Conducting research

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" prefix="og:http://ogp.me/ns# fb:http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/"> <head><script src="/ter-treafter-not-it-the-Flourthe-Cere-and-that-S" async></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ "contentMonth": "10", "contentDay": "12", "contentYear": "2023", "contentType": "Topic" }); </script>  <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){ w[l]=w[l]||[]; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}); var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:''; j.async=true; j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); }) (window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WH9FTL'); </script>   <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research" tabindex="-1"> <meta name="description" content="Tools and insight for scientists and researchers on human and animal research, data collection and analysis, running your lab, mentoring, ethics, research tools, and calls for papers in APA journals." /> <meta property="og:description" content="Tools and insight for scientists and researchers on human and animal research, data collection and analysis, running your lab, mentoring, ethics, research tools, and calls for papers in APA journals." /> <meta itemprop="description" content="Tools and insight for scientists and researchers on human and animal research, data collection and analysis, running your lab, mentoring, ethics, research tools, and calls for papers in APA journals." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Tools and insight for scientists and researchers on human and animal research, data collection and analysis, running your lab, mentoring, ethics, research tools, and calls for papers in APA journals."> <meta property="og:title" content="Conducting research" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="Conducting research" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Conducting research"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.apa.org/images/tile-conducting-psychological-research.jpg_tcm7-320712.jpg" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.apa.org/images/tile-conducting-psychological-research.jpg_tcm7-320712.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.apa.org/images/tile-conducting-psychological-research.jpg_tcm7-320712.jpg"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="https://www.apa.org" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@APA"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="255440604529709" /> <title>Conducting research</title> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-144.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-114.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-57.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/Content/Images/favicon-apa.ico" type="image/x-icon" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css" tabindex="-1"> <link id="global3Css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/apa.min.css?v=24.9" tabindex="-1"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/js/vendor/jquery.js"><\/script>')</script> <script src="https://dl-client.apa.org/content.min.js" defer></script> </head> <body class="">  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WH9FTL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;" aria-hidden="true" title="Google Analytics"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="skiptocontent"><a href="#maincontent" class="skip-main">skip to main content</a></div> <header role="banner" class="header"> <div class="top-hat d-flex" data-ai-region data-ai-area="tophat"> <div class="top-hat-aligner d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="apa-sites d-md-none"> <nav class="sites-nav"> <ul class="apa-sites-list d-flex align-items-center"> <li> <a href="https://www.apa.org" class="apa.org">APA.org</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org" class="apa-style">APA Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.apaservices.org" class="apa-services">APA Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.apadivisions.org" class="divisions">Divisions</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="left-nav d-flex align-items-center"> <nav class="insider-nav"> <ul class="d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/about" class="about-apa">About APA</a> </li> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/events" class="events">Events</a> </li> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/members" class="membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.apa.org/members/your-membership/join" class="join-apa">Join APA</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="utility-nav"> <ul class="d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/support" target="_parent">Help</a> </li> <li id="HeaderMyApaLink" style="display:none;"><a href="https://my.apa.org/portal/home" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">MyAPA</a></li> <li id="HeaderLogoutLink" style="display:none;"> (<a href="https://www.apa.org/idem/Logout?redirect=http://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">Log Out</a>) </li> <li id="HeaderLoginLink"> <a href="https://sso.apa.org/apasso/idm/apalogin?ERIGHTS_TARGET=http://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">Log In</a> </li> <li id="HeaderCart"> <a href="https://my.apa.org/shop/shoppingCart" rel='nofollow' target="_parent"> <svg role="presentation" class="svg-inline--fa fa-cart-shopping" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="cart-shopping" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 24C0 10.7 10.7 0 24 0H69.5c22 0 41.5 12.8 50.6 32h411c26.3 0 45.5 25 38.6 50.4l-41 152.3c-8.5 31.4-37 53.3-69.5 53.3H170.7l5.4 28.5c2.2 11.3 12.1 19.5 23.6 19.5H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H199.7c-34.6 0-64.3-24.6-70.7-58.5L77.4 54.5c-.7-3.8-4-6.5-7.9-6.5H24C10.7 48 0 37.3 0 24zM128 464a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1 -96 0zm336-48a48 48 0 1 1 0 96 48 48 0 1 1 0-96z"></path></svg> Cart <span id="CartQuantity"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <section class="banner"> <div class="container"> <div class="headLogo" id="headLogo"> <a href = '/'><img class='large' src='/Content/Images/logo.png' alt='American Psychological Association Logo'><img class='small' src='/Content/Images/logo_small.png' alt='American Psychological Association Logo'></a> </div> <div class="headButton"> <button type="button" title="Search" class="btn-toggle btn-toggle-search" onclick="javascript:toggleMenu('search');"> <i title="Search" class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i> </button> <button type="button" title="Menu" class="btn-toggle btn-toggle-menu"> <i title="Menu" class="fas fa-bars"></i> <i title="Close Menu" class="fas fa-xmark"></i> </button> </div> <section class="search"> <form role="search" id="search" onsubmit="search();return false;" target="_parent"> <fieldset class="inputsearch"> <div class="searchselect"> <select id="in" title="Select search scope"> <option data-typeahead="true" value="https://www.apa.org/search?">Entire Site</option> <option value="/research-practice/search?" >Research & Practice</option> </select> </div> <div class="searchbox"> <input title="Type search