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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chazy_Reef" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chazy_Reef"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chazy Reef</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chazy_Reef-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_America_and_the_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_America_and_the_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colonial America and the Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_America_and_the_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Beginning of the Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Quebec:_1775–1776" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Quebec:_1775–1776"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Siege of Quebec: 1775–1776</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Quebec:_1775–1776-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Valcour_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Valcour_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Battle of Valcour Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Valcour_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Burgoyne's_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Burgoyne's_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>General Burgoyne's Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Burgoyne's_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_1777" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_1777"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Aftermath of 1777</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_1777-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Revolutionary_War_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Revolutionary_War_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Post-Revolutionary War period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Revolutionary_War_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Champ",_Lake_Champlain_monster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Champ",_Lake_Champlain_monster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Champ", Lake Champlain monster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Champ",_Lake_Champlain_monster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Natural history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lake_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lake crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Railroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surroundings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surroundings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surroundings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surroundings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surroundings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surroundings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighthouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighthouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lighthouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighthouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aids_to_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aids_to_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Aids to navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aids_to_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Champlain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlainmeer" title="Champlainmeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Champlainmeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بحيرة شامبلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحيرة شامبلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Шамплейн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шамплейн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Шамплейн (езеро) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шамплейн (езеро)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llac_Champlain" title="Llac Champlain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llac Champlain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Шамплейн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шамплейн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlainovo_jezero" title="Champlainovo jezero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Champlainovo jezero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lake Champlain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lake Champlain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Λίμνη Σαμπλαίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίμνη Σαμπλαίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Champlain" title="Lago Champlain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lago Champlain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain" title="Champlain – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Champlain" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_(aintzira)" title="Champlain (aintzira) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Champlain (aintzira)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دریاچه چمپلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریاچه چمپلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Champlain" title="Lac Champlain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Champlain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Champlain" title="Loch Champlain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loch Champlain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%90%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%ED%98%B8" title="섐플레인호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="섐플레인호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Champlain" title="Danau Champlain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Danau Champlain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Champlain" title="Lago Champlain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lago Champlain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gola_Champlain" title="Gola Champlain – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gola Champlain" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Camplenii" title="Lacus Camplenii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lacus Camplenii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampleinas" title="Šampleinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šampleinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain-t%C3%B3" title="Champlain-tó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Champlain-tó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90)" title="შამპლეინი (ტობა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შამპლეინი (ტობა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بحيره شامبلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحيره شامبلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlainmeer" title="Champlainmeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Champlainmeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%B9%96" title="シャンプレーン湖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャンプレーン湖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlainsj%C3%B8en" title="Champlainsjøen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Champlainsjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جھیل شیمپلین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جھیل شیمپلین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_(jezioro)" title="Champlain (jezioro) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Champlain (jezioro)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Champlain" title="Lago Champlain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lago Champlain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Шамплейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шамплейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lake Champlain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lake Champlain" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Шамплејн (језеро) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шамплејн (језеро)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_(jezero)" title="Champlain (jezero) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Champlain (jezero)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlainj%C3%A4rvi" title="Champlainjärvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Champlainjärvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlainsj%C3%B6n" title="Champlainsjön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Champlainsjön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Шамплейн (озеро) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шамплейн (озеро)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E6%B9%96" title="尚普兰湖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尚普兰湖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%99%AE%E8%98%AD%E6%B9%96" title="尚普蘭湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Champlain&params=44.53_N_73.33_W_type:waterbody_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°32′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°20′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.53°N 73.33°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.53; -73.33</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lake in New York, Vermont and Quebec</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the lake. For the Canadian steamer, see <a href="/wiki/SS_Lake_Champlain" title="SS Lake Champlain">SS <i>Lake Champlain</i></a>. For US Naval vessels with this name, see <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain" title="USS Lake Champlain">USS <i>Lake Champlain</i></a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Champlain (disambiguation)">Champlain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Trail_Lakes" title="Champlain Trail Lakes">Champlain Trail Lakes</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Lake Champlain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Lac Champlain</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a>: <i>Pitawbagw</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a>: <i lang="moh">Kaniatarakwà:ronte</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg/264px-Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg/396px-Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg/528px-Lake_Champlain_Marsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Photo of Lake Champlain taken in August of 2007</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Champlain is located in New York"><img alt="Lake Champlain is located in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/256px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/384px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/512px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.4%;left:80.361%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Champlain"><img alt="Lake Champlain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Lake Champlain</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Champlain&params=44.53_N_73.33_W_type:waterbody_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°32′N</span> <span class="longitude">73°20′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.53°N 73.33°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.53; -73.33</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otter_Creek_(Vermont)" title="Otter Creek (Vermont)">Otter Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winooski_River" title="Winooski River">Winooski River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missisquoi_River" title="Missisquoi River">Missisquoi River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultney_River" title="Poultney River">Poultney River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamoille_River" title="Lamoille River">Lamoille River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ausable_River_(New_York)" title="Ausable River (New York)">Ausable River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chazy_River" title="Chazy River">Chazy River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boquet_River" title="Boquet River">Boquet River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saranac_River" title="Saranac River">Saranac River</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Chute_River" title="La Chute River">La Chute River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Catchment area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,234 sq mi (21,326 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada, United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">107 mi (172 km)<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">14 mi (23 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">514 sq mi (1,331 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">64 ft (19.5 m)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">400 ft (122 m)<sup id="cite_ref-lclt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lclt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">6.2 cu mi (25.8 km<sup>3</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle#Residence_times" title="Water cycle">Residence time</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 years</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shore length<sup>1</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">587 mi (945 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">95 to 100 ft (29 to 30 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80 (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle, Vermont">Grand Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Hero,_Vermont" title="North Hero, Vermont">North Hero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont">Isle La Motte</a>, <i><a href="#Islands">see list</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff"><sup>1</sup> Shore length is <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">not a well-defined measure</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lake Champlain</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sham-<span style="font-size:90%">PLAYN</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Lac Champlain</i>) is a natural <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. It mostly lies between the <a href="/wiki/US_state" class="mw-redirect" title="US state">US states</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, but also extends north into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian province">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New York portion of the Champlain Valley includes the eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York" title="Essex County, New York">Essex County</a>. Most of this area is part of the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park" title="Adirondack Park">Adirondack Park</a>. There are recreational facilities in the park and along the relatively undeveloped coastline of the lake. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>, are on the lake's western and eastern shores, respectively, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga, New York</a>, is in the southern part of the region. The Quebec portion is in the <a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">regional county municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Le_Haut-Richelieu_Regional_County_Municipality,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality, Quebec">Le Haut-Richelieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brome-Missisquoi_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality">Brome-Missisquoi</a>. There are a number of islands in the lake; the largest include <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_(island)" title="Grand Isle (island)">Grand Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte" title="Isle La Motte">Isle La Motte</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hero">North Hero</a>: all part of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_County,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle County, Vermont">Grand Isle County, Vermont</a>. </p><p>Because of Lake Champlain's connections both to the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Canal" title="Champlain Canal">Champlain Canal</a>, Lake Champlain is sometimes referred to as "The Sixth Great Lake".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Lake_Champlain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="6714" /></a><figcaption>Sentinel-2 satellite photo</figcaption></figure> <p>The Champlain Valley is the northernmost unit of a landform system known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Appalachian Valley</a>, which stretches between <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, US, to the south. The Champlain Valley is a <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiographic regions of the world">physiographic section</a> of the larger <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence Valley</a>, which in turn is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a> physiographic division.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-Water_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-Water-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lake Champlain is one of numerous large lakes scattered in an arc through <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, in Canada, the northern United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the thirteenth-largest lake by area in the US. Approximately 490 sq mi (1,269 km<sup>2</sup>) in area, the lake is 107 mi (172 km) long and 14 mi (23 km) across at its widest point,<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a maximum depth of approximately 400 ft (120 m). The lake varies seasonally from about 95 to 100 ft (29 to 30 m) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">mean sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Champlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lake_Champlain.jpg/220px-Lake_Champlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lake_Champlain.jpg/330px-Lake_Champlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lake_Champlain.jpg/440px-Lake_Champlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Lake Champlain in Burlington Harbor during sunset on May 27, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Lake Champlain is in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Champlain Valley">Lake Champlain Valley</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, drained northward by the 106 mi-long (171 km) <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a> into the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sorel-Tracy,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorel-Tracy, Quebec">Sorel-Tracy, Quebec</a>, northeast and downstream of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. The Champlain basin collects waters from the northwestern slopes of the Green Mountains and the eastern portion of the Adirondack Mountains, reaching as far south as the 32 mi-long (51 km) <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a> in New York. </p><p>Lake Champlain drains nearly half of Vermont, and approximately 250,000 people get their drinking water from the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-bfp100811_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfp100811-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lake is fed in Vermont by the LaPlatte, <a href="/wiki/Lamoille_River" title="Lamoille River">Lamoille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missisquoi_River" title="Missisquoi River">Missisquoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultney_River" title="Poultney River">Poultney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winooski_River" title="Winooski River">Winooski</a> rivers, along with Lewis Creek, Little Otter Creek and <a href="/wiki/Otter_Creek_(Vermont)" title="Otter Creek (Vermont)">Otter Creek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, it is fed by the <a href="/wiki/Ausable_River_(New_York)" title="Ausable River (New York)">Ausable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boquet_River" title="Boquet River">Boquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chazy_River" title="Chazy River">Great Chazy</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Chute_River" title="La Chute River">La Chute</a>, Little Ausable, <a href="/wiki/Chazy_River" title="Chazy River">Little Chazy</a>, Salmon and <a href="/wiki/Saranac_River" title="Saranac River">Saranac</a> rivers, along with Putnam Creek. In Quebec, it is fed by the <a href="/wiki/Pike_River,_Quebec" title="Pike River, Quebec">Pike River</a>. </p><p>It is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Canal" title="Champlain Canal">Champlain Canal</a>. </p><p>Parts of the lake freeze each winter, and in some winters the entire lake surface freezes, referred to as "closing".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July and August, the lake temperature reaches an average of 70 °F (21 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chazy_Reef">Chazy Reef</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chazy Reef"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chazy_Formation" title="Chazy Formation">Chazy Reef</a> is an extensive <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formation</a> that extends from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to Quebec and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>. The oldest reefs are around "The Head" of the south end of <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte" title="Isle La Motte">Isle La Motte</a>; slightly younger reefs are found at the Fisk Quarry, and the youngest (the famous coral reefs) are in fields to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains,_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains%2C_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains%2C_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains%2C_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains%2C_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains%2C_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Green_Mountains%2C_Lake_Champlain_-_Winckworth_Allan_Gay_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Brooklyn Museum – Green Mountains, Lake Champlain – Winckworth Allan Gay – overall</figcaption></figure> <p>The lake has long acted as a border between indigenous nations, much as it is today between the states of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>. The lake is located at the frontier between <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>) traditional territories. The official toponym for the lake, according to the orthography established by the Grand Council of Wanab-aki Nation, is <b>Pitawbagok</b> (alternative orthographies include Petonbowk<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bitawbagok),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "middle lake", "lake in between" or "double lake". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a> name in modern orthography, as standardized in 1993, is <b>Kaniatarakwà:ronte</b>, meaning "a bulged lake" or "lake with a bulge in it".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate name is <b>Kaniá:tare tsi kahnhokà:ronte</b> (phonetic English spelling <i>Caniaderi Guarunte</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), meaning "door of the country" or "lake to the country". The lake is an important eastern gateway to <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> lands. </p><p>The lake was named after the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a>, who encountered it in July 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ports of <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Henry,_New_York" title="Port Henry, New York">Port Henry, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattsburgh (city), New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a>, today are primarily used by small craft, <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a> and lake cruise ships, they were of substantial commercial and military importance in the 18th and 19th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_America_and_the_Revolutionary_War">Colonial America and the Revolutionary War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial America and the Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac_Champlain_(Nouvelle-France)_1739.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lac_Champlain_%28Nouvelle-France%29_1739.JPG/220px-Lac_Champlain_%28Nouvelle-France%29_1739.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lac_Champlain_%28Nouvelle-France%29_1739.JPG/330px-Lac_Champlain_%28Nouvelle-France%29_1739.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lac_Champlain_%28Nouvelle-France%29_1739.JPG/440px-Lac_Champlain_%28Nouvelle-France%29_1739.JPG 2x" data-file-width="9473" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption>Map of <i>Lac Champlain</i>, from Fort de Chambly up to Fort St-Fréderic in <i>Nouvelle France</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastral</a> map showing concessions and <i>seigneuries</i> on the coasts of the lake according to 1739 surveying.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lake_Champlain" title="Special:EditPage/Lake Champlain">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> allocated concessions all along Lake Champlain to <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> settlers and built forts to defend the waterways. In <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonial</a> times, Lake Champlain was used as a water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a> valleys. Travelers found it easier to journey by boats and sledges on the lake rather than go overland on unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads. The lake's northern tip at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu</a>, Quebec (known as St. John in colonial times under British rule) is just 25 miles (40 km) from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec. The southern tip at <a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_New_York" title="Whitehall, New York">Whitehall</a> (Skenesborough in revolutionary times) is 23 miles (37 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a> on the Hudson River and 70 miles (110 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>. </p><p>Forts were built at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Frederic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. Frederic">Fort St. Frederic</a>) to control passage on the lake in colonial times. Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1775. During the Revolutionary War, the British and Americans conducted a frenetic shipbuilding race through the spring and summer of 1776, at opposite ends of the lake, and fought a significant naval engagement on October 11 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a>. While it was a tactical defeat for the Americans, and the small fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> was almost destroyed, the Americans gained a strategic victory; the British invasion was delayed long enough so the approach of winter prevented the fall of these forts until the following year. In this period, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> gained strength and was victorious at <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginning_of_the_Revolutionary_War">Beginning of the Revolutionary War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beginning of the Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, British forces occupied the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it did not take long for rebel leaders to realize the importance of controlling Lake Champlain. Early in the war, the colonial militias attempted to expel the British from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>; however, this undertaking could not be achieved without heavy artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British forts at <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point</a>, on Lake Champlain, were known to have ample supplies of artillery and were weakly-manned by the British. Thus, the colonial militias devised a plan to take control of the two forts and bring the guns back to the fight in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg/220px-Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg/330px-Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg/440px-Lake_Champlain_Ferry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Ferries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Champlain Ferries">Charlotte Ferry</a>, Lake Champlain</figcaption></figure> <p>The necessity of controlling the two forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point placed Lake Champlain as a strategic arena during the Revolutionary War. By taking control of these forts, Americans not only gained heavy artillery, but control of a vast water highway as well: Lake Champlain provided a direct invasion route to British Canada. However, had the British controlled the lake, they could have divided the colonies of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and further depleted the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. </p><p>The Continental Army's first offensive action took place in May 1775, three weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a>, accompanied by 200 <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Green Mountain Boys">Green Mountain Boys</a>, was ordered to capture <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> and retrieve supplies for the fight in Boston. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> shared the command with Allen, and, in early May 1775, they captured Fort Ticonderoga, Crown Point and the southern <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> settlement of <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_(village),_New_York" title="Whitehall (village), New York">Skenesborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Allen's offensive attack on the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a> in 1775, the American forces controlled the Lake Champlain waterway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Quebec:_1775–1776"><span id="Siege_of_Quebec:_1775.E2.80.931776"></span>Siege of Quebec: 1775–1776</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Siege of Quebec: 1775–1776"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Continental Army realized the strategic advantage of controlling Lake Champlain, as it leads directly to the heart of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after taking Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, the Americans began planning an attack on British Canada. The American siege of Quebec was a two-pronged assault and occurred throughout the winter of 1775–1776.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Richard Montgomery</a> led the first assault up the Champlain Valley into Canada, while Benedict Arnold led a second army to Quebec via the <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the strategic advantage of controlling a direct route to Quebec by way of the Champlain Valley, the American siege of British Canada during the winter of 1775 failed. The Continental Army mistakenly assumed that it would receive support from the Canadians upon their arrival at Quebec. This was not the case, and the rebel army struggled to take Quebec with diminishing supplies, support, and harsh northern winter weather.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Continental Army was forced to camp outside Quebec's walls for the winter, with reinforcements from New York, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> allowing the soldiers to maintain their siege of the city. However, smallpox descended on both the sieging forces and their reinforcements and savaged the American force.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reinforcements traveled hundreds of miles up the frozen Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence River, but were too late and too few to influence a successful siege of Quebec. In May 1776, with the arrival of a British convoy carrying 10,000 British and <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> troops to Canada, the Continental forces retreated back down the Champlain Valley to reevaluate their strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Champlain_Valley.jpg/220px-Champlain_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Champlain_Valley.jpg/330px-Champlain_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Champlain_Valley.jpg/440px-Champlain_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8512" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>The Champlain Valley as seen from <a href="/wiki/Camel%27s_Hump" title="Camel's Hump">Camel's Hump</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"I know of no better method than to secure the important posts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and by building a number of armed vessels to command the lakes, otherwise the forces now in Canada will be brought down upon us as quick as possible, having nothing to oppose them...They will doubtless try to construct some armed vessels and then endeavor to penetrate the country toward New York." (Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, June 24, 1776).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both British and American forces spent the summer of 1776 building their naval fleets, at opposite ends of Lake Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the October 1776, the Continental Army had 16 operating naval vessels on Lake Champlain: a great increase to the four small ships they had at the beginning of the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> commanded the American naval fleet on Lake Champlain, which was composed of volunteers and soldiers drafted from the Northern Army. With great contrast to the Continental navy, experienced <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officers, British seamen and Hessian artillerymen manned the British fleet on Lake Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the summer of 1776, the opposing armies were prepared to battle over the strategic advantage of controlling Lake Champlain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Valcour_Island">Battle of Valcour Island</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Valcour Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 11, 1776, the British and American naval fleets met on the western side of <a href="/wiki/Valcour_Island" title="Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a>, on Lake Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American General Benedict Arnold established the location, as it provided the Continental fleet with a natural defensive position. The British and American vessels engaged in combat for much of the day, only stopping due to impending nightfall.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a long day of combat, the American fleet was in worse shape than the experienced British Navy. Upon ceasefire, Arnold called a council of war with his fellow officers, proposing to escape the British fleet via rowboats under the cover of night. As the British burned Arnold's flagship, the <i>Royal Savage</i>, to the east, the Americans rowed past the British lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following morning, the British learned of the Americans' escape and set out after the fleeing Continental vessels. On October 13, the British fleet caught up to the struggling American ships near <a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Wildway" title="Split Rock Wildway">Split Rock Mountain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no hope of fighting off the powerful British navy, Arnold ordered his men to run their five vessels aground in Ferris Bay, <a href="/wiki/Panton,_Vermont" title="Panton, Vermont">Panton, Vermont</a>. The depleted Continental army escaped on land back to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Independence_(Vermont)" title="Mount Independence (Vermont)">Mount Independence</a>; however, they no longer controlled the Lake Champlain waterway.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The approaching winter of 1776–1777 restricted British movement along the recently controlled Lake Champlain. As the British abandoned Crown Point and returned to Canada for the winter, the Americans reduced their garrisons in the Champlain Valley from 13,000 to 2,500 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Burgoyne's_Campaign"><span id="General_Burgoyne.27s_Campaign"></span>General Burgoyne's Campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General Burgoyne's Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Champlain,_Vermont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lake_Champlain%2C_Vermont.jpg/220px-Lake_Champlain%2C_Vermont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lake_Champlain%2C_Vermont.jpg/330px-Lake_Champlain%2C_Vermont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lake_Champlain%2C_Vermont.jpg/440px-Lake_Champlain%2C_Vermont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lake Champlain, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Vermont" title="Charlotte, Vermont">Charlotte, Vermont</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1777, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> led 8,000 troops from Canada, down Lake Champlain and into the Champlain Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of this invasion was to divide the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonies, thus forcing the Continental Army into a separated fight on multiple fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake Champlain provided Burgoyne with protected passage deep into the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a>. Burgoyne's army reached Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence in late June, 1777. During the night of July 5, the American forces fled Ticonderoga as the British took control of the fort. However, Burgoyne's southern campaign did not go uncontested. </p><p>On October 7, 1777, American General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>, who occupied <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Bemis Heights</a>, met Burgoyne's army at the Second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freeman%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Freeman's Farm">Battle of Freeman's Farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Freeman's Farm, Burgoyne's army suffered its final defeat and ended its invasion south into the colonies. Ten days later, on October 17, 1777, British General Burgoyne surrendered his army at <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This defeat was instrumental to the momentum of the Revolutionary War, as the defeat of the British army along the Champlain-Hudson waterway convinced <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to ally with the American army.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_of_1777">Aftermath of 1777</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath of 1777"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the failed British campaign led by General Burgoyne, the British still maintained control over the Champlain waterway for the duration of the Revolutionary War.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British used the Champlain waterway to supply raids across the Champlain Valley from 1778 to 1780, and Lake Champlain permitted direct transportation of supplies from the British posts at the northern end of the lake. </p><p>With the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783, the British naval fleet on Lake Champlain retreated up to St. John's.