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stroke-linejoin="round"></path><path d="M1.60327 5.77344H16.6033" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></a></span></li><li class="Cardsstyles__StyledCard-sc-ebft8b-2 kEwFMa"><p class="Typographystyles-sc-o7qsl9-0 ikXVrB">How to choose a cloud provider</p><span class="Typographystyles-sc-o7qsl9-0 mOScw"><a class="LinkTextstyles-sc-jz3jcd-0 gxPNxu" href="/resources/cloud-service-providers-how-to-choose">Read more<svg viewBox="0 0 18 12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.6033 1.27344L16.6033 5.77344L12.6033 10.2734" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><path d="M1.60327 5.77344H16.6033" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></a></span></li><li class="Cardsstyles__StyledCard-sc-ebft8b-2 kEwFMa"><p class="Typographystyles-sc-o7qsl9-0 ikXVrB">DigitalOcean vs. AWS Lightsail: Which 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class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsTitle-sc-8a21f586-1 dhdJdx">CONTENTS</h2><ol class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsList-sc-8a21f586-2 ifwrc"><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#testing-connectivity-to-nodes"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Testing Connectivity to Nodes</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#connecting-as-a-different-user"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Connecting as a Different User</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#using-a-custom-ssh-key"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Using a Custom SSH Key</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#using-password-based-authentication"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Using Password-Based Authentication</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#providing-the-sudo-password"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Providing the sudo Password</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#using-a-custom-inventory-file"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Using a Custom Inventory File</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#running-ad-hoc-commands"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Running ad-hoc Commands</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#running-playbooks"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Running Playbooks</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#getting-information-about-a-play"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Getting Information about a Play</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#controlling-playbook-execution"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Controlling Playbook Execution</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#using-ansible-vault-to-store-sensitive-data"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Using Ansible Vault to Store Sensitive Data</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#running-a-playbook-with-data-encrypted-via-ansible-vault"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Running a Playbook with Data Encrypted via Ansible Vault</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#debugging"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Debugging</h2></a></li><li level="1" class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItem-sc-8a21f586-3 bljiJp"><a class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListLink-sc-8a21f586-4 QlmaO" href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide#conclusion"><h2 class="TableOfContentsStyles__StyledTableOfContentsListItemText-sc-8a21f586-5 eEMXWO">Conclusion</h2></a></li></ol></nav></div></div><div class="ContainerStyles__StyledContainer-sc-c33ad18f-0 cOvNzl"><div class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordHeaderContainer-sc-337a0527-0 dxcDAS"><h4 class="HeadingStyles__StyledH4-sc-73f0758c-3 lfDrER TutorialTemplate___StyledHeading-sc-f82223ba-1 fSxWGV">Cheatsheet</h4><h1 class="HeadingStyles__StyledH1-sc-73f0758c-0 kpquAR TutorialTemplate___StyledHeading2-sc-f82223ba-2 eDngSU">How to Use Ansible: A Reference Guide</h1><div class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordMetaContainer-sc-337a0527-2 gsxHnk"><div class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordMetaItemDate-sc-337a0527-5 jnatsz">Updated on March 29, 2022</div><ul class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordMetaList-sc-337a0527-3 hGosQQ"><li class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordMetaItem-sc-337a0527-4 eoKUhn"><a title="Configuration Management" class="TagStyles__StyledTag-sc-a75ae9ac-0 dhVrNO" href="/community/tags/configuration-management">Configuration Management</a></li><li class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordMetaItem-sc-337a0527-4 eoKUhn"><a title="Ansible" class="TagStyles__StyledTag-sc-a75ae9ac-0 dhVrNO" href="/community/tags/ansible">Ansible</a></li></ul><div><div class="AuthorsStyles__StyledAuthorList-sc-29c8253c-0 kYbBjQ"><div class="AuthorsStyles__StyledAvatarGroup-sc-29c8253c-2 dBDdOf"><img alt="author" loading="lazy" width="48" height="48" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="AuthorsStyles__StyledAvatarSmall-sc-29c8253c-1 hbSNDk" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b1c2b9b45dfa138e00a51b7188beea76e76ba4a95ccc01af53c005458ecae202?default=retro 1x, https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b1c2b9b45dfa138e00a51b7188beea76e76ba4a95ccc01af53c005458ecae202?default=retro 2x" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b1c2b9b45dfa138e00a51b7188beea76e76ba4a95ccc01af53c005458ecae202?default=retro"/></div><div class="AuthorsStyles__StyledAuthor-sc-29c8253c-3 kJSao"><p class="Typographystyles-sc-o7qsl9-0 kLhCbB"><a class="LinkInlinestyles-sc-18du0ds-0 iepvyF" href="/community/users/erikaheidi">Erika Heidi</a></p></div></div><p class="Typographystyles-sc-o7qsl9-0 dJqBXQ">Developer Advocate</p></div></div><img alt="How to Use Ansible: A Reference Guide" title="How to Use Ansible: A Reference Guide" loading="lazy" width="752" height="358" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledRecordHeaderImage-sc-337a0527-1 eoHutf" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://www.digitalocean.com/api/static-content/v1/images?src=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fintro-to-cloud.d49bc5f7.jpeg&width=828 1x, https://www.digitalocean.com/api/static-content/v1/images?src=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fintro-to-cloud.d49bc5f7.jpeg&width=1920 2x" src="https://www.digitalocean.com/api/static-content/v1/images?src=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fintro-to-cloud.d49bc5f7.jpeg&width=1920"/></div><div class="Markdownstyles-sc-dd1icp-0 kfTVTG MarkdownStyles__StyledMarkdown-sc-bf598916-0 fzarqH"><h3 id="introduction"><a href="#introduction" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Introduction</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p><a href="https://www.ansible.com/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Ansible</a> is a modern configuration management tool that facilitates the task of setting up and maintaining remote servers.</p> <p>This cheat sheet-style guide provides a quick reference to commands and practices commonly used when working with Ansible. For an overview of Ansible and how to install and configure it, please check our guide on <a href="/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-configure-ansible-on-ubuntu-20-04">How to Install and Configure Ansible on Ubuntu 20.04</a>.</p> <p><strong>How to Use This Guide:</strong></p> <ul> <li>This guide is in cheat sheet format with self-contained command-line snippets.</li> <li>Jump to any section that is relevant to the task you are trying to complete.</li> <li>When you see <code><mark>highlighted text</mark></code> in this guide’s commands, keep in mind that this text should refer to hosts, usernames and IP addresses from <em>your own</em> inventory.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Ansible Glossary</strong></p> <p>The following Ansible-specific terms are largely used throughout this guide:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Control Machine / Node</strong>: a system where Ansible is installed and configured to connect and execute commands on nodes.</li> <li><strong>Node</strong>: a server controlled by Ansible.