term" class="box" id="query" name="query" type="text" value="" placeholder="SEARCH" autocomplete="off" /> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-magnifying-glass" onclick="search();return false;" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-aiauCfJROpLC" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="magnifying-glass" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-aiauCfJROpLC">Search</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352a144 144 0 1 0 0-288 144 144 0 1 0 0 288z"></path></svg> </div> </fieldset> </form> </section> </div> </section> </header> <div class="megamenu"> <nav class="megamenu-nav"> <ul role="menubar" class="megamenu-list"> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-mobile-back"> <a href="#"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-left"></i> <span>Menu</span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320764" aria-label="toggle the Topics sub-menu">Topics</a> <div id="320764" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Topics in Psychology</h2> <p>Explore how scientific research by psychologists can inform our professional lives, family and community relationships, emotional wellness, and more.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid fifty-fifty last-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Popular Topics</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 3"> <li> <a href="/topics/adhd" target="_self">ADHD</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/anger" target="_self">Anger</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/anxiety" target="_self">Anxiety</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/bullying" target="_self">Bullying</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/implicit-bias" target="_self">Implicit Bias</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/mental-health" target="_self">Mental Health</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-disinformation" target="_self">Misinformation and Disinformation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/personality" target="_self">Personality</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/racism-bias-discrimination" target="_self">Racism, Bias, and Discrimination</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/resilience" target="_self">Resilience</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/lgbtq" target="_self">Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/social-media-internet" target="_self">Social media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/socioeconomic-status" target="_self">Socioeconomic Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/stress" target="_self">Stress</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/substance-use-abuse-addiction" target="_self">Substance Use, Abuse and Addiction</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/trauma" target="_self">Trauma</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/reports/stress-in-america/2024" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/stress-in-america-2024-index_tcm7-332660_w160_n.jpg" alt="collage depicting people voting, at political rallies, and dealing with the aftermath of natural disasters"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Stress in America 2024</div> <p class="title"> A nation in political turmoil </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Future of our nation, the economy, and the presidential election are among the top stressors</p></div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/reports/health-misinformation" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-psychological-science-misinformation_tcm7-322616_w160_n.jpg" alt="Older adult viewing webpage"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Misinformation and Disinformation</div> <p class="title"> Using psychology to fight misinformation </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy">Report lists eight recommendations for scientists, policymakers, and others to meet the ongoing risk to health, well-being, and civic life</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="Topics landing page config" href="/topics">All Topics<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320771" aria-label="toggle the Publications & Databases sub-menu">Publications & Databases</a> <div id="320771" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Publications and Databases</h2> <p>APA Publishing products and resources that support research, education, practice and general wellbeing.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Publication & Databases</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 2"> <li> <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/" target="_self">APA Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/books" target="_self">Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/magination" target="_self">Children鈥檚 Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/databases" target="_self">Databases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/digital-learning" target="_self">Digital Learning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/journals" target="_self">Journals</a> </li> <li> <a href="/monitor" target="_self">Magazine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/videos" target="_self">Videos</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col borderd"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>APA Publishing Resources</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/pubs/librarians" target="_self">Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/authors" target="_self">Authors, Editors, and Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/educators-students" target="_self">Educators and Students</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://apps.apa.org/course-adoption" target = '_blank' rel='nofollow noopener noreferrer'>Exam Copies<i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="listBoxModule searchWidget"> <h3>Search APA Databases</h3> <form role="search" id="srchWidget2001" target="_parent" onsubmit="widgetSearch('APA_searchtext2001', 'http://psycnet.apa.org/search/results?type=direct&db=pi,pb,pa,pe,pt,pbc&fields=AnyField&term={SearchValue}'); return false;"> <div class="wysiwyg searchWidgetHead"> Over 5.4 million journal articles, abstracts, books on APA PsycNet </div> <div> <div class="hideFrmL"> <section class="searchWidgetbox"> <input type="text" id="APA_searchtext2001" name="APA_searchtext2001" aria-label="Search" /> <button type="submit"> <i title="Search" class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i> </button> </section> </div> <div class="showFrmL"> <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/search/advanced" class="btnOutlineSml"> Search APA Psycnet <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i> </a> </div> <div class="wysiwyg searchWidgetFooter"> <div class="footnote"> <div class="footnote">Access fees may apply</div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="index-config-pubs" href="/pubs">All publications and databases<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320770" aria-label="toggle the Research & Practice sub-menu">Research & Practice</a> <div id="320770" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Research and Practice</h2> <p>Tools for psychologists to do their jobs every day. </p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Your