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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Textual evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_seasonal_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_seasonal_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Local seasonal variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_seasonal_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local seasonal variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_seasonal_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isle_of_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isle_of_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Isle of Man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isle_of_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philadelphia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philadelphia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Philadelphia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_entertainers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_entertainers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Feast entertainers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_entertainers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_mumming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_mumming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Social mumming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_mumming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristocratic_mumming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristocratic_mumming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Aristocratic mumming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristocratic_mumming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_mummers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_mummers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Newfoundland mummers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_mummers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philadelphia_mummers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philadelphia_mummers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Philadelphia mummers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia_mummers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mummers_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummers_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mummers in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mummers_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummenschanz" title="Mummenschanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mummenschanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scaras_de_Rumania" title="Máscaras de Rumania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máscaras de Rumania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ces_de_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_mummers" title="Pièces de théâtre des mummers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pièces de théâtre des mummers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummers" title="Mummers – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mummers" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Маскаасьӧм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Маскаасьӧм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masca%C8%9Bi" title="Mascați – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mascați" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Ряженье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ряженье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Ряджені – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ряджені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q350800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of folk play</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mummer" and "Guiser" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mummer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mummer (disambiguation)">Mummer (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guiser_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Guiser (disambiguation)">Guiser (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon,_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg/260px-St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg/390px-St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg/520px-St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4594" data-file-height="3063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. George</a> slays the dragon in a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> production by the <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a> Mummers.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mummers' plays</b> are <a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk plays</a> performed by troupes of amateur actors, traditionally all male, known as <b>mummers</b> or <b>guisers</b> (also by local names such as <i>rhymers</i>, <i>pace-eggers</i>, <i>soulers</i>, <i>tipteerers</i>, <i>wrenboys</i>, and <i>galoshins</i>). Historically, mummers' plays consisted of informal groups of costumed community members that visited from house to house on various holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the term refers especially to a play in which a number of characters are called on stage, two of whom engage in a combat, the loser being revived by a doctor character. This play is sometimes found associated with a <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">sword dance</a> though both also exist in Britain independently. </p><p>Plays may be performed in the street or during visits to houses and <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>. They are generally performed seasonally, often at <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> or on <a href="/wiki/Plough_Monday" title="Plough Monday">Plough Monday</a>, more rarely on <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> or <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, and often with a collection of money. The practice may be compared with other customs such as those of Halloween, <a href="/wiki/Bonfire_Night" title="Bonfire Night">Bonfire Night</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">wassailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pace_Egg_play" title="Pace Egg play">pace egging</a> and <a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">first-footing at new year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term <i>mummer</i> has been in use since the Middle Ages, no scripts or details survive from that era and the term may have been used loosely to describe performers of several different kinds. The earliest evidence of mummers' plays as they are known today is from the mid- to late 18th century. Mummers' plays should not be confused with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mystery plays</a>. </p><p>Mumming spread from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> to a number of former British colonies. Ireland has its own unique history of mummers' play, and adopted the term for the tradition from the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>mummer</i> is sometimes explained to derive from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>mum</i> ("silent") or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>mommo</i> ("mask"), but is more likely to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> <i>mummer</i> ("disguised person", attested in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Fischart" title="Johann Fischart">Johann Fischart</a>) and <i>vermummen</i> ("to wrap up, to disguise, to mask one's face"),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which itself is derived from or came to be associated with <i>mummen</i> (first attested already in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> by a prohibition in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, 1351)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>mum(en)schanz</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, 16th century), these latter words originally referring to a game or throw (<i>schanz</i>) of dice.<sup id="cite_ref-grimm_mummenschanz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimm_mummenschanz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingrid Brainard argues that the English word "mummer" is ultimately derived from the Greek name <a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a>, a god of mockery and scoff.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummers02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Mummers02.jpg/220px-Mummers02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Mummers02.jpg/330px-Mummers02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Mummers02.jpg/440px-Mummers02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Mummers performing in Exeter, Devon in 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>Mummers' and guisers' plays were formerly performed throughout much of English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, spreading to other English-speaking parts of the world including <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>. There are a few surviving traditional teams of mummers in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and Ireland, but there have been many revivals of mumming, often associated nowadays with <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">sword dance</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These performances are comparable in some respects with others throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p><p>Broadly comic performances, the most common type features a doctor who has a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potion</a> able to resuscitate the vanquished character. Early scholars of folk drama, influenced by <a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, tended to view these plays as descendants of pre-Christian fertility ritual, but modern researchers have subjected this interpretation to criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-AllSilverAndNoBrass_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllSilverAndNoBrass-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon,_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg/220px-St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg/330px-St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg/440px-St_Albans_Mummers_production_of_St_George_and_the_Dragon%2C_Boxing_Day_2015-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5522" data-file-height="3681" /></a><figcaption>The Doctor brings St George back to life in a 2015 production by the St Albans Mummers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The characters may be introduced in a series of short speeches (usually in rhyming couplets) or they may introduce themselves in the course of the play's action. The principal characters, presented in a wide variety of manners, are a hero, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, King George, or Prince George (but <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a> and Galoshin in Scotland), and his chief opponent (known as the Turkish Knight in southern England, but named Slasher elsewhere), and a quack Doctor who comes to restore the dead man to life. Other characters include: <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Old Father Christmas</a>, who introduces some plays, the Fool and <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> or Little Devil Doubt (who demands money from the audience). </p><p>In Ynysmeudwy near <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> groups of four boys dressed as Crwmpyn (hunchback) John, Indian Dark, Robin Hood and Doctor Brown took the play from house to house on Bonfire Night and were rewarded with money.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the frequent presence of Saint George, the <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> rarely appears although it is often mentioned. A dragon seems to have appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Revesby,_Lincolnshire" title="Revesby, Lincolnshire">Revesby</a> Ploughboys' Play in 1779, along with a "wild worm" (possibly mechanical), but it had no words. In the few instances where the dragon appears and speaks its words can be traced back to a Cornish script published by <a href="/wiki/William_Sandys_(antiquarian)" title="William Sandys (antiquarian)">William Sandys</a> in 1833. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westonmummers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Westonmummers.JPG/220px-Westonmummers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Westonmummers.JPG/330px-Westonmummers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Westonmummers.JPG/440px-Westonmummers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Weston Mummers perform at the Packhorse Inn, <a href="/wiki/Southstoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Southstoke">Southstoke</a> on <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>, 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1418 a law was passed in London forbidding in the city "mumming, plays, interludes or any other disguisings with any feigned beards, painted visors, deformed or coloured visages in any wise, upon pain of imprisonment". </p><p>Mumming was a way of raising money and the play was taken round the big houses. Most Southern English versions end with the entrance of "Little Johnny Jack his wife and family on his back". Johnny, traditionally played by the youngest mummer in the group, first asks for food and then more urgently for money. Johnny Jack's wife and family were either dolls in a model house or sometimes a picture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midwintermummers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Midwintermummers.JPG/220px-Midwintermummers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Midwintermummers.JPG/330px-Midwintermummers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Midwintermummers.JPG/440px-Midwintermummers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Midwinter Mummers at the <a href="/wiki/Whittlesey#Whittlesea_Straw_Bear" title="Whittlesey">Whittlesea Straw Bear</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Mummers and "guisers" (performers in disguise) can be traced back at least to 1296, when the festivities for the marriage of Edward I's daughter at Christmas included "mummers of the court" along with "fiddlers and minstrels".