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class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hybrid (biology)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Hybrid_(biology)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hybrid+%28biology%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two different organisms, whereas an individual where some cells are derived from a different organism is called a <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)" title="Chimera (genetics)">chimera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents such as in <a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">blending inheritance</a> (a now discredited theory in modern <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Particulate_inheritance" title="Particulate inheritance">particulate inheritance</a>), but can show <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">hybrid vigor</a>, sometimes growing larger or taller than either parent. The concept of a hybrid is interpreted differently in animal and plant breeding, where there is interest in the individual parentage. In <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, attention is focused on the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. In taxonomy, a key question is how closely related the parent <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juancito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Juancito.jpg/300px-Juancito.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Juancito.jpg/450px-Juancito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Juancito.jpg/600px-Juancito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1245"></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterile</a> hybrid of a male <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> and a female <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>. Mules are smaller than horses but stronger than donkeys, making them useful as <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a>.</figcaption></figure> Species are <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductively isolated</a> by strong barriers to hybridization, which include genetic and morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> rejection of sperm cells or the developing <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. Some act before <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> and others after it. Similar barriers exist in plants, with differences in flowering times, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and the structure of the chromosomes. A few animal species and many plant species, however, are the result of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">hybrid speciation</a>, including important crop plants such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, where the number of chromosomes has been doubled. A form of often intentional human-mediated hybridization is the crossing of wild and domesticated species. This is common in both traditional <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>; many commercially useful fruits, flowers, garden herbs, and trees have been produced by hybridization. One such flower, <a href="/wiki/Oenothera_lamarckiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenothera lamarckiana">Oenothera lamarckiana</a>, was central to early genetics research into <a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">mutationism</a> and polyploidy. It is also more occasionally done in the livestock and pet trades; some well-known wild × domestic hybrids are <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfdog" title="Wolfdog">wolfdogs</a>. Human <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">domesticated animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_plants" title="List of domesticated plants">plants</a> has also resulted in the development of distinct <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a> (usually called <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> in reference to plants); <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeds</a> between them (without any wild <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stock" title="Foundation stock">stock</a>) are sometimes also imprecisely referred to as "hybrids". <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human admixture with modern humans">Hybrid humans</a> existed in prehistory. For example, <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> and anatomically modern humans are thought to have interbred as recently as 40,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Mythological_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological hybrid">Mythological hybrids</a> appear in human culture in forms as diverse as the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a>, blends of animals, humans and mythical beasts such as <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> described as the wicked sons of <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> and attractive women. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Significance">1 Significance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_evolution">1.1 In evolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_conservation">1.2 In conservation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Etymology">2 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#As_seen_by_different_disciplines">3 As seen by different disciplines</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Animal_and_plant_breeding">3.1 Animal and plant breeding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Biogeography">3.2 Biogeography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Genetics">3.3 Genetics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Genetic_complementation">3.4 Genetic complementation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Taxonomy">3.5 Taxonomy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Biology">4 Biology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Expression_of_parental_traits">4.1 Expression of parental traits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mechanisms_of_reproductive_isolation">4.2 Mechanisms of reproductive isolation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Speciation">4.3 Speciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hybrid_vigour">4.4 Hybrid vigour</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Human_influence">5 Human influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Anthropogenic_hybridization">5.1 Anthropogenic hybridization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Management">5.2 Management</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Genetic_mixing_and_extinction">5.3 Genetic mixing and extinction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Effect_on_biodiversity_and_food_security">5.4 Effect on biodiversity and food security</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Different_taxa">6 Different taxa</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_animals">6.1 In animals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Mammals">6.1.1 Mammals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Birds">6.1.2 Birds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Amphibians">6.1.3 Amphibians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Fish">6.1.4 Fish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Cephalochordates">6.1.5 Cephalochordates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Insects">6.1.6 Insects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#In_plants">6.2 In plants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#In_fungi">6.3 In fungi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#In_humans">6.4 In humans</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Mythology">7 Mythology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_evolution">In evolution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hybridization between species plays an important role in evolution, though there is much debate about its significance. Roughly 25% of plants and 10% of animals are known to form hybrids with at least one other species.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> One example of an adaptive benefit to hybridization is that hybrid individuals can form a "bridge" transmitting potentially helpful genes from one species to another when the hybrid <a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">backcrosses</a> with one of its parent species, a process called <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Hybrids can also cause <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>, either because the hybrids are genetically incompatible with their parents and not each other, or because the hybrids occupy a different niche than either parent. Hybridization is a particularly common mechanism for speciation in plants, and is now known to be fundamental to the evolutionary history of plants.