</li> <li><strong>Inventory File</strong>: a file that contains information about the servers Ansible controls, typically located at <code>/etc/ansible/hosts</code>.</li> <li><strong>Playbook</strong>: a file containing a series of tasks to be executed on a remote server.</li> <li><strong>Role</strong>: a collection of playbooks and other files that are relevant to a goal such as installing a web server.</li> <li><strong>Play</strong>: a full Ansible run. A <em>play</em> can have several playbooks and roles, included from a single playbook that acts as entry point.</li> </ul> <p>If you’d like an example of these commands in practice, see our guide on <a href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-to-automate-initial-server-setup-on-ubuntu-20-04">How to Use Ansible to Automate Initial Server Setup on Ubuntu 20.04</a>. You’ll need at least one remote server to use as a node.</p> <h2 id="testing-connectivity-to-nodes"><a href="#testing-connectivity-to-nodes" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Testing Connectivity to Nodes</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#testing-connectivity-to-nodes" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>To test that Ansible is able to connect and run commands and playbooks on your nodes, you can use the following command:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible all <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">ping</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>The <code>ping</code> module will test if you have valid credentials for connecting to the nodes defined in your inventory file, in addition to testing if Ansible is able to run Python scripts on the remote server. A <em>pong</em> reply back means Ansible is ready to run commands and playbooks on that node.</p> <h2 id="connecting-as-a-different-user"><a href="#connecting-as-a-different-user" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Connecting as a Different User</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#connecting-as-a-different-user" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>By default, Ansible tries to connect to the nodes as your current system user, using its corresponding SSH keypair. To connect as a different user, append the command with the <code>-u</code> flag and the name of the intended user:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible all <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">ping</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-u</span> <mark>sammy</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>The same is valid for <code>ansible-playbook</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-u</span> <mark>sammy</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="using-a-custom-ssh-key"><a href="#using-a-custom-ssh-key" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Using a Custom SSH Key</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#using-a-custom-ssh-key" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>If you’re using a custom SSH key to connect to the remote servers, you can provide it at execution time with the <code>--private-key</code> option:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible all <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">ping</span> --private-key<span class="token operator">=</span><mark><span class="token operator">~</span>/.ssh/custom_id</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This option is also valid for <code>ansible-playbook</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --private-key<span class="token operator">=</span><mark><span class="token operator">~</span>/.ssh/custom_id</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="using-password-based-authentication"><a href="#using-password-based-authentication" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Using Password-Based Authentication</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#using-password-based-authentication" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>If you need to use <em>password-based authentication</em> in order to connect to the nodes, you need to append the option <code>--ask-pass</code> to your Ansible command.</p> <p>This will make Ansible prompt you for the password of the user on the remote server that you’re attempting to connect as:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible all <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">ping</span> --ask-pass </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This option is also valid for <code>ansible-playbook</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --ask-pass </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="providing-the-sudo-password"><a href="#providing-the-sudo-password" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Providing the <code>sudo</code> Password</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#providing-the-sudo-password" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>If the remote user needs to provide a password in order to run <code>sudo</code> commands, you can include the option <code>--ask-become-pass</code> to your Ansible command. This will prompt you to provide the remote user sudo password:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible all <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">ping</span> --ask-become-pass </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This option is also valid for <code>ansible-playbook</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --ask-become-pass </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="using-a-custom-inventory-file"><a href="#using-a-custom-inventory-file" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Using a Custom Inventory File</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#using-a-custom-inventory-file" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>The default inventory file is typically located at <code>/etc/ansible/hosts</code>, but you can also use the <code>-i</code> option to point to custom inventory files when running Ansible commands and playbooks. Ansible also supports <em>inventory scripts</em> for building dynamic inventory files, for when your inventory fluctuates, with servers being created and destroyed often. Custom inventory files are useful for setting up per-project inventories that can be included in version control systems such as Git:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible all <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">ping</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-i</span> <mark>my_custom_inventory</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>The same option is valid for <code>ansible-playbook</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-i</span> <mark>my_custom_inventory</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="running-ad-hoc-commands"><a href="#running-ad-hoc-commands" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Running <em>ad-hoc</em> Commands</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#running-ad-hoc-commands" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>To execute a command on a node, use the <code>-a</code> option followed by the command you want to run, in quotes.