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, British troops garrisoned at Fort Dutchman's Point (<a href="/wiki/North_Hero,_Vermont" title="North Hero, Vermont">North Hero, Vermont</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_au_Fer_(New_York)" title="Fort au Fer (New York)">Fort au Fer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Champlain,_New_York" title="Champlain, New York">Champlain, New York</a>), on Lake Champlain, did not leave until the 1796 <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Revolutionary_War_period">Post-Revolutionary War period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-Revolutionary War period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/220px-Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/330px-Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/440px-Dutton_House_Shelburne_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutton_House_(Shelburne,_Vermont)" title="Dutton House (Shelburne, Vermont)">Dutton House</a>, Shelburne Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/220px-Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/330px-Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/440px-Stagecoach_Inn_Shelburne_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Inn_(Shelburne,_Vermont)" title="Stagecoach Inn (Shelburne, Vermont)">Stagecoach Inn</a>, Shelburne Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/220px-Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/330px-Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg/440px-Sawmill_Shelburne_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Sawmill, <a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Museum" title="Shelburne Museum">Shelburne Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Eager to take back control of Lake Champlain following the end of the Revolutionary War, Americans flocked to settle the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a>. Many individuals emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and other New England colonies, such as <a href="/wiki/Dutton_House_(Shelburne,_Vermont)" title="Dutton House (Shelburne, Vermont)">Salmon Dutton</a>, a settler of <a href="/wiki/Cavendish,_Vermont" title="Cavendish, Vermont">Cavendish, Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutton emigrated in 1782 and worked as a surveyor, town official and toll-road owner. <a href="/wiki/Dutton_House_(Shelburne,_Vermont)" title="Dutton House (Shelburne, Vermont)">His home</a> had a dooryard garden, typical of mid-19th century New England village homes,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his experience settling in the Champlain Valley depicts the industries and lifestyles surrounding Lake Champlain following the Revolutionary War. </p><p>Similar to the experience of Salmon Dutton, former colonial militia Major General <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_Barnes" title="Hezekiah Barnes">Hezekiah Barnes</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Vermont" title="Charlotte, Vermont">Charlotte, Vermont</a>, in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war, Barnes worked as a road surveyor; he also established an inn and trading post in Charlotte, along the main trade route from Montreal down Lake Champlain. Barnes' stagecoach inn was built in traditional <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> style, with 10 fireplaces, a ballroom on the interior and a wraparound porch on the outside.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, Continental Army Captain Benjamin Harrington established a distillery business in <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Vermont" title="Shelburne, Vermont">Shelburne, Vermont</a>, which supplied his nearby inn.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individual accounts shed light on the significance of Lake Champlain during the post-Revolutionary War period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, British and American forces faced each other in the Battle of Lake Champlain, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Battle of Plattsburgh</a>, fought on September 11, 1814. This ended the final British invasion of the northern states during the War of 1812. It was fought just prior to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, and the American victory denied the British any leverage to demand exclusive control over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> or territorial gains against the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states. </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain" title="USS Lake Champlain">US Naval ships</a> have been named after this battle: <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain_(CV-39)" title="USS Lake Champlain (CV-39)">USS <i>Lake Champlain</i> (CV-39)</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain_(CG-57)" title="USS Lake Champlain (CG-57)">USS <i>Lake Champlain</i> (CG-57)</a> and a cargo ship used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>Following the War of 1812, the U.S. Army began construction on "<a href="/wiki/Fort_Blunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Blunder">Fort Blunder</a>": an unnamed fortification built at the northernmost end of Lake Champlain to protect against attacks from British Canada. Its nickname came from a surveying error: the initial phase of construction on the fort turned out to be taking place on a point <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi (1.2 km) north of the Canada–U.S. border. Once this error was spotted, construction was abandoned. Locals scavenged materials used in the abandoned fort for use in their homes and public buildings. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> of 1842, the Canada–U.S. border was adjusted northward to include the strategically important site of "Fort Blunder" on the US side.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1844, work was begun to replace the remains of the 1812-era fort with a massive new <a href="/wiki/Third_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Third System">Third System</a> masonry fortification, known as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Montgomery_(Lake_Champlain)" title="Fort Montgomery (Lake Champlain)">Fort Montgomery</a>. Portions of this fort are still standing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Champlain1902.jpg/220px-Champlain1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Champlain1902.jpg/330px-Champlain1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Champlain1902.jpg/440px-Champlain1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption>A 1902 photograph of Fort Henry at Lake Champlain</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Canal" title="Champlain Canal">Champlain Canal</a> connected Lake Champlain to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> system, allowing north–south commerce by water from New York City to Montreal and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>. </p><p>In 1909, 65,000 people celebrated the 300th anniversary of the French discovery of the lake. Attending dignitaries included President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, along with representatives from France, Canada and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, then-New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and Vermont Governor <a href="/wiki/John_E._Weeks" title="John E. Weeks">John Weeks</a> dedicated the first bridge to span the lake, built from Crown Point to <a href="/wiki/Chimney_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimney Point">Chimney Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bridge lasted until December 2009. Severe deterioration was found, and the bridge was demolished and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Bridge_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Lake Champlain Bridge (2011–present)">Lake Champlain Bridge</a>, which opened in November 2011. </p><p>On February 19, 1932, boats were able to sail on Lake Champlain. It was the first time that the lake was known to be free of ice during the winter at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lake Champlain briefly became the nation's sixth <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lake</a> on March 6, 1998, when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a> signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which was led by U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> of Vermont and reauthorized the <a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sea Grant Program">National Sea Grant Program</a>, contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. This status enabled its neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. However, following a small uproar, the Great Lake status was rescinded on March 24 (although New York and Vermont universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Champ",_Lake_Champlain_monster"><span id=".22Champ.22.2C_Lake_Champlain_monster"></span>"Champ", Lake Champlain monster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Champ", Lake Champlain monster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1609, Samuel de Champlain wrote that he saw a <a href="/wiki/Lake_monster" title="Lake monster">lake monster</a> 5 ft (1.5 m) long, as thick as a man's thigh, with silver-gray scales a dagger could not penetrate. The <a href="/wiki/Champ_(folklore)" title="Champ (folklore)">alleged monster</a> had 2.5 ft (0.76 m) jaws with sharp and dangerous teeth. Native Americans claimed to have seen similar monsters 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) long. This mysterious creature is likely the original Lake Champlain monster.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill1976_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill1976-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> The monster has been memorialized in sports teams' names and mascots, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Lake_Monsters" title="Vermont Lake Monsters">Vermont Lake Monsters</a> and Champ, the mascot of the state's minor league <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Vermont Historical Society publication recounts the story and offers possible explanations for accounts of the so-called monster: "floating logs, schools of large sturgeon diving in a row, or flocks of blackbirds flying close to the water".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was reported that a feature dramatic film, <i>Lucy and the Lake Monster</i>, was in the works about a young orphan girl and her grandfather looking for Champ.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pollution prevention, control and restoration plan for Lake Champlain<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was first endorsed in October 1996 by the governors of New York and Vermont and the regional administrators of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). In April 2003, the plan was updated, and Quebec signed on to it. The plan is being implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Basin_Program" title="Lake Champlain Basin Program">Lake Champlain Basin Program</a> and its partners at the state, provincial, federal and local levels. Renowned as a model for interstate and international cooperation, its primary goals are to reduce <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> inputs to Lake Champlain, reduce toxic contamination, minimize the risks to humans from water-related health hazards and control the introduction, spread, and impact of non-native nuisance species to preserve the integrity of the Lake Champlain ecosystem. </p><p>Senior staff who helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> in 1970 recall that <a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a> was one of the first companies to call upon the brand-new agency, because it was being pressured by both New York and Vermont with regard to a discharge of pollution into Lake Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agricultural and urban <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> from the watershed or <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> is the primary source of excess phosphorus, which exacerbates <a href="/wiki/Algae_blooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae blooms">algae blooms</a> in Lake Champlain. The most problematic blooms have been <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, commonly called blue-green algae, in the northeastern part of the lake: primarily <a href="/wiki/Missisquoi_Bay" title="Missisquoi Bay">Missisquoi Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reduce phosphorus runoff to this part of the lake, Vermont and Quebec agreed to reduce their inputs by 60% and 40%, respectively, by an agreement signed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While agricultural sources (manure and fertilizers) are the primary sources of phosphorus (about 70%) in the Missisquoi basin, runoff from developed land and suburbs is estimated to contribute about 46% of the phosphorus runoff basin-wide to Lake Champlain, and agricultural lands contributed about 38%.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the cleanup plan noted that the lake had the capacity to absorb 120 short tons (110 t) of phosphorus each year. In 2009, a judge noted that 240 short tons (218 t) were still flowing in annually: more than twice what the lake could handle. Sixty municipal and industrial sewage plants discharge processed waste from the Vermont side.