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Plants frequently form <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploids</a>, individuals with more than two copies of each chromosome. Whole genome doubling has occurred repeatedly in plant evolution. When two plant species hybridize, the hybrid may double its chromosome count by incorporating the entire nuclear genome of both parents, resulting in offspring that are reproductively incompatible with either parent because of different chromosome counts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_conservation">In conservation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In conservation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> has resulted in an increase in the interbreeding between regional species, and the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> worldwide has also resulted in an increase in hybridization. This has been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">genetic pollution</a> out of concern that it may threaten many species with extinction. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">genetic erosion</a> from <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> in crop plants may be damaging the gene pools of many species for future breeding. The conservation impacts of hybridization between species are highly debated. While hybridization could potentially threaten rare species or lineages by "swamping" the genetically "pure" individuals with hybrids, hybridization could also save a rare lineage from extinction by introducing genetic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It has been proposed that hybridization could be a useful tool to conserve biodiversity by allowing organisms to adapt, and that efforts to preserve the separateness of a "pure" lineage could harm conservation by lowering the organisms' genetic diversity and adaptive potential, particularly in species with low populations.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> While endangered species are often protected by law, hybrids are often excluded from protection, resulting in challenges to conservation. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Liger.jpg/170px-Liger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="943"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Liger.jpg/170px-Liger.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Liger.jpg/255px-Liger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Liger.jpg/340px-Liger.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liger" title="Liger">Liger</a>, a lion/tiger hybrid bred in captivity</figcaption></figure> The term hybrid is derived from Latin hybrida, used for crosses such as of a tame sow and a wild boar. The term came into popular use in English in the 19th century, though examples of its use have been found from the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Conspicuous hybrids are popularly named with <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau words</a>, starting in the 1920s with the breeding of tiger–lion hybrids (<a href="/wiki/Liger" title="Liger">liger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigon" title="Tigon">tigon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="As_seen_by_different_disciplines">As seen by different disciplines</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As seen by different disciplines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_and_plant_breeding">Animal and plant breeding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Animal and plant breeding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From the point of view of animal and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed from crosses within a species, such as between different <a href="/wiki/Breeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeds">breeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Single cross hybrids result from the cross between two <a href="/wiki/True-breeding_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="True-breeding organism">true-breeding organisms</a> which produces an <a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a> (first filial generation). The cross between two different <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> lines produces an F1 hybrid that is <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a>; having two <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a>, one contributed by each parent and typically one is <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Dominant_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">dominant</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Recessive_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">recessive</a>. Typically, the F1 generation is also <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypically</a> homogeneous, producing offspring that are all similar to each other.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Double cross hybrids result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids (i.e., there are four unrelated grandparents).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line. Triple cross hybrids result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Top cross (or "topcross") hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure-bred male and a lower quality female, intended to improve the quality of the offspring, on average.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Population hybrids result from the crossing of plants or animals in one <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> with those of another population. These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In biology, the result of crossing of two populations is called a synthetic population.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, the term stable hybrid is used to describe an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a> that, if grown and bred in a small <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> free of external <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> (e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) produces offspring that are "true to type" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true-breeding organism.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogeography">Biogeography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biogeography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">Hybrid zone</a></div> Hybridization can occur in the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">hybrid zones</a> where the geographical ranges of species, subspecies, or distinct genetic lineages overlap. For example, the butterfly <a href="/wiki/Limenitis_arthemis" title="Limenitis arthemis">Limenitis arthemis</a> has two major subspecies in North America, L. a. arthemis (the white admiral) and L. a. astyanax (the red-spotted purple). The white admiral has a bright, white band on its wings, while the red-spotted purple has cooler blue-green shades. Hybridization occurs between a narrow area across New England, southern Ontario, and the Great Lakes, the "suture region". It is at these regions that the subspecies were formed.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Other hybrid zones have formed between described species of plants and animals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_(Taf._II)_(7164908226).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg/170px-Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 257px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg/170px-Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg/255px-Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg/340px-Gruppenweise_artbildung_unter_spezieller_ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_der_gattung_Oenothera_%28Taf._II%29_%287164908226%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oenothera_lamarckiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenothera lamarckiana">Oenothera lamarckiana</a> is a permanent natural hybrid, studied intensively by the geneticist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a>. Illustration by De Vries, 1913.</figcaption></figure> From the point of view of genetics, several different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-A2007-22">[22]</a> A genetic hybrid carries two different <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> of the same <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, where for instance one allele may code for a lighter coat colour than the other.<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-A2007-22">[22]</a> A structural hybrid results from the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> that have differing structure in at least one chromosome, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Structural_abnormalities" title="Chromosome abnormality">structural abnormalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-A2007-22">[22]</a> A numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">haploid numbers of chromosomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-A2007-22">[22]</a> A permanent hybrid results when only the heterozygous <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> occurs, as in <a href="/wiki/Oenothera_lamarckiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenothera lamarckiana">Oenothera lamarckiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sirks2013-23">[23]</a> because all homozygous combinations are lethal.