</p> <p>This will execute <code>uname -a</code> on <strong>all</strong> the nodes in your inventory:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible <mark>all</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-a</span> <span class="token string">"uname -a"</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>It is also possible to run Ansible modules with the option <code>-m</code>. The following command would install the package <code>vim</code> on <code>server1</code> from your inventory:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible <mark>server1</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-a</span> <span class="token string">"name=vim"</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>Before making changes to your nodes, you can conduct a <em>dry run</em> to predict how the servers would be affected by your command. This can be done by including the <code>--check</code> option:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible <mark>server1</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-a</span> <span class="token string">"name=vim"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--check</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="running-playbooks"><a href="#running-playbooks" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Running Playbooks</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#running-playbooks" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>To run a playbook and execute all the tasks defined within it, use the <code>ansible-playbook</code> command:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>To overwrite the default <code>hosts</code> option in the playbook and limit execution to a certain group or host, include the option <code>-l</code> in your command:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <span class="token parameter variable">-l</span> <mark>server1</mark> <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="getting-information-about-a-play"><a href="#getting-information-about-a-play" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Getting Information about a Play</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#getting-information-about-a-play" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>The option <code>--list-tasks</code> is used to list all tasks that would be executed by a play without making any changes to the remote servers:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --list-tasks </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>Similarly, it is possible to list all hosts that would be affected by a play, without running any tasks on the remote servers:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --list-hosts </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>You can use <em>tags</em> to limit the execution of a play. To list all tags available in a play, use the option <code>--list-tags</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --list-tags </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="controlling-playbook-execution"><a href="#controlling-playbook-execution" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Controlling Playbook Execution</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#controlling-playbook-execution" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>You can use the option <code>--start-at-task</code> to define a new entry point for your playbook. Ansible will then skip anything that comes before the specified task, executing the remaining of the play from that point on. This option requires a valid <em>task name</em> as argument:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --start-at-task<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"<mark>Set Up Nginx</mark>"</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>To only execute tasks associated with specific tags, you can use the option <code>--tags</code>. For instance, if you’d like to only execute tasks tagged as <code>nginx</code> or <code>mysql</code>, you can use:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">--tags</span><span class="token operator">=</span><mark>mysql,nginx</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If you want to skip all tasks that are under specific tags, use <code>--skip-tags</code>. The following command would execute <code><mark>myplaybook.yml</mark></code>, skipping all tasks tagged as <code>mysql</code>:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --skip-tags<span class="token operator">=</span><mark>mysql</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="using-ansible-vault-to-store-sensitive-data"><a href="#using-ansible-vault-to-store-sensitive-data" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Using Ansible Vault to Store Sensitive Data</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#using-ansible-vault-to-store-sensitive-data" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>If your Ansible playbooks deal with sensitive data like passwords, API keys, and credentials, it is important to keep that data safe by using an encryption mechanism. Ansible provides <code>ansible-vault</code> to encrypt files and variables.</p> <p>Even though it is possible to encrypt any Ansible data file as well as binary files, it is more common to use <code>ansible-vault</code> to encrypt <em>variable files</em> containing sensitive data. After encrypting a file with this tool, you’ll only be able to execute, edit or view its contents by providing the relevant password defined when you first encrypted the file.</p> <h3 id="creating-a-new-encrypted-file"><a href="#creating-a-new-encrypted-file" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Creating a New Encrypted File</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#creating-a-new-encrypted-file" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>You can create a new encrypted Ansible file with:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault create <mark>credentials.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This command will perform the following actions:</p> <ul> <li>First, it will prompt you to enter a new password. You’ll need to provide this password whenever you access the file contents, whether it’s for editing, viewing, or just running playbooks or commands using those values.</li> <li>Next, it will open your default command-line editor so you can populate the file with the desired contents.</li> <li>Finally, when you’re done editing, <code>ansible-vault</code> will save the file as encrypted data.</li> </ul> <h3 id="encrypting-an-existing-ansible-file"><a href="#encrypting-an-existing-ansible-file" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Encrypting an Existing Ansible File</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#encrypting-an-existing-ansible-file" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>To encrypt an existing Ansible file, you can use the following syntax:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault encrypt <mark>credentials.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This will prompt you for a password that you’ll need to enter whenever you access the file <code><mark>credentials.yml</mark></code>.</p> <h3 id="viewing-the-contents-of-an-encrypted-file"><a href="#viewing-the-contents-of-an-encrypted-file" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Viewing the Contents of an Encrypted File</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#viewing-the-contents-of-an-encrypted-file" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>If you want to view the contents of a file that was previously encrypted with <code>ansible-vault</code> and you don’t need to change its contents, you can use:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault view <mark>credentials.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This will prompt you to provide the password you selected when you first encrypted the file with <code>ansible-vault</code>.</p> <h3 id="editing-an-encrypted-file"><a href="#editing-an-encrypted-file" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Editing an Encrypted File</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#editing-an-encrypted-file" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>To edit the contents of a file that was previously encrypted with Ansible Vault, run:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault edit <mark>credentials.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This will prompt you to provide the password you chose when first encrypting the file <code><mark>credentials.yml</mark></code> with <code>ansible-vault</code>. After password validation, your default command-line editor will open with the unencrypted contents of the file, allowing you to make your changes. When finished, you can save and close the file as you would normally, and the updated contents will be saved as encrypted data.</p> <h3 id="decrypting-encrypted-files"><a href="#decrypting-encrypted-files" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Decrypting Encrypted Files</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#decrypting-encrypted-files" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>If you wish to permanently revert a file that was previously encrypted with <code>ansible-vault</code> to its unencrypted version, you can do so with this syntax:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault decrypt <mark>credentials.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This will prompt you to provide the same password used when first encrypting the file <code><mark>credentials.yml</mark></code> with <code>ansible-vault</code>. After password validation, the file contents will be saved to the disk as unencrypted data.