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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Certifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Global statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_5_cattle_and_beef_exporting_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_5_cattle_and_beef_exporting_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Top 5 cattle and beef exporting countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_5_cattle_and_beef_exporting_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_10_cattle_and_beef_producing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_10_cattle_and_beef_producing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Top 10 cattle and beef producing countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_10_cattle_and_beef_producing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_cattle_herds_(Per_1000_Head)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_cattle_herds_(Per_1000_Head)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>National cattle herds (Per 1000 Head)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_cattle_herds_(Per_1000_Head)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_losses_caused_by_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_losses_caused_by_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Production losses caused by climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_losses_caused_by_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aging_and_tenderization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging_and_tenderization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aging and tenderization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging_and_tenderization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cooking methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dry_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Dry heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Internal temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Frying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moist_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moist_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Moist heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moist_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_beef" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_beef"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Raw beef</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_beef-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cured,_smoked,_and_dried_beef" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cured,_smoked,_and_dried_beef"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Cured, smoked, and dried beef</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cured,_smoked,_and_dried_beef-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutritional_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nutritional content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Health impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronary_heart_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronary_heart_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Coronary heart disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronary_heart_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Dioxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E._coli_recalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E._coli_recalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span><i>E. coli</i> recalls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E._coli_recalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mad_cow_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mad_cow_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Mad cow disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mad_cow_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Restrictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Restrictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_prohibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultural_prohibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religious and cultural prohibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_prohibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Legal prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beef</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesvleis" title="Beesvleis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beesvleis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="لحم بقري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لحم بقري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_de_vacuno" title="Carne de vacuno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carne de vacuno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="গোমাংস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোমাংস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BB-bah" title="Gû-bah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gû-bah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ялавічына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ялавічына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ялавічына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ялавічына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneng_baka" title="Karneng baka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karneng baka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Говеждо месо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Говеждо месо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kig_bevin" title="Kig bevin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kig bevin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carn_de_bou" title="Carn de bou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carn de bou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hov%C4%9Bz%C3%AD_maso" title="Hovězí maso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hovězí maso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksek%C3%B8d" title="Oksekød – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oksekød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindfleisch" title="Rindfleisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rindfleisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiseliha" title="Veiseliha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veiseliha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βόειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_de_vacuno" title="Carne de vacuno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carne de vacuno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bova%C4%B5o" title="Bovaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bovaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behiki" title="Behiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Behiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="گوشت گاو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوشت گاو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viande_bovine" title="Viande bovine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viande bovine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairteoil" title="Mairteoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mairteoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_bovina" title="Carne bovina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carne bovina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%B9-ngiuk" title="Ngiù-ngiuk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiù-ngiuk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%A0%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0" title="쇠고기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇠고기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Տավարի միս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տավարի միս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="गोमांस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोमांस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govedina" title="Govedina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Govedina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging_sapi" title="Daging sapi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daging sapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzo" title="Manzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="בשר בקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשר בקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rangan_daging_sapi" title="Pérangan daging sapi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pérangan daging sapi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubula" title="Bubula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bubula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liellopu_ga%C4%BCa" title="Liellopu gaļa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liellopu gaļa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jautiena" title="Jautiena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jautiena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan%27_omby" title="Henan' omby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henan' omby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF" title="മാട്ടിറച്ചി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാട്ടിറച്ചി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging_lembu" title="Daging lembu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daging lembu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiang_jawi" title="Dagiang jawi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dagiang jawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundvlees" title="Rundvlees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rundvlees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="牛肉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Бежана жижиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бежана жижиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biif" title="Biif – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Biif" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfekj%C3%B8tt" title="Storfekjøtt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storfekjøtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B8" title="ଗୋମାଂସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୋମାଂସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB" title="ਬੀਫ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਫ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biif" title="Biif – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Biif" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82owina" title="Wołowina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wołowina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_bovina" title="Carne bovina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carne bovina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_aycha" title="Waka aycha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waka aycha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Говядина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Говядина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef" title="Beef – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beef" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hov%C3%A4dzie_m%C3%A4so" title="Hovädzie mäso – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hovädzie mäso" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Говедина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Говедина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naudanliha" title="Naudanliha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naudanliha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6tk%C3%B6tt" title="Nötkött – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nötkött" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மாட்டிறைச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாட்டிறைச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="เนื้อวัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนื้อวัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9%27ho%27%C3%A9ot%C3%B3aho%27%C3%A9vohk%C3%B4tse" title="Vé'ho'éotóaho'évohkôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vé'ho'éotóaho'évohkôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r_eti" title="Sığır eti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sığır eti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Яловичина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яловичина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B4%D9%89" title="كالا گۆشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كالا گۆشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%8Bt_b%C3%B2" title="Thịt bò – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thịt bò" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="牛肉" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_han_baka" title="Karne han baka – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karne han baka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="牛肉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ran" title="Ẹran – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹran" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛肉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%9Ft%C3%AA_nax%C4%B1ri" title="Goştê naxıri – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Goştê naxıri" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jautiena" title="Jautiena – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jautiena" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牛肉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging_sapi" title="Daging sapi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Daging sapi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meat from cattle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beef_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beef (disambiguation)">Beef (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing-rib-roast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Standing-rib-roast.jpg/220px-Standing-rib-roast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Standing-rib-roast.jpg/330px-Standing-rib-roast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Standing-rib-roast.jpg/440px-Standing-rib-roast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>A raw <a href="/wiki/Standing_rib_roast" title="Standing rib roast">rib roast</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg/220px-Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg/330px-Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg/440px-Harris_Ranch_Jack%27s_Cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>A serving of prime rib roast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wagyu.jpg/220px-Wagyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wagyu.jpg/330px-Wagyu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wagyu.jpg/440px-Wagyu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wagyu" title="Wagyu">Wagyu</a> cattle are an example of a breed raised primarily for beef</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Beef</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Culinary_name" title="Culinary name">culinary name</a> for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> (<i>Bos taurus</i>). Beef can be prepared in various ways; <a href="/wiki/Cut_of_beef" title="Cut of beef">cuts</a> are often used for <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steak</a>, which can be cooked to varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Doneness" title="Doneness">doneness</a>, while trimmings are often <a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">ground or minced</a>, as found in most <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburgers</a>. Beef contains <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>. Along with other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, high consumption is associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, especially when <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed</a>. Beef has a high <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">environmental impact</a>, being a primary driver of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> with the highest <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> of any agricultural product. </p><p>In prehistoric times, humankind hunted <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> them. Since that time, numerous <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">breeds of cattle</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">bred</a> specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. Today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>. As of 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China were the largest producers of beef. </p><p>Some religions and cultures <a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of beef">prohibit beef consumption</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> are also against <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">animal slaughtering</a>, but they do not have a wrongful eating doctrine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>beef</i> is from the Latin word <i>bōs</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to <i>cow</i> which is from Middle English <i>cou</i> (both words have the same <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary#Animals" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Indo-European</a> root <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷou-</span></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is one example of the common English dichotomy between the words for animals (with largely <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> origins) and their meat (with <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romanic</a> origins) that is also found in such English word-pairs as <i>pig/pork</i>, <i>deer/venison</i>, <i>sheep/mutton</i>, and <i>chicken/poultry</i> (also the less common <i>goat/chevon</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Beef</i> is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <i>bovine</i> through the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>bovīnus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rarely used plural form of beef is <i>beeves</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>People have eaten the flesh of <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovines</a> since prehistoric times; some of the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, show <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> in hunting scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> cattle to provide ready access to beef, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle have been domesticated at least twice over the course of evolutionary history. The first domestication event occurred around 10,500 years ago with the evolution of <i>Bos taurus</i>. The second was more recent, around 7,000 years ago, with the evolution of <i>Bos indicus</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. There is a possible third domestication event 8,500 years ago, with a potential third species <i>Bos africanus</i> arising in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the growth of the beef business was largely due to expansion in the Southwest. Upon the acquisition of grasslands through the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> of 1848, and later the expulsion of the Plains Indians from this region and the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, the American livestock industry began, starting primarily with the taming of <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-feral" title="Semi-feral">semi-feral</a> Longhorn cattle. Chicago and New York City were the first to benefit from these developments in their stockyards and in their meat markets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Meat,_Main_Items.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Meat%2C_Main_Items.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Cattle is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beef_production_1961_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Beef_production_1961_2021.png/250px-Beef_production_1961_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Beef_production_1961_2021.png/330px-Beef_production_1961_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Beef_production_1961_2021.png/500px-Beef_production_1961_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/220px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/330px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/440px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Beef has the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a> are raised and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">fed</a> using a variety of methods, including <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backgrounding" title="Backgrounding">backgrounding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensive animal farming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations">Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations</a> (CAFOs), commonly referred to as factory farms, are commonly used to meet the demand of beef production. CAFOs supply 70.4% of cows in the US market and 99% of all meat in the United States supply.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle CAFOs can also be a source of <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i> contamination in the food supply<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the prevalence of manure in CAFOs. These <i>E. coli</i> contaminations include one strain, <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7, which can be toxic to humans, because cattle typically hold this strain in their digestive system.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another consequence of unsanitary conditions created by high-density confinement systems is increased <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">use of antibiotics</a> in order to prevent illness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> sales data by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> found 42% of medically important antibiotic use in the U.S. was on cattle, posing concerns about the development of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistant">antibiotic resistant</a> bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 production was forecast to peak by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle#Environmental_impact" title="Cattle">Cattle § Environmental impact</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png/220px-Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png/330px-Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png/440px-Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Agricultural land worldwide could be reduced by almost half if no beef or mutton were eaten.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Mean <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> for different food types<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food Types </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO<small>2</small>-C<small>eq</small> per g protein) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminant Meat</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">62</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating Aquaculture</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">30</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling Fishery</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">26</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Non-recirculating Aquaculture</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">12</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">9.