<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-A2007-22">[22]</a> In the early history of genetics, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a> supposed these were <a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">caused by mutation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_complementation">Genetic complementation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetic complementation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Genetic complementation is a hybridization test widely used in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> to determine whether two separately isolated <a href="/wiki/Mutant" title="Mutant">mutants</a> that have the same (or similar) <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> are defective in the same <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> or in different <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)" title="Complementarity (molecular biology)">complementation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> If a hybrid organism containing the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> of two different mutant parental organisms displays a <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">wild type</a> phenotype, it is ordinarily considered that the two parental mutant organisms are defective in different genes. If the hybrid organism displays a distinctly mutant phenotype, the two mutant parental organisms are considered to be defective in the same gene. However, in some cases the hybrid organism may display a phenotype that is only weakly (or partially) wild-type, and this may reflect intragenic (interallelic) complementation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taxonomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name" title="Hybrid name">Hybrid name</a></div> From the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, hybrids differ according to their parentage. Hybrids between different <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> (such as between the <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf</a>) are called intra-specific hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Interspecific hybrids are the offspring from <a href="/wiki/Interspecies_mating" class="mw-redirect" title="Interspecies mating">interspecies mating</a>;<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> these sometimes result in hybrid speciation.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Intergeneric hybrids result from matings between different genera, such as between <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Interfamilial hybrids, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_hybrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken hybrids">between chickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guineafowl" title="Guineafowl">guineafowl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, are reliably described but extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Interordinal hybrids (between different orders) are few, but have been engineered between the <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a> <a href="/wiki/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus" title="Strongylocentrotus purpuratus">Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</a> (female) and the <a href="/wiki/Sand_dollar" title="Sand dollar">sand dollar</a> <a href="/wiki/Dendraster_excentricus" title="Dendraster excentricus">Dendraster excentricus</a> (male).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression_of_parental_traits">Expression of parental traits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expression of parental traits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exotic_Pheasant_(400938368).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg/220px-Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="1888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg/220px-Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg/330px-Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg/440px-Exotic_Pheasant_%28400938368%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Lady_Amherst%27s_pheasant" title="Lady Amherst's pheasant">Lady Amherst's pheasant</a> (Chrysolophus amherstiae) and another species, probably <a href="/wiki/Golden_pheasant" title="Golden pheasant">golden pheasant</a> (Chrysolophus pictus)</figcaption></figure> When two distinct types of organisms breed with each other, the resulting hybrids typically have intermediate traits (e.g., one plant parent has red flowers, the other has white, and the hybrid, pink flowers).<a href="#cite_note-M2006-33">[33]</a> Commonly, hybrids also combine traits seen only separately in one parent or the other (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">bird hybrid</a> might combine the yellow head of one parent with the orange belly of the other).<a href="#cite_note-M2006-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanisms_of_reproductive_isolation">Mechanisms of reproductive isolation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of reproductive isolation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">Reproductive isolation</a></div> Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating individuals from two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents, but are often <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterile</a>, preventing gene flow between the species.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes between the two species. For example, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> have 62 <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> have 64 chromosomes, and <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hinny" title="Hinny">hinnies</a> have 63 chromosomes. Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes, because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. However, fertility in female mules has been reported with a donkey as the father.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A variety of mechanisms limit the success of hybridization, including the large genetic difference between most species. Barriers include morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act before fertilization; others after it.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In plants, some barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speciation">Speciation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speciation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triticum_durum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/220px-Triticum_durum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/220px-Triticum_durum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/330px-Triticum_durum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/440px-Triticum_durum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">Durum</a> wheat is <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Wild_emmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild emmer">wild emmer</a> wheat, which is a hybrid of two diploid wild grasses, <a href="/wiki/Triticum_urartu" title="Triticum urartu">Triticum urartu</a> and a wild goatgrass such as Aegilops searsii or <a href="/wiki/Aegilops_speltoides" title="Aegilops speltoides">Ae. speltoides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gornicki-41">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid speciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">Hybrid zone</a></div> A few animal species are the result of hybridization. The <a href="/wiki/Lonicera_fly" title="Lonicera fly">Lonicera fly</a> is a natural hybrid. The American <a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">red wolf</a> appears to be a hybrid of the <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The European <a href="/wiki/Edible_frog" title="Edible frog">edible frog</a> is a semi-permanent hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Pool_frog" title="Pool frog">pool frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsh_frog" title="Marsh frog">marsh frogs</a>; its population requires the continued presence of at least one of the parent species.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Cave paintings indicate that the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> is a natural hybrid of the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> hybridization is more commonplace compared to animal hybridization. Many <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> species are hybrids, including notably the polyploid <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheats</a>: some have four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid), while other wheat species have (like most <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> organisms) two sets (<a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>), so hybridization events likely involved the doubling of chromosome sets, causing immediate genetic isolation.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Hybridization may be important in speciation in some plant groups. However, homoploid hybrid speciation (not increasing the number of sets of chromosomes) may be rare: by 1997, only eight natural examples had been fully described. Experimental studies suggest that hybridization offers a rapid route to speciation, a prediction confirmed by the fact that early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species have matching genomes, meaning that once hybridization has occurred, the new <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote_hybrid_genome" title="Eukaryote hybrid genome">hybrid genome</a> can remain stable.