</p> <h3 id="using-multiple-vault-passwords"><a href="#using-multiple-vault-passwords" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Using Multiple Vault Passwords</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#using-multiple-vault-passwords" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>Ansible supports multiple vault passwords grouped by different vault IDs. This is useful if you want to have dedicated vault passwords for different environments, such as development, testing, and production environments.</p> <p>To create a new encrypted file using a custom vault ID, include the <code>--vault-id</code> option along with a <em>label</em> and the location where <code>ansible-vault</code> can find the password for that vault. The label can be any identifier, and the location can either be <code>prompt</code>, meaning that the command should prompt you to enter a password, or a valid path to a password file.</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault create --vault-id <mark>dev</mark>@prompt <mark>credentials_dev.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>This will create a new vault ID named <mark>dev</mark> that uses <code>prompt</code> as password source. By combining this method with group variable files, you’ll be able to have separate ansible vaults for each application environment:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault create --vault-id <mark>prod</mark>@prompt <mark>credentials_prod.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>We used <mark>dev</mark> and <mark>prod</mark> as vault IDs to demonstrate how you can create separate vaults per environment, but you can create as many vaults as you want, and you can use any identifier of your choice as vault ID.</p> <p>Now to view, edit, or decrypt these files, you’ll need to provide the same vault ID and password source along with the <code>ansible-vault</code> command:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault edit <mark>credentials_dev.yml</mark> --vault-id <mark>dev</mark>@prompt </li></ol> </code></pre> <h3 id="using-a-password-file"><a href="#using-a-password-file" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Using a Password File</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#using-a-password-file" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h3> <p>If you need to automate the process of provisioning servers with Ansible using a third-party tool, you’ll need a way to provide the vault password without being prompted for it. You can do that by using a <em>password file</em> with <code>ansible-vault</code>.</p> <p>A password file can be a plain text file or an executable script. If the file is an executable script, the output produced by this script will be used as the vault password. Otherwise, the raw contents of the file will be used as vault password.</p> <p>To use a password file with <code>ansible-vault</code>, you need to provide the path to a password file when running any of the vault commands:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-vault create --vault-id <mark>dev</mark>@<mark>path/to/passfile</mark> <mark>credentials_dev.yml</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>Ansible doesn’t make a distinction between content that was encrypted using <code>prompt</code> or a password file as password source, as long as the input password is the same. In practical terms, this means it is OK to encrypt a file using <code>prompt</code> and then later use a password file to store the same password used with the <code>prompt</code> method. The opposite is also true: you can encrypt content using a password file and later use the <code>prompt</code> method, providing the same password when prompted by Ansible.</p> <p>For extended flexibility and security, instead of having your vault password stored in a plain text file, you can use a Python script to obtain the password from other sources. The official Ansible repository contains <a href="https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/contrib/vault" rel="ugc nofollow noopener" target="_blank">a few examples of vault scripts</a> that you can use for reference when creating a custom script that suits the particular needs of your project.</p> <h2 id="running-a-playbook-with-data-encrypted-via-ansible-vault"><a href="#running-a-playbook-with-data-encrypted-via-ansible-vault" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Running a Playbook with Data Encrypted via Ansible Vault</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#running-a-playbook-with-data-encrypted-via-ansible-vault" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>Whenever you run a playbook that uses data previously encrypted via <code>ansible-vault</code>, you’ll need to provide the vault password to your playbook command.</p> <p>If you used default options and the <code>prompt</code> password source when encrypting the data used in this playbook, you can use the option <code>--ask-vault-pass</code> to make Ansible prompt you for the password:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --ask-vault-pass </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If you used a password file instead of prompting for the password, you should use the option <code>--vault-password-file</code> instead:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --vault-password-file <mark>my_vault_password.py</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If you’re using data encrypted under a vault ID, you’ll need to provide the same vault ID and password source you used when first encrypting the data:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --vault-id <mark>dev</mark>@prompt </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If using a password file with your vault ID, you should provide the label followed by the full path to the password file as password source:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --vault-id <mark>dev</mark>@<mark>vault_password.py</mark> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If your play uses multiple vaults, you should provide a <code>--vault-id</code> parameter for each of them, in no particular order:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> --vault-id <mark>dev</mark>@<mark>vault_password.py</mark> --vault-id <mark>test</mark>@prompt --vault-id <mark>ci</mark>@prompt </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="debugging"><a href="#debugging" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Debugging</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#debugging" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>If you run into errors while executing Ansible commands and playbooks, it’s a good idea to increase output verbosity in order to get more information about the problem. You can do that by including the <code>-v</code> option to the command:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-v</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If you need more detail, you can use <code>-vvv</code> and this will increase verbosity of the output. If you’re unable to connect to the remote nodes via Ansible, use <code>-vvvv</code> to get connection debugging information:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible-playbook <mark>myplaybook.yml</mark> <span class="token parameter variable">-vvvv</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <h2 id="conclusion"><a href="#conclusion" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);">Conclusion</a><a class="hash-anchor" href="#conclusion" aria-hidden="true" onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.href);"></a></h2> <p>This guide covers some of the most common Ansible commands you may use when provisioning servers, such as how to execute remote commands on your nodes and how to run playbooks using a variety of custom settings.</p> <p>There are other command variations and flags that you may find useful for your Ansible workflow. To get an overview of all available options, you can use the <em>help</em> command:</p> <div class="code-label" title=""></div> <pre class="prefixed command language-bash"><code><ol><li data-prefix="$">ansible <span class="token parameter variable">--help</span> </li></ol> </code></pre> <p>If you want a more comprehensive view of Ansible and all its available commands and features, please refer to the <a href="https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/index.html" rel="ugc nofollow noopener" target="_blank">official Ansible documentation</a>.