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Non-trawling Fishery</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">8.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">6.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_root_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="List of root vegetables">Starchy Roots</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">Legumes</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">0.25</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1274038083" /> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Mean <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> of different foods<sup id="cite_ref-Nemecek_987–992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemecek_987–992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food Types </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Land Use (m<sup>2</sup>year per 100g protein) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and Mutton</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">185</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Beef </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:17.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">164</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">41</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">11</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">7.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">5.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed Fish</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">3.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Groundnuts</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">3.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">Peas</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">3.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">2.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The consumption of beef poses numerous threats to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>. Of all agricultural products, beef requires some of the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> (GHG),<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> air pollution, and water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study added up GHG emissions from the entire lifecycle, including production, transportation, and consumption, and estimated that beef contributed about 4 billion tonnes (9%) of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">anthropogenic greenhouse gases</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 728">: 728 </span></sup> Cattle populations graze around 26% of all land on Earth, not including the large <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">agricultural fields</a> that are used to grow cattle feed.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, "Ranching-induced deforestation is one of the main causes of loss of some unique plant and animal species in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America as well as carbon release in the atmosphere."<sup id="cite_ref-fao2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beef is also the primary driver of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a>, with around 80% of all converted land being used to rear cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 91% of Amazon land deforested since 1970 has been converted to cattle ranching.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 41% of global deforestation from 2005 to 2013 has been attributed to the expansion of beef production.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the higher ratio of net energy of gain to net energy of maintenance where metabolizable energy intake is higher.<sup id="cite_ref-NRC2000_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of feed required to produce an equivalent amount of beef (live weight) has been estimated at 7:1 to 43:1, compared with about 2:1 for chicken.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sm201206_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sm201206-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, assumptions about feed quality are implicit in such generalizations. For example, production of a kilogram of beef cattle live weight may require between 4 and 5 kilograms of feed high in protein and metabolizable energy content, or more than 20 kilograms of feed of much lower quality.<sup id="cite_ref-NRC2000_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title=" (January 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> trial concluded that feeding cattle a 3% diet of the seaweed <i><a href="/wiki/Asparagopsis_taxiformis" title="Asparagopsis taxiformis">Asparagopsis taxiformis</a></i> could reduce the methane component of their emissions by 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While such feed options are still experimental, even when looking at the most widely used feeds around the globe, there is high variability in efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that shifting compositions of current feeds, production areas, and informed land restoration could enable greenhouse gas emissions reductions of 34–85% annually (612–1,506 MtCO2e yr−1) without increasing costs to global beef production.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scientists claim that the demand for beef is contributing to <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">significant biodiversity loss</a> as it is a significant driver of deforestation and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Machovina_2015_419–431_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machovina_2015_419–431-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i> also concurs that the beef industry plays a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts2019_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 25% to nearly 40% of global land surface is being used for livestock farming, which is mostly cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts2019_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certifications">Certifications</h3></div> <p>Some kinds of beef may receive special certifications or designations based on criteria including their breed (<a href="/wiki/Certified_Angus_Beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Angus Beef">Certified Angus Beef</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Certified_Hereford_Beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Hereford Beef">Certified Hereford Beef</a>), <a href="/wiki/Protected_Designation_of_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Designation of Origin">origin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kobe_beef" title="Kobe beef">Kobe beef</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carne_de_%C3%81vila" title="Carne de Ávila">Carne de Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Blue" title="Belgian Blue">Belgian Blue</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or the way the cattle are treated, fed or slaughtered (<a href="/wiki/Organic_beef" title="Organic beef">organic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass-fed_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass-fed beef">grass-fed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kosher</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a> beef<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Some countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria post-slaughter and <a href="/wiki/Beef_carcass_classification" title="Beef carcass classification">classifying</a> the observed quality of the meat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_statistics">Global statistics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg/350px-Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg/525px-Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg/700px-Production_Of_Cattle_Meat_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China produced the most beef with 12.22 million tons, 9.9 million tons, and 6.46 million tons respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top 3 beef exporting countries in 2019 were Australia (14.8% of total exports), the United States (13.4% of total exports), and Brazil (12.6% of total exports).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beef production is also important to the <a href="/wiki/Economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Economies">economies</a> of Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Belarus and Nicaragua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Top_5_cattle_and_beef_exporting_countries">Top 5 cattle and beef exporting countries</h4></div> <p>As per 2020, Brazil was the largest beef exporter in the world followed by Australia, United States, India (Includes <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Carabeef</a> only) and Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil, Australia, the United States and India accounted for roughly 61% of the world's beef exports.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Beef exports, including <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">buffalo meat</a>, in metric tons<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>% of the World<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Country</th> <th>2016</th> <th>% of the World </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>2,539,000 </td> <td>23.50</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>1,850,000</td> <td>19.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>1,476,000 </td> <td>13.66</td> <td>India</td> <td>1,850,000</td> <td>19.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>United States </td> <td>1,341,000 </td> <td>12.41</td> <td>Australia</td> <td>1,385,000</td> <td>14.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>India </td> <td>1,284,000 </td> <td>11.88</td> <td>United States</td> <td>1,120,000</td> <td>11.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Argentina </td> <td>819,000 </td> <td>7.58</td> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>580,000</td> <td>6.14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Top_10_cattle_and_beef_producing_countries">Top 10 cattle and beef producing countries</h4></div> <p>The world produced 60.57 million metric tons of beef in 2020, down 950K metric tons from the prior year. Major decline for production of beef was from India up to 510k and Australia down to 309K metric tons from the prior year.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Beef production (1000 Metric Tons CWE)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>% Chg </th> <th>Country </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>Change </th> <th>%Chg </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>United States</td> <td>11,889</td> <td>11,789</td> <td>−0.8 </td> <td>United States </td> <td>12,384 </td> <td>12,379 </td> <td>-5,000 </td> <td>-0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>8,935</td> <td>9,300</td> <td>4 </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>10,200 </td> <td>10,100 </td> <td>-100,000 </td> <td>-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>-27</td> <td>7,970</td> <td>7,920</td> <td>−0.