<sup id="cite_ref-Ipswich_through_the_Ages_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipswich_through_the_Ages-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "revels" and "guisings" may have been an early form of <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> and the early use of the term "mumming" appears to refer specifically to a performance of dicing with the host for costly jewels, after which the mummers would join the guests for dancing, an event recorded in 1377 when 130 men on horseback went "mumming" to the Prince of Wales, later <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to German and Austrian sources dating from the 16th century, during carnival persons wearing masks used to make house-to-house visits offering a <i>mum(en)schanz</i>, a game of dice. This custom was practised by commoners as well as nobility. On <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> of 1557 <a href="/wiki/Albert_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert V, Duke of Bavaria">Albert V, Duke of Bavaria</a> went to visit the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Salzburg">archbishop of Salzburg</a> and played a game of dice with him.<sup id="cite_ref-grimm_mummenschanz_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimm_mummenschanz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar incident, involving an Englishman, is attested for the French court by the German count and chronicler Froben Christoph von Zimmern: during carnival 1540, while the French king <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> was residing at <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, an Englishman (<i>ain Engellender</i>) wearing a mask and accompanied by other masked persons paid a visit to the king and offered him a <i>momschanz</i> (a game of dice).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>mum(en)schanz</i> was played not only by masked persons, and not only during carnival, the German word <i>mummenschanz</i> nevertheless took on the meaning "costume, masquerade" and, by the 18th century, had lost its association with gambling and dice. Other than this association there is no clear evidence linking these late medieval and early modern customs with English mumming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_evidence">Textual evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Textual evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays,_ChapterVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg/220px-Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg/330px-Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg/440px-Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>An 1852 depiction of an English mummers play</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there are earlier hints (such as a fragmentary speech by St George from <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, Devon, which may date from 1737, although published in 1770), the earliest complete text of the "Doctor" play appears to be an undated <a href="/wiki/Chapbook" title="Chapbook">chapbook</a> of <i>Alexander and the King of Egypt</i>, published by John White (d. 1769) in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> between 1746 and 1769. The fullest early version of a mummers' play text is probably the 1779 "Morrice Dancers'" play from Revesby, Lincolnshire. The full text ("A petygree of the Plouboys or modes dancers songs") is available online.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although performed at Christmas, this text is a forerunner of the East Midlands Plough Monday (<a href="/wiki/Mummers_Play#Local_seasonal_variants" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">see below</a>) plays. A text from <a href="/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire" title="Islip, Oxfordshire">Islip, Oxfordshire</a>, dates back to 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A play text which had, until recently, been attributed to Mylor in Cornwall (much quoted in early studies of folk plays, such as <i>The Mummers Play</i> by R. J. E. Tiddy – published posthumously in 1923 – and <i>The English Folk-Play</i> (1933) by E. K. Chambers) has now been shown, by genealogical and other research, to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a>, Cornwall, around 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A play from an unknown locality in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, close to the border with <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, dates from before 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapbook versions of <i>The Christmas Rhime or The Mummer's Own Book</i> were published in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, c.1803-1818.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mummers' play from Ballybrennan, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, Ireland, dating from around 1817–18, was published in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from the 19th century that the bulk of recorded texts derive. </p><p>Mumming, at any rate in the South of England, had its heyday at the end of the 19th century and the earliest years of the 20th century. Most traditional mummers groups (known as "sides") stopped with the onset of the First World War, but not before they had come to the attention of folklorists. In the second half of the 20th century many groups were revived, mostly by folk music and dance enthusiasts. The revived plays are frequently taken around inns and public houses around Christmas time and the begging done for some charity rather than for the mummers themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_seasonal_variants">Local seasonal variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Local seasonal variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg/220px-Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg/330px-Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg/440px-Antrobus_Soul_Cakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antrobus,_Cheshire" title="Antrobus, Cheshire">Antrobus</a> Soul Cakers, in the mid-1970s, gathered round Dick, their Wild Horse</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the main season for mumming throughout Britain was around Christmas, some parts of England had plays performed around <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a> (known as <b>Souling</b> or <b>soul-caking</b>) or <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (<b>Pace-egging</b> or <b>Peace-egging</b>). In north-eastern England the plays are traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">Sword