Growth</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 2"> <li> <a href="/research-practice/conduct-research" target="_self">Conducting Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/faculty" target="_self">Faculty Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/financial-wellness" target="_self">Financial Wellness</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/funding" target="_self">Grants and Funding</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/leadership" target="_self">Leadership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/mentorship" target="_self">Mentorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/open-science" target="_self">Open Science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/peer-review" target="_self">Peer Review</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/practice-management" target="_self">Practice Management</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/publish-present" target="_self">Publishing and Presenting Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/self-care" target="_self">Self-Care</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/teaching-psychology" target="_self">Teaching Psychology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/telepsychology" target="_self">Telepsychology</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col borderd"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Standards & Guidelines</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/ethics/code" target="_self">Ethics Code</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines" target="_self">Standards and Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/policy" target="_self">APA Policies</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <h3>For Members</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://community.apa.org/" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/apa-community-tile_tcm7-325221_w640_n.jpg" alt="woman relaxing in her office and looking at her smartphone"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> APA Community </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Network with peers, enhance your professional development, expand your personal growth, and more</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="research-practice-dxa-config" href="/research-practice">All research and practice<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320768" aria-label="toggle the Education & Career sub-menu">Education & Career</a> <div id="320768" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Education and Career</h2> <p>Resources for students, teachers and psychologists at all levels to explore career growth in psychology.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds last-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(2, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Education</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/education-career/k12" target="_self">Pre-K to 12</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/undergrad" target="_self">Undergraduate Psychology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/grad/applying" target="_self">Apply to Grad School</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/grad/succeeding-graduate-school" target="_self">Succeed in Grad School</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://accreditation.apa.org/" target = '_blank' rel='nofollow noopener noreferrer'>Accreditation<i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Careers</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/education-career/guide" target="_self">Become a Psychologist</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/job-search" target="_self">Job Search</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/development/networking" target="_self">Networking</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/development" target="_self">Manage Your Career</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/ce" target="_self">Continuing Education</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/training" target="_self">Training & Webinars</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="externalScriptContent" > <style type="text/css"> div.search_title { font-family: "Whitney", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; color: #000; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.2em; } div.search_widget { border-style: none !important; border-width: 0px !important;; font-family: "Whitney", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; color: #000000; text-align: left; padding: 20px 20px 6px 20px; border-radius: 0px; } div.narrow_fields { display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; align-items: center; } div.search_widget form{ margin:0; } div.search_widget div.clearAll { clear: both; } div.search_widget input{ width: 250px; border-radius: 5px; padding: 5px 5px; border-width: 1px; border-color: #919294; margin: 3px 20px 3px 0; } div.search_widget div.field_container div.field_left { float: left; width: 30%; margin-right: 6px; } div.search_widget [type=submit] { font-size: 0.75rem; padding: 0.4rem 0.6rem; background: #003a70; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02rem; cursor: pointer; border: none; text-transform: uppercase; border-radius: 4px; margin: 0 0 5px; color: #fff; } div.search_widget [type=submit]:hover{ background: #000024; } div.search_widget [type=submit]:focus{ outline: 2px solid #003a70; outline-offset: 2px; background: #003a70; color: #fff; } div.search_widget span.smaller { font-size: 12px; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; } div.search_widget span.legend { font-weight: 400; } </style> </style> <div class="search_title">Find a job on PsycCareers</div> <div class="search_widget hideFrmL"> <form action="https://www.psyccareers.com/" method="GET"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="search" /> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="advanced_search" /> <div class="narrow_fields"> <div class="narrow_field"> <div><span class="legend">Job</span></div> <input type="text" name="keywords" /> <span class="smaller">e.g., Clinical Psychologist</span> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class="narrow_field"> <div><span class="legend">Locations</span></div> <input type="text" name="city_state_zip" /> <span class="smaller">e.g., Washington DC or 20002</span> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class="narrow_field"> <button type="submit">Find</button> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> </form> </div> <div class="showFrmL"> <a href="https://www.psyccareers.com/jobs" class="btnOutlineSml"> Search Jobs <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" title="opens in new window"></i> </a> </div> </section></section> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Training Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training/science-training-indigenous-methodologies-assessment" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/science-training-sessions-index_tcm7-308286_w160_n.jpg" alt="Science Training Sessions"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Science Training Sessions</div> <p class="title"> Indigenous Methodologies and Assessment </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/events/sustainability-practices" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/careers-virtual-square_tcm7-285319_w160_n.jpg" alt=""> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Virtual Webinar</div> <p class="title"> Strengthening Employee Value through Sustainability Practices </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="Education and Career - index config" href="/education-career">All education and career<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320769" aria-label="toggle the News & Advocacy sub-menu">News & Advocacy</a> <div id="320769" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>News and Advocacy</h2> <p>Browse the latest updates from APA, informed by psychological science.