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">hybrid zones</a> are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation. Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> confirmed the existence of naturally occurring and fertile <a href="/wiki/Grizzly%E2%80%93polar_bear_hybrid" title="Grizzly–polar bear hybrid">grizzly–polar bear hybrids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_vigour">Hybrid vigour</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hybrid vigour" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg/220px-Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 244px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg/220px-Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg/330px-Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg/440px-Salvia_jurisicii_x_nutans_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Hybrid vigour</a>: Salvia jurisicii x nutans hybrids (top centre, with flowers) are taller than their parents <a href="/wiki/Salvia_jurisicii" title="Salvia jurisicii">Salvia jurisicii</a> (centre tray) or <a href="/wiki/Salvia_nutans" title="Salvia nutans">Salvia nutans</a> (top left).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></div> Hybridization between reproductively isolated species often results in hybrid offspring with lower fitness than either parental. However, hybrids are not, as might be expected, always intermediate between their parents (as if there were blending inheritance), but are sometimes stronger or perform better than either parental lineage or variety, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis, hybrid vigour, or heterozygote advantage</a>. This is most common with plant hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Transgressive_segregation" title="Transgressive segregation">transgressive phenotype</a> is a phenotype that displays more extreme characteristics than either of the parent lines.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeders</a> use several techniques to produce hybrids, including line breeding and the formation of complex hybrids. An economically important example is hybrid <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), which provides a considerable seed yield advantage over open pollinated varieties. <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_seed" title="Hybrid seed">Hybrid seed</a> dominates the commercial maize seed market in the United States, Canada and many other major maize-producing countries.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In a hybrid, any trait that falls outside the range of parental variation (and is thus not simply intermediate between its parents) is considered heterotic. Positive heterosis produces more robust hybrids, they might be stronger or bigger; while the term negative heterosis refers to weaker or smaller hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Heterosis is common in both animal and plant hybrids. For example, hybrids between a lion and a tigress ("<a href="/wiki/Ligers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligers">ligers</a>") are much larger than either of the two progenitors, while "<a href="/wiki/Tigons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigons">tigons</a>" (lioness × tiger) are smaller. Similarly, the hybrids between the common pheasant (<a href="/wiki/Phasianus_colchicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasianus colchicus">Phasianus colchicus</a>) and domestic fowl (<a href="/wiki/Gallus_gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallus gallus">Gallus gallus</a>) are larger than either of their parents, as are those produced between the common pheasant and hen golden pheasant (<a href="/wiki/Chrysolophus_pictus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysolophus pictus">Chrysolophus pictus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Spurs are absent in hybrids of the former type, although present in both parents.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Human_influence">Human influence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropogenic_hybridization">Anthropogenic hybridization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anthropogenic hybridization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hybridization is greatly influenced by human impact on the environment,<a href="#cite_note-A2001-58">[58]</a> through effects such as <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> and species introductions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Such impacts make it difficult to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">conserve the genetics</a> of populations undergoing <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgressive hybridization</a>. Humans have introduced species worldwide to environments for a long time, both intentionally for purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a>, and unintentionally, as with accidental escapes of individuals. Introductions can drastically affect populations, including through hybridization.<a href="#cite_note-A2007-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Management" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg/330px-Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg/440px-Aquilegia_pubescens-formosa_hybrid-swarm_flowers_close.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Examples of hybrid flowers from <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_swarm" title="Hybrid swarm">hybrid swarms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_pubescens" title="Aquilegia pubescens">Aquilegia pubescens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_formosa" title="Aquilegia formosa">Aquilegia formosa</a></figcaption></figure> There is a kind of continuum with three semi-distinct categories dealing with anthropogenic hybridization: hybridization without introgression, hybridization with widespread introgression (backcrossing with one of the parent species), and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_swarm" title="Hybrid swarm">hybrid swarms</a> (highly variable populations with much interbreeding as well as backcrossing with the parent species). Depending on where a population falls along this continuum, the management plans for that population will change. Hybridization is currently an area of great discussion within <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</a> and habitat management. <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global climate change</a> is creating other changes such as difference in population distributions which are indirect causes for an increase in anthropogenic hybridization.<a href="#cite_note-A2001-58">[58]</a> Conservationists disagree on when is the proper time to give up on a population that is becoming a hybrid swarm, or to try and save the still existing pure individuals. Once a population becomes a complete mixture, the goal becomes to conserve those hybrids to avoid their loss. Conservationists treat each case on its merits, depending on detecting hybrids within the population. It is nearly impossible to formulate a uniform hybridization policy, because hybridization can occur beneficially when it occurs "naturally", and when hybrid swarms are the only remaining evidence of prior species, they need to be conserved as well.<a href="#cite_note-A2001-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_mixing_and_extinction">Genetic mixing and extinction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genetic mixing and extinction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mixing">Genetic mixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">Introgression</a></div> Regionally developed <a href="/wiki/Ecotype" title="Ecotype">ecotypes</a> can be threatened with <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> when new alleles or genes are introduced that alter that ecotype. This is sometimes called genetic mixing.