dances</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rapper_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapper dance">Rapper dances</a>. </p><p>In some parts of Britain and Ireland the plays are traditionally performed on or near <a href="/wiki/Plough_Monday" title="Plough Monday">Plough Monday</a>. These are therefore known as <b>Plough plays</b> and the performers as <b>Plough-jags</b>, <b>Plough-jacks</b>, <b>Plough-bullocks</b>, <b>Plough-stots</b> or <b>Plough witches</b>. The Plough plays of the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> of England (principally <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>) feature several different stock characters (including a Recruiting Sergeant, Tom Fool, Dame Jane and the "Lady bright and gay"). Tradition has it that ploughboys would take their plays from house to house and perform in exchange for money or gifts, some teams pulling a plough and threatened to plough up people's front gardens or path if they did not pay up. Examples of the play have been found in Denmark since the late 1940s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pace_Egg_play" title="Pace Egg play">Pace Egg play</a></div> <p>Around <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> and in nearby parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a> a dramatised version of the well-known <i>Derby Ram</i> folksong, known as the <i>Derby Tup</i> (another word for ram), has been performed, since at least 1895, by teams of boys. The brief play is usually introduced by two characters, an old man and an old woman ("Me and our owd lass"). The Tup was usually represented by a boy, bent over forwards, covered with a sack, and carrying a broomstick with a rough, wooden sheep's head attached. The Tup was killed by a Butcher, and sometimes another boy held a basin to catch the "blood". There is a Sheffield version where the Tup is killed and then brought back to life by the Doctor. This is the main play performed by the Northstow Mummers based in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Owd 'Oss</i> play (Old Horse), another dramatised folksong in Yorkshire, was also known from roughly the same area, in the late 19th<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and early 20th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around Christmas. The custom persisted until at least 1970, when it was performed in private houses and pubs in <a href="/wiki/Dore,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dore, South Yorkshire">Dore</a> on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of men accompanied a hobby horse (either a wooden head, with jaws operated by strings, or a real horse's skull, painted black and red, mounted on a wooden pole so that its snapping jaws could be operated by a man stooping under a cloth to represent the horse's body) and sang a version of <i>The Old Horse</i> or <i>Poor Old Horse</i>, which describes a decrepit horse that is close to death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, similar traditions were known as 'plough plays', many of these were collected by the folklorist <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Rudkin" title="Ethel Rudkin">Ethel Rudkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummers_Performance_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mummers_Performance_12.jpg/220px-Mummers_Performance_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mummers_Performance_12.jpg/330px-Mummers_Performance_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mummers_Performance_12.jpg/440px-Mummers_Performance_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>The Armagh Rhymers performing at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aonach_Mhacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aonach Mhacha (page does not exist)">Aonach Mhacha</a> in March 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>All known Irish play scripts are in English though Irish custom and tradition have permeated mumming ceremony with famous characters from Irish history: Colmcille, Brian Boru, Art MacMorrough, Owen Roe O'Neill, Sarsfield and Wolfe Tone. The mummers are similar but distinct from the other traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">wrenboys</a>. The main characters are usually the Captain, <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, Prince George, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, The Doctor and Miss Funny.<sup id="cite_ref-AllSilverAndNoBrass_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllSilverAndNoBrass-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of the mummers' play is still present in areas of Ireland including <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a> area of <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a>. The practice was discouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in the early 20th century, but appears to have continued despite this condemnation. In 1935, the Carne Mummers were arrested for their street performance under the Dance Halls Act.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Fingal, the modern form of mummering was re-established by the Fingal Mummers in the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now documented as part of Ireland's <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Inventory_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage (page does not exist)">National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>. A festival is held each October in Fingal by a local school, Scoil Seamus Ennis, which has hosted mummering troupes from across Ireland and England.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group, <a href="/wiki/The_Armagh_Rhymers" title="The Armagh Rhymers">The Armagh Rhymers</a>, have been performing mummers' plays and other performances inspired by the traditional form since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailie_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailie-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Session_(Presbyterianism)" title="Session (Presbyterianism)">Kirk Session</a> records of <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Moray" title="Elgin, Moray">Elgin</a> name women who danced at New Year 1623 to the sound of a trumpet. Six men, described as guisers or "gwysseris" performed a <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">sword dance</a> wearing masks and visors covering their faces in the churchyard and in the courtyard of a house. They were fined 40 shillings each. In 1604 Tyberius Winchester was fined for "guising" through the town of Elgin with a pillowcase as a disguise and William Pattoun was accused of singing "<a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">hagmonayis</a>". In January 1600, Alexander Smith's daughter was accused of guising in Elgin dressed as a man.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of dance and disguised "guising" through the town can be traced in various records.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a> came to Scotland in May 1590, twelve Edinburgh men performed a sword dance in costume with white shoes and floral hats, and other performed a Highland dance in costume.