</p> <p>If you want to see another practical example of Ansible, check out our guide on <a href="/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-to-install-and-set-up-docker-on-ubuntu-20-04">How to Use Ansible to Install and Set Up Docker on Ubuntu 20.04</a>.</p> </div><div class="Markdownstyles-sc-dd1icp-0 kfTVTG MarkdownStyles__StyledMarkdown-sc-bf598916-0 fzarqH TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledConclusionCTA-sc-337a0527-35 dKyFya"><p>Thanks for learning with the DigitalOcean Community. 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textbox defaults to using <strong>Markdown</strong> to format your answer.</p><p>You can type <strong>!ref</strong> in this text area to quickly search our full set of tutorials, documentation & marketplace offerings and insert the link!</p></div><div class="CommentFormTemplateStyles__StyledButtonBar-sc-f4f7f538-3 btVxEm"><a class="LazyLink___StyledLink-sc-679fc0ad-0 fjIPKj ButtonLinkStyles__StyledButtonLink-sc-b1f7fbf-0 glNInm CommentFormTemplate___StyledButtonLink-sc-9b99b70c-1 gcUUDj" title="" href="/api/dynamic-content/v1/login?success_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalocean.com&error_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalocean.com%2Fauth-error&type=register">Sign In or Sign Up to Comment</a></div></div><div class="CommentsTemplateStyles__StyledCommentsContainer-sc-43f3aa21-0 kVMWkL"><div state="published" voteable="1" class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentContainer-sc-c986a6a7-0 mfxIB"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMeta-sc-c986a6a7-2 kwjRGJ"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaContainer-sc-c986a6a7-3 bSpdQq"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaNameAndDate-sc-c986a6a7-4 iednMA"><a class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaName-sc-c986a6a7-5 hCWzay" href="/community/users/toomding">toomding</a><span> • </span><a class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaDate-sc-c986a6a7-6 fGirDv" href="/community/cheatsheets/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide?comment=94194">December 12, 2020</a></div><button type="button" class="CommentStyles__StyledExpandButton-sc-c986a6a7-15 gdQvQz"><span><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 15 9" width="15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1.5 8.06543 6-6 6 6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentBody-sc-c986a6a7-7 cYyzNU"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentBody-sc-c986a6a7-7 cYyzNU"><div class="Markdownstyles-sc-dd1icp-0 kfTVTG MarkdownStyles__StyledMarkdown-sc-bf598916-0 fzarqH"><p>It helped me a lot. Reading this article is just like enjoying a good novel. Love it.</p> </div></div><ul class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentActions-sc-c986a6a7-9 gXtcjD"><li><button class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentAction-sc-c986a6a7-10 ganxsQ">Reply</button></li></ul></div></div><div state="published" voteable="1" class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentContainer-sc-c986a6a7-0 mfxIB"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMeta-sc-c986a6a7-2 kwjRGJ"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaContainer-sc-c986a6a7-3 bSpdQq"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaNameAndDate-sc-c986a6a7-4 iednMA"><a class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaName-sc-c986a6a7-5 hCWzay" href="/community/users/leechau">leechau</a><span> • </span><a class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaDate-sc-c986a6a7-6 fGirDv" href="/community/cheatsheets/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide?comment=91700">September 24, 2020</a></div><button type="button" class="CommentStyles__StyledExpandButton-sc-c986a6a7-15 gdQvQz"><span><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 15 9" width="15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1.5 8.06543 6-6 6 6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentBody-sc-c986a6a7-7 cYyzNU"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentBody-sc-c986a6a7-7 cYyzNU"><div class="Markdownstyles-sc-dd1icp-0 kfTVTG MarkdownStyles__StyledMarkdown-sc-bf598916-0 fzarqH"><p>concise and helpful, thanks!</p> </div></div><ul class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentActions-sc-c986a6a7-9 gXtcjD"><li><button class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentAction-sc-c986a6a7-10 ganxsQ">Reply</button></li></ul></div></div><div state="published" voteable="1" class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentContainer-sc-c986a6a7-0 mfxIB"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMeta-sc-c986a6a7-2 kwjRGJ"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaContainer-sc-c986a6a7-3 bSpdQq"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaNameAndDate-sc-c986a6a7-4 iednMA"><a class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaName-sc-c986a6a7-5 hCWzay" href="/community/users/grantwinney">Grant Winney</a><span> • </span><a class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentMetaDate-sc-c986a6a7-6 fGirDv" href="/community/cheatsheets/how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide?comment=84198">December 19, 2019</a></div><button type="button" class="CommentStyles__StyledExpandButton-sc-c986a6a7-15 gdQvQz"><span><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 15 9" width="15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1.5 8.06543 6-6 6 6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentBody-sc-c986a6a7-7 cYyzNU"><div class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentBody-sc-c986a6a7-7 cYyzNU"><div class="Markdownstyles-sc-dd1icp-0 kfTVTG MarkdownStyles__StyledMarkdown-sc-bf598916-0 fzarqH"><p>In the “this playbook” link under the glossary section, I <em>think</em> the link should actually be:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/do-community/ansible-playbooks/blob/master/setup_ubuntu1804/playbook.yml" rel="ugc nofollow noopener" target="_blank">https://github.com/do-community/ansible-playbooks/blob/master/setup_ubuntu1804/playbook.yml</a></p> </div></div><ul class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentActions-sc-c986a6a7-9 gXtcjD"><li><button class="CommentStyles__StyledCommentAction-sc-c986a6a7-10 ganxsQ">Reply</button></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="TutorialTemplateStyles__StyledCreativeCommonsLicense-sc-337a0527-20 klBkzI"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" alt="Creative Commons url" class="LazyLink___StyledA-sc-679fc0ad-1 gYjDKj"><img alt="Creative Commons" loading="lazy" width="114" height="40" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://www.digitalocean.com/api/static-content/v1/images?src=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fcreativecommons.c0a877f1.png&width=128 1x, https://www.digitalocean.com/api/static-content/v1/images?src=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fcreativecommons.c0a877f1.png&width=256 2x" 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For an overview of Ansible and how to install and configure it, please check our guide on [How to Install and Configure Ansible on Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-configure-ansible-on-ubuntu-20-04).\n\n**How to Use This Guide:**\n\n* This guide is in cheat sheet format with self-contained command-line snippets.\n* Jump to any section that is relevant to the task you are trying to complete.\n* When you see `\u003c^\u003ehighlighted text\u003c^\u003e` in this guide’s commands, keep in mind that this text should refer to hosts, usernames and IP addresses from *your own* inventory.\n\n**Ansible Glossary**\n\nThe following Ansible-specific terms are largely used throughout this guide:\n\n- **Control Machine / Node**: a system where Ansible is installed and configured to connect and execute commands on nodes.\n- **Node**: a server controlled by Ansible.\n- **Inventory File**: a file that contains information about the servers Ansible controls, typically located at `/etc/ansible/hosts`.\n- **Playbook**: a file containing a series of tasks to be executed on a remote server.\n- **Role**: a collection of playbooks and other files that are relevant to a goal such as installing a web server.\n- **Play**: a full Ansible run. A *play* can have several playbooks and roles, included from a single playbook that acts as entry point.