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the EPA expressed concerns to the State of Vermont that the lake's cleanup was not progressing fast enough to meet the original cleanup goal of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state, however, cites its Clean and Clear Action Plan<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a model that will produce positive results for Lake Champlain. </p><p>In 2007, Vermont banned phosphates for dishwasher use starting in 2010. This will prevent an estimated 2–3 short tons (1.8–2.7 t) from flowing into the lake. While this represents 0.6% of the phosphate pollution, it took US$1.9 million to remove the pollutant from treated wastewater: an EPA requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite concerns about pollution, Lake Champlain is safe for swimming, fishing and boating. It is considered a world-class fishery for salmonid species (<a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>) and bass. About 81 fish species live in the lake, and more than 300 bird species rely on it for habitat and as a resource during migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2008, at least seven institutions were monitoring lake water health: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Law_Foundation" title="Conservation Law Foundation">Conservation Law Foundation</a>, which in 2002 appointed a "lakekeeper" who reviews the state's pollution controls</li> <li>Friends of <a href="/wiki/Missisquoi_Bay" title="Missisquoi Bay">Missisquoi Bay</a>, formed in 2003</li> <li>Lake Champlain Committee</li> <li>Vermont Water Resources Board, which hired a water quality expert in 2008 to write water quality standards and create wetland protection rules</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermont_Agency_of_Natural_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (page does not exist)">Vermont Agency of Natural Resources</a>, which in 2007 appointed a "lake czar" to oversee pollution control</li> <li>Clean and Clear, an agency of the Vermont state government, established in 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a>, a non-profit group which focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem health.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In 2001, scientists estimated that farming contributed 38% of the phosphorus runoff. By 2010, results of environmentally-conscious farming practices, enforced by law, had made a positive contribution to lake cleanliness. A federally-funded study was started to analyze this problem and to arrive at a solution.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologists have been trying to control <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a> in the lake since 1985 or earlier. Lampreys are native to the area, but have expanded in population to such an extent that they wounded nearly all lake trout in 2006, and 70–80% of salmon. The use of pesticides against the lamprey has reduced their damage to other fish to 35% of salmon and 31% of lake trout. The goal was 15% of salmon and 25% of lake trout.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal and state governments originally budgeted US$18 million for lake programs for 2010. This was later supplemented by an additional US$6.5 million from the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, the estimate of <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorant</a> population, now classified as a nuisance species because they take so much of the lake fish, ranged from 14,000 to 16,000. A Fish and Wildlife commissioner said that the ideal population would be about 3,300, amounting to 7.8/sq mi (3/km<sup>2</sup>). Cormorants had disappeared from the lake (and all northern lakes) due to the use of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> in the 1940s and 1950s, which made their eggs more fragile and reduced breeding populations.<sup id="cite_ref-bfp100711_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfp100711-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">Ring-billed gulls</a> are also considered a nuisance, and measures have been taken to reduce their population. Authorities are trying to encourage the return of <a href="/wiki/Black-crowned_night_heron" title="Black-crowned night heron">black-crowned night herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle_egret" title="Cattle egret">cattle egrets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">great blue herons</a>, which disappeared during the time <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> was being widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-bfp100711_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfp100711-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designated the area around Lake Champlain as the <a href="/wiki/Champlain-Adirondack_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve">Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_crossings">Lake crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lake crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alburgh Peninsula (also known as the Alburgh Tongue), extending south from the Quebec shore of the lake into Vermont, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_Point,_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Province Point, Vermont (page does not exist)">Province Point</a>, the southernmost tip of a small promontory approximately 2 acres (1 ha) in size<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few miles to the northeast of the community of <a href="/wiki/East_Alburgh,_Vermont" title="East Alburgh, Vermont">East Alburgh, Vermont</a>, are connected by land to the rest of the state only via Canada. This is a distinction shared with the state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Roberts,_Washington" title="Point Roberts, Washington">Point Roberts, Washington</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. All of these are practical <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a> of the United States contiguous with Canada. Unlike the other cases, highway bridges across the lake provide direct access to the Alburgh peninsula from within the United States (from three directions), but Province Point is still accessible by land only through Canada. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain_bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Champlain_bridge.JPG/200px-Champlain_bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Champlain_bridge.JPG/300px-Champlain_bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Champlain_bridge.JPG/400px-Champlain_bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Bridge_(1929%E2%80%932009)" title="Lake Champlain Bridge (1929–2009)">Champlain Bridge</a> between New York and Vermont, demolished in December 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three roadways cross the lake, two connecting New York and Vermont and one connecting two towns in New York: </p> <ul><li>Since November 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Bridge_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Champlain Bridge (2011)">Lake Champlain Bridge</a> has crossed the lake's southern part, connecting <a href="/wiki/Chimney_Point,_Vermont" title="Chimney Point, Vermont">Chimney Point</a> in Vermont with <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point, New York</a>. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Bridge_(1929%E2%80%932009)" title="Lake Champlain Bridge (1929–2009)">Champlain Bridge</a>, which was closed in 2009 because of severe structural problems that could have resulted in a collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>In 2009, the bridge had been used by 3,400 drivers per day,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and driving around the southern end of the lake added two hours to the trip. Ferry service was re-established to take some of the traffic burden. On December 28, 2009, the bridge was destroyed by a controlled <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a>. A new bridge was rapidly constructed by a joint state commitment, opening on November 7, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>To the north, US 2 runs from <a href="/wiki/Rouses_Point,_New_York" title="Rouses Point, New York">Rouses Point, New York</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_County,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle County, Vermont">Grand Isle County, Vermont</a>, in the town of Alburgh, before continuing south along a chain of islands toward Burlington. To the east, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Route_78" title="Vermont Route 78">Vermont Route 78</a> runs from an intersection with US 2 in Alburgh through East Alburgh to <a href="/wiki/Swanton_(town),_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanton (town), Vermont">Swanton</a>. The US 2-VT 78 route technically runs from the New York mainland to an extension of the mainland between two arms of the lake and then to the Vermont mainland, but it provides a direct route across the two main arms of the lake's northern part.</li> <li>In the southern section of the lake, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_22" title="New York State Route 22">New York State Route 22</a> crosses the South Bay connecting <a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehall, NY">Whitehall, NY</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Washington_County,_New_York" title="Dresden, Washington County, New York">Dresden, Washington County, New York</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ferry">Ferry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LCTC_ferries_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LCTC_ferries_2.jpg/200px-LCTC_ferries_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LCTC_ferries_2.jpg/300px-LCTC_ferries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LCTC_ferries_2.jpg/400px-LCTC_ferries_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Transportation_Company" title="Lake Champlain Transportation Company">LCTC</a> ferry slip at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle, Vermont">Grand Isle, Vermont</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North of Ticonderoga, New York, the lake widens appreciably; ferry service is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Transportation_Company" title="Lake Champlain Transportation Company">Lake Champlain Transportation Company</a> at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Vermont" title="Charlotte, Vermont">Charlotte, Vermont</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Essex,_New_York" title="Essex, New York">Essex, New York</a> (may not travel when the lake is frozen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle, Vermont">Grand Isle, Vermont</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Head">Cumberland Head</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a> (year-round icebreaking service)</li></ul> <p>While the old bridge was being demolished and the new one constructed, Lake Champlain Transportation Company operated a free, 24-hour ferry from just south of the bridge to Chimney Point, Vermont, at the expense of the states of New York and Vermont, at a cost to the states of about $10 per car.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most southerly crossing is the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> Ferry, connecting Ticonderoga, New York, with <a href="/wiki/Shoreham,_Vermont" title="Shoreham, Vermont">Shoreham, Vermont</a>, just north of the historic fort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroad">Railroad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Railroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four significant railroad crossings were built over the lake. As of 2021, only one remains. </p> <ul><li>The "floating" rail trestle from <a href="/wiki/Larabees_Point,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Larabees Point, Vermont">Larabees Point, Vermont</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga, New York</a>, was operated by the Addison Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Railroad" title="Rutland Railroad">Rutland Railroad</a>. It was abandoned in 1918, due to a number of accidents which resulted in locomotives and rail cars falling into the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill1976_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill1976-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 257">: 257 </span></sup></li> <li>The Island Line <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a>, a marble tailings and granite rock landfill causeway that stretched from <a href="/wiki/Colchester,_Vermont" title="Colchester, Vermont">Colchester</a> (on the mainland) three mi (4.8 km) north and west to <a href="/wiki/South_Hero,_Vermont" title="South Hero, Vermont">South Hero, Vermont</a>. Two breaks in the causeway were spanned by a fixed iron <a href="/wiki/Trestle_bridge" title="Trestle bridge">trestle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Swing_bridge" title="Swing bridge">swing bridge</a> that could be opened to allow boats to pass. The Rutland Railroad (later <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutland Railway">Rutland Railway</a>) operated trains over this causeway from 1901 to 1961, with the last passenger train operating in 1953. The railroad was officially abandoned in 1963, with tracks and trestles removed over the course of the ten years that followed. The marble tailings and granite rock causeway still remains, as does the fixed iron trestle that bridges the lesser of the two gaps. The swing bridge over the navigation channel was removed in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG/220px-Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG/330px-Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG/440px-Swanton-Alburgh_VT_Trestle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Swanton-Alburgh trestle spans Lake Champlain between the two Vermont towns: a distance of about 0.8 mi (1.3 km).