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Hybridization and introgression, which can happen in natural and hybrid populations, of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local <a href="/wiki/Genotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genotypes">genotypes</a> if the hybrids are more <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fit</a> and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species. These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non-native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare species in isolated habitats, ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_biodiversity_and_food_security">Effect on biodiversity and food security</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effect on biodiversity and food security" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrigation1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Irrigation1.jpg/220px-Irrigation1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Irrigation1.jpg/220px-Irrigation1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Irrigation1.jpg/330px-Irrigation1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Irrigation1.jpg/440px-Irrigation1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> of the 20th century relied on hybridization to create <a href="/wiki/High-yielding_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="High-yielding varieties">high-yielding varieties</a>, along with increased reliance on inputs of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></div> In agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>'s use of conventional hybridization increased yields by breeding <a href="/wiki/High-yielding_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="High-yielding varieties">high-yielding varieties</a>. The replacement of locally indigenous breeds, compounded with unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding (genetic mixing), has reduced the gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds resulting in the loss of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Since the indigenous breeds are often well-adapted to local extremes in climate and have immunity to local pathogens, this can be a significant genetic erosion of the gene pool for future breeding. Therefore, commercial plant geneticists strive to breed "widely adapted" cultivars to counteract this tendency.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Different_taxa">Different taxa</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Different taxa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animals">In animals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_genetic_hybrids" title="List of genetic hybrids">List of genetic hybrids</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mammals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Familiar examples of <a href="/wiki/Equid_hybrid" title="Equid hybrid">equid hybrids</a> are the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, and the hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-Griesbach-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> are another case of a hybridizing species pairs,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> among non-sister species of bears appears to have shaped the <a href="/wiki/Ursidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursidae">Ursidae</a> family tree.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Among many other mammal crosses are <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_camel" title="Hybrid camel">hybrid camels</a>, crosses between a <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">bactrian camel</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dromedary_camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromedary camel">dromedary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> There are many examples of <a href="/wiki/Felid_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Felid hybrid">felid hybrids</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Liger" title="Liger">liger</a>. The oldest-known animal hybrid bred by humans is the <a href="/wiki/Kunga_(equid)" title="Kunga (equid)">kunga</a> equid hybrid produced as a draft animal and status symbol 4,500 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Marra" title="Umm el-Marra">Umm el-Marra</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014. The <a href="/wiki/Clymene_dolphin" title="Clymene dolphin">clymene dolphin</a> (Stenella clymene) is a hybrid of two Atlantic species, the <a href="/wiki/Spinner_dolphin" title="Spinner dolphin">spinner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Striped_dolphin" title="Striped dolphin">striped dolphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2019, scientists confirmed that a skull found 30 years earlier was a hybrid between the <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a>, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Narluga" title="Narluga">narluga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Birds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Bird hybrid</a></div> Hybridization between species is common in birds. Hybrid birds are purposefully bred by humans, but hybridization is also common in the wild. <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">Waterfowl</a> have a particularly high incidence of hybridization, with at least 60% of species known to produce hybrids with another species.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anas_platyrhynchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anas platyrhynchos">mallards</a> widely hybridize with many other species, and the genetic relationships between ducks are further complicated by the widespread gene flow between wild and domestic mallards.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> One of the most common interspecific hybrids in <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a> occurs between Greylag and Canada geese (<a href="/wiki/Anser_anser" class="mw-redirect" title="Anser anser">Anser anser</a> x <a href="/wiki/Branta_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Branta canadensis">Branta canadensis</a>). One potential mechanism for the occurrence of hybrids in these geese is interspecific <a href="/wiki/Nest_parasitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nest parasitism">nest parasitism</a>, where an egg is laid in the nest of another species to be raised by non-biological parents. The chick imprints upon and eventually seeks a mate among the species that raised it, instead of the species of its biological parents.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as <a href="/wiki/Mule_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mule (bird)">mules</a> between species of <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finch</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Carduelis" title="Carduelis">goldfinch</a> × <a href="/wiki/Domestic_canary" title="Domestic canary">canary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Amphibians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Among amphibians, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Giant_salamander" title="Giant salamander">giant salamanders</a> and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish">Fish</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Among fish, a group of about 50 natural hybrids between <a href="/wiki/Australian_blacktip_shark" title="Australian blacktip shark">Australian blacktip shark</a> and the larger <a href="/wiki/Blacktip_shark" title="Blacktip shark">common blacktip shark</a> was found by Australia's eastern coast in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_sturgeon" title="Russian sturgeon">Russian sturgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_paddlefish" title="American paddlefish">American paddlefish</a> were hybridized in captivity when sperm from the paddlefish and eggs from the sturgeon were combined, unexpectedly resulting in viable offspring. This hybrid is called a <a href="/wiki/Sturddlefish" title="Sturddlefish">sturddlefish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cephalochordates">Cephalochordates</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cephalochordates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The two genera <a href="/wiki/Asymmetron" title="Asymmetron">Asymmetron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Branchiostoma" title="Branchiostoma">Branchiostoma</a> are able to produce viable hybrid offspring, even if none have lived into adulthood so far, despite the parents' common ancestor living tens of millions of years ago.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Insects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Among insects, so-called <a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">killer bees</a> were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. It was done by crossing a <a href="/wiki/European_honey_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="European honey bee">European honey bee</a> and an <a href="/wiki/African_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="African bee">African bee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colias_eurytheme" title="Colias eurytheme">Colias eurytheme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colias_philodice" title="Colias philodice">C. philodice</a> butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse <a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a> <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> but that is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The two closely related harvester ant species Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus have evolved to depend on hybridization. When a queen fertilizes her eggs with sperm from males of her own species, the offspring is always new queens. And when she fertilizes the eggs with sperm from males of the other species, the offspring is always sterile worker ants (and because ants are <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">haplodiploid</a>, unfertilized eggs become males). Without mating with males of the other species, the queens are unable to produce workers, and will fail to establish a colony of their own.