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<span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reconstruction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Chamic_and_Chamic_lexical_correspondences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Chamic_and_Chamic_lexical_correspondences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Proto-Chamic and Chamic lexical correspondences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Chamic_and_Chamic_lexical_correspondences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Cham" title="Bahsa Cham – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Cham" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ch%C3%A1miques" title="Llingües chámiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües chámiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_na_Tsamiko" title="Mga tataramon na Tsamiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon na Tsamiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamische_Sprachen" title="Chamische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chamische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ch%C3%A1micas" title="Lenguas chámicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas chámicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chamiques" title="Langues chamiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chamiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="참어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="चामी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चामी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Camski_jezici" title="Čamski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čamski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Chamiko" title="Sasao a Chamiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Chamiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Chamik" title="Rumpun bahasa Chamik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Chamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_chamiche" title="Lingue chamiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue chamiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чамски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чамски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Cam" title="Bahasa-bahasa Cam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Cam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A0%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="チャム諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャム諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8D" title="អំបូរភាសាចាម្ប៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អំបូរភាសាចាម្ប៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_czamskie" title="Języki czamskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki czamskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чамские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чамские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சாமிக்கு மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாமிக்கு மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чам телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чам телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="กลุ่มภาษาจาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาจาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Ch%C4%83m" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Chăm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Chăm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="占語群 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="占語群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgroup of the Austronesian language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Aceh-Chamic language family. For the group of Cham dialects, see <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Chamic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Aceh–Chamic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> Island), various countries with recent immigrants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>disputed:<br /><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Malayo-Chamic<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Chamic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data">Proto-Chamic</td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li>Coastal (<a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>)</li> <li>Highlands (Cham)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cmc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cmc">cmc</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cham1327">cham1327</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Aceh–Chamic)</span><br /><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cham1330">cham1330</a></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Chamic)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamic_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chamic_language.jpg/300px-Chamic_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chamic_language.jpg/450px-Chamic_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chamic_language.jpg/600px-Chamic_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2956" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chamic languages</b>, also known as <b>Aceh–Chamic</b> and <b>Acehnese–Chamic</b>, are a group of ten languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The Chamic languages are a subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian family</a>. The ancestor of this subfamily, proto-Chamic, is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a>, its speakers arriving in what is now <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> from <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely spoken Chamic languages are <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> with 3.5 million speakers, <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> with about 280,000, and <a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a> with about 230,000, in both <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> is the most northern and least spoken, with only 3000 speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cham has the oldest literary history of any Austronesian language. The <a href="/wiki/Dong_Yen_Chau_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Yen Chau inscription">Dong Yen Chau inscription</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Cham" title="Old Cham">Old Cham</a>, dates from the late 4th century AD. </p><p>Extensive borrowing resulting from long-term contact have caused Chamic and the <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric languages</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic family</a>, to have many vocabulary items in common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Graham Thurgood</a> gives the following classification for the Chamic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199936_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199936-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual languages are marked by <i>italics</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="265" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_T.A.,_Iqbal,_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_T.A.,_Iqbal,_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm&lang=ace&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ace" label="Acèh ‪(ace)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Speakers of Acehnese.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg/220px-Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg/330px-Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg/440px-Coastal_Chamic_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Coastal Chamic language</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highland_Chamic_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Highland_Chamic_language.jpg/220px-Highland_Chamic_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Highland_Chamic_language.jpg/330px-Highland_Chamic_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Highland_Chamic_language.jpg/440px-Highland_Chamic_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Highland Chamic language</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Chamic</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></i></li> <li>Coastal Chamic <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Chăm</i>) <ul><li><i>Western Cham</i></li> <li><i>Eastern Cham (Panduranga Cham)</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Highlands Chamic <ul><li>Rade–Jarai <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Ê-đê</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Gia Rai</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Chru–Northern <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Chu Ru</i>)</li> <li>Northern Cham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Ra Glai</i>) <ul><li><i>Northern Roglai</i></li> <li><i>Southern Roglai</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The Proto-Chamic numerals from 7 to 9 are shared with those of the <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, providing partial evidence for a Malayo-Chamic subgrouping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199937_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199937-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a><sup id="cite_ref-Blench_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also proposes that there may have been at least one other <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> branch in coastal Vietnam that is now extinct, based on various Austroasiatic loanwords in modern-day Chamic languages that cannot be clearly traced to existing Austroasiatic branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Proto-Chamic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Chamic languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Reconstructed<br />ancestors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Proto-Chamic reconstructed below is from <a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Graham Thurgood</a>'s 1999 publication <i>From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table of Proto-Chamic presyllabic consonants are from Thurgood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199968_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a total of 13–14 presyllabic consonants depending on whether or not *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> is counted. Non-presyllabic consonants include *ʔ, *ɓ, *ɗ, *ŋ, *y, *w. Aspirated consonants are also reconstructable for Proto-Chamic. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Proto-Chamic Presyllabic Consonants</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Voiceless </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Voiced </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following consonant clusters are reconstructed for Proto-Chamic:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *pl-, *bl-, *kl-, *gl-, *pr-, *tr-, *kr-, *br-, *dr-. Initial <i>*n</i> did not exist, it was replaced by <i>*l</i> instead (<i>*nanaq</i> → <i>*lanah</i> "pus").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199969_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199969-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four vowels (*-a, *-i, *-u, and *-e, or alternatively *-ə) and three <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> (*-ay, *-uy, *-aw).