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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comédie-ballet_and_comédie_lyrique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comédie-ballet_and_comédie_lyrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Comédie-ballet</i> and <i>comédie lyrique</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comédie-ballet_and_comédie_lyrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_comédies-ballets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_comédies-ballets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of comédies-ballets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_comédies-ballets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of comédies-ballets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_comédies-ballets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comédies-ballets_created_by_Molière-Lully-Beauchamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comédies-ballets_created_by_Molière-Lully-Beauchamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comédies-ballets created by Molière-Lully-Beauchamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comédies-ballets_created_by_Molière-Lully-Beauchamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comédie-ballet_created_by_Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comédie-ballet_created_by_Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comédie-ballet created by Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comédie-ballet_created_by_Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comédie-ballet_created_by_Voltaire_and_Rameau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comédie-ballet_created_by_Voltaire_and_Rameau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Comédie-ballet created by Voltaire and Rameau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comédie-ballet_created_by_Voltaire_and_Rameau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8dia-ballet" title="Comèdia-ballet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comèdia-ballet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Comédie-ballet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedia-ballet" title="Comedia-ballet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comedia-ballet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comédie-ballet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Կոմեդիա-բալետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոմեդիա-բալետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comédie-ballet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9dia-bal%C3%A9" title="Comédia-balé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comédia-balé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Комедия-балет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комедия-балет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Comédie-ballet" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of French drama</div> <p> <i><b>Comédie-ballet</b></i> is a genre of French drama which mixes a spoken play with interludes containing music and dance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first example of the genre is considered to be <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_f%C3%A2cheux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les fâcheux (page does not exist)">Les fâcheux</a></i>, with words by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, performed in honour of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>, the residence of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a>, in 1661. The music and choreography were by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beauchamp" title="Pierre Beauchamp">Pierre Beauchamp</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> later contributed a sung courante for Act I, scene 3. Molière, Lully and Beauchamp collaborated on several more examples of <i>comédie-ballet</i>, culminating in the masterpiece of the genre, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Bourgeois_gentilhomme" title="Le Bourgeois gentilhomme">Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</a></i>, in 1670, and the scenically spectacular <i><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(play)" title="Psyché (play)">Psyché</a></i> of January 1671, a <i>tragicomédie et ballet</i> which went well beyond the earlier examples of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines394_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines394-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After quarrelling with Lully, Molière retained the services of Beauchamp as choreographer. His one-act prose comedy <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Comtesse_d%27Escarbagnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (page does not exist)">La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas</a></i> premiered in December 1671 at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> as part of a larger entertainment referred to as the "Ballet des Ballets".<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines97_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines97-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play recycled musical episodes from several of Molière's earlier <i>comédies-ballets</i>, including <i>La pastorale comique</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/George_Dandin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Dandin">George Dandin</a></i>, <i>Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</i>, and <i>Psyché</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It "has sometimes been characterized as little more than a platform for songs and dances."<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines97_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines97-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molière turned to the composer <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> for the music for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Invalid" title="The Imaginary Invalid">Le Malade imaginaire</a></i> in 1673. While performing in <i>Le malade</i>, Molière was taken ill on stage and died shortly afterwards. </p><p>In the 18th century, the <i>comédie-ballet</i> became almost completely outmoded but it still exercised a long-lasting influence on the use of music in French theatre. A late example of a genuine <i>comédie-ballet</i> is <i><a href="/wiki/La_princesse_de_Navarre" title="La princesse de Navarre">La princesse de Navarre</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, which was performed at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> on 23 February 1745. It consisted of a prologue and three acts, with the addition of an overture and three musical divertissements, one per act, composed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>. The vocal music is particularly difficult to sing and includes a virtuoso duet for <a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">hautes-contre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comédie-ballet_and_comédie_lyrique"><span id="Com.C3.A9die-ballet_and_com.C3.A9die_lyrique"></span><i>Comédie-ballet</i> and <i>comédie lyrique</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comédie-ballet