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> himself wore a costume with a Venetian mask and danced at a wedding at <a href="/wiki/Tullibardine_Castle" title="Tullibardine Castle">Tullibardine</a> in June 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> published a rhyme which had been used as a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Papa_Stour_Sword_Dance" title="Papa Stour Sword Dance">Papa Stour Sword Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> in around 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features seven characters, Saint George, Saint James, Saint Dennis, Saint David, Saint Patrick, Saint Anthony and Saint Andrew, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions of Christendom</a>. All the characters are introduced in turn by the Master, St. George. There is no real interplay between the characters and no combat or cure, so it is more of a "calling-on song" than a play. Some of the characters dance solos as they are introduced, then all dance a longsword dance together, which climaxes with their swords being meshed together to form a "shield". They each dance with the shield upon their head, then it is laid on the floor and they withdraw their swords to finish the dance. St. George makes a short speech to end the performance. </p><p>In the 1950s, A.L. Taylor collected surviving fragments of seasonal Scottish folk plays he described as "Galoshens" or "Galatians".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Lyle" title="Emily Lyle">Emily Lyle</a> recorded the oral history of fourteen people from the lowlands of Scotland recounting their memories of "Galoshin" dramas. Galoshin is the hero in a drama in the tradition of Robin Hood plays.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_2011_p._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle_2011_p.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on this research, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Hayward" title="Brian Hayward">Brian Hayward</a> investigated the geographical distribution of the play in Scotland, and published <i>Galoshins: the Scottish Folk Play</i>, which includes several maps showing the locations where each version was performed. These are or were largely across the Central Belt of Scotland, with a strange and unexplained "outlier" at Ballater in Aberdeenshire.<sup id="cite_ref-1992_p._42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992_p.-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meadows Mummers are an all-female troupe who perform at local festivals inspired by both these writers, and by folk play workshops at the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Storytelling_Centre" title="Scottish Storytelling Centre">Scottish Storytelling Centre</a>. In 2019 they performed at the Scots Music School in <a href="/wiki/Barga,_Tuscany" title="Barga, Tuscany">Barga</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_White_Boys,_fighting_-_Ramsey,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_White_Boys%2C_fighting_-_Ramsey%2C_2019.jpg/220px-The_White_Boys%2C_fighting_-_Ramsey%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_White_Boys%2C_fighting_-_Ramsey%2C_2019.jpg/330px-The_White_Boys%2C_fighting_-_Ramsey%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_White_Boys%2C_fighting_-_Ramsey%2C_2019.jpg/440px-The_White_Boys%2C_fighting_-_Ramsey%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption>The Saints fight in a performance of the <a href="/wiki/The_White_Boys_(mummers)" title="The White Boys (mummers)">White Boys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Isle_of_Man" title="Ramsey, Isle of Man">Ramsey</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isle_of_Man">Isle of Man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Isle of Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First recorded in 1832, the Manx <a href="/wiki/The_White_Boys_(mummers)" title="The White Boys (mummers)">White Boys</a> play features a song and a sword dance at its conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the key traditional characters include St. George, St. Patrick and others, modern versions frequently adapt the play to contemporary political concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characters featured since the 1990s include Sir MHK, Sir Banker, Expert and Estate Agent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A a book on the White Boys compiled and edited by Stephen Miller was published in 2010; <i>"Who wants to see the White Boys act?" The Mumming Play in the Isle of Man: A Compendium of Sources</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continues to be performed on the Saturday before Christmas each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philadelphia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> every New Year's Day there is a <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Parade" title="Mummers Parade">Mummers' Day Parade</a> that showcases pageantry and creativity. This grand parade has history in the old world, and performances in Philadelphia began in the year 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parade traces back to mid-17th-century roots, blending elements from Swedish, Finnish, Irish, English, German, and other European heritages, as well as African heritage. The parade is related to the Mummers' Play tradition from Britain and Ireland. Revivals of this tradition are still celebrated annually in South Gloucestershire, England on Boxing Day along with other locations in England and in parts of Ireland on St. Stephen's Day and also in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador around Christmas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feast_entertainers">Feast entertainers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feast entertainers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mumming was used as a means of entertaining at feasts and functions, particular mention is made of one feast where 150 torch bearers lead the same number of mummers in, who would do acrobatics in a variety of costumes, including animal costumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_mumming">Social mumming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social mumming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At certain feast days (e.g. saint's days), a lot of the populace would put on masks, and in practices that vary with geography, celebrate the day. One practice in example was for a group to visit a local manor, and 'sing out' the lord. If the lord couldn't match verse for verse the singing group (alternating verses), then that lord would have to provide amenities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The formation of roving mumming groups became a popular practice so common it became associated with criminal or lewd behaviour, as the use of masks allowed anonymity; in the time of Henry VIII, it was banned for a period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristocratic_mumming">Aristocratic