challenges+and+Needs+the+Path+to+a+Filipino+Theology+of+Holiness&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2%2C+10&rft.issn=1536-0156&rft.aulast=Hallig&rft.aufirst=Jason+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdidache.nts.edu%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid%3D277%26Itemid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-2014-597">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner-2014_597-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner-2014_597-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2014" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Malcolm, ed. (March 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ">Culture and Management in Asia</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-49760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-49760-5"><bdi>978-1-136-49760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Management+in+Asia&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-49760-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HgBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-598"><a href="#cite_ref-598">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAloraLumitao2001" class="citation book cs1">Alora, Angeles Tan; Lumitao, Josephine M., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC">Beyond a Western Bioethics: Voices from the Developing World</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC&pg=PA57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-249-3"><bdi>978-1-58901-249-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+a+Western+Bioethics%3A+Voices+from+the+Developing+World&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-249-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55momC6vMWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-599"><a href="#cite_ref-599">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabadda2005" class="citation book cs1">Tabadda, Emil V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA21">"Chapter II: A Phenomenology of the Tagalog Notions of Hiya [Shame] and Dangal [Dignity]"</a>. In Gripaldo, Rolando M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC">Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures</a>. Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series IIID, Southeast Asia. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA35">35–39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-225-7"><bdi>978-1-56518-225-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II%3A+A+Phenomenology+of+the+Tagalog+Notions+of+Hiya+%5BShame%5D+and+Dangal+%5BDignity%5D&rft.btitle=Filipino+Cultural+Traits%3A+Claro+R.+Ceniza+Lectures&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Cultural+Heritage+and+Contemporary+Change+Series+IIID%2C+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=35-39&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-225-7&rft.aulast=Tabadda&rft.aufirst=Emil+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXJe6vKMjroC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-600"><a href="#cite_ref-600">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithShueVestVillarreal1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bradford; Shue, Sylvia; Vest, Jennifer Lisa; Villarreal, Joseph (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C">Philanthropy in Communities of Color</a>. Bloomington, Ind.: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C&pg=PA89">89–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11293-4"><bdi>978-0-253-11293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+Communities+of+Color&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11293-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bradford&rft.au=Shue%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=Vest%2C+Jennifer+Lisa&rft.au=Villarreal%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-932648SbP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-601"><a href="#cite_ref-601">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor1997" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Larry L., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC">Cultural Diversity in the United States</a>. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Bergin_%26_Garvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergin & Garvey">Bergin & Garvey</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC&pg=PA179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-479-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Diversity+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Bergin+%26+Garvey&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-479-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHhUKBb807GsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-602"><a href="#cite_ref-602">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonifacio2013" class="citation book cs1">Bonifacio, Glenda Tibe (November 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ">Pinay on the Prairies: Filipino Women and Transnational Identities</a>. Vancouver, Canada: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">UBC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2582-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2582-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-2582-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pinay+on+the+Prairies%3A+Filipino+Women+and+Transnational+Identities&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+Canada&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2582-5&rft.aulast=Bonifacio&rft.aufirst=Glenda+Tibe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXPQAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-603"><a href="#cite_ref-603">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadalTintiangco-CubalesDavid2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Nadal" title="Kevin Nadal">Nadal, Kevin Leo Yabut</a>; Tintiangco-Cubales, Allyson; David, E. J. R., eds. (November 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT660">"Family Structure"</a>. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. Hierarchy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0718-2901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0718-2901-1"><bdi>978-1-0718-2901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Structure&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+Filipina%2Fx%2Fo+American+Studies&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=Hierarchy&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-0718-2901-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGN7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-604"><a href="#cite_ref-604">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalisayon1994" class="citation book cs1">Talisayon, Serafin D. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804051616/https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf">"Chapter 13: Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines"</a> (PDF). In Dy, Manuel B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC">Values in Philippine Culture and Education</a>. Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series III. Asia; Philippine Philosophical Studies. Vol. 7. Washington, D.C.: Office of Research and Publications, Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC&pg=PA155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-040-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-040-6"><bdi>978-1-56518-040-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 4, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Teaching+Values+in+the+Natural+and+Physical+Sciences+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Values+in+Philippine+Culture+and+Education&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Cultural+Heritage+and+Contemporary+Change+Series+III.+Asia%3B+Philippine+Philosophical+Studies&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Office+of+Research+and+Publications%2C+Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-040-6&rft.aulast=Talisayon&rft.aufirst=Serafin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crvp.org%2Fpublications%2FSeries-III%2FIII-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-605"><a href="#cite_ref-605">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanizoRustia1969" class="citation book cs1">Panizo, Alfredo; Rustia, Erlinda F. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC">Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics: An Approach to the Humanities</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC&pg=PA156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-1932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-1932-7"><bdi>978-971-23-1932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Art+Appreciation+and+Aesthetics%3A+An+Approach+to+the+Humanities&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-971-23-1932-7&rft.aulast=Panizo&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft.au=Rustia%2C+Erlinda+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY86zdJE87TsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McFerson-2002-606">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McFerson-2002_606-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McFerson-2002_606-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFerson2002" class="citation book cs1">McFerson, Hazel M., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC">Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines</a>. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA22">22–23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30791-1"><bdi>978-0-313-30791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Blessing%3A+The+Impact+of+the+American+Colonial+Experience+on+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30791-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FPLWmaGQpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-607"><a href="#cite_ref-607">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2015" class="citation web cs1">Hernandez, Eloisa May P. (April 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421082733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/">"The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>. A. Painting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/">the original</a> on April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Colonial+Tradition+in+Philippine+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=A.+Painting&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Eloisa+May+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fsubcommissions%2Fsubcommission-on-the-arts-sca%2Fvisual-arts%2Fthe-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-608"><a href="#cite_ref-608">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005130/https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs">"Jose Rizal in Filipino Literature and History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>. pp. 77–78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs">the original</a> on April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jose+Rizal+in+Filipino+Literature+and+History&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchium.ateneo.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1042%26context%3Dhistory-faculty-pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-609"><a href="#cite_ref-609">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterDeere2014" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Simon; Deere, Kiki (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJttBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT523">The Rough Guide to the Philippines</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Guides UK">Rough Guides UK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-01376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-01376-2"><bdi>978-0-241-01376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+Philippines&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+UK&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-241-01376-2&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Deere%2C+Kiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJttBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches-610">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches_610-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches_610-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/">"Baroque Churches of the Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/">the original</a> on February 10, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Baroque+Churches+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F677%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-611"><a href="#cite_ref-611">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuShenSmith2018" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Pei-Lin; Shen, Chen; Smith, George S., eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151">Relevance and Application of Heritage in Contemporary Society</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-33296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-33296-5"><bdi>978-1-351-33296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relevance+and+Application+of+Heritage+in+Contemporary+Society&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-33296-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DhjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-612"><a href="#cite_ref-612">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMitchellBeresford2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jessica; Mitchell, Nora J.; Beresford, Michael, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C">The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community</a>. Gland, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0797-6"><bdi>978-2-8317-0797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protected+Landscape+Approach%3A+Linking+Nature%2C+Culture+and+Community&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18iV522zLj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-613"><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2019" class="citation conference cs1">Cruz, Geoffrey Rhoel C. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517150542/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf">"A Review of How Philippine Colonial Experience Influenced the Country's Approaches to Conservation of Cultural Heritage"</a> (PDF). Arts Congress Proceedings. 12th Arts Congress. 9. Vol. 3. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>. The Philippine Built Cultural Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2012-0311">2012-0311</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 17, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+How+Philippine+Colonial+Experience+Influenced+the+Country%27s+Approaches+to+Conservation+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.btitle=Arts+Congress+Proceedings&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.series=9&rft.pages=The+Philippine+Built+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pub=De+La+Salle+University&rft.date=2019-02&rft.issn=2012-0311&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Rhoel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlsu.edu.