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeedonk_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='A "zonkey", a zebra/donkey hybrid'><noscript><img alt='A "zonkey", a zebra/donkey hybrid' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Zeedonk_800.jpg/163px-Zeedonk_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 163px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Zeedonk_800.jpg/163px-Zeedonk_800.jpg" data-alt='A "zonkey", a zebra/donkey hybrid' data-width="163" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Zeedonk_800.jpg/244px-Zeedonk_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Zeedonk_800.jpg/326px-Zeedonk_800.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "<a href="/wiki/Zebroid" title="Zebroid">zonkey</a>", a zebra/donkey hybrid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaglion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='A "jaglion", a jaguar/lion hybrid'><noscript><img alt='A "jaglion", a jaguar/lion hybrid' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaglion.jpg/180px-Jaglion.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="223"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaglion.jpg/180px-Jaglion.jpg" data-alt='A "jaglion", a jaguar/lion hybrid' data-width="180" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaglion.jpg/270px-Jaglion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaglion.jpg/360px-Jaglion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "<a href="/wiki/Jaglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaglion">jaglion</a>", a jaguar/lion hybrid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid"><noscript><img alt="A domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG/153px-Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="587"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 153px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG/153px-Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG" data-alt="A domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid" data-width="153" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG/229px-Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG/305px-Goldfinch_Canary_hybrid.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mule_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mule (bird)">domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_plants">In plants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg/170px-Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg/170px-Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg/255px-Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg/340px-Platanus_xhispanica_in_Lucenec9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The London plane <a href="/wiki/Platanus_%C3%97_hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanus × hispanica">Platanus × hispanica</a>, is a natural hybrid, popular for street planting.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_hybrids" title="List of plant hybrids">List of plant hybrids</a></div> Plant species hybridize more readily than animal species, and the resulting hybrids are fertile more often. Many plant species are the result of hybridization, combined with <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploidy</a>, which duplicates the chromosomes. Chromosome duplication allows orderly meiosis and so viable seed can be produced.<a href="#cite_note-Goulet2016-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name" title="Hybrid name">Plant hybrids are generally given names</a> that include an "×" (not in italics), such as <a href="/wiki/Platanus_%C3%97_hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanus × hispanica">Platanus × hispanica</a> for the London plane, a natural hybrid of <a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">P. orientalis</a> (oriental plane) and <a href="/wiki/Platanus_occidentalis" title="Platanus occidentalis">P. occidentalis</a> (American sycamore).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The parent's names may be kept in their entirety, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Prunus_persica_%C3%97_Prunus_americana" title="Prunus persica × Prunus americana">Prunus persica × Prunus americana</a>, with the female parent's name given first, or if not known, the parent's names given alphabetically.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Plant species that are genetically compatible may not hybridize in nature for various reasons, including geographical isolation, differences in flowering period, or differences in <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>. Species that are brought together by humans in gardens may hybridize naturally, or hybridization can be facilitated by human efforts, such as altered flowering period or artificial pollination. Hybrids are sometimes created by humans to produce improved plants that have some of the characteristics of each of the parent species. Much work is now being done with hybrids between crops and their wild relatives to improve disease resistance or <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a> for both agricultural and horticultural crops.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_hybrids" title="List of plant hybrids">crop plants are hybrids</a> from different genera (intergeneric hybrids), such as <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a>, × Triticosecale, a wheat–<a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> hybrid.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids; <a href="/wiki/Bread_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread wheat">bread wheat</a>, Triticum aestivum, is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses.<a href="#cite_note-Gornicki-41">[41]</a> Several commercial fruits including <a href="/wiki/Loganberry" title="Loganberry">loganberry</a> (Rubus × loganobaccus)<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a> (Citrus × paradisi)<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> are hybrids, as are garden herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">peppermint</a> (Mentha × piperita),<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and trees such as the <a href="/wiki/Platanus_%C3%97_hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanus × hispanica">London plane</a> (Platanus × hispanica).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Among many natural plant hybrids is <a href="/wiki/Iris_albicans" title="Iris albicans">Iris albicans</a>, a sterile hybrid that spreads by rhizome division,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oenothera_lamarckiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenothera lamarckiana">Oenothera lamarckiana</a>, a flower that was the subject of important experiments by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a> that produced an understanding of polyploidy.<a href="#cite_note-Sirks2013-23">[23]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilliumhybrid2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sterile hybrid between Trillium cernuum and T. grandiflorum[citation needed]"><noscript><img alt="A sterile hybrid between Trillium cernuum and T. grandiflorum[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trilliumhybrid2.jpg/222px-Trilliumhybrid2.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 148px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trilliumhybrid2.jpg/222px-Trilliumhybrid2.jpg" data-alt="A sterile hybrid between Trillium cernuum and T. grandiflorum[citation needed]" data-width="148" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trilliumhybrid2.jpg/333px-Trilliumhybrid2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trilliumhybrid2.jpg/444px-Trilliumhybrid2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sterile hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Trillium_cernuum" title="Trillium cernuum">Trillium cernuum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">T. grandiflorum</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella'[102]"><noscript><img alt="An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella'[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg/232px-Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg/232px-Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg" data-alt="An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella'[102]" data-width="155" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg/348px-Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg/464px-Lily_Lilium_%27Citronella%27_Flower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella'<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></div> </li> </ul> Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number, the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes, which leaves them unable to produce chromosomally balanced <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> While that is undesirable in a crop such as wheat, for which growing a crop that produces no seeds would be pointless, it is an attractive attribute in some fruits. <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">Triploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a> are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds and are also <a href="/wiki/Parthenocarpy" title="Parthenocarpy">parthenocarpic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fungi">In