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU- 27</a> </td> <td>7,878 </td> <td>7,810 </td> <td>-68,000 </td> <td>-0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>China</td> <td>5,764</td> <td>5,550</td> <td>−4 </td> <td>China </td> <td>6,670 </td> <td>6,720 </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Argentina</td> <td>3,400</td> <td>2,800</td> <td>−18 </td> <td>India </td> <td>4,270 </td> <td>3,760 </td> <td>-510,000 </td> <td>-12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>India</td> <td>2,610</td> <td>2,760</td> <td>6 </td> <td>Argentina </td> <td>3,125 </td> <td>3,230 </td> <td>105,000 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Australia</td> <td>2,100</td> <td>2,075</td> <td>−1 </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>2,432 </td> <td>2,123 </td> <td>-309,000 </td> <td>-12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1,700</td> <td>1,735</td> <td>2 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>2,027 </td> <td>2,079 </td> <td>52,000 </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Russia</td> <td>1,285</td> <td>1,260</td> <td>−2 </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td>1,820 </td> <td>1,820 </td> <td>NIL </td> <td>NIL </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>1,226</td> <td>1,250</td> <td>2 </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>1,374 </td> <td>1,378 </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_cattle_herds_(Per_1000_Head)"><span id="National_cattle_herds_.28Per_1000_Head.29"></span>National cattle herds (Per 1000 Head)</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>% Chg </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>India</td> <td>57,960</td> <td>58,300</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>49,150</td> <td>49,400</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>China</td> <td>42,572</td> <td>41,000</td> <td>−4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>United States</td> <td>35,819</td> <td>35,300</td> <td>−1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a></td> <td>30,400</td> <td>30,150</td> <td>−0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Argentina</td> <td>12,300</td> <td>13,200</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Australia</td> <td>9,213</td> <td>10,158</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Russia</td> <td>7,010</td> <td>6,970</td> <td>−0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>6,775</td> <td>6,797</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Colombia</td> <td>5,675</td> <td>5,675</td> <td>0.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production_losses_caused_by_climate_change">Production losses caused by climate change</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_2024_climate_beef.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Liu_2024_climate_beef.png/390px-Liu_2024_climate_beef.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Liu_2024_climate_beef.png/585px-Liu_2024_climate_beef.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Liu_2024_climate_beef.png/780px-Liu_2024_climate_beef.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>Most of the top 10 beef-producing countries are likely to see lower production with greater temperatures (left) and heat stress (right).</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock#Cattle" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock&action=edit#Cattle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>One of the vectors of bacteria which cause mastitis are <a href="/wiki/Calliphora" title="Calliphora">Calliphora</a> blowflies, whose numbers are predicted to increase with continued warming, especially in the temperate countries like the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhipicephalus_microplus" title="Rhipicephalus microplus">Rhipicephalus microplus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">tick</a> which primarily parasitises cattle, could become established in the currently <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> countries once their autumns and winters become warmer by about 2–2.75 °C (3.60–4.95 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the brown stomach worm, <a href="/wiki/Ostertagia_ostertagi" title="Ostertagia ostertagi">Ostertagia ostertagi</a>, is predicted to become much less prevalent in cattle as the warming progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Rose2015_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Rose2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> By 2017, it was already reported that farmers in Nepal kept fewer cattle due to the losses imposed by a longer hot season.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 747">: 747 </span></sup> Cow-calf ranches in Southeast <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> are expected to suffer greater losses in the future as the <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological cycle">hydrological cycle</a> becomes more variable and affects forage growth. Even though the annual <i>mean</i> precipitation is not expected to change much, there will be more unusually dry years as well as unusually wet years, and the negatives will outweigh the positives. Keeping smaller herds to be more flexible when dry years hit was suggested as an adaptation strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since more variable and therefore less predictable precipitation is one of the well-established <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">effects of climate change on the water cycle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> similar patterns were later established across the rest of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then globally.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Beef" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Beef"> Beef</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuts">Cuts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cut_of_beef" title="Cut of beef">Cut of beef</a></div> <p>Most beef can be used as is by merely cutting into certain parts, such as <a href="/wiki/Pot_roast_(beef)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot roast (beef)">roasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_ribs" title="Short ribs">short ribs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filet_mignon" title="Filet mignon">filet mignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirloin_steak" title="Sirloin steak">sirloin steak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rump_steak" title="Rump steak">rump steak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rib_steak" title="Rib steak">rib steak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rib_eye_steak" title="Rib eye steak">rib eye steak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanger_steak" title="Hanger steak">hanger steak</a>, etc.), while other cuts are processed (<a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">corned beef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beef_jerky" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef jerky">beef jerky</a>). Trimmings, on the other hand, which are usually mixed with meat from older, leaner (therefore tougher) cattle, are <a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minced" class="mw-redirect" title="Minced">minced</a> or used in <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>. The blood is used in some varieties called <a href="/wiki/Blood_sausage" title="Blood sausage">blood sausage</a>. Other parts that are eaten include other muscles and <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">oxtail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sweetbread" title="Sweetbread">sweetbread</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> (although forbidden where there is a danger of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a>, BSE, commonly referred to as mad cow disease), the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and the tender <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> of the bull (known in the United States as <i>calf fries</i>, <i>prairie oysters</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></i>). Some <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a> are cooked and eaten as is,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are more often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">beef stock</a>. Meat from younger cows (calves) is called <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>. Beef from <a href="/wiki/Cattle#Terminology" title="Cattle">steers</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heifer" class="extiw" title="wikt:heifer">heifers</a> is similar.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beef is first divided into <a href="/wiki/Primal_cut" title="Primal cut">primal cuts</a>, large pieces of the animal initially separated by butchering. These are basic sections from which <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steaks</a> and other subdivisions are cut. The term "primal cut" is quite different from "prime cut", used to characterize cuts considered to be of higher quality. Since the animal's legs and neck muscles do the most work, they are the toughest; the meat becomes more tender as distance from <i>hoof and horn</i> increases. Different countries and cuisines have different cuts and names, and sometimes use the same name for a different cut; for example, the cut described as "brisket" in the United States is from a significantly different part of the carcass than British brisket.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aging_and_tenderization">Aging and tenderization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beef_aging" title="Beef aging">Beef aging</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Meat#Conditioning" title="Meat">Meat § Conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat preservation">Meat preservation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Meat tenderness</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Beef" title="Special:EditPage/Beef">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To improve <a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">tenderness</a> of beef, it is often aged (i.e., stored refrigerated) to allow endogenous <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic">proteolytic</a> enzymes to weaken structural and <a href="/wiki/Myofibrillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrillar">myofibrillar</a> proteins. Wet aging is accomplished using vacuum packaging to reduce spoilage and yield loss. Dry aging involves hanging primals (usually ribs or loins) in humidity-controlled coolers. Outer surfaces dry out and can support growth of molds (and spoilage bacteria, if too humid), resulting in trim and evaporative losses. </p><p>Evaporation concentrates the remaining proteins and increases flavor intensity; the molds can contribute a nut-like flavor. After two to three days there are significant effects. The majority of the tenderizing effect occurs in the first 10 days. Boxed beef, stored and distributed in vacuum packaging, is, in effect, wet aged during distribution. Premium steakhouses dry age for 21 to 28 days or wet age up to 45 days for maximum effect on flavor and tenderness. </p><p>Meat from less tender cuts or older cattle can be mechanically tenderized by forcing small, sharp blades through the cuts to disrupt the proteins. Also, solutions of exogenous proteolytic enzymes (<a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">papain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromelin">bromelin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ficin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficin">ficin</a>) can be applied or injected to augment the endogenous enzymes; this can be done with purified enzyme or by using a <a href="/wiki/Marinade" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinade">marinade</a> including ingredients that naturally contain the enzyme (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a> for papain or <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> for bromelin). Similarly, solutions of salt and sodium phosphates can be injected to soften and swell the myofibrillar proteins. This improves juiciness and tenderness. Salt can improve the flavor, but phosphate can contribute a soapy flavor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking_methods">Cooking methods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Beef" title="Special:EditPage/Beef">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These methods are applicable to all types of meat and some other foodstuffs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dry_heat">Dry heat</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roast_beef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roast_beef.jpg/220px-Roast_beef.