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2Fconferences%2Farts-congress-proceedings%2F2019%2FFAC-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-614"><a href="#cite_ref-614">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtizErestainGuillermoMontano" class="citation book cs1">Ortiz, Ma. Aurora R.; Erestain, Teresita E.; Guillermo, Alice G.; Montano, Myrna C.; Pilar, Santiago A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC">Art: Perception & Appreciation</a>. Makati, Philippines: Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC&pg=PA287">287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-11-0933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-11-0933-2"><bdi>978-971-11-0933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%3A+Perception+%26+Appreciation&rft.place=Makati%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Goodwill+Trading+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-11-0933-2&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Aurora+R.&rft.au=Erestain%2C+Teresita+E.&rft.au=Guillermo%2C+Alice+G.&rft.au=Montano%2C+Myrna+C.&rft.au=Pilar%2C+Santiago+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9UE6SQayrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Girard-2021-615">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Girard-2021_615-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girard-2021_615-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard2021" class="citation book cs1">Girard, Jean-Claude (December 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ">Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect</a>. Basel, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user" title="Birkhäuser">Birkhäuser</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0356-2093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0356-2093-1"><bdi>978-3-0356-2093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leandro+Valencia+Locsin%3A+Filipino+architect&rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-0356-2093-1&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYZaEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-616"><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC">Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC&pg=PA190">190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-066-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+of+God%3A+Fortified+Religious+Buildings+of+the+World&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+England&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-066-5&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6PqNavNEdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-617"><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rabang, Marie Rose Q. (December 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061850/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58">"Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience"</a>. Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage. 1 (1). Research Institute of Pasundan University: 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23969%2Fsampurasun.v1i1.26">10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58">the original</a> on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Sampurasun%3A+Interdisciplinary+Studies+for+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Cultural+Mapping+as+a+Tool+in+Heritage+Conservation+in+a+World+Heritage+Site%3A+The+Vigan+City+Experience&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23969%2Fsampurasun.v1i1.26&rft.aulast=Rabang&rft.aufirst=Marie+Rose+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.unpas.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fsampurasun%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F26%2F7%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCAGovPH-Architecture-618">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCCAGovPH-Architecture_618-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCCAGovPH-Architecture_618-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoche2015" class="citation web cs1">Noche, Manuel D. C. (April 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/">"History of Philippine Architecture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/">the original</a> on April 21, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Philippine+Architecture&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Noche&rft.aufirst=Manuel+D.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fsubcommissions%2Fsubcommission-on-the-arts-sca%2Farchitecture-and-allied-arts-2%2Fhistory-of-philippine-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-619"><a href="#cite_ref-619">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnchoSan_Juan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ancho, Inero; San Juan, Mark Ponce (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JUCR/article/view/252190/171120">"Preservation Of Heritage School Buildings In The Philippines: A Case Study Of The Gabaldon Buildings"</a>. Journal of Urban Culture Research. 22: 106–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14456%2Fjucr.2021.8">10.14456/jucr.2021.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2408-1213">2408-1213</a>. Retrieved August 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Culture+Research&rft.atitle=Preservation+Of+Heritage+School+Buildings+In+The+Philippines%3A+A+Case+Study+Of+The+Gabaldon+Buildings&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=106-109&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14456%2Fjucr.2021.8&rft.issn=2408-1213&rft.aulast=Ancho&rft.aufirst=Inero&rft.au=San+Juan%2C+Mark+Ponce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso04.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2FJUCR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F252190%2F171120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-620"><a href="#cite_ref-620">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2004" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Thomas (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC">Outline of Town and City Planning</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thoemmes_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoemmes Press">Thoemmes Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC&pg=PA201">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16094-0"><bdi>978-0-415-16094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outline+of+Town+and+City+Planning&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Routledge%2FThoemmes+Press&rft.date=2004-11&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16094-0&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zNNdADCYcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-621"><a href="#cite_ref-621">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2023" class="citation book cs1">Kirsch, Scott (February 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrujEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122">American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire</a>. Routledge Research in Historical Geography. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83977-7"><bdi>978-1-000-83977-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonial+Spaces+in+the+Philippines%3A+Insular+Empire&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Research+in+Historical+Geography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83977-7&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrujEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-622"><a href="#cite_ref-622">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalas2022" class="citation news cs1">Salas, Vic (August 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/">"[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/">the original</a> on August 9, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=%5BIlonggo+Notes%5D+A+city+of+cultural+heritage+tourism+zones&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft.aulast=Salas&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ftravel%2Filonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-623"><a href="#cite_ref-623">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkombo2016" class="citation book cs1">Akombo, David (February 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ">The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2269-9"><bdi>978-1-4766-2269-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unity+of+Music+and+Dance+in+World+Cultures&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9&rft.aulast=Akombo&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ByGCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villaruz-2006_624-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villaruz-2006_624-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villaruz-2006_624-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villaruz-2006_624-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillaruz2006" class="citation book cs1">Villaruz, Basilio Esteban S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C">Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-509-4"><bdi>978-971-542-509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treading+Through%3A+45+Years+of+Philippine+Dance&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-542-509-4&rft.aulast=Villaruz&rft.aufirst=Basilio+Esteban+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLQOd-PFxe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-625"><a href="#cite_ref-625">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2018" class="citation book cs1">Rodríguez, José Miguel Díaz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emNgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159">The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics</a>. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99811-6"><bdi>978-1-351-99811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Appeal+of+the+Philippines%3A+Spain%2C+Cultural+Representation+and+Politics&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Contemporary+Southeast+Asia+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99811-6&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel+D%C3%ADaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DemNgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-626"><a href="#cite_ref-626">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt2021" class="citation book cs1">Parfitt, Clare, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ">Cultural Memory and Popular Dance: Dancing to Remember, Dancing to Forget</a>. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-71083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-71083-5"><bdi>978-3-030-71083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Memory+and+Popular+Dance%3A+Dancing+to+Remember%2C+Dancing+to+Forget&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Palgrave+Macmillan+Memory+Studies&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-71083-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYNSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-627"><a href="#cite_ref-627">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamiki2011" class="citation journal cs1">Namiki, Kanami (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711181559/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf">"Hybridity and National Identity: Different Perspectives of Two National Folk Dance Companies in the Philippines"</a> (PDF). Asian Studies. 47 (Special Issue: Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 69, 84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4679">0004-4679</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 11, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Hybridity+and+National+Identity%3A+Different+Perspectives+of+Two+National+Folk+Dance+Companies+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=Special+Issue%3A+Cultural+Hybridities+of+the+Philippines&rft.pages=69%2C+84&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0004-4679&rft.aulast=Namiki&rft.aufirst=Kanami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-47-2011%2Fvol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-628"><a href="#cite_ref-628">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridge2021" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, Stephanie, ed. (September 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ng5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164">The Routledge Companion to Dance in Asia and the Pacific: Platforms for Change</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-44021-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-44021-8"><bdi>978-1-000-44021-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Dance+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+Platforms+for+Change&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-000-44021-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ng5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-629"><a href="#cite_ref-629">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillacruz2014" class="citation web cs1">Villacruz, Basilio Esteban S. (July 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117">"Philippine Dance in the American Period"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117">the original</a> on July 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Dance+in+the+American+Period&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Villacruz&rft.aufirst=Basilio+Esteban+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Figm%3D1%26i%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-630"><a href="#cite_ref-630">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasgonia2020" class="citation news cs1">Gasgonia, Dennis (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160028/https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map">"Olympic OK music to Pinoy breakdancers' ears — 'Chance to put PH on the map'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map">the original</a> on December 8, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Olympic+OK+music+to+Pinoy+breakdancers%27+ears+%E2%80%94+%27Chance+to+put+PH+on+the+map%27&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Gasgonia&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fsports%2F12%2F08%2F20%2Folympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCET-MasterRondalla-631">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KCET-MasterRondalla_631-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KCET-MasterRondalla_631-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524195859/https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a">"This Master Rondalla Musician is Preserving the Sounds of Philippine Culture in L.A."</a> <a href="/wiki/KCET" title="KCET">KCET</a>. May 24, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a">the original</a> on May 24, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KCET&rft.atitle=This+Master+Rondalla+Musician+is+Preserving+the+Sounds+of+Philippine+Culture+in+L.A.&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fshows%2Fartbound%2Fthis-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-632"><a href="#cite_ref-632">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMihalka2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martin, Andrew R.; Mihalka, Matthew, eds. (September 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ">"Philippines, Music of the"</a>. Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA665">665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-499-5"><bdi>978-1-61069-499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines%2C+Music+of+the&rft.btitle=Music+around+the+World%3A+A+Global+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=665&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-499-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwvb2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellingham-1999-633">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellingham-1999_633-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellingham-1999_633-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingham2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ellingham, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC">The Rough Guide to World Music</a>. Rough Guide Music Guides. Vol. 