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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grave_accent_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grave_accent_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Grave accent rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grave_accent_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Stress accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simplification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simplification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Simplification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simplification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_adoption_of_monotonic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_adoption_of_monotonic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Official adoption of monotonic system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_adoption_of_monotonic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use_of_polytonic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use_of_polytonic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Modern use of polytonic system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use_of_polytonic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Accents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Breathings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coronis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Adscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaeresis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaeresis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Diaeresis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaeresis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Vowel length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonstandard_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonstandard_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Nonstandard diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonstandard_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Caron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dot_above" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dot_above"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Dot above</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dot_above-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_in_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_in_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Position in letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_in_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Computer encoding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_encoding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computer encoding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IETF_language_tag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IETF_language_tag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>IETF language tag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IETF_language_tag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Upper case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Lower case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek diacritics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reizhskrivadur_liestonel" title="Reizhskrivadur liestonel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reizhskrivadur liestonel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacr%C3%ADtics_del_grec" title="Diacrítics del grec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diacrítics del grec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytonische_Orthographie" title="Polytonische Orthographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polytonische Orthographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πολυτονική γραφή της ελληνικής γλώσσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυτονική γραφή της ελληνικής γλώσσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_polit%C3%B3nico" title="Sistema politónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema politónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurtona_greka_ortografio" title="Plurtona greka ortografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plurtona greka ortografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritiques_de_l%27alphabet_grec" title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacr%C3%ADticos_do_alfabeto_grego" title="Diacríticos do alfabeto grego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diacríticos do alfabeto grego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_dijakriti%C4%8Dki_znakovi" title="Grčki dijakritički znakovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčki dijakritički znakovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diakritik_Yunani" title="Diakritik Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diakritik Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segni_diacritici_dell%27alfabeto_greco" title="Segni diacritici dell'alfabeto greco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segni diacritici dell'alfabeto greco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytoninen_ortografia" title="Polytoninen ortografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polytoninen ortografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="希臘語變音符號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希臘語變音符號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Greek letters. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/100px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/150px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/200px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="118" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">ϛ</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a> has used a variety of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> starting in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. The more complex <b>polytonic orthography</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">πολυτονικό σύστημα γραφής</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">polytonikó sýstīma grafī́s</i></span>), which includes five diacritics, notates <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a>. The simpler <b>monotonic orthography</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">μονοτονικό σύστημα γραφής</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">monotonikó sýstīma grafī́s</i></span>), introduced in 1982, corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a>, and requires only two diacritics. </p><p>Polytonic orthography (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πολύς">πολύς</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">polýs</i></span>)</i> 'much, many' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τόνος">τόνος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tónos</i></span>)</i> 'accent') is the standard system for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> and includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>´</big></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> accent (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>ˆ</big></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>`</big></span>); these 3 accents indicate different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>῾</big></span>) indicates the presence of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> sound before a letter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>᾿</big></span>) indicates the absence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>.</li></ul> <p>Since in Modern Greek the pitch accent has been replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">dynamic accent (stress)</a>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> was lost, most polytonic diacritics have no phonetic significance, and merely reveal the underlying Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>. </p><p>Monotonic orthography (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μόνος">μόνος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mónos</i></span>)</i> 'single' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τόνος">τόνος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tónos</i></span>)</i> 'accent') is the standard system for <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. It retains two diacritics: </p> <ul><li>single accent or <i>tonos</i> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>΄</big></span>) that indicates <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><big>¨</big></span>), which usually indicates a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> but occasionally indicates a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>: compare modern Greek <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παϊδάκι">παϊδάκια</a></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/paiˈðaca/</span>, "lamb chops"), with a diphthong, and <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παιδάκι">παιδάκια</a></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/peˈðaca/</span>, "little children") with a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">simple vowel</a>.