mumming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aristocratic mumming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On documents such as receipts and bills from the late medieval, come details of mumming parties organised by English monarchs, Henry VIII being known for taking his court mumming incognito. Later, Henry would ban social mumming, and bring the 'masque' form of entertainment to England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland_mummers">Newfoundland mummers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Newfoundland mummers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Mummering" title="Mummering">Mummering</a>" is a Newfoundland custom that dates back to the time of the earliest settlers who came from England and Ireland. It shares common antecedents with the Mummers' Play tradition, but in its current form is primarily a house-visiting tradition. Sometime during the Twelve Days of Christmas, usually on the night of the "Old Twelfth" (17 January; equivalent to 6 January in the old <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>), people would disguise themselves with old articles of clothing and visit the homes of their friends and neighbours. They would at times cover their faces with a hood, scarf, mask or pillowcase to keep their identity hidden. In keeping with the theme of an inversion of rules, and of disguise, crossdressing was a common strategy, and men would sometimes dress as women and women as men. Travelling from house to house, some mummers would carry their own musical instruments to play, sing and dance in the houses they visited. The host and hostess of these 'mummers parties' would serve a small lunch which could consist of Christmas cake with a glass of syrup or blueberry or dogberry wine. Some mummers would drink a Christmas "grog" before they leave each house, a drink of an alcoholic beverage such as rum or whiskey. One important part of the custom was a guessing game to determine the identity of the visitors. As each mummer was identified, they would uncover their faces, but if their true identity is not guessed they did not have to unmask. The Mummers Festival takes place throughout December and includes workshops on how to make <a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse" title="Hobby horse">hobby horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">wren sticks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philadelphia_mummers">Philadelphia mummers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philadelphia mummers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Parade" title="Mummers Parade">Mummers Parade</a></div> <p>Mummers' plays were performed in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in the 18th century as part of a wide variety of working-class street celebrations around Christmas. By the early 19th century, it coalesced with two other <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> customs, shooting firearms, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a> custom of "belsnickling" (adults in masks questioning children about whether they had been good during the previous year). Through the 19th century, large groups of disguised (often in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>) working class young men roamed the streets on New Year's Day, organizing "riotous" processions, firing weapons into the air, and demanding free drinks in taverns, and generally challenging middle and upper-class notions of order and decorum. Unable to suppress the custom, by the 1880s the city government began to pursue a policy of co-option, requiring participants to join organized groups with designated leaders who had to apply for permits and were responsible for their groups actions. By 1900, these groups formed part of an organized, city-sanctioned parade with cash prizes for the best performances.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 15,000 mummers now perform in the parade each year. They are organized into four distinct types of troupes: Comics, Fancies, <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Parade#Divisions" title="Mummers Parade">String Bands</a>, and Fancy Brigades. All dress in elaborate costumes. There is a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mummersmuseum.com/">Mummers Museum</a> dedicated to the history of Philadelphia Mummers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mummers_in_fiction">Mummers in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mummers in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i> (1878) has a fictional depiction of a mummers' play on Edgon Heath. It was based on the author's childhood experiences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> (1869) has a depiction of mummers, including <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rostov" title="Nikolai Rostov">Nikolai Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Rostova" title="Natasha Rostova">Natasha Rostova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonya_Rostova" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonya Rostova">Sonya Rostova</a>, making house-to-house visits. They are depicted as a boisterous crowd dancing and laughing in outrageous costumes where men are dressed as women and women are dressed as men.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ngaio_Marsh" title="Ngaio Marsh">Ngaio Marsh</a>'s detective story <i><a href="/wiki/Off_with_His_Head" title="Off with His Head">Off with His Head</a></i> (1957) is set around a particular version of the Guiser play / Sword Dance, the fictional "Dance of the Five Sons", performed on the "Sword Wednesday" of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Solstice">Winter Solstice</a>. The characters used in that dance are describes in great detail, in particular "The Fool", "The Hobbyhorse" and "The teaser" (called "Betty").<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George RR Martin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> often features and references mummers, with characters regularly referring to a comical, bungled, unbelievable, or manufactured event as a "mummer's farce".