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roast_beef.jpg/330px-Roast_beef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Roast_beef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Roast beef</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Method </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling</a> </td> <td>Cooking the beef over or under a high radiant heat source, generally in excess of 340 °C (650 °F). This leads to searing of the surface of the beef, which creates a flavorsome crust. In Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, the UK, Germany and The Netherlands, grilling, particularly over charcoal, is sometimes known as <i><a href="/wiki/Barbecuing" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbecuing">barbecuing</a></i>, often shortened to "BBQ". When cooked over charcoal, this method can also be called charbroiling. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoking</a> </td> <td>A technique of cooking that involves cooking meat for long periods of time at low temperatures with smoke from a wood fire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Broiling">Broiling</a> </td> <td>A term used in North America. It is similar to grilling, but with the heat source always <i>above</i> the meat. Elsewhere this is considered a way of <i>grilling</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Griddle" title="Griddle">Griddle</a> </td> <td>Meat may be cooked on a hot metal griddle. A little oil or fat may be added to inhibit sticking; the dividing line when the method becomes shallow frying is not well-defined. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting</a> </td> <td>A way of cooking meat in a hot <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">oven</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a>. Liquid is not usually added; the beef may be <a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">basted</a> by fat on the top, or by spooning hot fat from the oven pan over the top. A <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a> may be made from the cooking juices, after skimming off excess fat. Roasting is suitable for thicker pieces of meat; the other methods listed are usually for steaks and similar cuts. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Internal_temperature">Internal temperature</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rump_steak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rump_steak.jpg/220px-Rump_steak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rump_steak.jpg/330px-Rump_steak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rump_steak.jpg/440px-Rump_steak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Beef rump steak on grill pan, cooked medium rare</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doneness" title="Doneness">Doneness</a></div> <p>Beef can be cooked to various degrees, from very rare to well done. The degree of cooking corresponds to the temperature in the approximate center of the meat, which can be measured with a <a href="/wiki/Meat_thermometer" title="Meat thermometer">meat thermometer</a>. Beef can be cooked using the <a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">sous-vide</a> method, which cooks the entire steak to the same temperature, but when cooked using a method such as <a href="/wiki/Broiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Broiling">broiling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a> it is typically cooked such that it has a "bulls eye" of doneness, with the least done (coolest) at the center and the most done (warmest) at the outside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frying">Frying</h4></div> <p>Meat can be cooked in boiling oil, typically by <a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">shallow frying</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep frying</a> may be used, often for meat enrobed with <a href="/wiki/Breadcrumbs" title="Breadcrumbs">breadcrumbs</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Milanesa" title="Milanesa">milanesas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Finger_steaks" title="Finger steaks">finger steaks</a>. Larger pieces such as steaks may be cooked this way, or meat may be cut smaller as in <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir frying</a>, typically an Asian way of cooking: cooking oil with flavorings such as garlic, ginger and onions is put in a very hot <a href="/wiki/Wok" title="Wok">wok</a>. Then small pieces of meat are added, followed by ingredients which cook more quickly, such as mixed vegetables. The dish is ready when the ingredients are 'just cooked'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moist_heat">Moist heat</h4></div> <p>Moist heat cooking methods include <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pot_roast" title="Pot roast">pot roasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stewing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">sous-vide</a>. These techniques are often used for cuts of beef that are tougher, as these longer, lower-temperature cooking methods have time to dissolve connecting tissue which otherwise makes meat remain tough after cooking. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">Stewing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">simmering</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>simmering meat, whole or cut into bite-size pieces, in a water-based liquid with flavorings. This technique may be used as part of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">pressure cooking</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>cooking meats, in a covered container, with small amounts of liquids (usually seasoned or flavored). Unlike stewing, braised meat is not fully immersed in liquid, and usually is browned before the oven step.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sous-vide, French for "under vacuum", is a method of cooking food sealed in airtight plastic bags in a water bath for a long time—72 hours is not unknown—at an accurately determined temperature much lower than normally used for other types of cooking. The intention is to maintain the integrity of ingredients and achieve very precise control of cooking. Although water is used in the method, only moisture in or added to the food bags is in contact with the food.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg/220px-Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg/330px-Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg/440px-Beef_Roasted_with_Vinegar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Beef roasted with <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> and sliced with spiced paste, often called "cold beef"</figcaption></figure> <p>Meat has usually been cooked in water which is just <a href="/wiki/Simmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Simmer">simmering</a>, such as in stewing; higher temperatures make meat tougher by causing the proteins to contract. Since <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostatic</a> temperature control became available, cooking at temperatures well below boiling, 52 °C (126 °F) (sous-vide) to 90 °C (194 °F) (<a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">slow cooking</a>), for prolonged periods has become possible; this is just hot enough to convert the tough <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> in connective tissue into gelatin through <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, with minimal toughening. </p><p>With the adequate combination of temperature and cooking time, <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> will be killed, and <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a> can be achieved. Because browning (<a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reactions</a>) can only occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water), these moist techniques do not develop the flavors associated with browning. Meat will often undergo <a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">searing</a> in a very hot pan, <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilling</a> or browning with a torch before moist cooking (though sometimes after). </p><p>Thermostatically controlled methods, such as sous-vide, can also prevent overcooking by bringing the meat to the exact degree of doneness desired, and holding it at that temperature indefinitely. The combination of precise temperature control and long cooking duration makes it possible to be assured that pasteurization has been achieved, both on the surface and the interior of even very thick cuts of meat, which can not be assured with most other cooking techniques. (Although extremely long-duration cooking can break down the texture of the meat to an undesirable degree.) </p><p>Beef can be cooked quickly at the table through several techniques. In <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a> cooking, such as <a href="/wiki/Shabu-shabu" title="Shabu-shabu">shabu-shabu</a>, very thinly sliced meat is cooked by the diners at the table by immersing it in a heated pot of water or stock with vegetables. In <a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">fondue</a> bourguignonne, diners dip small pieces of beef into a pot of hot oil at the table. Both techniques typically feature accompanying flavorful <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a> to complement the meat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raw_beef">Raw beef</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_beef_slices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Raw_beef_slices.jpg/220px-Raw_beef_slices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Raw_beef_slices.jpg/330px-Raw_beef_slices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Raw_beef_slices.jpg/440px-Raw_beef_slices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Thin slices of raw beef for <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a> cooking</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Steak tartare</a> is a <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> dish made from finely chopped or ground (minced) raw meat (often beef). More accurately, it is scraped so as not to let even the slightest of the sinew fat get into the scraped meat. It is often served with onions, capers, seasonings such as fresh ground pepper and Worcestershire sauce, and sometimes raw egg yolk. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a> or Dutch dish <i><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">filet américain</a></i> is also made of finely chopped ground beef, though it is seasoned differently, and either eaten as a main dish or can be used as a dressing for a sandwich. <i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh_nayyeh" title="Kibbeh nayyeh">Kibbeh nayyeh</a></i> is a similar <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a> dish. And in Ethiopia, a ground raw meat dish called <i>tire siga</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kitfo" title="Kitfo">kitfo</a></i> is eaten (upon availability). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Carpaccio" title="Carpaccio">Carpaccio</a></i> of beef is a thin slice of raw beef dressed with olive oil, lemon juice and seasoning. Often, the beef is partially frozen before slicing to allow very thin slices to be cut. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Yukhoe" title="Yukhoe">Yukhoe</a></i> is a variety of <i><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoe (dish)">hoe</a></i>, raw dishes in <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> which is usually made from raw ground beef seasoned with various spices or sauces. The beef part used for <i>yukhoe</i> is tender <a href="/wiki/Rump_steak" title="Rump steak">rump steak</a>. For the seasoning, <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, sugar, salt, sesame oil, green onion, and ground garlic, sesame seed, black pepper and juice of <i>bae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pear">Korean pear</a>) are used. The beef is mostly topped with the yolk of a raw egg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cured,_smoked,_and_dried_beef"><span id="Cured.2C_smoked.2C_and_dried_beef"></span>Cured, smoked, and dried beef</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Beef_Curry_in_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Beef <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> from Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bresaola" title="Bresaola">Bresaola</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">air-dried</a>, salted beef that has been aged about two to three months until it becomes hard and a dark red, almost purple, colour. It is lean, has a sweet, musty smell and is tender. It originated in <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>, a valley in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> of northern Italy's <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> region. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnerfleisch" title="Bündnerfleisch">Bündnerfleisch</a> is a similar product from neighbouring Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Chipped_beef" title="Chipped beef">Chipped beef</a> is an American industrially produced air-dried beef product, described by one of its manufacturers as being "similar to bresaola, but not as tasty."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beef_jerky" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef jerky">Beef jerky</a> is dried, salted, smoked beef popular in the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a> is a cured, salted, air dried beef popular in South Africa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">Pastrami</a> is often made from beef; raw beef is <a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">salted</a>, then partly dried and seasoned with various herbs and spices, and <a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">smoked</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned beef</a> is a cut of beef cured or pickled in a seasoned <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>. The corn in <i>corned beef</i> refers to the grains of coarse salts (known as corns) used to cure it. The term <i>corned beef</i> can denote different styles of brine-cured beef, depending on the region. Some, like American-style corned beef, are highly seasoned and often considered <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessen</a> fare. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spiced_beef" title="Spiced beef">Spiced beef</a> is a cured and salted joint of round, topside, or silverside, traditionally served at <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> in Ireland. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Salt_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt beef">salt beef</a>, cured with spices and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpetre</a>, intended to be boiled or broiled in <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> or a similar <a href="/wiki/Stout_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stout (beer)">stout</a>, and then optionally roasted for a period after.<sup id="cite_ref-bordbia_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordbia-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various other recipes for <a href="/wiki/Pickled" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled">pickled</a> beef. <a href="/wiki/Sauerbraten" title="Sauerbraten">Sauerbraten</a> is a German variant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2></div> <p>Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> at 38% and 30% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencenews.org_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencenews.org-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_content">Nutritional content</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Ground Beef 15% fat, broiled</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,047 kJ (250 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">15 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">5.887 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.662 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.485 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">26 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.046 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 0.176 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">34%</div> 5.378 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">23%</div> 0.383 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 9 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">110%</div> 2.64 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 82.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 7 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.45 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 1.2 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 18 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">94%</div> 0.85 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 2.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.012 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 198 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 318 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">39%</div> 21.6 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 72 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">57%</div> 6.31 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">58 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beef is a source of complete protein and it is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, but also contains high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whfoods_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whfoods-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a> is the most significant dietary source of <a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">carnitine</a> and, like any other meat (pork, fish, veal, lamb etc.), is a source of <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>. Creatine is converted to creatinine during cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impact">Health impact</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meat#Health" title="Meat">Health concerns associated with meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_meat#Health_effects" title="Red meat">Red meat § Health effects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancer">Cancer</h4></div> <p>Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed red meat</a>, is known to increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Bowel_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cancer">bowel cancer</a> and some other cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-cruk-bowel_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruk-bowel-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aicr_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aicr-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronary_heart_disease">Coronary heart disease</h4></div> <p>A 2010 meta-analysis found that processed <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a> (and all <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed meat</a>) was correlated with a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, although based on studies that separated the two, this meta-analysis found that red meat intake was not associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, there is substantial evidence for a link between high consumption of red meat and coronary heart disease.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dioxins">Dioxins</h4></div> <p>Some cattle raised in the United States feed on pastures fertilized with <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>. Elevated <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxins</a> may be present in meat from these cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="E._coli_recalls"><i>E. coli</i> recalls</h4></div> <p>Ground beef has been subject to recalls in the United States, due to <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> (<i>E. coli</i>) contamination: </p> <ul><li>January 2011, One Great Burger expands recall.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 2011, American Food Service, a Pico Rivera, Calif. establishment, is recalling approximately 1,440 kg (3,170 lb) of fresh ground beef patties and other bulk packages of ground beef products that may be contaminated with <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 2011, 6,400 kg (14,000 lb) beef recalled by Creekstone Farms Premium Beef due to <i>E. coli</i> concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April 2011, National Beef Packaging recalled more than 27,000 kg (60,000 lb) of ground beef due to <i>E. coli</i> contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 2011, Irish Hills Meat Company of Michigan, a Tipton, Mich., establishment is recalling approximately 410 kg (900 lb) of ground beef products that may be contaminated with <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled 59,500 kg (131,100 lb) of ground beef due to <i>E. coli</i> contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) of ground beef due to <i>E. coli</i> contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 2012, Hannaford Supermarkets recalled all ground beef with sell by dates 17 December 2011 or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 2012, XL Foods recalled more than 1800 products believed to be contaminated with <i>E. coli</i> 0157:H7. The recalled products were produced at the company's plant in Brooks, Alberta, Canada; this was the largest recall of its kind in Canadian History.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mad_cow_disease">Mad cow disease</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a></div> <p>In 1984, the use of <a href="/wiki/Meat_and_bone_meal" title="Meat and bone meal">meat and bone meal</a> in cattle feed resulted in the world's first outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a> (BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease) in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png/220px-Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png/330px-Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png/440px-Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Deaths in the UK caused by vCJD from the start of the BSE outbreak up until 2009. MM and MV refer to the two genotypes of vCJD.<sup id="cite_ref-Garske2010_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garske2010-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since then, other countries have had outbreaks of BSE: </p> <ul><li>In May 2003, after a cow with BSE was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada, the American border was closed to live Canadian cattle, but was reopened in early 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In June 2005, Dr. John Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Clifford would not identify the ranch, calling that "privileged information."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12-year-old animal was alive at the time when <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> raised concerns about cannibalistic feeding practices on her show<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aired 16 April 1996.