</li></ul> <p>A <i>tonos</i> and a <i>diaeresis</i> can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ταΐζω</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taˈizo/</span>, "I feed"). </p><p>Although it is not a diacritic, the <a href="/wiki/Hypodiastole" title="Hypodiastole">hypodiastole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C,%CF%84%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ό,τι">ό,τι</a></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ó,ti</i></span>, "whatever") from <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ότι">ότι</a></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">óti</i></span>, "that").<sup id="cite_ref-nicky_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Sinaiticus-small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Codex_Sinaiticus-small.jpg/250px-Codex_Sinaiticus-small.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Codex_Sinaiticus-small.jpg/375px-Codex_Sinaiticus-small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Codex_Sinaiticus-small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in a 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> manuscript <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a></i>, before the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> polytonic. Note spelling errors: elth<i>a</i>tō ē basil<i>i</i>a (ΕΛΘΑΤΩΗΒΑΣΙΛΙΑ) instead of elth<i>e</i>tō ē basil<i>ei</i>a (ΕΛΘΕΤΩ Η ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ).</figcaption></figure> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what are now known as <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">capitals</a>—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionian</a> alphabet. With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> dialect, the Ionic alphabet superseded the other alphabets, known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epichoric" class="extiw" title="wikt:epichoric">epichoric</a>, with varying degrees of speed. The Ionian alphabet, however, also consisted only of capitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_breathings">Introduction of breathings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction of breathings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/350px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/525px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/700px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>An example of polytonic text with <a href="/wiki/Ekphonetic_notation" title="Ekphonetic notation">ekphonetic neumes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">red ink</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_illuminated_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine illuminated manuscript">Byzantine manuscript</a>, of 1020 AD, displaying the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> (1:3–6)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathings</a> were introduced in classical times in order to represent the presence or absence of an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki//h/" class="mw-redirect" title="/h/">/h/</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, which had adopted a form of the alphabet in which the letter ⟨Η⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>) was no longer available for this purpose as it was used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_accents">Introduction of accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Introduction of accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Hellenistic period (3rd century BC), <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> introduced the breathings—marks of aspiration (the aspiration however being already noted on certain inscriptions, not by means of diacritics but by regular letters or modified letters)—and the accents, of which the use started to spread, to become standard in the Middle Ages. It was not until the 2nd century AD that <a href="/wiki/Accent_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent mark">accents</a> and breathings appeared sporadically in <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a>. The need for the diacritics arose from the gradual divergence between spelling and pronunciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncial_script">Uncial script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uncial script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial script</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">majuscule</a>, i.e., a system where text is written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a>, was used until the 8th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> polytonic supplanted it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grave_accent_rule">Grave accent rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grave accent rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine period">Byzantine period</a>, the modern rule that turns an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<i>oxeia</i>) on the last syllable into a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<i>bareia</i>)—except before a punctuation sign or an <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a>—had been firmly established. Certain authors have argued that the grave originally denoted the absence of accent; the modern rule is, in their view, a purely <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> convention. Originally, certain <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">proclitic</a> words lost their accent before another word and received the grave, and later this was generalized to all words in the orthography. Others—drawing on, for instance, evidence from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek music">ancient Greek music</a>—consider that the grave was "linguistically real" and expressed a word-final modification of the acute pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_accent">Stress accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stress accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the later development of the language, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent_(intonation)" title="Pitch accent (intonation)">pitch accent</a> was replaced by an intensity or <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> accent, making the three types of accent identical, and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> sound became silent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simplification">Simplification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Simplification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century (official since the 1960s), the grave was replaced by the acute, and the <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a> and the breathings on the rho were abolished, except in printed texts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek <a href="/wiki/Typewriters" class="mw-redirect" title="Typewriters">typewriters</a> from that era did not have keys for the grave accent or the iota subscript, and these diacritics were also not taught in primary schools where instruction was in <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_adoption_of_monotonic_system">Official adoption of monotonic system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official adoption of monotonic system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the official adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">demotic</a> form of the language, the monotonic orthography was imposed by law in 1982. The latter uses only the acute accent (or sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a>, intentionally distinct from any of the traditional accents) and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> and omits the breathings. This simplification has been criticized on the grounds that polytonic orthography provides a cultural link to the past.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use_of_polytonic_system">Modern use of polytonic system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern use of polytonic system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some individuals, institutions, and publishers continue to prefer the polytonic system (with or without grave accent), though an official reintroduction of the polytonic system does not seem probable. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greek Orthodox</a> church, the daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Estia" title="Estia">Estia</a>,</i> as well as books written in <i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i> continue to use the polytonic orthography. Though the polytonic system was not used in Classical Greece, these critics argue that modern Greek, as a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Byzantine</a> and post-medieval Greek, should continue their writing conventions. </p><p>Some textbooks of Ancient Greek for foreigners have retained the breathings, but dropped all the accents in order to simplify the task for the learner.