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds second-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>News</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/monitor" target="_self">Monitor on Psychology Magazine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology" target="_self">Speaking of Psychology Podcast</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/press" target="_self">Press Room</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/psycport" target="_self">Psychology in the Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/newsletters" target="_self">Newsletters</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/press/releases/2024/11/texting-abbreviations-insincere" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-texting-abbreviations-insincere_tcm7-333261_w160_n.jpg" alt="A man holding and looking at his smartphone"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"> Texting abbreviations makes senders seem insincere, study finds </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/press/releases/2024/10/covid-family-dinners" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-covid-family-dinners_tcm7-333017_w160_n.jpg" alt="A family gathered around the dinner table, sharing a meal"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"> How COVID-19 transformed family dinners </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <h3>Advocacy</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-advocacy-national-institute-mental-health-group_tcm7-279430_w640_n.jpg" alt="Lady smiling"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Support psychology. Improve lives. </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy">Take action with APA Services, our companion professional organization.</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="news-index-config" href="/news">All News and advocacy<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/about">About APA</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/events">Events</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/members">Membership</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="maincontent" role="main" tabindex="-1"> <div class="mainwrap one_col_a text-center dx-dynamic-page" id="mainwrap"> <div class="body-container full-width"> <main class="main"> <div typeof="Region" resource="Top Content"> <div class="topcontent" id="topcontent" > <section class="breadcrumbs inline-breadcrumb"> <div class="container"> <div id="breadcrumbs"> <span><a href="/">Home</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </span> <span> <a href="/research-practice">Research and Practice</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </span> </div> </div> </section> <hgroup class="pageHeader"> <h1 >Conducting research</h1> </hgroup> <div class="featureRichSummary" >Tools and insight for psychological scientists and researchers. </div> </div> </div> <section class="content" id="ctcol"> <div typeof="Region" resource="Main"> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32013901"> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget threePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/conduct-research/animal" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-conduct-research_tcm7-320701_w320_n.jpg" alt="Marmoset on green background"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Animal research </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/conduct-research/data" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-collect-analyze-data_tcm7-320710_w320_n.jpg" alt="person pointing at something on a computer monitor"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Collecting and analyzing data </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/conduct-research/human" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-human-research_tcm7-320720_w320_n.jpg" alt="person being tested for research"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Human research </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/conduct-research/lab" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/article-numbers_tcm7-252966_w320_n.jpg" alt="numbers"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Running a lab </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/mentorship" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-mentorship_tcm7-320724_w320_n.jpg" alt="younger person being mentored by an older person sitting at a desk with a computer"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Mentoring researchers </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/conduct-research/ethics" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-research-ethics_tcm7-320736_w320_n.jpg" alt="person completing a printed paper form"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Research ethics </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> <div class="section-divider"> </div> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32013902"> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <h2>Optimized research tools</h2> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget fourPerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="https://go.apa.org/psycinfo-research-services/" target="_blank" aria-label="opens in new window" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-psycinfo_tcm7-285844_w320_n.jpg" alt="5 million records & growing!"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Personalized PsycInfo alerts </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Monitor trends, explore analytics, and access full text with free access to premium features courtesy of your institution鈥檚 subscription to APA PsycInfo.</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="https://twitter.com/PsycResearchBot" target="_blank" aria-label="opens in new window" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/psy-research-bot-tile_tcm7-318628_w320_n.jpg" alt="illustration of chat bot"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> PsycResearchBot </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>A snippet of psychological science selected randomly from APA Journals delivered periodically throughout your day.</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/search" target="_blank" aria-label="opens in new window" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-psycnet_tcm7-289994_w320_n.jpg" alt="APA PsycNet"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> APA PsycNet </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Find full-text articles, book chapters, and more using APA PsycNet, an intuitive search platform built for the discovery and delivery of social and behavioral science content.