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia & Pacific. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5"><bdi>978-1-85828-636-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+World+Music&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Rough+Guide+Music+Guides&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-636-5&rft.aulast=Ellingham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzX8THIgRjUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-2016-634">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray-2016_634-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray-2016_634-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayNadeau2016" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Jeremy A.; Nadeau, Kathleen, eds. (August 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ">Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania</a>. Entertainment and Society around the World. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3991-7"><bdi>978-1-4408-3991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+in+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=Entertainment+and+Society+around+the+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dot2uDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shunwei-2022-635"><a href="#cite_ref-Shunwei-2022_635-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShunweiJia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shunwei, Liu; Jia, Li (June 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijdri.com/me/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/6.pdf">"Establishment of Philippine Popular Music Industry"</a> (PDF). Multicultural Education. 8 (6). International Journal Documentation & Research Institute: 60, 66–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.6618973">10.5281/zenodo.6618973</a>. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multicultural+Education&rft.atitle=Establishment+of+Philippine+Popular+Music+Industry&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=60%2C+66-67&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.6618973&rft.aulast=Shunwei&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft.au=Jia%2C+Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijdri.com%2Fme%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F06%2F6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-636"><a href="#cite_ref-636">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithFonseca2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn; Fonseca, Anthony J., eds. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ">"The Philippines"</a>. Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia. Vol. I and II: A–Z (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552">552–553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35759-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35759-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=552-553&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2018-12&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35759-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mR2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-637"><a href="#cite_ref-637">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlempe2022" class="citation book cs1">Klempe, Sven Hroar (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ">Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition</a>. Palgrave Studies in Sound. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-2340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-2340-1"><bdi>978-981-19-2340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Reason%3A+Synesthesia+as+Metacognition&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Sound&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-19-2340-1&rft.aulast=Klempe&rft.aufirst=Sven+Hroar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaV0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-638"><a href="#cite_ref-638">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbould2022" class="citation news cs1">Newbould, Chris (October 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213311/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/">"A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/">the original</a> on December 5, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+P-pop%2C+from+anti-Marcos+messages+to+the+mainstream+and+back&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft.aulast=Newbould&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmusic%2F2022%2F10%2F24%2Fa-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu-2016-639">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu-2016_639-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu-2016_639-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu-2016_639-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2016" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Siyuan, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre</a>. Routledge Handbooks. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372">372–373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3"><bdi>978-1-317-27886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Asian+Theatre&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks&rft.pages=372-373&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27886-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1iFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-640"><a href="#cite_ref-640">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ">Literaturen</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. 1976. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04331-2"><bdi>978-90-04-04331-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literaturen&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04331-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNbY3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-641"><a href="#cite_ref-641">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez1933" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Eulogio Balan (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001440/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AJV4301.0001.001">The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day</a>. Manila, Philippines: General Printing Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56">51</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34358713">34358713</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001">the original</a> on July 25, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Library" title="University of Michigan Library">University of Michigan Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adarna+Bird%3A+A+Filipino+Tale+of+Pre-Spanish+Origin+Incorporated+in+the+Development+of+Philippine+Literature%2C+the+Rapid+Growth+of+Vernacular+Belles-letters+from+Its+Earliest+Inception+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=General+Printing+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34358713&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Eulogio+Balan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Fajv4301.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-642"><a href="#cite_ref-642">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumbera1967" class="citation journal cs1">Lumbera, Bienvenido (1967). "'Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry". <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 15 (4). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 545–575. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720240">42720240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Florante+at+Laura%27+and+the+Formalization+of+Tradition+in+Tagalog+Poetry&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-575&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42720240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Lumbera&rft.aufirst=Bienvenido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-643"><a href="#cite_ref-643">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanco, John D. (February 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC">Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines</a>. Berkeley, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94369-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94369-8"><bdi>978-0-520-94369-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Constitutions%3A+Christianity+and+Colonial+Empire+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Philippines&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94369-8&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNtM4sXUgCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-644"><a href="#cite_ref-644">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernad1967" class="citation journal cs1">Bernad, Miguel A. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108185224/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425">"Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 15 (1). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 204. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425">the original</a> on November 8, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Rizal+in+Guerrero%27s+Translation%3A+El+Filibusterismo&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=204&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Bernad&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2299%2F4425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-645"><a href="#cite_ref-645">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarverSlape2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily, eds. (July 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ">"Philippine Revolution (1896–1898)"</a>. The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Empires of the World. Vol. I (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-422-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine+Revolution+%281896%E2%80%931898%29&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=Empires+of+the+World&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-422-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LCJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-646"><a href="#cite_ref-646">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Reyes" title="Soledad Reyes">Reyes, Soledad S.</a> (1997). "The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment". Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science. 25 (1). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 81–81, 85–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F030382497X00059">10.1163/030382497X00059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0303-8246">0303-8246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24492451">24492451</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9982710804">9982710804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Journal+of+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+%27Komiks%27%3A+Text+as+Containment&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-81%2C+85-87&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9982710804&rft.issn=0303-8246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24492451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F030382497X00059&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Soledad+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-647"><a href="#cite_ref-647">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Reyes" title="Soledad Reyes">Reyes, Soledad S.</a> (2009). "The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk". <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 57 (3). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 389–390. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634017">42634017</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9975776944">9975776944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Komiks+and+Retelling+the+Lore+of+the+Folk&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-390&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9975776944&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42634017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Soledad+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-648"><a href="#cite_ref-648">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeWebb2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B., eds. (August 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ">"Filipino American Folklore and Folktales"</a>. American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore. Vol. I: A–F. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369">369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-568-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-568-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-568-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Filipino+American+Folklore+and+Folktales&rft.btitle=American+Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Tall+Tales%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+American+Folklore&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-568-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXnEDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-649"><a href="#cite_ref-649">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenbergKellyLealWakild2017" class="citation book cs1">Hardenberg, Wilko Graf von; Kelly, Matthew; Leal, Claudia; Wakild, Emily, eds. (July 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation</a>. Routledge Environmental Humanities series. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-76463-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-76463-6"><bdi>978-1-351-76463-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+State%3A+Rethinking+the+History+of+Conservation&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Environmental+Humanities+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-351-76463-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gkqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-650"><a href="#cite_ref-650">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillanueva2022" class="citation journal cs1">Villanueva, Louie B. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf">"Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development"</a> (PDF). Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology. 55 (4). <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_University" title="Tianjin University">Tianjin University</a>: 624–625, 631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17605%2FOSF.IO%2FRYXCN">10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0493-2137">0493-2137</a>. Retrieved May 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tianjin+University%3A+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Biag+ni+Lam-ang%3A+An+Ilokano+Epic+Analysis+and+Its+Implication+to+Ilokano+Folk+Literature+and+Philippine+Educational+Development&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=624-625%2C+631&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17605%2FOSF.IO%2FRYXCN&rft.issn=0493-2137&rft.aulast=Villanueva&rft.aufirst=Louie+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftianjindaxuexuebao.com%2Fdashboard%2Fuploads%2F39.%2520RYXCN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-651"><a href="#cite_ref-651">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBane2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bane, Theresa (May 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ">"Sarimanok"</a>. Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore. Jefferson, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2268-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-2268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sarimanok&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Beasts+and+Monsters+in+Myth%2C+Legend+and+Folklore&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2268-2&rft.aulast=Bane&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PYWDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-652"><a href="#cite_ref-652">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2006" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Mellie Leandicho (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C">A Handbook of Philippine Folklore</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&pg=PA147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-514-8"><bdi>978-971-542-514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Philippine+Folklore&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-542-514-8&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Mellie+Leandicho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGssp-oJrT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-653"><a href="#cite_ref-653">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadale1997" class="citation book cs1">Madale, Abdullah T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC">The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&pg=PA67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2174-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2174-0"><bdi>978-971-23-2174-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maranaws%2C+Dwellers+of+the+Lake&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-23-2174-0&rft.aulast=Madale&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxr8_P6mJ-ZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-654"><a href="#cite_ref-654">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitley2003" class="citation book cs1">Kitley, Philip, ed. (August 29, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ">Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/RoutledgeCurzon" class="mw-redirect" title="RoutledgeCurzon">RoutledgeCurzon</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43194-6"><bdi>978-1-134-43194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television%2C+Regulation+and+Civil+Society+in+Asia&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-134-43194-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drb2AAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-655"><a href="#cite_ref-655">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeocampo2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Deocampo" title="Nick Deocampo">Deocampo, Nick</a> (November 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT510">Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema</a>. Mandaluyong, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Publishing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Anvil Publishing, Inc.">Anvil Publishing, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2896-9"><bdi>978-971-27-2896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film%3A+American+Influences+on+Philippine+Cinema&rft.place=Mandaluyong%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft.isbn=978-971-27-2896-9&rft.aulast=Deocampo&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzaWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-656"><a href="#cite_ref-656">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2011" class="citation news cs1">Lucas, Daxim L. (September 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116070555/http://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers/">"Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers">the original</a> on November 16, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Filipinos+seek+info+on+Web%3B+rich+prefer+newspapers&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Daxim+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.inquirer.net%2F4101%2Ffilipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNPH-SWSFacebook-657">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNNPH-SWSFacebook_657-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNPH-SWSFacebook_657-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703110139/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html">"SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. June 30, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=SWS%3A+Facebook+next+to+TV+as+Filipinos%27+top+source+of+news&rft.date=2019-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F6%2F30%2Ffacebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-658"><a href="#cite_ref-658">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200937/https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/">"PTV 4"</a>. Media Ownership Monitor. MOM Team, <a href="/wiki/VERA_Files" class="mw-redirect" title="VERA Files">VERA Files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, Global Media Registry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/">the original</a> on December 7, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Ownership+Monitor&rft.atitle=PTV+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilippines.mom-rsf.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fdetail%2Foutlet%2Fptv-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Philippines-Profile-659">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Philippines-Profile_659-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Philippines-Profile_659-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209103826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300">"Philippines country profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. July 4, 2022. Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300">the original</a> on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+country+profile&rft.pages=Media&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-15521300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-660"><a href="#cite_ref-660">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutierrez2020" class="citation news cs1">Gutierrez, Jason (July 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html">"Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710111029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philippine+Congress+officially+shuts+down+leading+broadcaster&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-661"><a href="#cite_ref-661">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbachBeekKarugiaMageza-Barthel2020" class="citation book cs1">Achenbach, Ruth; Beek, Jan; Karugia, John Njenga; Mageza-Barthel, Rirhandu; Schulze-Engler, Frank, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ">Afrasian Transformations: Transregional Perspectives on Development Cooperation, Social Mobility, and Cultural Change</a>. Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies. Vol. 20. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42526-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42526-2"><bdi>978-90-04-42526-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrasian+Transformations%3A+Transregional+Perspectives+on+Development+Cooperation%2C+Social+Mobility%2C+and+Cultural+Change&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Africa-Europe+Group+for+Interdisciplinary+Studies&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42526-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_b_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-662"><a href="#cite_ref-662">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoliman2022" class="citation news cs1">Soliman, Michelle Anne P. (April 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410182249/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/">"Pinoy teleseryes gain global following amid coronavirus pandemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/">the original</a> on April 10, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=Pinoy+teleseryes+gain+global+following+amid+coronavirus+pandemic&rft.date=2022-04-10&rft.aulast=Soliman&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Anne+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Ftop-stories%2F2022%2F04%2F11%2F441537%2Fpinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-663"><a href="#cite_ref-663">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Diego2012" class="citation news cs1">San Diego, Bayani Jr. (August 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806083921/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala">"Restoring Himala"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala">the original</a> on August 6, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Restoring+Himala&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft.aulast=San+Diego&rft.aufirst=Bayani+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.inquirer.net%2F52959%2Frestoring-himala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-664"><a href="#cite_ref-664">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaza2012" class="citation news cs1">Plaza, Gerry (August 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820024727/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html">"May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo! Philippines OMG!</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Philippines+OMG%21&rft.atitle=May+Himala%21+Restored+film+proves+real+global+classic&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.aulast=Plaza&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fph.omg.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fomgphnewsblog%2Fmay-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-665"><a href="#cite_ref-665">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044638/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline">"Philippine film industry in decline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. February 16, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline">the original</a> on February 18, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Philippine+film+industry+in+decline&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.inquirer.net%2F30455%2Fphilippine-film-industry-in-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-666"><a href="#cite_ref-666">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConde2007" class="citation news cs1">Conde, Carlos H. (February 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213070634/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php">"A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php">the original</a> on February 13, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+bleak+storyline+for+the+Filipino+film+industry&rft.date=2007-02-11&rft.aulast=Conde&rft.aufirst=Carlos+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F11%2Fyourmoney%2Fmovies12.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-667"><a href="#cite_ref-667">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalasig2019" class="citation news cs1">Malasig, Jeline (February 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083919/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/">"'We need resuscitation': Erik Matti laments state of local film industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InterAksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="InterAksyon">InterAksyon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/">the original</a> on October 28, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InterAksyon&rft.atitle=%27We+need+resuscitation%27%3A+Erik+Matti+laments+state+of+local+film+industry&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Malasig&rft.aufirst=Jeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteraksyon.philstar.com%2Ftrends-spotlights%2F2019%2F02%2F08%2F143748%2Ferik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast-668"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast_668-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamoran-Malasig2018" class="citation news cs1">Ramoran-Malasig, Carol (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230209153113/https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=158d8b1a3b5d">"Philippine Cinema Is Growing Fast, And Is Moving Away From Typical Themes Of Poverty And Violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=726667123b5d">the original</a> on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Philippine+Cinema+Is+Growing+Fast%2C+And+Is+Moving+Away+From+Typical+Themes+Of+Poverty+And+Violence&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.aulast=Ramoran-Malasig&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fcmalasig%2F2018%2F03%2F01%2Fphilippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence%2F%3Fsh%3D726667123b5d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-669"><a href="#cite_ref-669">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimYamamoto2012" class="citation book cs1">Lim, David C. L.; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki, eds. (March 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ">Film in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Cultural Interpretation and Social Intervention</a>. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59247-8"><bdi>978-1-136-59247-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+in+Contemporary+Southeast+Asia%3A+Cultural+Interpretation+and+Social+Intervention&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59247-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2aLEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-670"><a href="#cite_ref-670">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndo2019" class="citation news cs1">Endo, Jun (April 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428180208/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry">"Philippine film foundation flipped the script for a 'dead' industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry">the original</a> on April 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Philippine+film+foundation+flipped+the+script+for+a+%27dead%27+industry&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Endo&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FNikkei-Asia-Prizes%2FPhilippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-671"><a href="#cite_ref-671">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusaka2017" class="citation book cs1">Kusaka, Wataru (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ">Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor</a>. Kyoto-CSEAS Series on Asian Studies. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">63–65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-38-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-38-4"><bdi>978-981-4722-38-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Politics+in+the+Philippines%3A+Inequality%2C+Democracy+and+the+Urban+Poor&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Kyoto-CSEAS+Series+on+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-981-4722-38-4&rft.aulast=Kusaka&rft.aufirst=Wataru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhb7WDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-672"><a href="#cite_ref-672">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirasol2021" class="citation news cs1">Mirasol, Patricia B. (June 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524140112/https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/">"More smartphone-dependent Filipinos seek news on social media — Reuters report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/">the original</a> on May 24, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=More+smartphone-dependent+Filipinos+seek+news+on+social+media+%E2%80%94+Reuters+report&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.aulast=Mirasol&rft.aufirst=Patricia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F06%2F30%2F379239%2Fmore-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-673"><a href="#cite_ref-673">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaBolton2008" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S.; Bolton, Kingsley, eds. (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ">Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives</a>. Asian Englishes Today. Hong Kong, China: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-947-0"><bdi>978-962-209-947-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+English%3A+Linguistic+and+Literary+Perspectives&rft.place=Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.series=Asian+Englishes+Today&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11&rft.isbn=978-962-209-947-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnUgBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-674"><a href="#cite_ref-674">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Diaz, Manuel O. Jr. (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013654/https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543">"Sentiment Polarity Identification in Banner Headlines of Broadsheets in the Philippines"</a>. Asian Journal of Media and Communication. 5 (2). <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Islam_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Islam Indonesia">Universitas Islam Indonesia</a>: 102, 108–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20885%2Fasjmc.vol5.iss2.art1">10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss2.art1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2579-6119">2579-6119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260224724">260224724</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543">the original</a> on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Media+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Sentiment+Polarity+Identification+in+Banner+Headlines+of+Broadsheets+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102%2C+108-109&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260224724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2579-6119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20885%2Fasjmc.vol5.iss2.art1&rft.aulast=Diaz&rft.aufirst=Manuel+O.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uii.ac.id%2FAJMC%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F20642%2F11986%2F61543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-675"><a href="#cite_ref-675">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613221225/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/">"Article III, Section 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/">the original</a> on June 13, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+III%2C+Section+4&rft.pub=Constitution+of+the+Philippines.+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%22%3EOfficial+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-676"><a href="#cite_ref-676">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubingsubingSantos2022" class="citation news cs1">Subingsubing, Krixia; Santos, Tina G. (November 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103225817/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists">"PH still among most dangerous countries for journalists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists">the original</a> on November 3, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PH+still+among+most+dangerous+countries+for+journalists&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft.aulast=Subingsubing&rft.aufirst=Krixia&rft.au=Santos%2C+Tina+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1689131%2Fph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-677"><a href="#cite_ref-677">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2019" class="citation news cs1">Lamb, Kate (February 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201095445/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day">"Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day">the original</a> on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Philippines+tops+world+internet+usage+index+with+an+average+10+hours+a+day&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F01%2Fworld-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-678"><a href="#cite_ref-678">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagahisSantua2021" class="citation news cs1">Magahis, Coleen; Santua, James (June 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618192106/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html">"Filipinos' reliance on internet at an all-time high"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Standard" title="Manila Standard">Manila Standard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html">the original</a> on June 18, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=Filipinos%27+reliance+on+internet+at+an+all-time+high&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft.aulast=Magahis&rft.aufirst=Coleen&rft.au=Santua%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2Fspotlight%2Fph-best-communication-service-providers%2F357427%2Ffilipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-679"><a href="#cite_ref-679">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-680"><a href="#cite_ref-680">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoufsRoufs2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth (July 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ">"The Philippines"</a>. Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267">267–268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-221-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines&rft.btitle=Sweet+Treats+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-221-2&rft.aulast=Roufs&rft.aufirst=Timothy+G.&rft.au=Roufs%2C+Kathleen+Smyth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_eCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-681"><a href="#cite_ref-681">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro1985" class="citation book cs1">Alejandro, Reynaldo (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC">The Philippine Cookbook</a>. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Perigee_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee Books">Perigee Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&pg=PA12">12–14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-51144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-51144-8"><bdi>978-0-399-51144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Cookbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=12-14&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-399-51144-8&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUaDoUF0tRwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-682"><a href="#cite_ref-682">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_MeesterWatson2008" class="citation book cs1">De Meester, Fabien; Watson, Ronald Ross, eds. (January 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C">Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept</a>. Totowa, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Humana_Press" title="Humana Press">Humana Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C&pg=PA530">530</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59745-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59745-330-1"><bdi>978-1-59745-330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild-type+Food+in+Health+Promotion+and+Disease+Prevention%3A+The+Columbus+Concept&rft.place=Totowa%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft.isbn=978-1-59745-330-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPXurhDHsT4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aquino-Porter-2022-683">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aquino-Porter-2022_683-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aquino-Porter-2022_683-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinoPorter2022" class="citation book cs1">Aquino, Richard S.; Porter, Brooke A., eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ">Tourism in the Philippines: Applied Management Perspectives</a>. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-4497-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-4497-0"><bdi>978-981-19-4497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+the+Philippines%3A+Applied+Management+Perspectives&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Asian+Tourism&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-19-4497-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DldCPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-684"><a href="#cite_ref-684">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarvaez-Soriano1994" class="citation book cs1">Narvaez-Soriano, Nora (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC">A Guide to Food Selection, Preparation and Preservation</a> (Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC&pg=PA120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-0114-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-0114-8"><bdi>978-971-23-0114-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Food+Selection%2C+Preparation+and+Preservation&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-23-0114-8&rft.aulast=Narvaez-Soriano&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqBX_CDwVKsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-685"><a href="#cite_ref-685">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowelerKawano1988" class="citation report cs1">Howeler, R. H.; Kawano, K., eds. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC">Cassava Breeding and Agronomy Research in Asia: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Held in Rayong, Thailand, Oct. 26–28, 1987</a> (Conference proceeding). Cali, Colombia: <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">CIAT</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC&pg=PA261">261</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19544717">19544717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cassava+Breeding+and+Agronomy+Research+in+Asia%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Regional+Workshop+Held+in+Rayong%2C+Thailand%2C+Oct.+26%E2%80%9328%2C+1987&rft.place=Cali%2C+Colombia&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=CIAT&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19544717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlrDyj0LRgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-686"><a href="#cite_ref-686">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacusmo2001" class="citation report cs1">Bacusmo, Jose L. (2001). "Status and Potentials of the Philippines Cassava Industry". In Howeler, Reinhardt H.; Tan, Swee Lian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055627/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1">Cassava's Potential in Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb. 21–25, 2000</a> (PDF) (Conference proceeding). Bangkok, Thailand: <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">CIAT Cassava Office for Asia</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49746198">49746198</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1#page=92">the original</a> (PDF) on August 11, 2017 – via CGSpace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cassava%27s+Potential+in+Asia+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Present+Situation+and+Future+Research+and+Development+Needs%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Sixth+Regional+Workshop+held+in+Ho+Chi+Minh+city%2C+Vietnam.+Feb.+21%E2%80%9325%2C+2000&rft.place=Bangkok%2C+Thailand&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=CIAT+Cassava+Office+for+Asia&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49746198&rft.aulast=Bacusmo&rft.aufirst=Jose+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgspace.cgiar.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10568%2F56519%2Fcassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%23page%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-687"><a href="#cite_ref-687">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZibart2010" class="citation book cs1">Zibart, Eve (February 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MEfv2p2JP4C&pg=PT313">The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World</a>. Birmingham, Ala.: Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-775-6"><bdi>978-0-89732-775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Food+Lover%27s+Companion%3A+Understanding+the+Cuisines+of+the+World&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+Ala.&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89732-775-6&rft.aulast=Zibart&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MEfv2p2JP4C%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-688"><a href="#cite_ref-688">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCator2022" class="citation news cs1">Cator, Currie (January 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129105341/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html">"Sinigang is world's best soup again; Lumpia among top side dishes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html">the original</a> on January 29, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Sinigang+is+world%27s+best+soup+again%3B+Lumpia+among+top+side+dishes&rft.date=2022-01-29&rft.aulast=Cator&rft.aufirst=Currie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Flifestyle%2F2022%2F1%2F29%2FSinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-2018-689">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-2018_689-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-2018_689-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBuellGoldstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, E. N.; Buell, Paul D.; Goldstein, Darra (2018). Christensen, Karen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ">Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan</a>. Great Barrington, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Publishing_Group" title="Berkshire Publishing Group">Berkshire Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61472-846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61472-846-7"><bdi>978-1-61472-846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Cuisines%3A+Food+Culture+from+East+Asia+to+Turkey+and+Afghanistan&rft.place=Great+Barrington%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61472-846-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=E.+N.&rft.au=Buell%2C+Paul+D.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Darra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA5C8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-690"><a href="#cite_ref-690">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoPark2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zhao, Xiaojian; Park, Edward J. W., eds. (November 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ">"Filipino Cuisine in the United States"</a>. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. Vol. I: A–F. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA409">409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-240-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Filipino+Cuisine+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-240-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AxIAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-691"><a href="#cite_ref-691">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungWu2012" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Sidney; Wu, David Y. H., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C">Globalization of Chinese Food</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C&pg=PA186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00294-6"><bdi>978-1-136-00294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+of+Chinese+Food&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00294-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qrfsWaV5j0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-692"><a href="#cite_ref-692">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_VillaDomingoRamirezMercado2022" class="citation journal cs1">De Villa, Bianca Denise M.; Domingo, Thea Mari M.; Ramirez, Rhema Jenica C.; Mercado, Jame Monren T. (June 2022). "Explicating the culinary heritage significance of Filipino kakanin using bibliometrics (1934–2018)". International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijgfs.2022.100522">10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Gastronomy+and+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Explicating+the+culinary+heritage+significance+of+Filipino+kakanin+using+bibliometrics+%281934%E2%80%932018%29&rft.volume=28&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijgfs.2022.100522&rft.aulast=De+Villa&rft.aufirst=Bianca+Denise+M.&rft.au=Domingo%2C+Thea+Mari+M.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Rhema+Jenica+C.&rft.au=Mercado%2C+Jame+Monren+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-693"><a href="#cite_ref-693">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngLiuHuang1999" class="citation book cs1">Ang, Catharina Y. W.; Liu, Keshun; Huang, Yao-Wen, eds. (April 5, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC">Asian Foods: Science and Technology</a>. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Publishing Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC&pg=PA474">474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56676-736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56676-736-1"><bdi>978-1-56676-736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Foods%3A+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Technomic+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1999-04-05&rft.isbn=978-1-56676-736-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4cTXJYTE4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-694"><a href="#cite_ref-694">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingAustin2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huping_Ling" title="Huping Ling">Ling, Huping</a>; Austin, Allan W., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ">"Restaurants and Cuisine, Filipino American"</a>. Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303">303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47645-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47645-0"><bdi>978-1-317-47645-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Restaurants+and+Cuisine%2C+Filipino+American&rft.btitle=Asian+American+History+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47645-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PFnBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManabat2020" class="citation book cs1">Manabat, Rudolf Vincent T. (September 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68">"Filipino Desserts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ">Baking Secrets</a>. Mandaluyong, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Publishing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Anvil Publishing, Inc.">Anvil Publishing, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-3623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-3623-0"><bdi>978-971-27-3623-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Filipino+Desserts&rft.btitle=Baking+Secrets&rft.place=Mandaluyong%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.isbn=978-971-27-3623-0&rft.aulast=Manabat&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+Vincent+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Ub9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-696"><a href="#cite_ref-696">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Duke" title="James A. Duke">Duke, James A.</a> (November 10, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC">Handbook of Nuts</a>. Herbal Reference Library. Boca Raton, Fla.: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC&pg=PA67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3637-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-3637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nuts&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.series=Herbal+Reference+Library&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3637-9&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVa3ED4zwXGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-697"><a href="#cite_ref-697">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714040519/https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know">"Pili—The Delicious, Healthy Nut You've Never Heard Of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a>. July 13, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know">the original</a> on July 14, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Pili%E2%80%94The+Delicious%2C+Healthy+Nut+You%27ve+Never+Heard+Of&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fpili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-698"><a href="#cite_ref-698">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2010" class="citation book cs1">Cruz, Gemma Tulud (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">An Intercultural Theology of Migration: Pilgrims in the Wilderness</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">22–23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19367-3"><bdi>978-90-04-19367-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Intercultural+Theology+of+Migration%3A+Pilgrims+in+the+Wilderness&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19367-3&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Gemma+Tulud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOF5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-699"><a href="#cite_ref-699">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2016" class="citation news cs1">Lowry, Dave (January 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011949/https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/">"Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Magazine" title="St. Louis Magazine">St. Louis Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/">the original</a> on November 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hand-to-Mouth+Combat%3A+Experiencing+a+Kamayan+Dinner+at+Hiro+Asian+Kitchen&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlmag.com%2Fdining%2Fhand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-700"><a href="#cite_ref-700">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZibart2001" class="citation book cs1">Zibart, Eve (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicfoodlovers0000ziba">The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World</a>. Birmingham, Ala.: Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-372-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-372-7"><bdi>978-0-89732-372-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Food+Lover%27s+Companion%3A+Understanding+the+Cuisines+of+the+World&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+Ala.&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89732-372-7&rft.aulast=Zibart&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicfoodlovers0000ziba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-701"><a href="#cite_ref-701">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenderDe_Leon2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bender, Daniel E.; De Leon, Adrian (January 2018). "Everybody was boodle fighting: military histories, culinary tourism, and diasporic dining". <a href="/wiki/Food,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Food, Culture & Society">Food, Culture & Society</a>. 21 (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a>: 36–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15528014.2017.1398469">10.1080/15528014.2017.1398469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158465429">158465429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Everybody+was+boodle+fighting%3A+military+histories%2C+culinary+tourism%2C+and+diasporic+dining&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15528014.2017.1398469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158465429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft.au=De+Leon%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-702"><a href="#cite_ref-702">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro2012" class="citation book cs1">Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (March 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Authentic Recipes from the Philippines: 81 Easy and Delicious Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Periplus_Editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplus Editions">Periplus Editions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0533-1"><bdi>978-1-4629-0533-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentic+Recipes+from+the+Philippines%3A+81+Easy+and+Delicious+Recipes+from+the+Pearl+of+the+Orient&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0533-1&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzXRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-703"><a href="#cite_ref-703">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoLeary2016" class="citation book cs1">Cho, Younghan; Leary, Charles, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ">Modern Sports in Asia: Cultural Perspectives</a>. Sport in the Global Society – Contemporary Perspectives. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58638-8"><bdi>978-1-317-58638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Sports+in+Asia%3A+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Sport+in+the+Global+Society+%E2%80%93+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58638-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYz7CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-704"><a href="#cite_ref-704">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grasso, John (November 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC">"Philippines"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Basketball. Historical Dictionaries of Sports. Vol. 2. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC&pg=PA291">291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7506-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7506-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7506-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Basketball&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Sports&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7506-7&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZUarsZyzokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-705"><a href="#cite_ref-705">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmer2010" class="citation news cs1">Himmer, Alastair (June 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605173159/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605">"Pacquiao named fighter of the decade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605">the original</a> on June 5, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pacquiao+named+fighter+of+the+decade&rft.date=2010-06-05&rft.aulast=Himmer&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE6541BX20100605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-706"><a href="#cite_ref-706">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Act_No._98502009" class="citation cs2">Republic Act No. 9850 (December 11, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810035837/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/">An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines</a>, Metro Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/">the original</a> on August 10, 2017, retrieved February 9, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Act+Declaring+Arnis+as+the+National+Martial+Art+and+Sport+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft.au=Republic+Act+No.+9850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2009%2F12%2F11%2Frepublic-act-no-9850%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-707"><a href="#cite_ref-707">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1994" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC">The Cockfight: A Casebook</a>. Madison, Wis.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136">136–137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14054-0"><bdi>978-0-299-14054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cockfight%3A+A+Casebook&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wis.&rft.pages=136-137&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14054-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy5VqKSYt8IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-708"><a href="#cite_ref-708">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLojo2022" class="citation news cs1">Lojo, Michelle (December 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070659/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022">"Philippine esports gains traction in 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022">the original</a> on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Philippine+esports+gains+traction+in+2022&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.aulast=Lojo&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fsports%2F2022%2F12%2F29%2F2234051%2Fphilippine-esports-gains-traction-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booc-2019-709">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booc-2019_709-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booc-2019_709-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoocRafaelaTorresBulawan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Booc, Rahmat P.; Rafaela, Kimberson B.; Torres, Mae J.; Bulawan, Rina P.; Jabonero, Louis C. Ii; Cortuna, Ian Jay M.; Asuncion, Joel E. (October 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15863%2FTAS.2019.10.78.25">"The Traditional Filipino Games: Status Check Among Generation Z"</a>. Theoretical & Applied Science. 78 (10). International Academy of Theoretical and Applied Sciences: 150–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15863%2FTAS.2019.10.78.25">10.15863/TAS.2019.10.78.25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+%26+Applied+Science&rft.atitle=The+Traditional+Filipino+Games%3A+Status+Check+Among+Generation+Z&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=150-152&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15863%2FTAS.2019.10.78.25&rft.aulast=Booc&rft.aufirst=Rahmat+P.&rft.au=Rafaela%2C+Kimberson+B.&rft.au=Torres%2C+Mae+J.&rft.au=Bulawan%2C+Rina+P.&rft.au=Jabonero%2C+Louis+C.+Ii&rft.au=Cortuna%2C+Ian+Jay+M.&rft.au=Asuncion%2C+Joel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15863%252FTAS.2019.10.78.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-710"><a href="#cite_ref-710">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutierrezGuzmanRamosUylengco2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gutierrez, Ariel; Guzman, Neriza G.; Ramos, Ramilet; Uylengco, Jan Katherine A. (February 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11594%2Fijmaber.03.02.15">"The Empirical Change of Playing Habits among Children"</a>. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 3 (2). Future Science: 306–309, 311–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11594%2Fijmaber.03.02.15">10.11594/ijmaber.03.02.15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Multidisciplinary%3A+Applied+Business+and+Education+Research&rft.atitle=The+Empirical+Change+of+Playing+Habits+among+Children&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=306-309%2C+311-315&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11594%2Fijmaber.03.02.15&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft.au=Guzman%2C+Neriza+G.&rft.au=Ramos%2C+Ramilet&rft.au=Uylengco%2C+Jan+Katherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11594%252Fijmaber.03.02.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-711"><a href="#cite_ref-711">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisostomo2023" class="citation news cs1">Crisostomo, Sheila (February 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204165326/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/05/2242685/lawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games">"Lawmaker files bill on preserving 'indigenous' games"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/05/2242685/lawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games">the original</a> on February 4, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Lawmaker+files+bill+on+preserving+%27indigenous%27+games&rft.date=2023-02-05&rft.aulast=Crisostomo&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2023%2F02%2F05%2F2242685%2Flawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-712"><a href="#cite_ref-712">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeongson2018" class="citation news cs1">Leongson, Randolph B. (March 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034121/https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks">"History made as PH Azkals advance to 2019 AFC Asian Cup after beating Tajiks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks">the original</a> on November 9, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=History+made+as+PH+Azkals+advance+to+2019+AFC+Asian+Cup+after+beating+Tajiks&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.aulast=Leongson&rft.aufirst=Randolph+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.inquirer.net%2F290641%2Fph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-713"><a href="#cite_ref-713">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales2022" class="citation news cs1">Morales, Luisa (January 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130170703/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth">"Herstory: Filipinas outlast Chinese Taipei to seize historic Women's World Cup berth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth">the original</a> on January 30, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Herstory%3A+Filipinas+outlast+Chinese+Taipei+to+seize+historic+Women%27s+World+Cup+berth&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fsports%2F2022%2F01%2F31%2F2157582%2Fherstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-714"><a href="#cite_ref-714">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrassoMallonHeijmans2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grasso, John; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mallon" title="Bill Mallon">Mallon, Bill</a>; Heijmans, Jeroen (May 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ">"Philippines, The (PHI)"</a>. Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (Fifth ed.). Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473">473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4860-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4860-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines%2C+The+%28PHI%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=473&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4860-1&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mallon%2C+Bill&rft.au=Heijmans%2C+Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCN1CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-715"><a href="#cite_ref-715">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ">"U.S. says 60 nations will join boycott"</a>. AF Press Clips (Periodical). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_African_Affairs" title="Bureau of African Affairs">Bureau of African Affairs</a>. 1980. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA24">24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AF+Press+Clips&rft.atitle=U.S.+says+60+nations+will+join+boycott&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAFJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-716"><a href="#cite_ref-716">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChia2018" class="citation news cs1">Chia, Nicole (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224080645/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice">"Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice">the original</a> on February 24, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Winter+Olympics%3A+Even+outsiders+can+break+the+ice&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Chia&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsport%2Feven-outsiders-can-break-the-ice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-717"><a href="#cite_ref-717">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf">The XI Olympic Winter Games; Les XI Jeux Olympiques d'hiver; Sapporo, 1972</a> (PDF) (Official report). The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 32, 145, 447. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/842416">842416</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 26, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008 – via <a href="/wiki/LA84_Foundation" title="LA84 Foundation">LA84 Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+XI+Olympic+Winter+Games%3B+Les+XI+Jeux+Olympiques+d%27hiver%3B+Sapporo%2C+1972&rft.pages=32%2C+145%2C+447&rft.pub=The+Organizing+Committee+for+the+XIth+Olympic+Winter+Games&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842416&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la84foundation.org%2F6oic%2FOfficialReports%2F1972%2Forw1972.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-718"><a href="#cite_ref-718">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraullo2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atom_Araullo" title="Atom Araullo">Araullo, Atom</a> (November 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104071057/https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal">"Anatomy of Philippines' first Olympic gold medal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Center_for_Investigative_Journalism" title="Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism">Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal">the original</a> on November 4, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Philippines%27+first+Olympic+gold+medal&rft.pub=Philippine+Center+for+Investigative+Journalism&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Araullo&rft.aufirst=Atom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcij.org%2Farticle%2F7371%2Fanatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography of the Philippines</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Philippines at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Philippines">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas_/_Philippines" class="extiw" title="c:Pilipinas / Philippines">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Philippines" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Philippines">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philippines" class="extiw" title="q:Philippines">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Philippines">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Philippines">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Philippines">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philippines" class="extiw" title="voy:Philippines">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ph/">Government of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/">Archived</a> June 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/">Official Gazette</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114130536/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/">Archived</a> January 14, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300">"Philippines"</a> profile at BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm">"Philippines"</a> at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/443174">Philippines</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Philippines" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Philippines">Wikimedia Atlas of Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal</a> (archived December 17, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Philippines&params=13_N_122_E_type:country_region:PH">13°N 122°E / 13°N 122°E / 13; 122</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&oldid=1259082478">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&oldid=1259082478</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 07:13 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Филипинхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Филипинхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filippyne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%92%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="ፊሊፒንስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊሊፒንስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiineh" title="Filippiineh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Filippiineh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलीपींस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फिलीपींस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin%C4%ABega" title="Filippinīega – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Filippinīega" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܦܝܠܝܦܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܝܠܝܦܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinji" title="Filipinji – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Filipinji" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipenes" title="Felipenes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Felipenes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিলিপাইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফিলিপাইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADna" title="Filipína – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Filipína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیپین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিলিপাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলিপাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-li%CC%8Dp-pin" title="Hui-li̍p-pin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-li̍p-pin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Філіпіны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіпіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Філіпіны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філіпіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपींस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फिलिपींस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филипини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥི་ལི་པིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥི་ལི་པིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinez" title="Filipinez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Filipinez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Филиппинэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Филиппинэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Филиппинсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Филиппинсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADny" title="Filipíny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filipíny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippine" title="Filippine – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filippine" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Philipinau" title="Y Philipinau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Philipinau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinerne" title="Filippinerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filippinerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيليپين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيليپين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinnat" title="Filippiinnat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Filippiinnat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ފިލިޕީންސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިލިޕީންސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_Da%C5%84l%C3%ADinii" title="Kéyah Dańlíinii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kéyah Dańlíinii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiinid" title="Filipiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filipiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φιλιππίνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλιππίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinoj" title="Filipinoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipinoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilipinas" title="Hilipinas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hilipinas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinak" title="Filipinak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipinak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipsoyggjar" title="Filipsoyggjar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Filipsoyggjar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinen" title="Filipinen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filipinen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiin" title="Filipiin – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Filipiin" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hOile%C3%A1in_Fhilip%C3%ADneacha" title="Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_h-Ellanyn_Philippeenagh" title="Ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinner" title="Filippinner – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Filippinner" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_Filipineach" title="Na h-Eileanan Filipineach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Eileanan Filipineach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="菲律賓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D" title="ફિલિપીન્ઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફિલિપીન્ઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलीपिन्स – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फिलीपिन्स" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AE-li%CC%8Dt-p%C3%AEn" title="Fî-li̍t-pîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fî-li̍t-pîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80" title="필리핀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Pilipino" title="ʻĀina Pilipino – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀina Pilipino" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆիլիպիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիլիպիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ़िलीपीन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िलीपीन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিলিপাইন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফিলিপাইন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinas" title="Philippinas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philippinas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinat" title="Pilipinat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pilipinat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Филиппинтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Филиппинтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippseyjar" title="Filippseyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Filippseyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippine" title="Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הפיליפינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפיליפינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫಿಲಿಪ್ಪೀನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫಿಲಿಪ್ಪೀನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Филиппинле – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Филиппинле" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილიპინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D9%84%D9%90%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="فِلِپیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِلِپیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin%C3%AB" title="Filipinë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Filipinë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinys" title="Filipinys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Filipinys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Filipine" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Filipine" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufilipino" title="Ufilipino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufilipino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Филиппинъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Филиппинъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%AEp%C3%AEn" title="Filîpîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Filîpîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Филиппинвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Филиппинвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດຟີລິບປິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຟີລິບປິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinae" title="Philippinae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philippinae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C4%ABnas" title="Filipīnas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filipīnas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinnen" title="Philippinnen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Philippinnen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Филиппинар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Филиппинар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinai" title="Filipinai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filipinai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinn-e" title="Filippinn-e – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Filippinn-e" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiene" title="Filipiene – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Filipiene" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%ADpino" title="Filípino – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Filípino" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinat" title="Filippinat – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Filippinat" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pilipinas" title="pilipinas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pilipinas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinn" title="Filipinn – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Filipinn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-szigetek" title="Fülöp-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fülöp-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%CC%A3ilipina" title="P̣ilipina – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="P̣ilipina" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филипини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫിലിപ്പീൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിപ്പീൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippini" title="Filippini – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Filippini" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirip%C4%ABni" title="Piripīni – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Piripīni" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილიპინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الفيليبين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفيليبين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیپین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞꯄꯤꯟꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞꯄꯤꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-l%C4%AD-p%C4%ADng" title="Hĭ-lĭ-pĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-lĭ-pĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пилиппинтне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пилиппинтне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဖိလစ်ပိုင်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖိလစ်ပိုင်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipaini" title="Filipaini – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Filipaini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipijnen" title="Filipijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filipijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3" title="フィリピン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Филиппинаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Филиппинаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiinen" title="Filipiinen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Filipiinen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felapiins" title="Felapiins – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Felapiins" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinene" title="Filippinene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filippinene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinane" title="Filippinane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filippinane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Филиппин-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Филиппин-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଫିଲିପାଇନ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫିଲିପାଇନ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiippiinsi" title="Filiippiinsi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Filiippiinsi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपीन्स – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फिलिपीन्स" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="فلپائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلپائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پېليپين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېليپين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiinz" title="Filipiinz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Filipiinz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ហ្វីលីពីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វីលីពីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipines" title="Pilipines – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pilipines" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin-e" title="Filipin-e – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Filipin-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinler" title="Filippinler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Filippinler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filipine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipinakuna" title="Philipinakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Philipinakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Філіпіны – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Філіпіны" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Филиппины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филиппины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пилипиин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пилипиин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipaina" title="Filipaina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Filipaina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="कलिङ्गद्वीपः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कलिङ्गद्वीपः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%AEni" title="Filipîni – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Filipîni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinet" title="Filipinet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filipinet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippini" title="Filippini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filippini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="පිලිපීනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිලිපීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="فلپائن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلپائن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFiliphayi" title="IFiliphayi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFiliphayi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADny" title="Filipíny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filipíny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibiin" title="Filibiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Filibiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلیپین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فلیپین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipins" title="Filipins – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Filipins" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филипини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinit" title="Filippiinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinerna" title="Filippinerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filippinerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிலிப்பீன்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலிப்பீன்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၾီလိပ်ႈပိၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾီလိပ်ႈပိၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫిలిప్పీన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిలిప్పీన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศฟิลิปปินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฟิลิปปินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipaini" title="Filipaini – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Filipaini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%83" title="ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎩᏃ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎩᏃ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinler" title="Filipinler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filipinler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinler" title="Filippinler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Filippinler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨄᨗᨒᨗᨄᨗᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨗᨒᨗᨄᨗᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Філіппіни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіппіни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="فلپائن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلپائن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86" title="فىلىپپىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىلىپپىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feihlizbinh" title="Feihlizbinh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Feihlizbinh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%82ipine" title="Fiłipine – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiłipine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinad" title="Filippinad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Filippinad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipu%C3%A4ns" title="Filipuäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Filipuäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiiniq" title="Filipiiniq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Filipiiniq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipenes" title="Filipenes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Filipenes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="菲律賓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipynn" title="Filipynn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Filipynn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiin" title="Filipiin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Filipiin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菲律宾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="פיליפינען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיליפינען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Filipínì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Filipínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲律賓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1lipin" title="Fılipin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fılipin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filepijn%E2%80%99n" title="Filepijn’n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Filepijn’n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%97l%C4%97pin%C4%81" title="Fėlėpinā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fėlėpinā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律宾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilip%C3%A9nen" title="Pilipénen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pilipénen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 07:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z58hw","wgBackendResponseTime":456,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"7.380","walltime":"7.946","ppvisitednodes":{"value":76786,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1866846,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":153981,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":85,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2939556,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6861.195 1 -total"," 64.89% 4452.018 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.68% 1487.412 266 Template:Cite_book"," 8.59% 589.512 90 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.56% 518.696 107 Template:Rp"," 7.22% 495.363 107 Template:R/superscript"," 5.36% 367.502 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 4.65% 318.727 59 Template:Cite_report"," 3.75% 257.483 321 Template:R/where"," 2.55% 175.095 33 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.648","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25635494,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","720","14.6"],["?","640","13.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","340","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","6.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","280","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","280","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","280","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","140","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","2.4"],["[others]","1560","31.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-ftnxr","timestamp":"20241123090249","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Philippines","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q928","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q928","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-26T01:50:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T07:13:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg","headline":"archipelagic country in Southeast Asia"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>