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polytonic Greek uses many different diacritics in several categories. At the time of Ancient Greek, each of these marked a significant distinction in pronunciation. </p><p>Monotonic orthography for Modern Greek uses only two diacritics, the <i>tonos</i> and <i>diaeresis</i> (sometimes used in combination) that have significance in pronunciation, similar to vowels in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a>. Initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is no longer pronounced, and so the rough and smooth breathings are no longer necessary. The unique pitch patterns of the three accents have disappeared, and only a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a> remains. The iota subscript was a diacritic invented to mark an <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> vowel that was no longer pronounced, so it was dispensed with as well. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Acute</th> <th>Acute, diaeresis</th> <th>Diaeresis </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:130%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Άά Έέ Ήή Ίί Όό Ύύ Ώώ</span></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΐ ΰ</span></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϊϊ Ϋϋ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The transliteration of Greek names follows Latin transliteration of Ancient Greek; modern transliteration is different, and does not distinguish many letters and digraphs that have merged by <a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accents">Accents<span class="anchor" id="Oxeia_(accent)"></span><span class="anchor" id="Perispomene"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">Ancient Greek accent</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_acute.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Greek_acute.svg/50px-Greek_acute.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Greek_acute.svg/75px-Greek_acute.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Greek_acute.svg/100px-Greek_acute.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_gravis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_gravis.svg/50px-Greek_gravis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_gravis.svg/75px-Greek_gravis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_gravis.svg/100px-Greek_gravis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acute</td> <td>Grave </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg/50px-Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg/75px-Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg/100px-Greek_circumflex_tilde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_circumflex_breve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_circumflex_breve.svg/50px-Greek_circumflex_breve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_circumflex_breve.svg/75px-Greek_circumflex_breve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_circumflex_breve.svg/100px-Greek_circumflex_breve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Circumflex (alternative forms) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The accents (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">τόνοι</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tónoi</i></span>, singular: <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">τόνος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tónos</i></span>) are placed on an accented vowel or on the last of the two vowels of a diphthong (ά, but αί) and indicated <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a> patterns in Ancient Greek. The precise nature of the patterns is not certain, but the general nature of each is known. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀξεῖα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oxeîa</i></span>, 'sharp' or "high") –  '<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ά</span></span>' –  marked high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel. </p><p>The acute is also used on the first of two (or occasionally three) successive vowels in Modern Greek to indicate that they are pronounced together as a stressed diphthong. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">βαρεῖα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">bareîa</i></span>, 'heavy' or "low", modern <i>varia</i>) –  '<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὰ</span></span>' –  marked normal or low pitch. </p><p>The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Byzantine period it was only used to replace the acute at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately without <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">περισπωμένη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">perispōménē</i></span>, 'twisted around') –  '<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾶ</span></span>' –  marked high and falling pitch within one syllable. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̃</span>) or an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̑</span>). It was also known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀξύβαρυς</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oxýbarys</i></span> "high-low" or "acute-grave", and its original form (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">^</span> ) was from a combining of the acute and grave diacritics. Because of its compound nature, it only appeared on long vowels or diphthongs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathings">Breathings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breathings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_asper.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Greek_asper.svg/50px-Greek_asper.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Greek_asper.svg/75px-Greek_asper.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Greek_asper.svg/100px-Greek_asper.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lenis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_lenis.svg/50px-Greek_lenis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_lenis.svg/75px-Greek_lenis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_lenis.svg/100px-Greek_lenis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rough</td> <td>Smooth </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_asper_acute.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_asper_acute.svg/50px-Greek_asper_acute.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_asper_acute.svg/75px-Greek_asper_acute.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_asper_acute.svg/100px-Greek_asper_acute.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg/50px-Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg/75px-Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg/100px-Greek_lenis_circumflex_breve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Combined with accents </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The breathings were written over a vowel or ρ. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a></b> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">δασὺ πνεῦμα</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dasù pneûma</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">spīritus asper</i></span>)—'<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁ</span></span>'—indicates a voiceless glottal fricative (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>) before the vowel in Ancient Greek. In Greek grammar, this is known as aspiration. This is different from <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, which applies to consonants, not vowels. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">Rho</a> (Ρρ) at the beginning of a word always takes rough breathing, probably marking <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">unvoiced</a> pronunciation. In Latin, this was <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">transcribed</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_digraphs#R" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin digraphs">rh</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a> (Υυ) at the beginning of a word always takes rough breathing. Thus, words from Greek begin with <i>hy-</i>, never with <i>y-</i>.