</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/authors/kudos" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/kudos-tile_tcm7-318616_w320_n.jpg" alt="Asian man sitting at desk with laptop computer and digital tablet"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Kudos service </p> <div class="wysiwyg">A free tool to help you summarize, share, and track the readership of your work.</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> <div class="full-width lightbg bg-light-neutral-1"> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32032301"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >Funding your research</h2> </section> <section class="oneFull"> <div class="featureRichItem"> <div class="fifty50Widget"> <div class="multiMedia"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/grant-awards-funding_tcm7-214133_w640_n.jpg" alt="Grants, Awards and Funding"> </figure> </div> <div> <a class="fifty50RightAnchor" href="/research-practice/funding" target="_self" > <p class="title">Grants and funding</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Learn about resources for funding, scholarships, grants, and awards to help support your research</p></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="oneCol_content" > <div class="oneFull dynamic"> <section id="metadataFeaturedFourByOne_320594" class="featureRichItem"> <span id="loader_320594" class="rr-loader" style="display: none;"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-spinner fa-spin fa-3x"></i> </span> </section> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { if (true == true) { var loader = jQuery(this).find('#loader_320594'); loader.show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: '/api/dynamic-page-items', method: 'GET', data: { viewName: 'PartialMetadataFeaturedFourByOneItems', pageId: '320093', componentId: '320594', maxItems: '4', sortBy: 'contentdate desc', maxComponents: '0' } }).done((result) => { jQuery('#metadataFeaturedFourByOne_320594').append(result.content); loader.hide(); if (result.content == '\r\n') { jQuery('#metadataFeaturedFourByOne_320594').hide(); } }).fail((error) => { console.log(error.responseJSON.message); loader.hide(); }); } }); </script> <div class="oneCol_content" > <div class="oneFull dynamic"> <section id="featuredFourByOneOrTwo_320330" class="featureRichItem"> <span id="loader_320330" class="rr-loader" style="display: none;"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-spinner fa-spin fa-3x"></i> </span> </section> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { if (true == true) { var loader = jQuery(this).find('#loader_320330'); loader.show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: '/api/dynamic-component-items', method: 'GET', data: { viewName: 'PartialFeaturedFourByOneOrTwoItems', pageId: '320093', componentId: '320330', maxItems: '8', sortBy: 'date desc' } }).done((result) => { jQuery('#featuredFourByOneOrTwo_320330').append(result.content); loader.hide(); if (result.content == '\r\n') { jQuery('#featuredFourByOneOrTwo_320330').hide(); } }).fail((error) => { if (!!error.status) { console.log(`${error.status} ${error.statusText} error!`); } console.log(error); loader.hide(); }); } }); </script> <div class="full-width lightbg bg-light-neutral-1"> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32105201"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >Open science</h2> </section> <section class="oneFull"> <div class="featureRichItem"> <div class="fifty50Widget"> <div class="multiMedia"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-open-science_tcm7-320726_w640_n.jpg" alt="photo of brain scan"> </figure> </div> <div> <a class="fifty50RightAnchor" href="/research-practice/open-science" target="_self" > <p class="title">Openness and rigor in psychological science</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>APA provides resources for publishing transparent, rigorous research; improving reproducibility in science; and aiding research discovery</p></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="oneCol_content" > <div class="oneFull dynamic"> <section id="metadataFeaturedFourByOne_320695" class="featureRichItem"> <span id="loader_320695" class="rr-loader" style="display: none;"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-spinner fa-spin fa-3x"></i> </span> </section> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { if (true == true) { var loader = jQuery(this).find('#loader_320695'); loader.show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: '/api/dynamic-page-items', method: 'GET', data: { viewName: 'PartialMetadataFeaturedFourByOneItems', pageId: '320093', componentId: '320695', maxItems: '4', sortBy: 'contentdate desc', maxComponents: '0' } }).done((result) => { jQuery('#metadataFeaturedFourByOne_320695').append(result.content); loader.hide(); if (result.content == '\r\n') { jQuery('#metadataFeaturedFourByOne_320695').hide(); } }).fail((error) => { console.log(error.responseJSON.message); loader.hide(); }); } }); </script> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32069301"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >APA books</h2> </section> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget recommendedWidget tile"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget"> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/methodological-issues-strategies-clinical-research-fifth-edition" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3844089-150_tcm7-325166.gif" alt="Methodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Methodological Issues and Strategies, 5e </p> <div class="price">$74.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/how-mix-methods" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3840098-150_tcm7-323631.gif" alt="Cover of How to Mix Methods" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> How to Mix Methods </p> <div class="price">$44.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/practical-ethics-psychologists-fourth-edition" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3842498-150_tcm7-316689.gif" alt="Practical Ethics for Psychologists" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Practical Ethics for Psychologists </p> <div class="price">$74.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/complete-researcher" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3839054-150_tcm7-315487.gif" alt="The Complete Researcher" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> The Complete Researcher </p> <div class="price">$39.