fungi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In fungi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hybridization between <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungal</a> species is common and well established, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Yeast hybrids are widely found and used in human-related activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The production of <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager beers</a> for instance are known to be carried out by the yeast <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_pastorianus" title="Saccharomyces pastorianus">Saccharomyces pastorianus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Cryotolerant" title="Cryotolerant">cryotolerant</a> hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_eubayanus" title="Saccharomyces eubayanus">Saccharomyces eubayanus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> which allows fermentation at low temperatures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_humans">In humans</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In humans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Humanzee" title="Humanzee">Humanzee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg/180px-Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg/180px-Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg/270px-Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg/360px-Oase_2-Homo_Sapiens.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oase_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Oase 2">Oase 2</a> skull may be a human-<a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> hybrid.</figcaption></figure> There is evidence of hybridization between modern humans and other species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a> showed that 1–4% of DNA from all people living today, apart from most <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">Sub-Saharan Africans</a>, is of Neanderthal heritage. Analyzing the genomes of 600 Europeans and East Asians found that combining them covered 20% of the Neanderthal genome that is in the modern human population.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Ancient human populations lived and interbred with Neanderthals, <a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a>, and at least one other <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">extinct Homo species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Thus, Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA has been incorporated into human DNA by introgression.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 1998, a complete prehistorical skeleton found in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lapedo_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapedo child">Lapedo child</a>, had features of both anatomically modern humans and <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Some ancient human skulls with especially large nasal cavities and unusually shaped braincases represent human-Neanderthal hybrids. A 37,000- to 42,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Oase_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Oase 2">human jawbone found in Romania's Oase cave</a> contains traces of Neanderthal ancestry<a href="#cite_note-115">[a]</a> from only four to six generations earlier.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> All genes from Neanderthals in the current human population are descended from Neanderthal fathers and human mothers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mythology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mythological_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological hybrid">Mythological hybrid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_Minotaur_(Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron)_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg/170px-Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg/170px-Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg/255px-Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg/340px-Statue_of_the_Minotaur_%28Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron%29_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> was (in one version of the myth) supposedly the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a> and a white bull.</figcaption></figure> Folk tales and myths sometimes contain mythological hybrids; the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a> was the offspring of a human, <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, and a white bull.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> More often, they are composites of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals, mythical beasts, and humans, with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding, as in the <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a> (man/horse), <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimera</a> (goat/lion/snake), <a href="/wiki/Hippocamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocamp">hippocamp</a> (fish/horse), and <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> (woman/lion).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> mentions a first generation of half-human hybrid <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> describes the Nephilim as the wicked sons of <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> and attractive women.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Xenotransfusion">Xenotransfusion</a> – Transfer of blood from one animal's veins into another's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Inferring horizontal gene transfer">Inferring horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacterium</a>, a bacterium well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_delivery" title="Gene delivery">Gene delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_hybrids" title="List of plant hybrids">List of plant hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genetic_hybrids" title="List of genetic hybrids">List of genetic hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macropod_hybrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Macropod hybrids">Macropod hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynogenesis" title="Gynogenesis">Gynogenesis</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Signs of Neanderthal lineage include a wide jaw and large teeth that get bigger toward the back of the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0136594. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1036594G">2015PLoSO..1036594G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0136594">10.1371/journal.pone.0136594</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4551487">4551487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26313446">26313446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Accuracy+of+Genomic+Selection+in+a+Rice+Synthetic+Population+Developed+for+Recurrent+Selection+Breeding&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0136594&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4551487%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1036594G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26313446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0136594&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Cao%2C+Tuong-Vi&rft.au=Ospina%2C+Yolima&rft.au=Quintero%2C+Constanza&rft.au=Ch%C3%A2tel%2C+Marc+Henri&rft.au=Tohme%2C+Joe&rft.au=Courtois%2C+Brigitte&rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+Nourollah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4551487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToogood1999" class="citation book cs1">Toogood, A., ed. 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Nature. 524 (7564): 216–219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.524..216F">2015Natur.524..216F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14558">10.1038/nature14558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537386">4537386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26098372">26098372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+early+modern+human+from+Romania+with+a+recent+Neanderthal+ancestor&rft.volume=524&rft.issue=7564&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4537386%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26098372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.524..216F&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4537386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangFarinaLi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, C. 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Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoi&rft.atitle=Bestiary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2Fgreek-mythology%2Fbestiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugel2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugel, James L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8AjDrIkBG4C">Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674039766" title="Special:BookSources/9780674039766"><bdi>9780674039766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+the+Bible%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Bible+As+It+Was+at+the+Start+of+the+Common+Era&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674039766&rft.aulast=Kugel&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8AjDrIkBG4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugel1997" class="citation book cs1">Kugel, James L. 