</li></ul> <p>In 2010, the EU, through the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), proposed a roadmap to gradually lift the restrictions on the feed ban.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the ban on feeding mammal-based products to cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was amended to allow for certain milk, fish, eggs, and plant-fed farm animal products to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_cultural_prohibitions">Religious and cultural prohibitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cattle in religion and mythology</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_cow2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sacred_cow2.jpg/300px-Sacred_cow2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Sacred_cow2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A pamphlet against the practice of cow slaughter</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Indic religions reject the killing and eating of cows. Hinduism prohibits cow beef known as <i>Go-Maans</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. Bovines have a sacred status in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a> especially the cow, due to their provision of sustenance for families. Bovines are generally considered to be integral to the landscape. However, they do not consider the cow to be a god.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of India's rural economies depend on cattle farming; hence they have been revered in society.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, cattle, especially cows, were venerated as a source of milk, and dairy products, and their relative importance in transport services and farming like <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughing</a>, row planting, ridging. Veneration grew with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval India, <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> issued a proclamation on stopping cow slaughter. Conflicts over cow slaughter often have sparked religious riots that have led to loss of human life and in one 1893 riot alone, more than 100 people were killed for the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For religious reasons, the ancient Egyptian priests also refrained from consuming beef. Buddhists and Sikhs are also against wrongful slaughtering of animals, but they do not have a wrongful eating doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, the killing of cattle and consumption of beef was prohibited, as they were valued for their role in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. This custom is still followed by a few Chinese families across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> periodically give up meat and poultry (and sometimes dairy products and eggs) as a religious act. Observant <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> may not eat any meat or poultry which has not been <a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter#Jewish_and_Islamic_ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">slaughtered and treated in conformance with religious laws</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_prohibition">Legal prohibition</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">Cattle slaughter in India</a></div> <p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">North Indian states</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prohibit the killing of cow and consumption of beef for religious reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Hindu castes and sects continue to avoid beef from their <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 48 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> mandates the state may take steps for preserving and improving the bovine breeds, and prohibit the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. <a href="/wiki/Article_47_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Article 47 of the Constitution of India">Article 47 of the Constitution of India</a> provides states must raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health as among its primary duties, based on this a reasonableness in slaughter of common cattle was instituted, if the animals ceased to be capable of breeding, providing milk, or serving as draught animals. The overall mismanagement of India's common cattle is dubbed in academic fields as "India's bovine burden."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, a rule against the slaughter of cattle and the eating of beef was signed into law by presidential assent as a modified version of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The original act, however, did permit the humane slaughter of animals for use as food.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing meat export policy in India prohibits the export of beef (meat of cow, oxen and calf). Bone-in meat, a carcass, or half carcass of buffalo is also prohibited from export. Only the boneless meat of buffalo, meat of goat and sheep and birds is permitted for export.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, India sought a total "beef ban" and Australian market analysts predicted that this would create market opportunities for leather traders and meat producers there and elsewhere. Their prediction estimated a twenty percent shortage of beef and a thirteen percent shortage of leather in the world market.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4></div> <p>The cow is the national animal of Nepal, and slaughter of cattle is prohibited by law.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuba">Cuba</h4></div> <p>In 2003, Cuba banned cow slaughter due to severe shortage of milk and milk products.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 April 2021, the ban was loosened, allowing ranchers to do as they wish as long as state quotas were met and the health of the herd could be ensured.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_beef" title="Argentine beef">Argentine beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Australia" title="Beef Australia">Beef Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_Meat_and_Milk_Factors" title="Bovine Meat and Milk Factors">Bovine Meat and Milk Factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">List of beef dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meat animals">List of meat animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=beef">"beef"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=beef&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbeef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/beef">"<i>Beef</i>"</a>. <i>The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia</i>. Thefreedictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beef&rft.btitle=The+Free+Online+Dictionary%2C+Thesaurus+and+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fbeef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>, Fourth Edition, 2000: beef.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"<i>Beef</i>". <i>The American Heritage College Dictionary, 4th ed</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beef&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+College+Dictionary%2C+4th+ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/beeves">"beeves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=beeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbeeves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiatti-Farnell2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Piatti-Farnell" title="Lorna Piatti-Farnell">Piatti-Farnell, Lorna</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eczuOAyembMC"><i>Beef: A Global History</i></a>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780231174" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780231174"><bdi>978-1780231174</bdi></a> – via EBL Reader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beef%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780231174&rft.aulast=Piatti-Farnell&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeczuOAyembMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213184210/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html">"Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa"</a>. 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0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Beef</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beef" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Beef">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Beef" class="extiw" title="c:Beef">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beef" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Beef">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Beef" class="extiw" title="q:Beef">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beef" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Beef">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beef" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Beef">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beef" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Beef">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Beef" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Beef">Beef</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3002979">USDA beef grading standards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701184433/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3002979">Archived</a> 1 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.netnebraska.org/video/1687564588">Beef State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330225608/http://video.netnebraska.org/video/1687564588">Archived</a> 30 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Educational_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Educational Telecommunications">Nebraska Educational Telecommunications</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beef_and_veal87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beef" title="Template:Beef"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beef" title="Template talk:Beef"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beef"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beef_and_veal87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_beef" title="Argentine beef">Argentine beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow%E2%80%93calf_operation" title="Cow–calf operation">Cow–calf operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_cattle" title="Feeder cattle">Feeder cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_beef" title="Kobe beef">Kobe beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_beef" title="Organic beef">Organic beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorno_Steer" title="Osorno Steer">Osorno Steer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cut_of_beef" title="Cut of beef">Cuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_steak" title="Baseball steak">Baseball steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_steak" title="Blade steak">Blade steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisket" title="Brisket">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateaubriand_(dish)" title="Chateaubriand (dish)">Chateaubriand steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_steak" title="Chuck steak">Chuck steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajita" title="Fajita">Fajita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet_mignon" title="Filet mignon">Filet mignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medallion_(food)" title="Medallion (food)">Filet medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flank_steak" title="Flank steak">Flank steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_steak" title="Flap steak">Flap steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanger_steak" title="Hanger steak">Hanger steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_plate" title="Beef plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picanha" title="Picanha">Picanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_steak" title="Ranch steak">Ranch steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructured_steak" title="Restructured steak">Restructured steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_eye_steak" title="Rib eye steak">Rib eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_steak" title="Rib steak">Rib steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_steak" title="Round steak">Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_steak" title="Rump steak">Rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_loin" title="Short loin">Short loin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_ribs" title="Short ribs">Short ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tender" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder tender">Shoulder tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverside_(beef)" title="Silverside (beef)">Silverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirloin_steak" title="Sirloin steak">Sirloin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_sirloin" title="Top sirloin">Top sirloin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirt_steak" title="Skirt steak">Skirt steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_rib_roast" title="Standing rib roast">Standing rib roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_steak" title="Strip steak">Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_shank" title="Beef shank">Shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bone_steak" title="T-bone steak">T-bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_tenderloin" title="Beef tenderloin">Tenderloin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-tip" title="Tri-tip">Tri-tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_trotters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's trotters">Trotters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_aging" title="Beef aging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresaola" title="Bresaola">Bresaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeza" title="Cabeza">Cabeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Rindswurst" title="Frankfurter Rindswurst">Frankfurter Rindswurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal-style_smoked_meat" title="Montreal-style smoked meat">Montreal smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">Pastrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_extract" title="Meat extract">Meat extract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_brain" title="Beef brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart#Food" title="Heart">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_as_food" title="Tendon as food">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripas" title="Tripas">Tripas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">Tripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Testicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beefsteak" title="Beefsteak">Beefsteak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">List of steak dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbacua" title="Balbacua">Balbacua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_veau" title="Blanquette de veau">Blanquette de veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_olives" title="Beef olives">Beef olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_bourguignon" title="Beef bourguignon">Beef bourguignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_bun" title="Beef bun">Beef bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Manhattan" title="Beef Manhattan">Beef Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_noodle_soup" title="Beef noodle soup">Beef noodle soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_on_weck" title="Beef on weck">Beef on weck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Stroganoff" title="Beef Stroganoff">Beef Stroganoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistek" title="Bistek">Bistek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_beef" title="Boiled beef">Boiled beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruscitti" title="Bruscitti">Bruscitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">Bulgogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulalo" title="Bulalo">Bulalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachopo_(dish)" title="Cachopo (dish)">Cachopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf%27s_liver_and_bacon" title="Calf's liver and bacon">Calf's liver and bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cansi" title="Cansi">Cansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateaubriand_(dish)" title="Chateaubriand (dish)">Chateaubriand (dish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesesteak" title="Cheesesteak">Cheesesteak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken-fried_steak" title="Chicken-fried steak">Chicken-fried steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_bleu_(dish)" title="Cordon bleu (dish)">Cordon bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daube" title="Daube">Daube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendeng" title="Dendeng">Dendeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feu_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feu (food)">Feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_dip" title="French dip">French dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_beef" title="Ginger beef">Ginger beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galbi" title="Galbi">Galbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gored_gored" title="Gored gored">Gored gored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_rice" title="Hayashi rice">Hayashi rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_steak" title="Hamburg steak">Hamburg steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gyi_palacsinta" title="Hortobágyi palacsinta">Hortobágyi palacsinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iga_penyet" title="Iga penyet">Iga penyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_beef" title="Italian beef">Italian beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellied_veal" title="Jellied veal">Jellied veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalio" title="Kalio">Kalio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eva_%C5%A1nicla" title="Karađorđeva šnicla">Karađorđeva šnicla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">Kare-kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitfo" title="Kitfo">Kitfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_broil" title="London broil">London broil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechado" title="Mechado">Mechado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_beef" title="Mongolian beef">Mongolian beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobiani" title="Neobiani">Neobiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilaga" title="Nilaga">Nilagang baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossobuco" title="Ossobuco">Ossobuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pares_(food)" title="Pares (food)">Pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho" title="Pho">Pho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_roast" title="Pot roast">Pot roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozharsky_cutlet" title="Pozharsky cutlet">Pozharsky cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchero" title="Puchero">Puchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27tcha" title="P'tcha">P'tcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragout_fin" title="Ragout fin">Ragout fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawon" title="Rawon">Rawon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">Rendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">Roast beef</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef_sandwich" title="Roast beef sandwich">Roast beef sandwich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa_vieja" title="Ropa vieja">Ropa vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_steak" title="Salisbury steak">Salisbury steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltimbocca" title="Saltimbocca">Saltimbocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selat_solo" title="Selat solo">Selat solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_cha_beef" title="Sha cha beef">Sha cha beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_rong_hai" title="Suea rong hai">Suea rong hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooter%27s_sandwich" title="Shooter's sandwich">Shooter's sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_Number_Five" title="Soup Number Five">Soup Number Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">Steak and kidney pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_Diane" title="Steak Diane">Steak Diane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_eggs" title="Steak and eggs">Steak and eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_oyster_pie" title="Steak and oyster pie">Steak and oyster pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_au_poivre" title="Steak au poivre">Steak au poivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_(Filipino_cuisine)" title="Tapa (Filipino cuisine)">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafelspitz" title="Tafelspitz">Tafelspitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiyula_itum" title="Tiyula itum">Tiyula itum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongseng" title="Tongseng">Tongseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal_Milanese" title="Veal Milanese">Veal Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal_Orloff" title="Veal Orloff">Veal Orloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal_Oscar" title="Veal Oscar">Veal Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello_tonnato" title="Vitello tonnato">Vitello tonnato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallenbergare" title="Wallenbergare">Wallenbergare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related meats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_ring" title="Beef ring">Beef ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcass_grade" title="Carcass grade">Carcass grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkcutter" title="Darkcutter">Darkcutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_on_the_bone" title="Meat on the bone">Meat on the bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ractopamine#Regulations_of_ractopamine_around_the_world" title="Ractopamine">Ractopamine - Beef</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_beef_imports15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US beef imports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Japan" title="United States beef imports in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Taiwan" title="United States beef imports in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_South_Korea" title="United States beef imports in South Korea">South Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_US_beef_protest_in_South_Korea" title="2008 US beef protest in South Korea">2008 US beef protest in South Korea</a>)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/17px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/26px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/34px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> 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