</li></ul> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ψιλὸν πνεῦμα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">psīlòn pneûma</i></span>; Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">spīritus lēnis</i></span>)—'<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀ</span></span>'—marked the absence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. </p><p>A double rho in the middle of a word was originally written with smooth breathing on the first rho and rough breathing on the second one (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διάῤῥοια</span></span>). In Latin, this was transcribed as <i>rrh</i> (<i>diarrhoea</i> or <i>diarrhea</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronis">Coronis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coronis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_coronis_crasis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_coronis_crasis.svg/120px-Greek_coronis_crasis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_coronis_crasis.svg/180px-Greek_coronis_crasis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_coronis_crasis.svg/240px-Greek_coronis_crasis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="56" /></a><figcaption>Coronis, marking crasis in the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Coronis_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronis (diacritic)">coronis</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">κορωνίς</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">korōnís</i></span>, 'curved') marks a vowel contracted by <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a>. It was formerly an apostrophe placed after the contracted vowel, but is now placed over the vowel and is identical to the smooth breathing. Unlike the smooth breathing, it often occurs inside a word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscript">Subscript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_iota_placement_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_iota_placement_03.svg/80px-Greek_iota_placement_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_iota_placement_03.svg/120px-Greek_iota_placement_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_iota_placement_03.svg/160px-Greek_iota_placement_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_iota_placement_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_iota_placement_01.svg/80px-Greek_iota_placement_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_iota_placement_01.svg/120px-Greek_iota_placement_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_iota_placement_01.svg/160px-Greek_iota_placement_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_iota_placement_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_iota_placement_02.svg/80px-Greek_iota_placement_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_iota_placement_02.svg/120px-Greek_iota_placement_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_iota_placement_02.svg/160px-Greek_iota_placement_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_iota_placement_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Greek_iota_placement_04.svg/80px-Greek_iota_placement_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Greek_iota_placement_04.svg/120px-Greek_iota_placement_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Greek_iota_placement_04.svg/160px-Greek_iota_placement_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_iota_placement_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greek_iota_placement_05.svg/80px-Greek_iota_placement_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greek_iota_placement_05.svg/120px-Greek_iota_placement_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greek_iota_placement_05.svg/160px-Greek_iota_placement_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_iota_placement_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Greek_iota_placement_06.svg/80px-Greek_iota_placement_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Greek_iota_placement_06.svg/120px-Greek_iota_placement_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Greek_iota_placement_06.svg/160px-Greek_iota_placement_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Different styles of subscript/adscript iotas in the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾠδῇ</span></span>, ("<i><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a></i>", dative) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑπογεγραμμένη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hypogegramménē</i></span>, 'written under')—'ι'—is placed under the long vowels <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">ᾱ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">η</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">ω</a> to mark the ancient long diphthongs <b>ᾱι</b>, <b>ηι</b>, and <b>ωι</b>, in which the ι is no longer pronounced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adscript">Adscript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Next to a capital, the iota subscript is usually written as a lower-case letter (<b>Αι</b>), in which case it is called <b><a href="/wiki/Iota_adscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Iota adscript">iota adscript</a></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">προσγεγραμμένη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prosgegramménē</i></span>, 'written next to'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaeresis">Diaeresis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diaeresis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg/120px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg/180px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg/240px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="56" /></a><figcaption>Diaeresis, used to distinguish the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΑΫΛΟΣ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄϋλος</span></span>, "immaterial") from the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΑΥΛΟΣ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐλός</span></span> "flute") </figcaption></figure> <p>In Ancient Greek, the <b><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a></b> (Greek: <span lang="el">διαίρεσις</span> or <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">διαλυτικά</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">dialytiká</i></span>, 'distinguishing') – <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϊ</span></span></b> – appears on the letters <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><b><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></b></span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><b><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></b></span></span> to show that a pair of vowel letters is pronounced separately, rather than as a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> for a simple vowel. </p><p>In Modern Greek, the diaeresis usually indicates that two successive vowels are pronounced separately (as in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κοροϊδεύω</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ko.ro.iˈðe.vo/</span>, "I trick, mock"), but occasionally, it marks vowels that are pronounced together as an unstressed diphthong rather than as a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> (as in <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">μποϊκοτάρω</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/boj.koˈtar.o/</span>, "I boycott"). The distinction between two separate vowels and an unstressed diphthong is not always clear, although two separate vowels are far more common. </p><p>The diaeresis can be combined with the acute, grave and circumflex but never with breathings, since the letter with the diaeresis cannot be the first vowel of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Modern Greek, the combination of the acute and diaeresis indicates a stressed vowel after a hiatus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_length">Vowel length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vowel length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In textbooks and dictionaries of Ancient Greek, the <b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></b>—'<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾱ</span></span>'—and <b><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a></b>—'<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾰ</span></span>'—are often used over <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><b><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a></b></span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><b><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></b></span></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><b><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></b></span></span> to indicate that it is long or short, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonstandard_diacritics">Nonstandard diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nonstandard diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caron">Caron</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Caron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some modern non-standard orthographies of Greek dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> (ˇ) may be used on some consonants to show a palatalized pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not encoded as precombined characters in Unicode, so they are typed by adding the <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+030C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̌</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING CARON</span> to the Greek letter. Latin diacritics on Greek letters may not be supported by many fonts, and as a fall-back a caron may be replaced by an iota ⟨ι⟩ following the consonant. </p><p>An example of a Greek letter with a combining caron and its pronunciation: <b>τ̌</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dot_above">Dot above</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dot above"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dot diacritic was used above some consonants and vowels in <a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a>, which was written with the Greek alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_in_letters">Position in letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Position in letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diacritics are written above lower-case letters and at the upper left of capital letters. In the case of a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>, the second vowel takes the diacritics. A breathing diacritic is written to the left of an acute or grave accent but below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. </p><p>In uppercase (all-caps), accents and breathings are eliminated, in titlecase they appear to the left of the letter rather than above it. Unlike other diacritics, the dieresis is kept above letters also in uppercase. Different conventions exist for the handling of the <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a>. Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts and in the French typographical tradition up to the 19th century. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Polytonic </th> <th>Monotonic </th></tr> <tr> <td class="polytonic" lang="grc"> <div class="poem"> <p>Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς· ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·<br /> ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·<br /> γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·<br /> τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·<br /> καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,<br /> ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·<br /> καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.<br /> Ἀμήν. </p> </div> </td> <td class="polytonic" lang="grc"> <div class="poem"> <p>Πάτερ ημών ο εν τοις ουρανοίς· αγιασθήτω το όνομά σου·<br /> ελθέτω η βασιλεία σου·<br /> γενηθήτω το θέλημά σου, ως εν ουρανώ, και επί της γης·<br /> τον άρτον ημών τον επιούσιον δος ημίν σήμερον·<br /> και άφες ημίν τα οφειλήματα ημών,<br /> ως και ημείς αφίεμεν τοις οφειλέταις ημών·<br /> και μη εισενέγκης ημάς εις πειρασμόν, αλλά ρύσαι ημάς από του πονηρού.<br /> Αμήν. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encoding">Computer encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Computer encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been problems in representing polytonic Greek on computers, and in displaying polytonic Greek on computer screens and printouts, but these have largely been overcome by the advent of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and appropriate <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IETF_language_tag">IETF language tag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: IETF language tag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tags</a> have registered subtag codes for the different orthographies:<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">el-monoton</code> for monotonic Greek.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">el-polyton</code> for polytonic Greek.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <i>tónos</i> of monotonic orthography looks similar to the <i>oxeîa</i> of polytonic orthography in most typefaces, Unicode has historically separate symbols for letters with these diacritics. For example, the monotonic "Greek small letter alpha with <i>tónos</i>" is at U+03AC, while the polytonic "Greek small letter alpha with <i>oxeîa</i>" is at U+1F71. The monotonic and polytonic accent however have been <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> equivalent since 1986, and accordingly the <i>oxeîa</i> diacritic in Unicode decomposes canonically to the monotonic <i>tónos</i>—both are underlyingly treated as equivalent to the multiscript acute accent, U+0301, since letters with <i>oxia</i> decompose to letters with <i>tonos</i>, which decompose in turn to base letter plus multiscript acute accent. Thus: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F71</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ά</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03AC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ά</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">α</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA</span> plus <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0301</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌́</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT</span> (shown for explanation only; in practice only the precomposed form is used)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Where a distinction needs to be made (in historic textual analysis, for example), the existence of individual <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a> and a suitable distinguishing typeface (<a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer font</a>) make this possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_case">Upper case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Upper case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">the <i>iota</i> adscript may appear as subscript depending on the reader's system default font.</div> <table class="wikitable polytonic" style="font-size:180%"> <caption style="font-size:50%">Vowels by breathing and accent </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">Breathing, diaeresis, or length </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">Accent </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <th scope="col" colspan="7" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3" style="font-size:50%">Adscript </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">Rho </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <td> </td> <td>Α</td> <td>Ε</td> <td>Η</td> <td>Ι</td> <td>Ο</td> <td>Υ</td> <td>Ω</td> <td>ᾼ</td> <td>ῌ</td> <td>ῼ</td> <td>Ρ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">´</span></td> <td>Ά</td> <td>Έ</td> <td>Ή</td> <td>Ί</td> <td>Ό</td> <td>Ύ</td> <td>Ώ</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">`</span></td> <td>Ὰ</td> <td>Ὲ</td> <td>Ὴ</td> <td>Ὶ</td> <td>Ὸ</td> <td>Ὺ</td> <td>Ὼ</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" style="font-size:50%">Smooth </th> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">᾿</span></td> <td>Ἀ</td> <td>Ἐ</td> <td>Ἠ</td> <td>Ἰ</td> <td>Ὀ</td> <td></td> <td>Ὠ</td> <td>ᾈ</td> <td>ᾘ</td> <td>ᾨ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῎</span></td> <td>Ἄ</td> <td>Ἔ</td> <td>Ἤ</td> <td>Ἴ</td> <td>Ὄ</td> <td></td> <td>Ὤ</td> <td>ᾌ</td> <td>ᾜ</td> <td>ᾬ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῍</span></td> <td>Ἂ</td> <td>Ἒ</td> <td>Ἢ</td> <td>Ἲ</td> <td>Ὂ</td> <td></td> <td>Ὢ</td> <td>ᾊ</td> <td>ᾚ</td> <td>ᾪ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Circumflex </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῏</span></td> <td>Ἆ</td> <td></td> <td>Ἦ</td> <td>Ἶ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ὦ</td> <td>ᾎ</td> <td>ᾞ</td> <td>ᾮ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" style="font-size:50%">Rough </th> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῾</span></td> <td>Ἁ</td> <td>Ἑ</td> <td>Ἡ</td> <td>Ἱ</td> <td>Ὁ</td> <td>Ὑ</td> <td>Ὡ</td> <td>ᾉ</td> <td>ᾙ</td> <td>ᾩ</td> <td>Ῥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῞</span></td> <td>Ἅ</td> <td>Ἕ</td> <td>Ἥ</td> <td>Ἵ</td> <td>Ὅ</td> <td>Ὕ</td> <td>Ὥ</td> <td>ᾍ</td> <td>ᾝ</td> <td>ᾭ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῝</span></td> <td>Ἃ</td> <td>Ἓ</td> <td>Ἣ</td> <td>Ἳ</td> <td>Ὃ</td> <td>Ὓ</td> <td>Ὣ</td> <td>ᾋ</td> <td>ᾛ</td> <td>ᾫ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Circumflex </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῟</span></td> <td>Ἇ</td> <td></td> <td>Ἧ</td> <td>Ἷ</td> <td></td> <td>Ὗ</td> <td>Ὧ</td> <td>ᾏ</td> <td>ᾟ</td> <td>ᾯ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Diaeresis </th> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">¨</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ϊ</td> <td></td> <td>Ϋ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Macron </th> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ˉ</span></td> <td>Ᾱ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ῑ</td> <td></td> <td>Ῡ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Breve </th> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">˘</span></td> <td>Ᾰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ῐ</td> <td></td> <td>Ῠ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_case">Lower case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lower