and comédie lyrique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though scholars tend to limit the use of the term <i>comédie-ballet</i> to the form described above, in the 18th century some authors also applied it to other kinds of stage work, particularly a type of comic opera, usually in three or four acts, without spoken dialogue. This differed from <i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">opéra-ballet</a></i> (another genre mixing opera and dance) in that it contained a continuous plot (rather than a different plot for each act) as well as frequently having comic or satirical elements. It was essentially the same as the <i>comédie lyrique</i>. Examples include <i>Le carnaval et la folie</i> (1703) by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cardinal_Destouches" title="André Cardinal Destouches">André Cardinal Destouches</a> and <i>La vénitienne</i> (1768) by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Dauvergne" title="Antoine Dauvergne">Antoine Dauvergne</a>, a late reworking of the 1705 ballet of the same name by <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_la_Barre" title="Michel de la Barre">Michel de la Barre</a>. A completely different use of the term <i>comédie-lyrique</i> as a sort of modern revival of the <i>comédie-ballet</i> is <i><a href="/wiki/Le_pi%C3%A8ge_de_M%C3%A9duse" title="Le piège de Méduse">Le piège de Méduse</a></i> (1913) by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>, which is a play in one act with seven short dances originally composed for the piano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_comédies-ballets"><span id="List_of_com.C3.A9dies-ballets"></span>List of comédies-ballets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of comédies-ballets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comédies-ballets_created_by_Molière-Lully-Beauchamp"><span id="Com.C3.A9dies-ballets_created_by_Moli.C3.A8re-Lully-Beauchamp"></span>Comédies-ballets created by Molière-Lully-Beauchamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comédies-ballets created by Molière-Lully-Beauchamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_f%C3%A2cheux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les fâcheux (page does not exist)">Les fâcheux</a></i> (1661)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_pastorale_comique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La pastorale comique (page does not exist)">La pastorale comique</a></i> (1667)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Sicilien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Sicilien (page does not exist)">Le Sicilien</a></i> (1667)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Amour_m%C3%A9decin" title="L'Amour médecin">L'Amour médecin</a></i> (1665)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Dandin_ou_le_Mari_confondu" title="George Dandin ou le Mari confondu">George Dandin</a></i> (1668)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_de_Pourceaugnac" title="Monsieur de Pourceaugnac">Monsieur de Pourceaugnac</a></i> (1669)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_amants_magnifiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les amants magnifiques (page does not exist)">Les amants magnifiques</a></i> (1670)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Bourgeois_gentilhomme" title="Le Bourgeois gentilhomme">Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</a></i> (1670)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(play)" title="Psyché (play)">Psyché</a></i> (1671)<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines394_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines394-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Comtesse_d%27Escarbagnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (page does not exist)">La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas</a></i> (1671)<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines97_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines97-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comédie-ballet_created_by_Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp"><span id="Com.C3.A9die-ballet_created_by_Moli.C3.A8re-Charpentier-Beauchamp"></span>Comédie-ballet created by Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comédie-ballet created by Molière-Charpentier-Beauchamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Invalid" title="The Imaginary Invalid">Le Malade imaginaire</a></i> (1673)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comédie-ballet_created_by_Voltaire_and_Rameau"><span id="Com.C3.A9die-ballet_created_by_Voltaire_and_Rameau"></span>Comédie-ballet created by Voltaire and Rameau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comédie-ballet created by Voltaire and Rameau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Princesse_de_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="La Princesse de Navarre">La Princesse de Navarre</a></i> (1745)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-ballet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gaines394-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines394_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines394_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines 2002, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaines97-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines97_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines97_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines97_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines 2002, p. 97. The original prose play used in the seven performances at Saint-Germain-en-Laye is now lost. In later Paris performances, it was replaced by another short play.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell 2000, pp. 215, 223.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li>Bartlet, M. Elisabeth C., "Comédie lyrique" and "Comédie-ballet", in Stanley, Sadie (ed.), <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</i> (I, pp. 910–909), Grove (Oxford University Press), New York, 1997 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522186-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522186-2">978-0-19-522186-2</a>)</li> <li>Caruselli, Salvatore (ed.), <i>Grande enciclopedia della musica lirica</i> (III, article: "Lully, Giovanni Battista"), Longanesi & C. Periodici S.p.A., Rome</li> <li>Gaines, James F., editor (2002). <i>The Molière Encyclopedia</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313312557" title="Special:BookSources/9780313312557">9780313312557</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301014708/http://operabaroque.fr/Cadre_baroque.htm"><i>Le magazin de l’opéra baroque</i></a></li> <li>Powell, John S. (2000). <i>Music and Theatre in France 1600–1680</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198165996" title="Special:BookSources/9780198165996">9780198165996</a>.</li> <li>Sawkins, Lionel, "Haute-contre", in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</i> (<i>cit.</i>, II, pp. 668–69)</li></ul> <p><i>Portions of this article are a translation of the equivalent page on the Italian Wikipedia</i> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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