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several traditional songs associated with mumming plays; the "calling-on" songs of sword dance teams are related: </p> <ul><li>"The Singing of the Travels" by the <a href="/wiki/Symondsbury" title="Symondsbury">Symondsbury</a> Mummers, appears on SayDisc CD-SDL425 <i>English Customs and Traditions</i> (1997) along with an extract from the <a href="/wiki/Antrobus,_Cheshire" title="Antrobus, Cheshire">Antrobus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, Soulcakers' Play <ul><li>It also appears on the <i>World Library of Folk and Primitive Music. Vol 1. England</i>, Rounder 1741, CD (1998/reis), cut#16b</li></ul></li> <li>"The Singing of the Travels" was also recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Silly_Sisters" title="Silly Sisters">Silly Sisters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maddy_Prior" title="Maddy Prior">Maddy Prior</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Tabor" title="June Tabor">June Tabor</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A Calling-on Song" by <a href="/wiki/Steeleye_Span" title="Steeleye Span">Steeleye Span</a> from their first album <i>Hark! The Village Wait</i> is based on a sword-dance or pace-egg play calling-on song, in which the characters are introduced one by one</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mummers%27_Dance" title="The Mummers' Dance">The Mummers' Dance</a>," a hit song from the album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Secrets_(album)" title="The Book of Secrets (album)">The Book of Secrets</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Loreena_McKennitt" title="Loreena McKennitt">Loreena McKennitt</a>, refers to a springtime traditional mummers' play as performed in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li> <li>"England in Ribbons", a song by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lupton" title="Hugh Lupton">Hugh Lupton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wood_(folk_musician)" title="Chris Wood (folk musician)">Chris Wood</a> is based on the characters of a traditional English mummers' play. It gave its name to a two-hour programme of traditional and traditionally-rooted English music, broadcast by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a> as the culmination of a whole day of English music, on <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Day">St George's Day</a> 2006<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Mummer's Song", performed by the Canadian folk group <a href="/wiki/Great_Big_Sea" title="Great Big Sea">Great Big Sea</a>, but originally written by the Newfoundland folk band <a href="/wiki/Simani" title="Simani">Simani</a>, is an arrangement of the traditional song "The Mummer's Carol", which details the <a href="/wiki/Mummering" title="Mummering">mummering</a> tradition in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. A hip-hop version by M.W.A. (Mummers With Attitude) was released in 2014.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mummer_(album)" title="Mummer (album)">Mummer</a></i> is the title of a 1983 album by the English rock band <a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balliol_rhyme" title="Balliol rhyme">Balliol rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackface_and_Morris_dancing" title="Blackface and Morris dancing">Blackface and Morris dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C5%9Fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Căluşari">Căluşari</a> Dancers of Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careto" title="Careto">Careto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">Jester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koledovanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Koledovanie">Koledovanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">Kukeri</a> Mummers of Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Gloucestershire#The_Mummers_of_Marshfield" title="Marshfield, Gloucestershire">Marshfield Mummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">Mystery play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revels" title="Revels">Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Day_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Day in England">St George's Day in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrenboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrenboys">Wrenboys</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGriffinShurgin2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Robert H.; Shurgin, Ann H. (2000). <i>Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays</i>. Detroit: UXL. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junior+Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+World+Holidays&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=UXL&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Shurgin%2C+Ann+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1984" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Margaret R. (1984). <i>The Newfoundland Mummers' Christmas House-Visit</i>. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newfoundland+Mummers%27+Christmas+House-Visit&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=National+Museums+of+Canada&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandreth1985" class="citation book cs1">Brandreth, Gyles Daubeney (1985). <i>The Christmas Book</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishcultureandcustoms.com&rft.atitle=Mumming+-+a+Yuletide+Tradition+-+Irish+Customs+World+Cultures+European&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcultureandcustoms.com%2FACalend%2FMummers.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFor%2520example%2C%2520the%2520masked%2520tradition%2Croyal%2520fort%2520of%2520Emain%2520Macha.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GM08084">"Wörterbuchnetz"</a>. <i>germazope.uni-trier.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=germazope.uni-trier.de&rft.atitle=W%C3%B6rterbuchnetz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermazope.uni-trier.de%2FProjects%2FWBB%2Fwoerterbuecher%2Fdwb%2Fwbgui%3Flemid%3DGM08084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/lexer/wbgui?lemid=LM03138">"Wörterbuchnetz"</a>. <i>germazope.uni-trier.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1139-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1139-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-1139-9</bdi></a>. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951, pp. 150-1, quoted in <i>History of the Masque Genre</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mith.umd.edu/comus/cegenre.htm">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cutting, <i>History and the Morris Dance</i> (2005), page 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zimmerische_Chronik">Zimmerische Chronik</a>, vol. 3, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zimmerische_Chronik:Band_3:Seite_264">p.264</a>-<a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zimmerische_Chronik:Band_3:Seite_265">265</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkplay.info/resources/texts-and-contexts/plouboys-or-modes-dancers-revesby-1779">"The "Plouboys oR modes dancers" at Revesby 1779 | Folk Play Research website"</a>. <i>folkplay.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+Update+December+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIntangibleCulturalHeritageUpdateDecember2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mummersfestival.ca/traditions">"Traditions"</a>. <i>www.mummersfestival.