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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg/220px-East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg/330px-East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg/440px-East_Side_Access_tunneling_2012-09-20_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption>Sandhogs in New York City's <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sandhog</b> is the slang term given to urban <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">construction workers</a> who work underground on a variety of excavation projects in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-about_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally these projects involve tunneling, <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caisson</a> excavation, road building, or some other type of underground construction or mining projects. The miners work with a variety of tools including using <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosives</a> to remove material for the project they are building. The term sandhog is an American <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialism</a>. </p><p>Starting with their first job in 1872, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, the "hogs" have built a large part of the New York City infrastructure including the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">subway tunnels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a>, Water Tunnels No. 1 and No. 2 as well as the currently under construction <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Water_Tunnel_No._3" title="New York City Water Tunnel No. 3">Water Tunnel No. 3</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel" title="Lincoln Tunnel">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holland_Tunnel" title="Holland Tunnel">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens-Midtown_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens-Midtown Tunnel">Queens-Midtown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-Battery_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn-Battery</a> tunnels. In addition, they worked on the foundations for most of the bridges and many of the skyscrapers in the city. Traditionally, these workers have been Irish or Irish American. Some <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indians</a> are now sandhogs. Sandhogging is often a tradition and is passed down through <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generations</a> of families; since mining projects span decades, it is not uncommon for multi-generations of families to work together on the same job.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> was a rare exception in the 1950s, as a recently-arrived to New York individual, who worked as a Sandhog relatively briefly on the third tube of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel" title="Lincoln Tunnel">Lincoln Tunnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_hazards">Occupational hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Occupational hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandhogs are subject to numerous <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazards</a>; the construction of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Water_Tunnel_No._3" title="New York City Water Tunnel No. 3">a water tunnel under New York City</a> resulted in the deaths of 23 workers<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one child, who fell into an unsecured shaft,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 46 years of excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-furfaro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furfaro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, work in <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_caissons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic caissons">pneumatic caissons</a> underwater exposed workers to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> upon rapid emergence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to risk of physical injury, sandhogs laboring alongside <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machines</a> can experience respiratory damage due to dust exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-furfaro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furfaro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearances_in_media">Appearances in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearances in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the October 1997 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i> magazine, a series of photographs by <a href="/wiki/David_Allee" title="David Allee">David Allee</a>, with a text accompaniment by Thomas Kelly, document the life and work of sandhogs. In 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> in New York City there was a large-scale photo and video installation about the sandhogs, "The Sandhog Project", created by artist Gina LeVay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Thomas Kelly's 1997 novel about sandhogs, <i>Payback</i>, was reissued in 2008 as <i>Sandhogs</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593762360" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593762360">978-1593762360</a>) by Soft Skull Press.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDHOGS_at_Soft_Skull_Press_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDHOGS_at_Soft_Skull_Press-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grann" title="David Grann">David Grann</a>'s 2003 article about sandhogs, <i>City of Water</i>, appeared in the September 1 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was republished in his collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_Sherlock_Holmes" title="The Devil and Sherlock Holmes">The Devil and Sherlock Holmes</a></i>. It has been optioned for a movie.</li> <li>On September 7, 2008, <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">The History Channel</a> began "Sandhogs" a series on the sandhogs.