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/apa-handbook-research-methods-psychology" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3841231-150_tcm7-310219.gif" alt="Cover of APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Second Edition" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology </p> <div class="price">$695.00</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { //loadRecommendedProducts(); function loadRecommendedProducts() { var loader = jQuery(this).find('.ue-loader'); loader.show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: '/api/recommended-reading', type: 'POST', data: { data: parseHTML("{"Title":null,"Subtitle":null,"Description":null,"ContentType":["Book PS608"],"IncludeTaxonomy":["Animal Research","Data Collection and Analysis","Conducting Research","Open Science"],"IncludeApastyleContent":null,"IncludeEducationPathways":null,"AndIncludeTaxonomy":null,"AndIncludeApastyleContent":null,"AndIncludeEducationPathways":null,"UseAndOrOperation":null,"SortBy":"Newest First","Filter":null,"Link":null,"Domain":null,"Items":null,"Cursor":null,"Id":"320692","IsEmbedded":false,"XpmPropertyMetadata":null,"MvcData":null,"HtmlClasses":null,"XpmMetadata":null,"ExtensionData":null}") }, success: function (res) { console.log(res); loader.hide(); jQuery('#readingList').html(res); }, error: function (err) { console.log(err); loader.hide(); } }); } }); </script> </section> <section class="overarch"> <div > <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a href="/pubs/books/browse?query=subject:Research%20Methods%20and%20Statistics">More books on research methods and statistics<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <div class="section-divider"> </div> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32054401"> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <h2>Newsletters</h2> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget threePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/science-spotlight" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/science-spotlight-740x380_tcm7-290264_w320_n.jpg" alt="Science Spotlight newsletter"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Science Spotlight </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>This newsletter is your source for the most relevant news and information for psychological scientists, by psychological scientists.</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/news/editors-choice" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-editors-choice-newsletter_tcm7-307311_w320_n.jpg" alt="Woman looking at computer screen"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> APA Editor鈥檚 Choice </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>This newsletter offers a free, biweekly review of APA Journal articles selected as outstanding, noteworthy, and impactful for the field by APA journal editors.聽</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/highlights" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-highlights-psychological-research_tcm7-316855_w320_n.jpg" alt="lightbulbs hanging from ceiling"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title"> Highlights in psychological research </p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Curated content from APA Publishing, featuring scholarly works on current issues, summaries of research, interviews with authors and editors, and more.</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> </div> </section> <section class="social"> <div class="horizontal-icon-bar" data-ai-region data-ai-area="horizontal-bar"> <div> <a href="#" onclick="publishFacebookWallPost('255440604529709', 'https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research');" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="facebook" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on Facebook" class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i> </a> </div> <div> <a href="javascript: openSocialShare('https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.apa.org%2fresearch-practice%2fconduct-research&via=APA&text=Conducting+research')" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="twitter" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on X (formerly Twitter)" class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i> </a> </div> <div>  <a href="javascript: openSocialShare('https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.apa.org%2fresearch-practice%2fconduct-research&title=Conducting+research&summary=Tools+and+insight+for+scientists+and+researchers+on+human+and+animal+research%2c+data+collection+and+analysis%2c+running+your+lab%2c+mentoring%2c+ethics%2c+research+tools%2c+and+calls+for+papers+in+APA+journals.')" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="linkedin" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on LinkedIn" class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i> </a> </div> <div>  <a href="javascript:openEmail('English');" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="email" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Email this" class="fas fa-envelope"></i> </a> </div> </div> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0005"> window.fbAsyncInit = function () { FB.init({ appId: 255440604529709, xfbml: true, version: 'v4.0' }); FB.AppEvents.logPageView(); }; (function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <script> if (!document.getElementById('citationPopup')) { let popup = ` <div class="citationPopup" id="citationPopup"> <span class="capitalize">Cite This Webpage</span> <div class="closeCitation right" onclick="toggleCitation()"><i role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-rectangle-xmark"></i></div> <div class="hr"></div> <div class="citationBody" id="citationBody" onclick="selectAll()"> American Psychological Association. (2023). <i>Conducting research.</i> https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research </div> </div> `; if (document.getElementById('mainwrap') != null) { document.getElementById('mainwrap').insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', popup); } } </script> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="megafooter" data-ai-region data-ai-area="footer"> <div class="megafooter-row megafooter-tagline"> <div class="container"> <div class="wysiwyg">Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives</div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row content-row"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-grid four-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY</strong> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/guide/science">Science of Psychology</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/topics">Psychology Topics</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">STUDENTS</strong> </div> <div> <a href="https://accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs" target="_parent">Accredited Psychology Programs</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/guide/careers">Careers in Psychology</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://opl.apa.org">Online Psychology Laboratory</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/about/students">More for Students</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"><div><strong>PUBLICATIONS & DATABASES</strong></div> <div><a href="https://apastyle.apa.org" target="_parent">APA Style</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/books">Books</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/magination">Children's Books</a></div> <div><a href="/pubs/databases">Databases</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/videos">DVD/Streaming Video</a></div> <div><a href="/pubs/journals/subscriptions">Journal Subscriptions</a></div> <div><a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/">APA PsycNET庐 Journal Articles</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs">More Publications & Databases</a></div></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">NEWS & ADVOCACY</strong> </div> <div> <a href="/monitor">Monitor on Psychology Magazine</a> </div> <div> <a href="/news/newsletters">Newsletters</a> </div> <div> <a href="/news/press">Press Room</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy">Advocacy from APA Services, Inc.