</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Now called Colchester Park, the main 3-mile (5 km) causeway has been adapted and preserved as a recreation area for cyclists, runners and anglers. Two smaller marble tailings and granite rock landfill causeways were also erected as part of this line that connected <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle, Vermont">Grand Isle</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Hero,_Vermont" title="North Hero, Vermont">North Hero</a>, and spanned from North Hero to <a href="/wiki/Alburgh,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Alburgh, Vermont">Alburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill1976_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill1976-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 257">: 257 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Alburgh,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Alburgh, Vermont">Alburgh, Vermont</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rouses_Point,_New_York" title="Rouses Point, New York">Rouses Point, New York</a>, rail trestle. From sometime in the late 19th century until 1964, this wooden trestle carried two railroads (the Rutland Railroad and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Vermont Railroad">Central Vermont Railroad</a>) over the lake just south of the US 2 vehicular bridge. The iron swing bridge at the center (over the navigation channel) has been removed. Most of the wooden pilings remain, greatly deteriorated, and can be seen looking south from the US 2 bridge. Part of the trestle on the Rouses Point side has been converted for use as an access pier associated with the local marina.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Swanton_(town),_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanton (town), Vermont">Swanton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alburgh,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Alburgh, Vermont">Alburgh, Vermont</a> rail trestle. Built in the same manner as at Rouses Point, it crosses the lake just south of Missisquoi Bay and the Canada–U.S. border, within yards south of the Vermont Route 78 bridge. It is still in use by the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Central_Railroad" title="New England Central Railroad">New England Central Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lake Champlain has been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Canal" title="Champlain Canal">Champlain Canal</a> since the canal's official opening on September 9, 1823, the same day as the opening of the Erie Canal from <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>. It connects to the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Chambly_Canal" title="Chambly Canal">Chambly Canal</a> bypassing rapids on the river since 1843. Together with these waterways, the lake is part of the <a href="/wiki/Lakes_to_Locks_Passage" title="Lakes to Locks Passage">Lakes to Locks Passage</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Seaway" title="Lake Champlain Seaway">Lake Champlain Seaway</a>, a project to use the lake to bring ocean-going ships from New York City to Montreal, was proposed in the late 19th century and considered as late as the 1960s, but rejected for various reasons. The lake is also part of the 740-mile (1,190 km) <a href="/wiki/Northern_Forest_Canoe_Trail" title="Northern Forest Canoe Trail">Northern Forest Canoe Trail</a>, which begins in <a href="/wiki/Old_Forge,_New_York" title="Old Forge, New York">Old Forge, New York</a>, and ends in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kent,_Maine" title="Fort Kent, Maine">Fort Kent, Maine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surroundings">Surroundings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Surroundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Major cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a> (pop. 44,743, 2020 census) is the largest city on the lake. The second and third most-populated cities/towns are <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Burlington,_Vermont" title="South Burlington, Vermont">South Burlington, Vermont</a>, respectively. The fourth-largest community is the town of <a href="/wiki/Colchester,_Vermont" title="Colchester, Vermont">Colchester</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Champlain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lake_Champlain_1.jpg/220px-Lake_Champlain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lake_Champlain_1.jpg/330px-Lake_Champlain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lake_Champlain_1.jpg/440px-Lake_Champlain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>At sunset, looking west from Grand Isle to Plattsburgh and Crab Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Lake Champlain contains roughly 80 islands, three of which comprise four entire Vermont towns (most of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_County,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle County, Vermont">Grand Isle County</a>). The largest islands: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Hero_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hero Island">South Hero Island</a>, the largest, containing the towns of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle, Vermont">Grand Isle</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Hero,_Vermont" title="South Hero, Vermont">South Hero, Vermont</a></li> <li>North Hero Island, containing the town of <a href="/wiki/North_Hero,_Vermont" title="North Hero, Vermont">North Hero, Vermont</a></li> <li>Isle La Motte, containing the town of <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont">Isle La Motte, Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valcour_Island" title="Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Island_(Lake_Champlain)" title="Juniper Island (Lake Champlain)">Juniper Island</a></li> <li>Three Sisters</li> <li>Four Brothers<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Savage Island</li> <li>Burton Island (State Park)</li> <li>Cloak Island</li> <li>Garden Island (Gunboat Island)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Island_(Lake_Champlain)" title="Crab Island (Lake Champlain)">Crab Island</a></li> <li>Dameas Island</li> <li>Hen Island</li> <li>Butler Island<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Prize" title="Carleton's Prize">Carleton's Prize</a></li> <li>Young Island<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Providence Island<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stave Island<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Island" title="Sunset Island">Sunset Island</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lighthouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg/220px-The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg/330px-The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg/440px-The_light_house_in_lake_Champlain_in_the_dusk_as_seen_from_Burlington_VT..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>The lighthouse in Lake Champlain at dusk, as seen from Burlington</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluff_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluff Point Lighthouse">Bluff Point Lighthouse</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Valcour_Island" title="Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a> near the New York shore, was built in 1871; it was manned by a full-time lightkeeper until 1930, making it one of the last lighthouses to be manned on the Lake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Head_Light" title="Cumberland Head Light">Cumberland Head Light</a>, which operated until 1934, is an historic stone lighthouse located on <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Head">Cumberland Head</a> which is privately owned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte_Light" title="Isle La Motte Light">Isle La Motte Light</a>, on the northern end of the island, was originally red, but faded to pink over time; it is privately owned<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Island_Light" title="Juniper Island Light">Juniper Island Light</a> is a cast-iron lighthouse that dates from 1846; in 1954, it was deactivated and replaced by a steel tower; it is privately owned</li> <li>On Point Au Roche, part of <a href="/wiki/Beekmantown,_New_York" title="Beekmantown, New York">Beekmantown, New York</a>, there is a privately owned, historic lighthouse</li> <li>Split Rock Lighthouse is located south of <a href="/wiki/Essex,_New_York" title="Essex, New York">Essex, New York</a>, near a natural boundary of the territory between the Mohawk and Algonquin tribes<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aids_to_navigation">Aids to navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Aids to navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cgsburlington.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Cgsburlington.JPG/220px-Cgsburlington.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Cgsburlington.JPG/330px-Cgsburlington.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Cgsburlington.JPG/440px-Cgsburlington.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>USCG, Burlington, Vermont – main installation</figcaption></figure> <p>All active navigational aids on the American portion of the lake are maintained by <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Station_Burlington" title="Coast Guard Station Burlington">Coast Guard Station Burlington</a>, along with those on international <a href="/wiki/Lake_Memphremagog" title="Lake Memphremagog">Lake Memphremagog</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-uscg-btv_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscg-btv-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aids to navigation on the Canadian portion of the lake are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Canadian Coast Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of parks in the Lake Champlain region, in both New York and Vermont. </p><p>Those on the New York side of the lake include <a href="/wiki/Point_Au_Roche_State_Park" title="Point Au Roche State Park">Point Au Roche State Park</a>, which park grounds have hiking and cross country skiing trails and a public beach; and Ausable Point Campground within the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park" title="Adirondack Park">Adirondack Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Bay_State_Park" title="Cumberland Bay State Park">Cumberland Bay State Park</a> is located on <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Head">Cumberland Head</a>, with a campground, city beach and sports fields. </p><p>There are various parks along the lake on the Vermont side, including <a href="/wiki/Sand_Bar_State_Park" title="Sand Bar State Park">Sand Bar State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Vermont" title="Milton, Vermont">Milton</a>, featuring a 2,000 ft (610 m) natural sand beach, swimming, canoe and kayak rentals, food concession, picnic grounds and a play area. At 226 acres (91 ha), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_State_Park_(Vermont)" title="Grand Isle State Park (Vermont)">Grand Isle State Park</a> contains camping facilities, a sand volleyball court, a nature walk trail, a <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe pit">horseshoe pit</a> and a play area. <a href="/wiki/Button_Bay_State_Park" title="Button Bay State Park">Button Bay State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ferrisburgh,_Vermont" title="Ferrisburgh, Vermont">Ferrisburgh</a> features campsites, picnic areas, a nature center and a swimming pool. Burlington's Waterfront Park is a revitalized industrial area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vtdfgboat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Vtdfgboat.JPG/200px-Vtdfgboat.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Vtdfgboat.JPG/300px-Vtdfgboat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Vtdfgboat.JPG/400px-Vtdfgboat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife boat docked near <a href="/wiki/ECHO,_Leahy_Center_for_Lake_Champlain" title="ECHO, Leahy Center for Lake Champlain">ECHO Aquarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Coast Guard Station Burlington provides "Search and Rescue, Law Enforcement and Ice Rescue services 24 hours a day, 365 days a year".<sup id="cite_ref-uscg-btv_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscg-btv-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services are also provided by local, state and federal governments bordering on the lake, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Police" title="Vermont State Police">Vermont State Police</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">New York State Police</a> Marine Detail,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vermont Fish and Wildlife wardens.