<sup id="cite_ref-history_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/CSI:_NY" title="CSI: NY">CSI: NY</a></i> episode "A Man a Mile" deals with the death of a sandhog during construction of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Water_Tunnel_No._3" title="New York City Water Tunnel No. 3">Water Tunnel No. 3</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A 2010 episode of the podcast <a href="/wiki/Radiolab" title="Radiolab">Radiolab</a> titled "Cities" includes interviews with several sandhogs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Case_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Case (TV series)">Cold Case</a></i> episode "Sandhogs" (<a href="/wiki/Cold_Case_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Case (season 4)">Season 4</a>, Episode 3) deals with the death of a Sandhog in 1948.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting System">Public Broadcasting System</a></i> (PBS) sponsored documentary show <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i> 2014 episode "The Rise and Fall of Penn Station" details the work done by the sandhogs in the creation of the rail tunnels connecting New York and New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The podcast <i><a href="/wiki/99%25_Invisible" title="99% Invisible">99% Invisible</a></i> released an episode on sandhogs in March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chuck Wendig's urban fantasy novel, The Blue Blazes (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857663351" title="Special:BookSources/9780857663351">9780857663351</a>). The protagonist is a former sandhog, and one of the central elements of the plot is <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Water_Tunnel_No._3" title="New York City Water Tunnel No. 3">Water Tunnel No. 3</a>, a sandhog construction project.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The final episode of season 4 of <a href="/wiki/The_Strain_(TV_series)" title="The Strain (TV series)">The Strain</a> refers to sandhogs as the builders of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Water_Tunnel_No._3" title="New York City Water Tunnel No. 3">Water Tunnel No. 3</a>, where the scenes were filmed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_(TV_series)" title="Scorpion (TV series)">Scorpion</a> Season 3 Episode 14,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Walter refers to the workers as mole rats, as he felt the sandhogs nickname 'is illogical', and Toby corrects him to sandhogs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On September 12, 1956, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Screen_Directors_Playhouse" title="Screen Directors Playhouse">Screen Directors Playhouse</a> aired the final episode of the program, a teleplay directed by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Dwan" title="Allan Dwan">Allan Dwan</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/William_Bendix" title="William Bendix">William Bendix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Harper" title="Dennis Harper">Dennis Harper</a>. The title alludes to the high air pressure necessary to keep the river from flooding the work site. The episode tells the story of a father and son working as "Sandhoggers" constructing a tunnel below the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.</li> <li>On January 23, 1949, <a href="/wiki/Box_13" title="Box 13">Box 13</a> episode "Three to Die" aired. It starred <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ladd" title="Alan Ladd">Alan Ladd</a> as Dan Holiday. Dan goes undercover as a sandhog where construction on a new tunnel under the city's river has been plagued with deadly sabotage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colum_McCann" title="Colum McCann">Colum McCann</a>'s "This Side of Brightness," Picador, New York 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42197-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42197-4">0-312-42197-4</a>.</li> <li>Jimmy Breslin "Table Money," Tickner & Fields, New York 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780899193120" title="Special:BookSources/9780899193120">9780899193120</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ragtime_(novel)" title="Ragtime (novel)">Ragtime (novel)</a>": Chapter 13, Random House, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-46901-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-46901-1">0-394-46901-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movies">Movies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 1943 romantic comedy <i><a href="/wiki/No_Time_for_Love_(1943_film)" title="No Time for Love (1943 film)">No Time for Love</a></i>, photographer <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a> is on assignment to take pictures of a tunnel project under the Hudson River and falls for sandhog <a href="/wiki/Fred_MacMurray" title="Fred MacMurray">Fred MacMurray</a>.</li> <li>In the 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/Daylight_(1996_film)" title="Daylight (1996 film)">Daylight</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Rob_Cohen" title="Rob Cohen">Rob Cohen</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a>, there are references to "sandhogs" as well as detailed history on how these men lived under the pressures of building the Holland Tunnel.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116040/">[3]</a></li> <li>In 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Disaster_Zone:_Volcano_in_New_York" title="Disaster Zone: Volcano in New York">Disaster Zone: Volcano in New York</a></i>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Lee_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Lee (director) (page does not exist)">Robert Lee</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Pascale_Hutton" title="Pascale Hutton">Pascale Hutton</a>, there is reference to "sandhog" when Hutton says that she is one. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463948/">[4]</a></li> <li>In 2007 Edward Burns also narrated the film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1317480/">The Greatest Tunnel Ever Built</a> for <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">The History Channel</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-about-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandhogs147.org/about.aspx">"The Men Who Make New York Work"</a>. NYC Sandhogs Local 147<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Make+New+York+Work&rft.pub=NYC+Sandhogs+Local+147&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandhogs147.org%2Fabout.