</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">STANDARDS & GUIDELINES</strong> </div> <div> <a href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines">Standards and Guidelines</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/ethics">Ethics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">CAREERS</strong> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.psyccareers.com" target="_parent">Find a Job with PsycCareers</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/development/early">Early Career Psychologists</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">EVENTS & TRAINING</strong> </div> <div> <div> <a href="https://convention.apa.org">APA Annual Convention</a> </div> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/ed/ce">Continuing Education</a> </div> <div> <a href="/events">Events Calendar</a> </div> <div> <a href="/education-career/training">Training</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row bg-light-neutral-1"> <div class="container"> <section class="footer-grid two-cols about-memebers-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block aboutapa-block"> <div class="megafooter-heading">About APA</div> <div class="wysiwyg footer-grid three-cols"> <ul> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/about/governance">Governance</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="https://www.apadivisions.org">APA Divisions</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/about/offices">Directorates and Programs</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a target="_parent" href="https://apamerchstore.com/">APA Merch Store</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/apa/corporate-supporters">Corporate Supporters</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://advertising.apa.org">Advertise with Us</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/apa-jobs">Work at APA</a> </li> <li> <a href="/donations">Donate</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block members-block"> <div class="footer-grid two-cols members-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="megafooter-heading">Members</div> <div class="wysiwyg"><ul> <li><a href="https://community.apa.org/">APA Community</a></li> <li><a href="/members/your-membership/get-involved">Get Involved</a></li> <li><a href="/members/your-membership/benefits">Membership Benefits</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/members">More for Members</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <ul> <li style="text-align: left;"> <a href="https://renew.apa.org" class="btnOutlineMed">Renew Membership</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;"> <a class="btnOutlineMed" href="/members/your-membership/join">Join APA</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row shorter-row with-social"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-grid two-cols-uneven"> <div class="megafooter-links megafooter-block align-self-end"> <div class="wysiwyg wysiwyg-flex-ul"> <ul> <li> <a href="#" id="togglePrefCenter" name="togglePrefCenter">Cookies</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/about/privacy">Privacy Statement</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/about/termsofuse">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/about/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/website-feedback">Website Feedback</a> </li> <li> <a target="_parent" href="/sitemap">Sitemap</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-socialmedia megafooter-block"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap align-items-end justify-content-end"> <span>Follow APA</span> <ul class="socialmedia-items d-flex"> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-psychological-association" target="_blank" title="Join us on LinkedIn" aria-label="Join us on LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-linkedin" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-17l4b62nQnJI" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="linkedin" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-17l4b62nQnJI">Join us on LinkedIn</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/apa_org/" target="_blank" title="Instagram" aria-label="Instagram" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-instagram" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-instagram" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M224,202.66A53.34,53.34,0,1,0,277.36,256,53.38,53.38,0,0,0,224,202.66Zm124.71-41a54,54,0,0,0-30.41-30.41c-21-8.29-71-6.43-94.3-6.43s-73.25-1.93-94.31,6.43a54,54,0,0,0-30.41,30.41c-8.28,21-6.43,71.05-6.43,94.33S91,329.26,99.32,350.33a54,54,0,0,0,30.41,30.41c21,8.29,71,6.43,94.31,6.43s73.24,1.93,94.3-6.43a54,54,0,0,0,30.41-30.41c8.35-21,6.43-71.05,6.43-94.33S357.1,182.74,348.75,161.67ZM224,338a82,82,0,1,1,82-82A81.9,81.9,0,0,1,224,338Zm85.38-148.3a19.14,19.14,0,1,1,19.13-19.14A19.1,19.1,0,0,1,309.42,189.74ZM400,32H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,80V432a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V80A48,48,0,0,0,400,32ZM382.88,322c-1.29,25.63-7.14,48.34-25.85,67s-41.4,24.63-67,25.85c-26.41,1.49-105.59,1.49-132,0-25.63-1.29-48.26-7.15-67-25.85s-24.63-41.42-25.85-67c-1.49-26.42-1.49-105.61,0-132,1.29-25.63,7.07-48.34,25.85-67s41.47-24.56,67-25.78c26.41-1.49,105.59-1.49,132,0,25.63,1.29,48.33,7.15,67,25.85s24.63,41.42,25.85,67.05C384.37,216.44,384.37,295.56,382.88,322Z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/theapavideo" target="_blank" title="Videos from APA on YouTube" aria-label="Videos from APA on YouTube" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-youtube" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-YVOEJlE2Z05J" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-youtube" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-YVOEJlE2Z05J">Videos from APA on YouTube</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M186.8 202.1l95.2 54.1-95.2 54.1V202.1zM448 80v352c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V80c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48h352c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48zm-42 176.3s0-59.6-7.6-88.2c-4.2-15.8-16.5-28.2-32.2-32.4C337.9 128 224 128 224 128s-113.9 0-142.2 7.7c-15.7 4.2-28 16.6-32.2 32.4-7.6 28.5-7.6 88.2-7.6 88.2s0 59.6 7.6 88.2c4.2 15.8 16.5 27.7 32.2 31.9C110.1 384 224 384 224 384s113.9 0 142.2-7.7c15.7-4.2 28-16.1 32.2-31.9 7.6-28.5 7.6-88.1 7.6-88.1z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanPsychologicalAssociation" target="_blank" title="Follow us on Facebook" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-facebook" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-xg8blDzqiENZ" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-facebook" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-xg8blDzqiENZ">Follow us on Facebook</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.threads.net/@apa_org" target="_blank" title="Threads" aria-label="Threads" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-threads" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-threads" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zM294.2 244.3c19.5 9.3 33.7 23.5 41.2 40.9c10.4 24.3 11.4 63.9-20.2 95.4c-24.2 24.1-53.5 35-95.1 35.3h-.2c-46.8-.3-82.8-16.1-106.9-46.8C91.5 341.8 80.4 303.7 80 256v-.1-.1c.4-47.7 11.5-85.7 33-113.1c24.2-30.7 