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style="display:inline-block; float: left;" onfocus="this.value == 'Search' ? this.value = '' : true" onblur="this.value == '' ? this.value = 'Search' : true" /></fieldset> </form> <span id='navEnd'></span> </div> <div id="revision"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="application/xhtml+xml;charset=utf-8" /><title>Contents</title></head> <body> <div class="rightHandSide"> <div class="toc clickDown" tabindex="0"> <h3 id="context">Context</h3> <h4 id="fields_and_quanta">Fields and quanta</h4> <div class="hide"><div> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">fields</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">particles</a> in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/particle+physics">particle physics</a></strong></p> <p><strong>and in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a></strong>:</p> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/force">force</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bosons">bosons</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/photon">photon</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/abelian+group">abelian</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/W-boson">W</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Z-boson">Z</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-boson">B-boson</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electroweak+field">electroweak field</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gluon">gluon</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strong+nuclear+force">strong nuclear force</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/graviton">graviton</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/infraparticle">infraparticle</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scalar+field">scalar</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bosons">bosons</a></strong></p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Higgs+boson">Higgs boson</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/inflaton">inflaton</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scalar+field">scalar field</a>)</li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/matter">matter</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermions">fermions</a></strong> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinors">spinors</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+fields">Dirac fields</a>)</p> <div> <table><thead><tr><th><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavor+%28particle+physics%29">flavors</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">fundamental</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermions">fermions</a> in the</strong> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>:</strong></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/generation+of+fermions">generation of fermions</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">1st generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">2nd generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">3d generation</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarks">quarks</a></strong> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">up-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/up+quark">up quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charm quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/top+quark">top quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">down-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/down+quark">down quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptons">leptons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">charged</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron">electron</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon">muon</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tauon">tauon</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">neutral</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron+neutrino">electron neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon+neutrino">muon neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tau+neutrino">tau neutrino</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+states">bound states</a>:</strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mesons">mesons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/light+mesons">light mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pion">pion</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%81-meson">ρ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%89-meson">ω-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/f1-meson">f1-meson</a> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/a1-meson">a1-meson</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange</a>-mesons</strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%95-meson">ϕ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mover><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s \bar s</annotation></semantics></math>), <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaon">kaon</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K%2A-meson">K*-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u s</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/eta-meson">eta-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u u + d d + s s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charmed</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-meson">D-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> u c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s c</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/J%2F%CF%88-meson">J/ψ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \bar c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-meson">B-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q b</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%92-meson">ϒ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi><mover><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b \bar b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/baryons">baryons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleons">nucleons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u u d)</annotation></semantics></math> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutron">neutron</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u d d)</annotation></semantics></math></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p>(also: <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antiparticles">antiparticles</a>)</p> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/effective+field+theory">effective particles</a></strong></p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Goldstone+bosons">Goldstone bosons</a></li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/hadrons">hadrons</a></strong> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+states">bound states</a> of the above <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarks">quarks</a>)</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/meson">meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scalar+meson">scalar meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%83-meson">σ-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pion">pion</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaon">kaon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-meson">D-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-meson">B-meson</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/vector+meson">vector meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%89-meson">ω-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%81-meson">ρ-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/f1-meson">f1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/a1-meson">a1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/b1-meson">b1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/h1-meson">h1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K%2A-meson">K*-meson</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tensor+meson">tensor meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarkonium">quarkonium</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charmonium">charmonium</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%92-meson">ϒ-meson</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/exotic+meson">exotic meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/XYZ+meson">XYZ meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tetraquark">tetraquark</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/baryon">baryon</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleon">nucleon</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutron">neutron</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/chemical+element">chemical element</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/carbon">carbon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nitrogen">nitrogen</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lambda+baryon">Lambda baryon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pentaquark">pentaquark</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/solitons">solitons</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/caloron">caloron</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/instanton">instanton</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/grand+unified+theory">grand unified theory</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptoquark">leptoquark</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Z%27-boson">Z'-boson</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/MSSM">minimally extended supersymmetric standard model</a></strong></p> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/superpartners">superpartners</a></strong></p> <p>bosinos:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravitino">gravitino</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Rarita-Schwinger+field">Rarita-Schwinger field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gaugino">gaugino</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/super+Yang-Mills+theory">super Yang-Mills field</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gluino">gluino</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sfermions">sfermions</a>:</p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/squark">squark</a></li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dark+matter">dark matter</a> candidates</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/WIMP">WIMP</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/axion">axion</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Exotica</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/preon">preon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/graviphoton">graviphoton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dilaton">dilaton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/monopole">monopole</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dual+graviton">dual graviton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/giant+graviton">giant graviton</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/auxiliary+fields">auxiliary fields</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/ghost+field">ghost field</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antifield">antifield</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antighost+field">antighost field</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Nakanishi-Lautrup+field">Nakanishi-Lautrup field</a></p> </li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> <h1 id="contents">Contents</h1> <div class='maruku_toc'> <ul> <li><a href='#idea'>Idea</a></li> <li><a href='#related_concepts'>Related concepts</a></li> <li><a href='#references'>References</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#general'>General</a></li> <li><a href='#SkyrmeHadrodynamicsWithHeavyMesonsReferences'>Skyrme hadrodynamics with heavy quarks/mesons</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#inclusion_of_strange_quarkskaons'>Inclusion of strange quarks/kaons</a></li> <li><a href='#inclusion_of_charm_quarksdmesons'>Inclusion of charm quarks/D-mesons</a></li> <li><a href='#inclusion_of_bottom_quarksbmesons'>Inclusion of bottom quarks/B-mesons</a></li> </ul> </ul> </ul> </div> <h2 id="idea">Idea</h2> <p>In the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a> the <em>charm quark</em> is the up-type <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quark">quark</a> in the second <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/generation+of+fermions">generation of fermions</a>, a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+quark">heavy quark</a>.</p> <h2 id="related_concepts">Related concepts</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charmonium">charmonium</a></li> </ul> <div> <table><thead><tr><th><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavor+%28particle+physics%29">flavors</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">fundamental</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermions">fermions</a> in the</strong> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>:</strong></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/generation+of+fermions">generation of fermions</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">1st generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">2nd generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">3d generation</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarks">quarks</a></strong> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">up-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/up+quark">up quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charm quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/top+quark">top quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">down-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/down+quark">down quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptons">leptons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">charged</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron">electron</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon">muon</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tauon">tauon</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">neutral</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron+neutrino">electron neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon+neutrino">muon neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tau+neutrino">tau neutrino</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+states">bound states</a>:</strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mesons">mesons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/light+mesons">light mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pion">pion</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%81-meson">ρ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%89-meson">ω-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/f1-meson">f1-meson</a> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/a1-meson">a1-meson</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange</a>-mesons</strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%95-meson">ϕ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mover><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s \bar s</annotation></semantics></math>), <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaon">kaon</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K%2A-meson">K*-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u s</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/eta-meson">eta-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u u + d d + s s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charmed</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-meson">D-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> u c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s c</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/J%2F%CF%88-meson">J/ψ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \bar c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-meson">B-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q b</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%92-meson">ϒ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi><mover><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b \bar b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/baryons">baryons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleons">nucleons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u u d)</annotation></semantics></math> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutron">neutron</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u d d)</annotation></semantics></math></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <h3 id="general">General</h3> <ul> <li>Marco Gersabeck, <em>Introduction to Charm Physics</em>, Proceedings of Science, Volume 220 - <em>Flavorful Ways to New Physics (FWNP)</em> - Keynote Talks (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.00032">arXiv:1503.00032</a>, <a href="https://inspirehep.net/literature/1346952">spire:1346952</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.22323/1.220.0001">doi:10.22323/1.220.0001</a>)</li> </ul> <p>See also</p> <ul> <li>Wikipedia, <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark">Charm quark</a></em></li> </ul> <p>On indirect searches for New Physics (i.e. <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/phenomenology">phenomenology</a> beyond the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a> via <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charm quark</a> physics:</p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alexey+Petrov">Alexey Petrov</a>, <em>Searching for New Physics with Charm</em> (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.0906">arXiv:1003.0906</a>)</li> </ul> <p>and via <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavour+anomalies">flavour anomalies</a>:</p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alexey+Petrov">Alexey Petrov</a>, <em>Theory of rare charm decays into leptons</em> (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03862">arXiv:1704.03862</a>)</li> </ul> <div> <h3 id="SkyrmeHadrodynamicsWithHeavyMesonsReferences">Skyrme hadrodynamics with heavy quarks/mesons</h3> <p>Inclusion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+flavor">heavy</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavor+%28particle+physics%29">flavors</a> into the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Skyrme+model">Skyrme model</a> for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+hadrodynamics">quantum hadrodynamics</a>:</p> <h4 id="inclusion_of_strange_quarkskaons">Inclusion of strange quarks/kaons</h4> <p>Inclusion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quarks">strange quarks</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaons">kaons</a> into the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Skyrme+model">Skyrme model</a>:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Curtis+Callan">Curtis Callan</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Igor+Klebanov">Igor Klebanov</a>, <em>Bound-state approach to strangeness in the Skyrme model</em>, Nuclear Physics B Volume 262, Issue 2, 16 December 1985, Pages 365-382 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(85)90292-5">doi10.1016/0550-3213(85)90292-5</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Curtis+Callan">Curtis Callan</a>, K. Hornbostel, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Igor+Klebanov">Igor Klebanov</a>, <em>Baryon masses in the bound state approach to strangeness in the skyrme model</em>, Physics Letters B Volume 202, Issue 2, 3 March 1988, Pages 269-275 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(88)90022-6">doi10.1016/0370-2693(88)90022-6</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Norberto+Scoccola">Norberto Scoccola</a>, D. P. Min, H. Nadeau, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mannque+Rho">Mannque Rho</a>, <em>The strangeness problem: An <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>SU</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">SU(3)</annotation></semantics></math> skyrmion with vector mesons</em>, Nuclear Physics A Volume 505, Issues 3–4, 25 December 1989, Pages 497-524 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(89)90029-8">doi:10.1016/0375-9474(89)90029-8</a>)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Review:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Igor+Klebanov">Igor Klebanov</a>, section 6 of: <em>Strangeness in the Skyrme model</em>, in: D. Vauthrin, F. Lenz, J. W. Negele, <em>Hadrons and Hadronic Matter</em>, Plenum Press 1989 (<a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4684-1336-6">doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1336-6</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mannque+Rho">Mannque Rho</a>, Section 2.2 of: <em>Cheshire Cat Hadrons</em>, Phys. Rept. 240 (1994) 1-142 (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9310300">arXiv:hep-ph/9310300</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(94)90002-7">doi:10.1016/0370-1573(94)90002-7</a>)</p> </li> </ul> <h4 id="inclusion_of_charm_quarksdmesons">Inclusion of charm quarks/D-mesons</h4> <p>Inclusion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quarks">charm quarks</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-mesons">D-mesons</a> into the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Skyrme+model">Skyrme model</a>:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mannque+Rho">Mannque Rho</a>, D. O. Riska, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Norberto+Scoccola">Norberto Scoccola</a>, <em>Charmed baryons as soliton - D meson bound states</em>, Phys. Lett.B 251 (1990) 597-602 (<a href="https://inspirehep.net/literature/297771">spire:297771</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90802-D">doi:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90802-D</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>Yongseok Oh, Dong-Pil Min, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mannque+Rho">Mannque Rho</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Norberto+Scoccola">Norberto Scoccola</a>, <em>Massive-quark baryons as skyrmions: Magnetic moments</em>, Nuclear Physics A Volume 534, Issues 3–4 (1991) Pages 493-512 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(91)90458-I">doi:10.1016/0375-9474(91)90458-I</a>)</p> </li> </ul> <h4 id="inclusion_of_bottom_quarksbmesons">Inclusion of bottom quarks/B-mesons</h4> <p>Inclusion of further <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+flavor">heavy</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavor+%28particle+physics%29">flavors</a> beyond <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange quark</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaons">kaons</a>, namely <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quarks">charm quarks</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-mesons">D-mesons</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quarks">bottom quarks</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-mesons">B-mesons</a>, into the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Skyrme+model">Skyrme model</a>:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mannque+Rho">Mannque Rho</a>, D. O. Riska, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Norberto+Scoccola">Norberto Scoccola</a>, <em>The energy levels of the heavy flavour baryons in the topological soliton model</em>, Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei volume 341, pages 343–352 (1992) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01283544">doi:10.1007/BF01283544</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>Arshad Momen, Joseph Schechter, Anand Subbaraman, <em>Heavy Quark Solitons: Strangeness and Symmetry Breaking</em>, Phys. Rev. D49:5970-5978, 1994 (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9401209">arXiv:hep-ph/9401209</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>Yongseok Oh, Byung-Yoon Park, Dong-Pil Min, <em>Heavy Baryons as Skyrmion with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">/</mo><msub><mi>m</mi> <mi>Q</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1/m_Q</annotation></semantics></math> Corrections</em>, Phys. Rev. D49 (1994) 4649-4658 (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9402205">arXiv:hep-ph/9402205</a>)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Review:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mannque+Rho">Mannque Rho</a>, <em>Massive-quark baryons as Skyrmions</em>, Modern Physics Letters A, Vol. 06, No. 23 (1991) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217732391002268">doi:10.1142/S0217732391002268</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Norberto+Scoccola">Norberto Scoccola</a>, <em>Heavy quark skyrmions</em>, (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0905.2722">arXiv:0905.2722</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814280709_0004">doi:10.1142/9789814280709_0004</a>), Chapter 4 in: <em><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/The+Multifaceted+Skyrmion">The Multifaceted Skyrmion</a></em>, World Scientific 2016 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/9710">doi:10.1142/9710</a>)</p> </li> </ul> </div></body></html> </div> <div class="revisedby"> <p> Last revised on April 18, 2020 at 04:53:51. 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