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mummersfestival.ca&rft.atitle=Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mummersfestival.ca%2Ftraditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1982" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Susan G. (Summer 1982). "Making Night Hideous: Christmas Revelry and Public Order in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 185–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712609">10.2307/2712609</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712609">2712609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Making+Night+Hideous%3A+Christmas+Revelry+and+Public+Order+in+Nineteenth-Century+Philadelphia&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-199&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2712609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2712609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Susan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1869" class="citation book cs1">Tolstoy, Leo (1869). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpeace00tols_1/page/522"><i>War and Peace</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpeace00tols_1/page/522">522–528</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400079988" title="Special:BookSources/9781400079988"><bdi>9781400079988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=522-528&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=9781400079988&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarpeace00tols_1%2Fpage%2F522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1957" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Ngaio (1957). <i>Off with His Head</i>. London: Collins Crime Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Off+with+His+Head&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins+Crime+Club&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Ngaio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlacharska2014" class="citation cs2">Blacharska, Katarzyna (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323514350.pp.211-230">"Ambiguity in the Depiction of Melisandre in A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin"</a>, <i>George R.R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" and the Medieval Literary Tradition</i>, Warsaw University Press, p. 60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31338%2Fuw.9788323514350.pp.211-230">10.31338/uw.9788323514350.pp.211-230</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-235-1435-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-235-1435-0"><bdi>978-83-235-1435-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=George+R.R.+Martin%27s+%22A+Song+of+Ice+and+Fire%22+and+the+Medieval+Literary+Tradition&rft.atitle=Ambiguity+in+the+Depiction+of+Melisandre+in+A+Song+of+Ice+and+Fire+by+George+R.+R.+Martin&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31338%2Fuw.9788323514350.pp.211-230&rft.isbn=978-83-235-1435-0&rft.aulast=Blacharska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31338%2Fuw.9788323514350.pp.211-230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGarcíaAntonsson2014" class="citation book cs1">Martin, George R. R.; García, Elio M. Jr.; Antonsson, Linda (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hapdAAAAQBAJ&q=mummers+ice+and+fire&pg=PA52"><i>The World of Ice & Fire: The Untold History of Westeros and the Game of Thrones</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-53555-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-53555-9"><bdi>978-0-345-53555-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Ice+%26+Fire%3A+The+Untold+History+of+Westeros+and+the+Game+of+Thrones&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.isbn=978-0-345-53555-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=George+R.+R.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Elio+M.+Jr.&rft.au=Antonsson%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhapdAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmummers%2Bice%2Band%2Bfire%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummers%27+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Silly Sisters</i>, Takoma TAK 7077, LP (1977), cut# 6 (Singing the Travels)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/feature/pip/hp4fq">Feature — England in Ribbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mummers%27_play&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mummers_plays" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mummers plays">Mummers plays</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Mummers' plays proper</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=XxQ5BcY8feI">Mummers, Masks and Mischief</a> — a 25-minute documentary featuring the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712163128/http://www.fermanagh.info/aughakillymaude">Aughakillymaude Mummers</a> of county Fermanagh in Ireland, produced and directed by James Kelly</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/">Folk Play Research Website</a> — Scripts, photos, articles, databases, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petemillington.uk/articles/mysteryhistory.php">Mystery History : The Origins of British Mummers' Plays</a> — article by Peter Millington from <i>American Morris Newsletter</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastermummers.org/groupslist.php">Master Mummers' Directory of Folk Play Groups</a> — details of over 250 groups</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060327070814/http://www.folk-network.com/miscellany/christmas/luck-visiting.html">South Riding Folk Arts Network: Christmas Luck-visiting customs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830082747/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2386/is_1_114/ai_102910348">The Truro cordwainers' play: a "new" eighteenth-century Christmas play</a> — article by Peter Millington in <i>Folklore</i>, April 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soulcakers.com">Comberbach Mummers Website; includes photos plus script for our version of St George and the Dragon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weston-mummers.org.uk/">The Weston Mummers website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawmummers.com/">The Bradshaw Mummers website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sligoheritage.com/archmummers.htm">Mummers, Wrenboy and Strawboy traditions in Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACalend/Mummers.html">Mumming — a Yuletide Tradition by Bridget Haggerty in Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batteryradio.com/Pages/mummers.html">Battery Radio Documentary about Christmas Mummering in Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/Texts/96sk65hr.htm">Plough Play</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/Texts/88sy--uj.htm">South West Dorset Mummers' Play 1880</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tewkesbury.town/tewkesbury-mummers-medieval-play/">Tewkesbury's Millennia of Mummers' Heritage kept alive - United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other related customs</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msgr.ca/msgr-2/mummering0.htm">Mummering or Janneying in Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontosworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=411&Itemid=90">Momogeri — A Pontian Greek custom</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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