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Lake_Champlain">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Lake_Champlain">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Lake_Champlain">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Lake_Champlain">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Lake_Champlain">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a>, post-glacial predecessor to Lake Champlain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Noix" title="Île aux Noix">Île aux Noix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Vermont" title="List of lakes of Vermont">List of lakes of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_York#Lake_Champlain" title="List of rivers of New York">List of New York rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Quebec" title="List of rivers of Quebec">List of rivers of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Vermont" title="List of rivers of Vermont">List of rivers of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odziozo" title="Odziozo">Odziozo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Champlain">"Lake Champlain – lake, Canada-United States"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711212720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Champlain">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lake+Champlain+%E2%80%93+lake%2C+Canada-United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLake-Champlain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lclt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lclt_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lclt.org/about-lake-champlain/lake-champlain-facts/">"Lake Champlain Facts"</a>. <i>Lake Champlain Land Trust</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728233607/https://www.lclt.org/about-lake-champlain/lake-champlain-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lake+Champlain+Land+Trust&rft.atitle=Lake+Champlain+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lclt.org%2Fabout-lake-champlain%2Flake-champlain-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=LAKE+CHAMPLAIN&rft.au=Amy+Tikkanen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLake-Champlain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/climo/Lake_Champlain_BoxWhisker.png">"Lake Champlain Lake Level – King St. Ferry Dock (1977–2006)"</a>. <i>NOAA.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA.gov&rft.atitle=Lake+Champlain+Lake+Level+%E2%80%93+King+St.+Ferry+Dock+%281977%E2%80%932006%29&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erh.noaa.gov%2Fbtv%2Fclimo%2FLake_Champlain_BoxWhisker.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlas.lcbp.org/nature-environment/lake-champlain/">"Lake Champlain"</a>. <i>Lake Champlain Basin Atlas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lakechamplainlife.com/military-sites/">the original</a> on July 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lakechamplainlife.com&rft.atitle=Lake+Champlain+Historic+Military+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flakechamplainlife.com%2Fmilitary-sites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmna.ny.gov/forts/fortsA_D/auFerFort.htm">"Fort au Fer"</a>. 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No. Front Page. Press Republican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515060929/https://www.pressrepublican.com/news/local_news/lead-sought-for-lucy-and-the-lake-monster/article_28560232-ba63-53da-b942-24740ccc162d.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Champlain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lake Champlain"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lake Champlain</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303162032/http://bloomthemovie.org/bloomtheplightof.html"><i>Bloom: the Plight of Lake Champlain</i></a> (PBS film series)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.vpt.org/video/1676674656"><i>Champlain: The Lake Between</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612061937/http://video.vpt.org/video/1676674656/">Archived</a> June 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Television">Vermont Public Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echovermont.org">ECHO, Leahy Center for Lake Champlain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611163928/https://www.echovermont.org/">Archived</a> June 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethanallenhomestead.org/">Ethan Allen Homestead Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111214059/http://www.ethanallenhomestead.org/">Archived</a> January 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communitysailingcenter.org/">Lake Champlain Community Sailing Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140311162053/http://communitysailingcenter.org/">Archived</a> March 11, 2014, at Wikiwix</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.lcbp.org/">Lake Champlain Basin Atlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227220442/https://atlas.lcbp.org/">Archived</a> February 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcbp.org/">Lake Champlain Basin Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628113812/https://www.lcbp.org/">Archived</a> June 28, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcmm.org/">Lake Champlain Maritime Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506232136/https://www.lcmm.org/">Archived</a> May 6, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celebratechamplain.org/">Lake Champlain Quadricentennial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703172028/http://www.celebratechamplain.org/">Archived</a> 2009-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijc.org/files/publications/Final_PoS_LakeChamplain-RichelieuRiver.pdf">International flood study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216194400/http://www.ijc.org/files/publications/Final_PoS_LakeChamplain-RichelieuRiver.pdf">Archived</a> December 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shelburnemuseum.org/">Shelburne Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626052223/https://shelburnemuseum.org/">Archived</a> June 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakechamplainunited.com/">Lake Champlain United</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321110858/https://www.lakechamplainunited.com/">Archived</a> March 21, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mychamplain.net/">Lake Champlain International</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016232601/https://www.mychamplain.net/">Archived</a> October 16, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_(state)" title="Template:New York (state)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_(state)" title="Template talk:New York (state)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_(state)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York (state)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_(state)" title="Outline of New York (state)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_(state)%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of New York (state)–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of airports in New York (state)">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of New York (state)">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_York_(state)" title="Climate change in New York (state)">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_(state)" title="Crime in New York (state)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_(state)" title="Economy of New York (state)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_(state)" title="Education in New York (state)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_New_York" title="Gun laws in New York">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_York_(state)" title="Healthcare in New York (state)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_York" title="Homelessness in New York">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New York (state)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of museums in New York (state)">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State" title="Empire State">Nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks" title="List of New York state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_(state)" title="List of people from New York (state)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_York_(state)" title="Sports in New York (state)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_symbols" title="List of New York state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_(state)" title="Transportation in New York (state)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New York (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_York" title="Abortion in New York">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_congressional_districts" title="New York's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_(state)" title="Government of New York (state)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_York_(state)" title="Law of New York (state)">Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#New_York" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital District, New York">Capital District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York_Region" title="Central New York Region">Central Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Tri-State area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Holland Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Valley region">Mohawk Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)" title="North Country (New York)">North Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawangunk_Ridge" title="Shawangunk Ridge">Shawangunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_country" title="Ski country">Ski country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tier" title="Southern Tier">Southern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southtowns" title="Southtowns">Southtowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Valley" title="Tech Valley">Tech Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_Hill" title="Tug Hill">Tug Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_statistical_areas" title="New York statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a> / <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York" title="Jamestown, New York">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegany_County,_New_York" title="Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome_County,_New_York" title="Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemung_County,_New_York" title="Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_County,_New_York" title="Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York" title="Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York" title="Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York" title="Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_New_York" title="Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York" title="Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York" title="Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York" title="Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_County,_New_York" title="Tryon County, New York">Tryon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York" title="Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York" title="Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_New_York" title="Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York" title="Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York" title="Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">Saint Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_New_York" title="Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_County,_New_York" title="Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_New_York" title="Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York" title="Washington County, New York">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Province_of_New_York" title="Charlotte County, Province of New York">Charlotte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_New_York" title="Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_County,_New_York" title="Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in New York">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_York" title="List of towns in New York">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Reservations_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Indian Reservations in New York (state)">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in New York">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_York" title="List of census-designated places in New York">Census-designated places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaerswyck" title="Rensselaerswyck">Rensselaerswyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">History of slavery in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">State cessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" 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title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mansfield" title="Mount Mansfield">Mount Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Kingdom" title="Northeast Kingdom">Northeast Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Vermont" title="List of counties in Vermont">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison_County,_Vermont" title="Addison County, Vermont">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_County,_Vermont" title="Bennington County, Vermont">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonia_County,_Vermont" title="Caledonia County, Vermont">Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Vermont" title="Essex County, Vermont">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Vermont" title="Franklin County, Vermont">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_County,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle County, Vermont">Grand Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoille_County,_Vermont" title="Lamoille County, Vermont">Lamoille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Vermont" title="Orange County, Vermont">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_Vermont" title="Orleans County, Vermont">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County,_Vermont" title="Rutland County, Vermont">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Vermont" title="Washington County, Vermont">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windham_County,_Vermont" title="Windham County, Vermont">Windham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_County,_Vermont" title="Windsor County, Vermont">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Vermont#Cities" title="List of municipalities in Vermont">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barre_(city),_Vermont" title="Barre (city), Vermont">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont_metropolitan_area" title="Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Junction,_Vermont" title="Essex Junction, Vermont">Essex Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_(city),_Vermont" title="Newport (city), Vermont">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont" title="Rutland (city), Vermont">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(city),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (city), Vermont">St. Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Burlington,_Vermont" title="South Burlington, Vermont">South Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergennes,_Vermont" title="Vergennes, Vermont">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winooski,_Vermont" title="Winooski, Vermont">Winooski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Vermont#Towns" title="List of municipalities in Vermont">Towns</a><br />(pop. >5000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barre_(town),_Vermont" title="Barre (town), Vermont">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont" title="Bennington, Vermont">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont" title="Brattleboro, Vermont">Brattleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester,_Vermont" title="Colchester, Vermont">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex,_Vermont" title="Essex, Vermont">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Vermont" title="Fairfax, Vermont">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Vermont" title="Hartford, Vermont">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon,_Vermont" title="Lyndon, Vermont">Lyndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho,_Vermont" title="Jericho, Vermont">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury,_Vermont" title="Middlebury, Vermont">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Vermont" title="Milton, Vermont">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Vermont" title="Morristown, Vermont">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont" title="Northfield, Vermont">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Vermont" title="Shelburne, Vermont">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Vermont" title="Springfield, Vermont">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(town),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (town), Vermont">St. Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowe,_Vermont" title="Stowe, Vermont">Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanton_(town),_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanton (town), Vermont">Swanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Vermont" title="Waterbury, Vermont">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston,_Vermont" title="Williston, Vermont">Williston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Fair" title="Vermont State Fair">Vermont State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Film_Festival" title="Green Mountain Film Festival">Green Mountain Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strolling_of_the_Heifers" title="Strolling of the Heifers">Strolling of the Heifers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vermont-related_articles" title="Index of Vermont-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vermont" title="Outline of Vermont">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vermont" title="Climate change in Vermont">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vermont" title="Flag of Vermont">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vermont" title="Geography of Vermont">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Vermont" title="List of mountains of Vermont">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vermont" title="Government of Vermont">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vermont" title="Constitution of Vermont">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_National_Guard" title="Vermont National Guard">Vermont National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Air_National_Guard" title="Vermont Air National Guard">Vermont Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Guard" title="Vermont State Guard">Vermont State Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Vermont" title="List of people from Vermont">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vermont_state_symbols" title="List of Vermont state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Vermont" title="List of tallest buildings in Vermont">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Vermont" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Vermont">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_copper" title="Vermont copper">coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Flag of the Green Mountain Boys">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_quarta_decima" title="Stella quarta decima">Stella quarta decima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_(Vermont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Vermont)">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vermont" title="Abortion in Vermont">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont" title="Cannabis in Vermont">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vermont">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vermont" title="Crime in Vermont">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont#Demographics" title="Vermont">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont#Economy" title="Vermont">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont#Education" title="Vermont">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Vermont" title="Gun laws in Vermont">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vermont">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vermont" title="Politics of Vermont">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vermont" title="Portal:Vermont">Vermont portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quebec_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quebec_topics" title="Template:Quebec topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quebec_topics" title="Template talk:Quebec topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quebec_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Quebec-related_articles" title="Index of Quebec-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history" title="Timeline of Quebec history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Prehistory to 1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1760%E2%80%931790)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1760–1790)">1760–1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1791%E2%80%931840)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1791–1840)">1791–1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1841%E2%80%931866)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1841–1866)">1841–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1867%E2%80%931899)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1867–1899)">1867–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1900%E2%80%931930)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1900–1930)">1900–1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1931%E2%80%931959)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1931–1959)">1931–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historic identities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Colony of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Quebec" title="Geography of Quebec">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Quebec" title="List of lakes of Quebec">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Quebec" title="National Parks of Quebec">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Quebec" title="List of protected areas of Quebec">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Quebec" title="List of rivers of Quebec">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts#Quebec_—_75_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec" title="Executive Council of Quebec">Executive Council <span style="font-size:85%;">(cabinet)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_general_elections" title="List of Quebec general elections">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_of_Quebec" title="List of leaders of the Official Opposition of Quebec">Leaders of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Quebec" title="List of political parties in Quebec">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Quebec" title="List of premiers of Quebec">Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Quebec" title="List of regions of Quebec">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(administrative)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Quebec" title="Economy of Quebec">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Quebec" title="Tourism in Quebec">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec#Transportation" title="Quebec">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Quebec" title="List of airports in Quebec">airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_highways" title="List of Quebec provincial highways">highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_railways" title="List of Quebec railways">railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Quebec" title="Architecture of 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title="Quebecois people">Québécois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecer">English-speaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec" title="Symbols of Quebec">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis#Canada" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Quebec" title="Great Seal of Quebec">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_versicolor" title="Iris versicolor">Iris versicolor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_me_souviens" title="Je me 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68467#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68467#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239912819">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4098950-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022455">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284946705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046681">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&oldid=1257075365">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Champlain&oldid=1257075365</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lake_Champlain" title="Category:Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biosphere_reserves_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Biosphere reserves of the United States">Biosphere reserves of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Borders of New York (state)">Borders of New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Vermont" title="Category:Borders of Vermont">Borders of Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Category:Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_lakes_of_North_America" title="Category:International lakes of North America">International lakes of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Lakes of New York (state)">Lakes of New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Estrie" title="Category:Lakes of Estrie">Lakes of Estrie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Vermont" title="Category:Lakes of Vermont">Lakes of Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie" title="Category:Lakes of Montérégie">Lakes of Montérégie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Washington_County,_New_York" title="Category:Lakes of Washington County, New York">Lakes of Washington County, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Essex_County,_New_York" title="Category:Lakes of Essex County, New York">Lakes of Essex County, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Category:Lakes of Clinton County, New York">Lakes of Clinton County, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Addison_County,_Vermont" title="Category:Bodies of water of Addison County, Vermont">Bodies of water of Addison County, Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Category:Bodies of water of Chittenden County, Vermont">Bodies of water of Chittenden County, Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Rutland_County,_Vermont" title="Category:Bodies of water of Rutland County, Vermont">Bodies of water of Rutland County, Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Franklin_County,_Vermont" title="Category:Bodies of water of Franklin County, Vermont">Bodies of water of Franklin County, Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Grand_Isle_County,_Vermont" title="Category:Bodies of water of Grand Isle County, Vermont">Bodies of water of Grand Isle County, Vermont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tributaries_of_the_Saint_Lawrence_River" title="Category:Tributaries of the Saint Lawrence River">Tributaries of the Saint Lawrence River</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a 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