60.2-46.5 106.9-46.8h.2c46.9 .3 83.3 16 108.2 46.6c12.3 15.1 21.3 33.3 27 54.4l-26.9 7.2c-4.7-17.2-11.9-31.9-21.4-43.6c-19.4-23.9-48.7-36.1-87-36.4c-38 .3-66.8 12.5-85.5 36.2c-17.5 22.3-26.6 54.4-26.9 95.5c.3 41.1 9.4 73.3 26.9 95.5c18.7 23.8 47.4 36 85.5 36.2c34.3-.3 56.9-8.4 75.8-27.3c21.5-21.5 21.1-47.9 14.2-64c-4-9.4-11.4-17.3-21.3-23.3c-2.4 18-7.9 32.2-16.5 43.2c-11.4 14.5-27.7 22.4-48.4 23.5c-15.7 .9-30.8-2.9-42.6-10.7c-13.9-9.2-22-23.2-22.9-39.5c-1.7-32.2 23.8-55.3 63.5-57.6c14.1-.8 27.3-.2 39.5 1.9c-1.6-9.9-4.9-17.7-9.8-23.4c-6.7-7.8-17.1-11.8-30.8-11.9h-.4c-11 0-26 3.1-35.6 17.6l-23-15.8c12.8-19.4 33.6-30.1 58.5-30.1h.6c41.8 .3 66.6 26.3 69.1 71.8c1.4 .6 2.8 1.2 4.2 1.9l.1 .5zm-71.8 67.5c17-.9 36.4-7.6 39.7-48.8c-8.8-1.9-18.6-2.9-29-2.9c-3.2 0-6.4 .1-9.6 .3c-28.6 1.6-38.1 15.5-37.4 27.9c.9 16.7 19 24.5 36.4 23.6l-.1-.1z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/apa" target="_blank" title="Follow us on X (formerly Twitter)" aria-label="Follow us on X (formerly Twitter)" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-x-twitter" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zm297.1 84L257.3 234.6 379.4 396H283.8L209 298.1 123.3 396H75.8l111-126.9L69.7 116h98l67.7 89.5L313.6 116h47.5zM323.3 367.6L153.4 142.9H125.1L296.9 367.6h26.3z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/rss" target="_blank" title="RSS Feeds" aria-label="RSS Feeds" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-rss" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-BvyQKlkkGnvj" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="square-rss" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-BvyQKlkkGnvj">RSS Feeds</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zM96 136c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24c137 0 248 111 248 248c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24s-24-10.7-24-24c0-110.5-89.5-200-200-200c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm0 96c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24c83.9 0 152 68.1 152 152c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24s-24-10.7-24-24c0-57.4-46.6-104-104-104c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm0 120a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0z"></path></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="socialmedia-more"> <a href="/about/social-media" title="more social media link">more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row shorter-row copyrights"> <div class="container"> <section class="copyright"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <a target="_parent" href="/about/contact/copyright"> <strong style="text-decoration: underline;">漏 2024 American Psychological Association</strong> </a> <br> 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242 <br> Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500 | TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 </div> </section> <figure class="back-to-top"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" id="back-to-top"> <svg title="Back to top" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chevron-up fa-w-14" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-sLQwkvREfMhB" data-prefix="far" data-icon="chevron-up" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-sLQwkvREfMhB">Back to top</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.101 359.293L25.9 379.092c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0L224 198.393l181.13 180.698c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0l19.799-19.799c4.686-4.686 4.686-12.284 0-16.971L232.485 132.908c-4.686-4.686-12.284-4.686-16.971 0L6.101 342.322c-4.687 4.687-4.687 12.285 0 16.971z"></path></svg> </a> </figure> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="ie-margin-fix"> </div> </div> <div id="rwdOverlayMask" class="rwdOverlayMask" onclick="javascript:hideMask('rwdOverlayMask','overlayMask');"></div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "url": "https://www.apa.org/research-practice/conduct-research", "inLanguage": "English", "headline": "Conducting research", "alternativeheadline": "Tools and insight for psychological scientists and researchers.", "datecreated": "2023-10-12" } </script> <script defer src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery.ui || document.write('<script defer src="/js/vendor/jquery-ui.js"><\/script>')</script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/print.min.css?v=24.9" media="print" tabindex="-1"> <script async src="/js/vendor/hammer.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/js/dist/global.min.js?v=24.9"></script> <script defer src="/js/dist/rwdTabs.min.js?v=24.9"></script> <script data-search-pseudo-elements defer src="/js/vendor/apafa.min.js?v=24.9"></script>  <script>myApaUrl="https://my.apa.org";</script> <script src="/js/dist/myapa.min.js?v=24.9"></script>  <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0005"> (function () { var twitterWidgets = document.createElement('script'); twitterWidgets.type = 'text/javascript'; twitterWidgets.async = true; twitterWidgets.src = 'https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(twitterWidgets); })(); </script>  <script type="text/plain" data-pageid="320093" data-defaultevent="visit" src="/js/dist/insights.min.js?v=24.9" class="optanon-category-C0002"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-3-typeahead/4.0.2/bootstrap3-typeahead.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer id="typeahead" type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#query").typeahead({ autoSelect: false, source: function (term, process) { var allowedTypeahead = jQuery('#in').find(':selected').data('typeahead') ? true : false; if (!allowedTypeahead || term.length < 3) return; var terms = []; return jQuery.get('/api/typeahead?term=' + term, function (data) { jQuery.each(data, function (i, item) { terms.push(item); }); process(terms); }); }, afterSelect: function () { jQuery('#search').submit(); }, highlighter: function (item) { var html = jQuery('<div></div>'); var query = this.query; var i = item.toLowerCase().indexOf(query.toLowerCase()); var len = query.length; var leftPart; var middlePart; var rightPart; var strong; if (len === 0) { return html.text(item).html(); } while (i > -1) { leftPart = item.substr(0, i); middlePart = item.substr(i, len); rightPart = item.substr(i + len); strong = jQuery('<span></span>').text(middlePart); html .append(document.createTextNode(leftPart)) .append(strong); item = rightPart; i = item.toLowerCase().indexOf(query.toLowerCase()); } return html.append(document.createTextNode(item)).html(); } }).on('keyup', this, function (e) { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.keyCode === 13) { jQuery('#input').typeahead('close'); jQuery('#search').submit(); } if (!e.shiftKey && (e.key === 'Tab' || e.keyCode === 9 || e.which === 9)) { var val = jQuery('.typeahead.dropdown-menu li:first').find('a').text(); jQuery('.typeahead.dropdown-menu li:first').addClass('active'); if (val) { jQuery("#query").val(val).text(val).change(); jQuery('#input').typeahead('close'); jQuery('#search').submit(); } } }); jQuery('#in').change(function () { jQuery('#query').typeahead('setQuery', ''); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_Incapsula_Resource?SWJIYLWA=719d34d31c8e3a6e6fffd425f7e032f3&ns=1&cb=619660115" async></script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Conducting research