\n\nIf you’d like an example of these commands in practice, see our guide on [How to Use Ansible to Automate Initial Server Setup on Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-to-automate-initial-server-setup-on-ubuntu-20-04). You'll need at least one remote server to use as a node.\n\n## Testing Connectivity to Nodes\n\nTo test that Ansible is able to connect and run commands and playbooks on your nodes, you can use the following command:\n\n```command\nansible all -m ping\n```\n\nThe `ping` module will test if you have valid credentials for connecting to the nodes defined in your inventory file, in addition to testing if Ansible is able to run Python scripts on the remote server. A *pong* reply back means Ansible is ready to run commands and playbooks on that node.\n\n## Connecting as a Different User\n\nBy default, Ansible tries to connect to the nodes as your current system user, using its corresponding SSH keypair. To connect as a different user, append the command with the `-u` flag and the name of the intended user:\n\n```command\nansible all -m ping -u \u003c^\u003esammy\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThe same is valid for `ansible-playbook`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e -u \u003c^\u003esammy\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\n## Using a Custom SSH Key\n\nIf you're using a custom SSH key to connect to the remote servers, you can provide it at execution time with the `--private-key` option:\n\n```command\nansible all -m ping --private-key=\u003c^\u003e~/.ssh/custom_id\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThis option is also valid for `ansible-playbook`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --private-key=\u003c^\u003e~/.ssh/custom_id\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\n## Using Password-Based Authentication\n\nIf you need to use *password-based authentication* in order to connect to the nodes, you need to append the option `--ask-pass` to your Ansible command.\n\nThis will make Ansible prompt you for the password of the user on the remote server that you're attempting to connect as:\n\n```command\nansible all -m ping --ask-pass\n```\n\nThis option is also valid for `ansible-playbook`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --ask-pass\n```\n\n## Providing the `sudo` Password\n\nIf the remote user needs to provide a password in order to run `sudo` commands, you can include the option `--ask-become-pass` to your Ansible command. This will prompt you to provide the remote user sudo password:\n\n```command\nansible all -m ping --ask-become-pass\n```\n\nThis option is also valid for `ansible-playbook`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --ask-become-pass\n```\n## Using a Custom Inventory File\n\nThe default inventory file is typically located at `/etc/ansible/hosts`, but you can also use the `-i` option to point to custom inventory files when running Ansible commands and playbooks. Ansible also supports *inventory scripts* for building dynamic inventory files, for when your inventory fluctuates, with servers being created and destroyed often. Custom inventory files are useful for setting up per-project inventories that can be included in version control systems such as Git:\n\n```command\nansible all -m ping -i \u003c^\u003emy_custom_inventory\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThe same option is valid for `ansible-playbook`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e -i \u003c^\u003emy_custom_inventory\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\n## Running *ad-hoc* Commands\n\nTo execute a command on a node, use the `-a` option followed by the command you want to run, in quotes.\n\nThis will execute `uname -a` on **all** the nodes in your inventory:\n\n```command\nansible \u003c^\u003eall\u003c^\u003e -a \"uname -a\"\n```\n\nIt is also possible to run Ansible modules with the option `-m`. The following command would install the package `vim` on `server1` from your inventory:\n\n```command\nansible \u003c^\u003eserver1\u003c^\u003e -m apt -a \"name=vim\"\n```\n\nBefore making changes to your nodes, you can conduct a *dry run* to predict how the servers would be affected by your command. This can be done by including the `--check` option:\n\n```command\nansible \u003c^\u003eserver1\u003c^\u003e -m apt -a \"name=vim\" --check\n```\n\n## Running Playbooks\n\nTo run a playbook and execute all the tasks defined within it, use the `ansible-playbook` command:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nTo overwrite the default `hosts` option in the playbook and limit execution to a certain group or host, include the option `-l` in your command:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook -l \u003c^\u003eserver1\u003c^\u003e \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\n## Getting Information about a Play\n\nThe option `--list-tasks` is used to list all tasks that would be executed by a play without making any changes to the remote servers:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --list-tasks\n```\n\nSimilarly, it is possible to list all hosts that would be affected by a play, without running any tasks on the remote servers:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --list-hosts\n```\n\nYou can use *tags* to limit the execution of a play. To list all tags available in a play, use the option `--list-tags`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --list-tags\n```\n\n## Controlling Playbook Execution\n\nYou can use the option `--start-at-task` to define a new entry point for your playbook. Ansible will then skip anything that comes before the specified task, executing the remaining of the play from that point on. This option requires a valid *task name* as argument:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --start-at-task=\"\u003c^\u003eSet Up Nginx\u003c^\u003e\"\n```\n\nTo only execute tasks associated with specific tags, you can use the option `--tags`. For instance, if you'd like to only execute tasks tagged as `nginx` or `mysql`, you can use:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --tags=\u003c^\u003emysql,nginx\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nIf you want to skip all tasks that are under specific tags, use `--skip-tags`. The following command would execute `\u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e`, skipping all tasks tagged as `mysql`:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --skip-tags=\u003c^\u003emysql\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\n## Using Ansible Vault to Store Sensitive Data\n\nIf your Ansible playbooks deal with sensitive data like passwords, API keys, and credentials, it is important to keep that data safe by using an encryption mechanism. Ansible provides `ansible-vault` to encrypt files and variables.\n\nEven though it is possible to encrypt any Ansible data file as well as binary files, it is more common to use `ansible-vault` to encrypt *variable files* containing sensitive data. After encrypting a file with this tool, you'll only be able to execute, edit or view its contents by providing the relevant password defined when you first encrypted the file.\n\n### Creating a New Encrypted File\n\nYou can create a new encrypted Ansible file with:\n\n```command\nansible-vault create \u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThis command will perform the following actions:\n\n- First, it will prompt you to enter a new password. You'll need to provide this password whenever you access the file contents, whether it's for editing, viewing, or just running playbooks or commands using those values.\n- Next, it will open your default command-line editor so you can populate the file with the desired contents.\n- Finally, when you're done editing, `ansible-vault` will save the file as encrypted data.\n\n### Encrypting an Existing Ansible File\n\nTo encrypt an existing Ansible file, you can use the following syntax:\n\n```command\nansible-vault encrypt \u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\nThis will prompt you for a password that you'll need to enter whenever you access the file `\u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e`.\n\n### Viewing the Contents of an Encrypted File\n\nIf you want to view the contents of a file that was previously encrypted with `ansible-vault` and you don't need to change its contents, you can use:\n\n```command\nansible-vault view \u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\nThis will prompt you to provide the password you selected when you first encrypted the file with `ansible-vault`.