case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable polytonic" style="font-size:180%"> <caption style="font-size:50%">Lower case vowels by breathing and accent </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">Breathing, diaeresis, or length </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">Accent </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <th scope="col" colspan="7" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3" style="font-size:50%">Subscript </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size:50%">Rho </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" style="font-size:50%">— </th> <th scope="row">— </th> <td></td> <td>α</td> <td>ε</td> <td>η</td> <td>ι</td> <td>ο</td> <td>υ</td> <td>ω</td> <td>ᾳ</td> <td>ῃ</td> <td>ῳ</td> <td>ρ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">´</span></td> <td>ά</td> <td>έ</td> <td>ή</td> <td>ί</td> <td>ό</td> <td>ύ</td> <td>ώ</td> <td>ᾴ</td> <td>ῄ</td> <td>ῴ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">`</span></td> <td>ὰ</td> <td>ὲ</td> <td>ὴ</td> <td>ὶ</td> <td>ὸ</td> <td>ὺ</td> <td>ὼ</td> <td>ᾲ</td> <td>ῂ</td> <td>ῲ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Circumflex </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῀</span></td> <td>ᾶ</td> <td> </td> <td>ῆ</td> <td>ῖ</td> <td> </td> <td>ῦ</td> <td>ῶ</td> <td>ᾷ</td> <td>ῇ</td> <td>ῷ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" style="font-size:50%">Smooth </th> <th scope="row">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">᾿</span></td> <td>ἀ</td> <td>ἐ</td> <td>ἠ</td> <td>ἰ</td> <td>ὀ</td> <td>ὐ</td> <td>ὠ</td> <td>ᾀ</td> <td>ᾐ</td> <td>ᾠ</td> <td>ῤ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῎</span></td> <td>ἄ</td> <td>ἔ</td> <td>ἤ</td> <td>ἴ</td> <td>ὄ</td> <td>ὔ</td> <td>ὤ</td> <td>ᾄ</td> <td>ᾔ</td> <td>ᾤ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῍</span></td> <td>ἂ</td> <td>ἒ</td> <td>ἢ</td> <td>ἲ</td> <td>ὂ</td> <td>ὒ</td> <td>ὢ</td> <td>ᾂ</td> <td>ᾒ</td> <td>ᾢ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Circumflex </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῏</span></td> <td>ἆ</td> <td> </td> <td>ἦ</td> <td>ἶ</td> <td> </td> <td>ὖ</td> <td>ὦ</td> <td>ᾆ</td> <td>ᾖ</td> <td>ᾦ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" style="font-size:50%">Rough </th> <th scope="row">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῾</span></td> <td>ἁ</td> <td>ἑ</td> <td>ἡ</td> <td>ἱ</td> <td>ὁ</td> <td>ὑ</td> <td>ὡ</td> <td>ᾁ</td> <td>ᾑ</td> <td>ᾡ</td> <td>ῥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῞</span></td> <td>ἅ</td> <td>ἕ</td> <td>ἥ</td> <td>ἵ</td> <td>ὅ</td> <td>ὕ</td> <td>ὥ</td> <td>ᾅ</td> <td>ᾕ</td> <td>ᾥ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῝</span></td> <td>ἃ</td> <td>ἓ</td> <td>ἣ</td> <td>ἳ</td> <td>ὃ</td> <td>ὓ</td> <td>ὣ</td> <td>ᾃ</td> <td>ᾓ</td> <td>ᾣ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Circumflex </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῟</span></td> <td>ἇ</td> <td> </td> <td>ἧ</td> <td>ἷ</td> <td> </td> <td>ὗ</td> <td>ὧ</td> <td>ᾇ</td> <td>ᾗ</td> <td>ᾧ</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" style="font-size:50%">Diaeresis </th> <th scope="row">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">¨</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ϊ</td> <td></td> <td>ϋ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Acute </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">΅</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ΐ</td> <td></td> <td>ΰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Grave </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῭</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ῒ</td> <td></td> <td>ῢ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Circumflex </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">῁</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ῗ</td> <td></td> <td>ῧ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Macron </th> <th scope="row">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ˉ</span></td> <td>ᾱ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ῑ</td> <td></td> <td>ῡ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size:50%">Breve </th> <th scope="row">— </th> <td><span style="font-size:120%">˘</span></td> <td>ᾰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ῐ</td> <td></td> <td>ῠ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_Extended" title="Greek Extended">Greek Extended</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1F00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1F00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F0x </td> <td title="U+1F00: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἀ">ἀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F01: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἁ">ἁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F02: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἂ">ἂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F03: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἃ">ἃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F04: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἄ">ἄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F05: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἅ">ἅ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F06: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἆ">ἆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F07: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἇ">ἇ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F08: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἀ">Ἀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F09: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἁ">Ἁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἂ">Ἂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἃ">Ἃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἄ">Ἄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἅ">Ἅ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἆ">Ἆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἇ">Ἇ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F1x </td> <td title="U+1F10: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἐ">ἐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F11: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἑ">ἑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F12: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἒ">ἒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F13: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἓ">ἓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F14: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἔ">ἔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F15: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἕ">ἕ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F18: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἐ">Ἐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F19: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἑ">Ἑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἒ">Ἒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἓ">Ἓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἔ">Ἔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἕ">Ἕ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F2x </td> <td title="U+1F20: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἠ">ἠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F21: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἡ">ἡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F22: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἢ">ἢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F23: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἣ">ἣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F24: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἤ">ἤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F25: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἥ">ἥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F26: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἦ">ἦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F27: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἧ">ἧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F28: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἠ">Ἠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F29: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἡ">Ἡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἢ">Ἢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἣ">Ἣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἤ">Ἤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἥ">Ἥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἦ">Ἦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἧ">Ἧ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F3x </td> <td