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God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict. IVP Academic. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+at+War%3A+The+Bible+%26+Spiritual+Conflict&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 February 2025, at 07:19 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibried" title="Hibried – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hibried" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="تهجين (أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهجين (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid_(biologiya)" title="Hibrid (biologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hibrid (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="সংকর (জীববিজ্ঞান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংকর (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Гібрыд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гібрыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хибрид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хибрид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid_(biologija)" title="Hibrid (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hibrid (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADbrid" title="Híbrid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Híbrid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid" title="Hybrid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hybrid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krydsning" title="Krydsning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krydsning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybride" title="Hybride – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hybride" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCbriid" title="Hübriid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hübriid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Υβρίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υβρίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADbrido_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Híbrido (biología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Híbrido (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrido" title="Hibrido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hibrido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrido_(biologia)" title="Hibrido (biologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hibrido (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87" title="دورگه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دورگه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybride" title="Hybride – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hybride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybride_(biology)" title="Hybride (biology) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hybride (biology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid" title="Hibrid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hibrid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADbrido_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Híbrido (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Híbrido (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A1%EC%A2%85" title="잡종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잡종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Հիբրիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիբրիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="संकर (जीवविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संकर (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid_(biologija)" title="Hibrid (biologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hibrid (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrida_(biologi)" title="Hibrida (biologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hibrida (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrido" title="Ibrido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibrido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בן כלאיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בן כלאיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гибрид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гибрид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrid" title="Ibrid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ibrid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4)" title="Аргын (гибрид) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аргын (гибрид)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrida" title="Hybrida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hybrida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibr%C4%ABds_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Hibrīds (bioloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hibrīds (bioloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid" title="Hybrid – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hybrid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Hibrid (biológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hibrid (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="സങ്കരയിനം ജീവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സങ്കരയിനം ജീവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacukan" title="Kacukan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kacukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybride_(biologie)" title="Hybride (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hybride (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="वर्णशङ्कर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्णशङ्कर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="थेंबा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थेंबा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%91%E7%A8%AE" title="雑種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雑種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCbriid" title="Hübriid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hübriid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid" title="Hybrid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hybrid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid" title="Hybrid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hybrid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszaniec" title="Mieszaniec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mieszaniec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADbrido_(biologia)" title="Híbrido (biologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Híbrido (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid" title="Hibrid – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hibrid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гибрид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гибрид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid" title="Hybrid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hybrid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%BEanec" title="Križanec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Križanec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хибрид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хибрид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid_(biologija)" title="Hibrid (biologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hibrid (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risteym%C3%A4" title="Risteymä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Risteymä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biologi)" title="Hybrid (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hybrid (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrido" title="Hibrido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hibrido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலப்பினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலப்பினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82)" title="హైబ్రిడ్ (జీవశాస్త్రం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైబ్రిడ్ (జీవశాస్త్రం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1" title="ลูกผสม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูกผสม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дурага – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дурага" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melez_(biyoloji)" title="Melez (biyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Melez (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гибрид – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гибрид" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гібрид – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гібрид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Lai (sinh học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lai (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4%E7%A7%8D" title="杂交种 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="杂交种" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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