\n\n### Editing an Encrypted File\n\nTo edit the contents of a file that was previously encrypted with Ansible Vault, run:\n\n```command\nansible-vault edit \u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThis will prompt you to provide the password you chose when first encrypting the file `\u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e` with `ansible-vault`. After password validation, your default command-line editor will open with the unencrypted contents of the file, allowing you to make your changes. When finished, you can save and close the file as you would normally, and the updated contents will be saved as encrypted data.\n\n### Decrypting Encrypted Files\n\nIf you wish to permanently revert a file that was previously encrypted with `ansible-vault` to its unencrypted version, you can do so with this syntax:\n\n```command\nansible-vault decrypt \u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThis will prompt you to provide the same password used when first encrypting the file `\u003c^\u003ecredentials.yml\u003c^\u003e` with `ansible-vault`. After password validation, the file contents will be saved to the disk as unencrypted data.\n\n### Using Multiple Vault Passwords\n\nAnsible supports multiple vault passwords grouped by different vault IDs. This is useful if you want to have dedicated vault passwords for different environments, such as development, testing, and production environments.\n\nTo create a new encrypted file using a custom vault ID, include the `--vault-id` option along with a *label* and the location where `ansible-vault` can find the password for that vault. The label can be any identifier, and the location can either be `prompt`, meaning that the command should prompt you to enter a password, or a valid path to a password file.\n\n```command\nansible-vault create --vault-id \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e@prompt \u003c^\u003ecredentials_dev.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nThis will create a new vault ID named \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e that uses `prompt` as password source. By combining this method with group variable files, you'll be able to have separate ansible vaults for each application environment:\n\n```command\nansible-vault create --vault-id \u003c^\u003eprod\u003c^\u003e@prompt \u003c^\u003ecredentials_prod.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nWe used \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e and \u003c^\u003eprod\u003c^\u003e as vault IDs to demonstrate how you can create separate vaults per environment, but you can create as many vaults as you want, and you can use any identifier of your choice as vault ID.\n\nNow to view, edit, or decrypt these files, you'll need to provide the same vault ID and password source along with the `ansible-vault` command:\n\n```command\nansible-vault edit \u003c^\u003ecredentials_dev.yml\u003c^\u003e --vault-id \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e@prompt\n```\n\n### Using a Password File\n\nIf you need to automate the process of provisioning servers with Ansible using a third-party tool, you'll need a way to provide the vault password without being prompted for it. You can do that by using a *password file* with `ansible-vault`.\n\nA password file can be a plain text file or an executable script. If the file is an executable script, the output produced by this script will be used as the vault password. Otherwise, the raw contents of the file will be used as vault password.\n\nTo use a password file with `ansible-vault`, you need to provide the path to a password file when running any of the vault commands:\n\n```command\nansible-vault create --vault-id \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e@\u003c^\u003epath/to/passfile\u003c^\u003e \u003c^\u003ecredentials_dev.yml\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nAnsible doesn't make a distinction between content that was encrypted using `prompt` or a password file as password source, as long as the input password is the same. In practical terms, this means it is OK to encrypt a file using `prompt` and then later use a password file to store the same password used with the `prompt` method. The opposite is also true: you can encrypt content using a password file and later use the `prompt` method, providing the same password when prompted by Ansible.\n\nFor extended flexibility and security, instead of having your vault password stored in a plain text file, you can use a Python script to obtain the password from other sources. The official Ansible repository contains [a few examples of vault scripts](https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/contrib/vault) that you can use for reference when creating a custom script that suits the particular needs of your project.\n\n## Running a Playbook with Data Encrypted via Ansible Vault\n\nWhenever you run a playbook that uses data previously encrypted via `ansible-vault`, you'll need to provide the vault password to your playbook command.\n\nIf you used default options and the `prompt` password source when encrypting the data used in this playbook, you can use the option `--ask-vault-pass` to make Ansible prompt you for the password:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --ask-vault-pass\n```\n\nIf you used a password file instead of prompting for the password, you should use the option `--vault-password-file` instead:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --vault-password-file \u003c^\u003emy_vault_password.py\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nIf you're using data encrypted under a vault ID, you'll need to provide the same vault ID and password source you used when first encrypting the data:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --vault-id \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e@prompt\n```\n\nIf using a password file with your vault ID, you should provide the label followed by the full path to the password file as password source:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --vault-id \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e@\u003c^\u003evault_password.py\u003c^\u003e\n```\n\nIf your play uses multiple vaults, you should provide a `--vault-id` parameter for each of them, in no particular order:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e --vault-id \u003c^\u003edev\u003c^\u003e@\u003c^\u003evault_password.py\u003c^\u003e --vault-id \u003c^\u003etest\u003c^\u003e@prompt --vault-id \u003c^\u003eci\u003c^\u003e@prompt\n```\n\n## Debugging\n\nIf you run into errors while executing Ansible commands and playbooks, it's a good idea to increase output verbosity in order to get more information about the problem. You can do that by including the `-v` option to the command:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e -v\n```\nIf you need more detail, you can use `-vvv` and this will increase verbosity of the output. If you're unable to connect to the remote nodes via Ansible, use `-vvvv` to get connection debugging information:\n\n```command\nansible-playbook \u003c^\u003emyplaybook.yml\u003c^\u003e -vvvv\n```\n\n## Conclusion\n\nThis guide covers some of the most common Ansible commands you may use when provisioning servers, such as how to execute remote commands on your nodes and how to run playbooks using a variety of custom settings.\n\nThere are other command variations and flags that you may find useful for your Ansible workflow. To get an overview of all available options, you can use the *help* command:\n\n```command\nansible --help\n```\n\nIf you want a more comprehensive view of Ansible and all its available commands and features, please refer to the [official Ansible documentation](https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/index.html).\n\nIf you want to see another practical example of Ansible, check out our guide on [How to Use Ansible to Install and Set Up Docker on Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-ansible-to-install-and-set-up-docker-on-ubuntu-20-04).