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center" width="30%"> <caption><b>Proto-Chamic Vowels</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Height </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>i</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>u</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>e</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">([<b>ə</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>]) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>a</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reconstructed Proto-Chamic morphological components are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>*tə-: the "inadvertent" prefix</li> <li>*mə-: common verb prefix</li> <li>*pə-: causative prefix</li> <li>*bɛʔ-: negative imperative prefix (borrowed from Austroasiatic languages)</li> <li>*-əm-: nominalizing infix</li> <li>*-ən-: instrumental infix (borrowed from Austroasiatic languages)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Chamic has the following personal pronouns:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999247–248_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999247–248-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Singular</b> </p> <ul><li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">kəu</i></span> – 'I' (familiar)</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">hulun</i></span> – 'I' (polite); 'slave'</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">dahlaʔ</i></span> – 'I' (polite)</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">hã</i></span> – 'you; thou'</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">ñu</i></span> – 'he, she; they'</li></ul> <p><b>Plural</b> </p> <ul><li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">kaməi</i></span> – 'we' (exclusive)</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">ta</i></span> – 'we' (inclusive)</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">drəi</i></span> – 'we' (inclusive); reflexive</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">gəp</i></span> – other; group (borrowed from Austroasiatic languages)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Chamic_and_Chamic_lexical_correspondences">Proto-Chamic and Chamic lexical correspondences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proto-Chamic and Chamic lexical correspondences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Chamic, Mainland Chamic, Acehnese and Malay comparative table: </p> <table class="wikitable IPA"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Chamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Chamic">Proto-Chamic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Western Cham</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Eastern Cham</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Aceh</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>one</b> </td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">sa</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa<span class="wrap"> </span>ha/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tha/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">satu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>seven</b> </td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">tujuh</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taçuh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taçŭh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tijuh/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tujoh/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">tujuh</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>fire</b> </td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">ʔapuy</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pui/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/apuy/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/apui/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/apui/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">api</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>sky</b> </td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">laŋit</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋiʔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋiʔ/</span> <span title="Eastern Cham-language romanization"><i lang="cjm-Latn">Lingik</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋĩːʔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋɛt/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">langit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>rice (husked)</b> </td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">braːs</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prah/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prah-l/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bra/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/brɯəh/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">beras</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>iron</b> </td> <td><i><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis">bisεy</span></span></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pasay/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pithăy/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pisǝy/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɯsɔə/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">besi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>sugarcane</b> </td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">tabɔw-v</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cja-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tapau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cjm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tapăw/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tubəu/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɯbɛə/</span> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">tebu</i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell2009_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidwell2009">Sidwell 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199936-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199936_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199937-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199937_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlench2009" class="citation web cs1">Blench, Roger (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icaal.org/abstract/blench-are.html">"Are There Four Additional Unrecognised Branches of Austroasiatic?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+There+Four+Additional+Unrecognised+Branches+of+Austroasiatic%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficaal.org%2Fabstract%2Fblench-are.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidwell2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf">"Dating the Separation of Acehnese and Chamic By Etymological Analysis of the Aceh-Chamic Lexicon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>36</b>: 187–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FMKSJ-36.187">10.15144/MKSJ-36.187</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108030716/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Dating+the+Separation+of+Acehnese+and+Chamic+By+Etymological+Analysis+of+the+Aceh-Chamic+Lexicon&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=187-206&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FMKSJ-36.187&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fsidwell2006dating.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199968-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199968_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reflexes of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> are rare in modern Chamic languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199993_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood199969-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood199969_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999247–248-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999247–248_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood 1999</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2009" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073527/https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art"><i>Classifying the Austroasiatic Languages: History and State of the Art</i></a>. LINCOM Europa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1540105">the original</a> on 2019-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classifying+the+Austroasiatic+Languages%3A+History+and+State+of+the+Art&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1540105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgood1999" class="citation book cs1">Thurgood, Graham (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/512808378/From-Ancient-Cham-to-Modern-Dialects"><i>From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords</i></a>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. i, iii–vii, ix–xiii, xv–xvii, 1–259, 261–275, 277–397, 399–407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824821319" title="Special:BookSources/0824821319"><bdi>0824821319</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006770">20006770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ancient+Cham+to+Modern+Dialects%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+Language+Contact+and+Change%3A+With+an+Appendix+of+Chamic+Reconstructions+and+Loanwords&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pages=i%2C+iii-vii%2C+ix-xiii%2C+xv-xvii%2C+1-259%2C+261-275%2C+277-397%2C+399-407&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20006770%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=0824821319&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F512808378%2FFrom-Ancient-Cham-to-Modern-Dialects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Sundanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bantenese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Madurese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Malayo-Chamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> (Utsat)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berau Malay language">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Malay">Kutai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a> (Yawi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi' language">Urak Lawoi'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali–Sasak languages">Bali–Sasak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batak" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Batak Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Batak Dairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Batak Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Batak Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Batak Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lampung Api</li> <li>Lampung Nyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaic language">Badaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa (Sulawesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan dialect (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mataraman_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataraman dialect (page does not exist)">Mataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedu dialect (page does not exist)">Kedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a><br />(over 700 languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Central Malayo-Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor–Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chamic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chamic_languages" title="Template:Chamic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chamic_languages" title="Template talk:Chamic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chamic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chamic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chamic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acehnese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal Cham</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> <ul><li>Eastern</li> <li>Western</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands Cham</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&oldid=1259256521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamic_languages&oldid=1259256521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chamic_languages" 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