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bart.gov/about/history/history2">"A History of BART"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+BART&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bart.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1993" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Ian (November 28, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DF1338F93BA15752C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Tunneling Into a World of Danger; Fatal Accident Puts Spotlight on Sandhogs' Perilous Job"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Post&rft.atitle=The+dangers+sandhogs+face+every+day+for+you+to+commute&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Furfaro&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2016%2F09%2F28%2Fthe-dangers-sandhogs-face-every-day-for-you-to-commute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, W.P. (2004). "Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review". <i>Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 445–459. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15686275">15686275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+and+Hyperbaric+Medicine&rft.atitle=Caisson+disease+during+the+construction+of+the+Eads+and+Brooklyn+Bridges%3A+A+review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-459&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15686275&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=W.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SANDHOGS_at_Soft_Skull_Press-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SANDHOGS_at_Soft_Skull_Press_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106153206/http://softskull.com/detailedbook.php?isbn=1-59376-236-4">"softskull.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://softskull.com/detailedbook.php?isbn=1-59376-236-4">the original</a> on January 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=softskull.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoftskull.com%2Fdetailedbook.php%3Fisbn%3D1-59376-236-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/09/01/030901fa_fact_grann">"City of Water" (abstract)</a>, <i>The New Yorker</i>, September 1, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224211837/http://www.history.com/minisites/sandhogs/">"Sandhogs - 800 feet below NYC streets"</a>. A&E Television Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/minisites/sandhogs">the original</a> on February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sandhogs+-+800+feet+below+NYC+streets&rft.pub=A%26E+Television+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fminisites%2Fsandhogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiolab.org/podcast/91732-cities">"Cities"</a>. <i>Radiolab Podcasts | WNYC Studios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiolab+Podcasts+%7C+WNYC+Studios&rft.atitle=Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiolab.org%2Fpodcast%2F91732-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/penn/">Penn Station</a> The American Experience</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://99percentinvisible.org/episode/sandhogs/">99% Invisible</a> Episode 158: Sandhogs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6198392/">[1]</a> IMDB: Scorpion Season 3 Episode 14 (Jan 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=scorpion-2014&episode=s03e14">[2]</a> Scorpion s03e14 Episode Script</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmagnac1947" class="citation magazine cs1">Armagnac, Alden P. (September 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1947+%22piped+through+the+rockies%22&pg=PA82">"Sandhogs'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Sandhogs%27&rft.date=1947-09&rft.aulast=Armagnac&rft.aufirst=Alden+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiQDAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3Dpopular%2Bscience%2B1947%2B%2522piped%2Bthrough%2Bthe%2Brockies%2522%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1941" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Borden (1941). <i>Sandhog; the way of life of the tunnel builders</i>. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1525997">1525997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandhog%3B+the+way+of+life+of+the+tunnel+builders&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Row%2C+Peterson+and+Co.&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1525997&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Borden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney1983" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, Paul E. (1983). <i>Sandhogs : a history of the tunnel workers of New York</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11517630">11517630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandhogs+%3A+a+history+of+the+tunnel+workers+of+New+York&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11517630&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeVay2009" class="citation book cs1">LeVay, Gina (2009). <i>Sandhogs</i>. Brooklyn, NY: PowerHouse Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576875230" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576875230"><bdi>978-1576875230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandhogs&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=PowerHouse+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1576875230&rft.aulast=LeVay&rft.aufirst=Gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhog" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sandhog" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sandhog">sandhog</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandhogs147.org">New York City Sandhogs Local 147</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/nyregion/20050615_LENS_FEATURE/blocker.html">The Sandhogs</a>, a New York Times interactive feature</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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