\n\n","language":"en","state":"published","last_validated_at":"2022-03-29T19:18:33.060Z","published_at":"2019-06-05T15:18:58.703Z","views":209869,"follow_up_questions_enabled_at":null,"comments_locked_at":null,"raw_html_allowed_in_markdown_at":null,"featured_at":null,"header_url":null,"conclusion_cta":null,"right_side_nav_cta":null,"original":{},"authors":[{"user_name":null,"relation":"author","user_id":520781,"item_id":3001,"item_type":"tutorial","created_at":"2019-05-20T14:45:33.837Z","updated_at":"2019-05-20T14:45:33.837Z","user":{"id":520781,"username":"erikaheidi","slug":"erikaheidi","first_name":"Erika","last_name":"Heidi","title":"Developer Advocate","bio":"Dev/Ops passionate about open source, PHP, and Linux.","website":"https://eheidi.dev","twitter_handle":"erikaheidi","github_handle":"erikaheidi","linkedin_url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/erikaheidi/","stackoverflow_url":null,"city":null,"country":null,"skills":"Linux,PHP,DevOps,Ansible,Laravel","has_seen_registration_at":"2022-08-30T17:06:14.808Z","created_at":"2019-03-21T10:15:56.911Z","updated_at":"2021-11-12T16:56:09.045Z","gravatar":"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b1c2b9b45dfa138e00a51b7188beea76e76ba4a95ccc01af53c005458ecae202?default=retro"}}],"editors":[],"translators":[],"series":[],"needs_review":false,"tags":[{"id":55,"state":"published","slug":"configuration-management","name":"Configuration Management","description":"Configuration management refers to the processes by which administrators and operations teams control a large numbers of servers. Automation is at the heart of most configuration management tools, which allow developers to quickly provision new servers, recover from critical events, manage version control, and replicate environments. Popular CM tools include Puppet, Ansible, Chef, and Salt. \r\n","created_at":"2022-01-31T18:04:44.879Z","updated_at":"2022-01-28T04:27:51.818Z","admin_use_only_at":null,"admin_view_only_at":null,"type":"tag"},{"id":70,"state":"published","slug":"ansible","name":"Ansible","description":"Ansible is a configuration management system used to set up and manage infrastructure and applications in varied environments. It allows users to deploy and update applications in approachable language, using SSH, without needing to install an agent on a remote system.\r\n","created_at":"2022-01-31T18:04:44.879Z","updated_at":"2022-01-26T01:58:18.834Z","admin_use_only_at":null,"admin_view_only_at":null,"type":"tag"}],"teams":[],"origins":[]},"headers":[{"slug":"testing-connectivity-to-nodes","content":"Testing Connectivity to Nodes","text":"Testing Connectivity to Nodes","rendered":"Testing Connectivity to Nodes","level":2},{"slug":"connecting-as-a-different-user","content":"Connecting as a Different User","text":"Connecting as a Different User","rendered":"Connecting as a Different User","level":2},{"slug":"using-a-custom-ssh-key","content":"Using a Custom SSH Key","text":"Using a Custom SSH Key","rendered":"Using a Custom SSH Key","level":2},{"slug":"using-password-based-authentication","content":"Using Password-Based Authentication","text":"Using Password-Based Authentication","rendered":"Using Password-Based Authentication","level":2},{"slug":"providing-the-sudo-password","content":"Providing the `sudo` Password","text":"Providing the sudo Password","rendered":"Providing the \u003ccode\u003esudo\u003c/code\u003e Password","level":2},{"slug":"using-a-custom-inventory-file","content":"Using a Custom Inventory File","text":"Using a Custom Inventory File","rendered":"Using a Custom Inventory File","level":2},{"slug":"running-ad-hoc-commands","content":"Running *ad-hoc* Commands","text":"Running ad-hoc Commands","rendered":"Running \u003cem\u003ead-hoc\u003c/em\u003e Commands","level":2},{"slug":"running-playbooks","content":"Running Playbooks","text":"Running Playbooks","rendered":"Running Playbooks","level":2},{"slug":"getting-information-about-a-play","content":"Getting Information about a Play","text":"Getting Information about a Play","rendered":"Getting Information about a Play","level":2},{"slug":"controlling-playbook-execution","content":"Controlling Playbook Execution","text":"Controlling Playbook Execution","rendered":"Controlling Playbook Execution","level":2},{"slug":"using-ansible-vault-to-store-sensitive-data","content":"Using Ansible Vault to Store Sensitive Data","text":"Using Ansible Vault to Store Sensitive Data","rendered":"Using Ansible Vault to Store Sensitive Data","level":2},{"slug":"running-a-playbook-with-data-encrypted-via-ansible-vault","content":"Running a Playbook with Data Encrypted via Ansible Vault","text":"Running a Playbook with Data Encrypted via Ansible Vault","rendered":"Running a Playbook with Data Encrypted via Ansible Vault","level":2},{"slug":"debugging","content":"Debugging","text":"Debugging","rendered":"Debugging","level":2},{"slug":"conclusion","content":"Conclusion","text":"Conclusion","rendered":"Conclusion","level":2}],"comments":[{"id":94194,"type":"comment","content":"It helped me a lot. Reading this article is just like enjoying a good novel. Love it.","parent_id":3001,"parent_type":"tutorial","top_level_id":3001,"top_level_type":"tutorial","user_id":1297686,"resolved_by_id":null,"created_at":"2020-12-12T15:02:48.736Z","updated_at":"2020-12-12T15:03:25.142Z","state":"published","comments_locked_at":null,"user":{"id":1297686,"username":"toomding","slug":"toomding","first_name":null,"last_name":null,"title":null,"bio":null,"website":null,"twitter_handle":null,"github_handle":null,"linkedin_url":null,"stackoverflow_url":null,"city":null,"country":null,"skills":null,"has_seen_registration_at":"2022-08-30T17:06:14.808Z","created_at":"2020-12-12T15:01:13.694Z","updated_at":"2020-12-12T15:01:15.183Z","badges":[]},"editor":{},"resolved_by":{}},{"id":91700,"type":"comment","content":"concise and helpful, thanks!","parent_id":3001,"parent_type":"tutorial","top_level_id":3001,"top_level_type":"tutorial","user_id":107782,"resolved_by_id":null,"created_at":"2020-09-24T05:46:08.687Z","updated_at":"2020-09-24T05:46:09.758Z","state":"published","comments_locked_at":null,"user":{"id":107782,"username":"leechau","slug":"leechau","first_name":null,"last_name":null,"title":null,"bio":null,"website":null,"twitter_handle":null,"github_handle":null,"linkedin_url":null,"stackoverflow_url":null,"city":null,"country":null,"skills":null,"has_seen_registration_at":"2022-08-30T17:06:14.808Z","created_at":"2015-04-14T02:25:46.940Z","updated_at":"2020-09-24T05:43:57.638Z","badges":[]},"editor":{},"resolved_by":{}},{"id":84198,"type":"comment","content":"In the \"this playbook\" link under the glossary section, I _think_ the link should actually be:\r\n\r\nhttps://github.com/do-community/ansible-playbooks/blob/master/setup_ubuntu1804/playbook.yml","parent_id":3001,"parent_type":"tutorial","top_level_id":3001,"top_level_type":"tutorial","user_id":35683,"resolved_by_id":35683,"created_at":"2019-12-19T19:49:35.999Z","updated_at":"2019-12-20T14:19:52.377Z","state":"published","comments_locked_at":null,"user":{"id":35683,"username":"GrantWinney","slug":"grantwinney","first_name":"Grant","last_name":"Winney","title":null,"bio":"Technology is amazing, but it's what we do with it that matters. Proud father of 5. Programmer. TRX.","website":"https://grantwinney.com","twitter_handle":null,"github_handle":"grantwinney","linkedin_url":null,"stackoverflow_url":null,"city":null,"country":null,"skills":"","has_seen_registration_at":"2022-08-30T17:06:14.808Z","created_at":"2014-09-09T16:19:42.137Z","updated_at":"2021-11-07T03:42:43.485Z","badges":[]},"editor":{},"resolved_by":{"id":35683,"username":"GrantWinney","slug":"grantwinney","first_name":"Grant","last_name":"Winney","title":null,"bio":"Technology is amazing, but it's what we do with it that matters. Proud father of 5. Programmer. TRX.","website":"https://grantwinney.com","twitter_handle":null,"github_handle":"grantwinney","linkedin_url":null,"stackoverflow_url":null,"city":null,"country":null,"skills":"","has_seen_registration_at":"2022-08-30T17:06:14.808Z","created_at":"2014-09-09T16:19:42.137Z","updated_at":"2021-11-07T03:42:43.485Z","email":"16a25a9d1351309b19ddeb6759efbc77e3e4cf13cd6b594f0e7c8ceb53705b9f"}}],"commentsRequestParams":["tutorial",3001,{"type":"comment","page":0,"perPage":10}],"translations":[{"key":"en","label":"English","value":"how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide"}],"followUpQuestions":[],"questionsRequestParams":{"page":0,"perPage":5},"versions":[],"canonicalVersion":null}},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/community/tutorials/[slug]","query":{"slug":"how-to-use-ansible-cheat-sheet-guide"},"buildId":"3d97684bcc0944393e84030f785c45d2cc925214","isFallback":false,"gsp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>