title="U+1F30: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἰ">ἰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F31: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἱ">ἱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F32: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἲ">ἲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F33: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἳ">ἳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F34: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἴ">ἴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F35: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἵ">ἵ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F36: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἶ">ἶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F37: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἷ">ἷ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F38: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἰ">Ἰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F39: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἱ">Ἱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἲ">Ἲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἳ">Ἳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἴ">Ἴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἵ">Ἵ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἶ">Ἶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἷ">Ἷ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F4x </td> <td title="U+1F40: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὀ">ὀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F41: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὁ">ὁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F42: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὂ">ὂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F43: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὃ">ὃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F44: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὄ">ὄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F45: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὅ">ὅ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F48: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὀ">Ὀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F49: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὁ">Ὁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὂ">Ὂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὃ">Ὃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὄ">Ὄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὅ">Ὅ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F5x </td> <td title="U+1F50: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓">ὐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F51: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὑ">ὑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F52: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93%CC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓̀">ὒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F53: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὓ">ὓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F54: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓́">ὔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F55: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὕ">ὕ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F56: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓͂">ὖ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F57: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὗ">ὗ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F59: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὑ">Ὑ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F5B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὓ">Ὓ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F5D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὕ">Ὕ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F5F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὗ">Ὗ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F6x </td> <td title="U+1F60: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὠ">ὠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὡ">ὡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὢ">ὢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὣ">ὣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὤ">ὤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F65: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὥ">ὥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F66: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὦ">ὦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F67: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὧ">ὧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F68: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὠ">Ὠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F69: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὡ">Ὡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὢ">Ὢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὣ">Ὣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὤ">Ὤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὥ">Ὥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὦ">Ὦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὧ">Ὧ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F7x </td> <td title="U+1F70: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὰ">ὰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F71: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ά">ά</a> </td> <td title="U+1F72: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὲ">ὲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F73: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Έ">έ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F74: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὴ">ὴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F75: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ή">ή</a> </td> <td title="U+1F76: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὶ">ὶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F77: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ί">ί</a> </td> <td title="U+1F78: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὸ">ὸ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F79: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ό">ό</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7A: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὺ">ὺ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7B: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ύ">ύ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7C: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὼ">ὼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7D: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώ">ώ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F8x </td> <td title="U+1F80: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾈ">ᾀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F81: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾉ">ᾁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F82: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾊ">ᾂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F83: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾋ">ᾃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F84: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾌ">ᾄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F85: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾍ">ᾅ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F86: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾎ">ᾆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F87: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾏ">ᾇ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F88: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾈ">ᾈ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F89: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾉ">ᾉ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾊ">ᾊ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾋ">ᾋ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾌ">ᾌ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾍ">ᾍ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾎ">ᾎ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾏ">ᾏ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9x </td> <td title="U+1F90: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾘ">ᾐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F91: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾙ">ᾑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F92: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾚ">ᾒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F93: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾛ">ᾓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F94: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾜ">ᾔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F95: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾝ">ᾕ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F96: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾞ">ᾖ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F97: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾟ">ᾗ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F98: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾘ">ᾘ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F99: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾙ">ᾙ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾚ">ᾚ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾛ">ᾛ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾜ">ᾜ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾝ">ᾝ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾞ">ᾞ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾟ">ᾟ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FAx </td> <td title="U+1FA0: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾨ">ᾠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA1: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾩ">ᾡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA2: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾪ">ᾢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA3: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾫ">ᾣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA4: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾬ">ᾤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA5: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾭ">ᾥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA6: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾮ">ᾦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA7: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾯ">ᾧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾨ">ᾨ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾩ">ᾩ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾪ">ᾪ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾫ">ᾫ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾬ">ᾬ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAD: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾭ">ᾭ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAE: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾮ">ᾮ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAF: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾯ">ᾯ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FBx </td> <td title="U+1FB0: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾰ">ᾰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾱ">ᾱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB2: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὰͅ">ᾲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB3: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾼ">ᾳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB4: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Άͅ">ᾴ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FB6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Α͂">ᾶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CD%82%CD%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᾼ͂ (page does not exist)">ᾷ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾰ">Ᾰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾱ">Ᾱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὰ">Ὰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ά">Ά</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾼ">ᾼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBD: GREEK KORONIS"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="᾽">᾽</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBE: GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">ι</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBF: GREEK PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="᾿">᾿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FCx </td> <td title="U+1FC0: GREEK PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="῀">῀</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC1: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="῁">῁</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC2: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὴͅ">ῂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC3: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ῌ">ῃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC4: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ήͅ">ῄ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FC6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%97%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Η͂">ῆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%97%CD%82%CD%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ῌ͂ (page does not exist)">ῇ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὲ">Ὲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Έ">Έ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὴ">Ὴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ή">Ή</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ῌ">ῌ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCD: GREEK PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="῍">῍</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCE: GREEK PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="῎">῎</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCF: GREEK PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="῏">῏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FDx </td> <td title="U+1FD0: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῐ">ῐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD1: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῑ">ῑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD2: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ̀ (page does not exist)">ῒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD3: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ́ (page does not exist)">ΐ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FD6: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι͂">ῖ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD7: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CD%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ͂ (page does not exist)">ῗ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῐ">Ῐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῑ">Ῑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὶ">Ὶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ί">Ί</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FDD: GREEK DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="῝">῝</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDE: GREEK DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="῞">῞</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDF: GREEK DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="῟">῟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FEx </td> <td title="U+1FE0: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῠ">ῠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE1: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῡ">ῡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE2: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ̀ (page does not exist)">ῢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE3: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ́ (page does not exist)">ΰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE4: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%CC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ̓">ῤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE5: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῥ">ῥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE6: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ͂">ῦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE7: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CD%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ͂ (page does not exist)">ῧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῠ">Ῠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῡ">Ῡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὺ">Ὺ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ύ">Ύ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῥ">Ῥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FED: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="῭">῭</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEE: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="΅">΅</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEF: GREEK VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%60" class="mw-redirect" title="`">`</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FFx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FF2: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὼͅ">ῲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF3: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ῼ">ῳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF4: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώͅ">ῴ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FF6: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω͂">ῶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF7: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9%CD%82%CD%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ῼ͂ (page does not exist)">ῷ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὸ">Ὸ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ό">Ό</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὼ">Ὼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώ">Ώ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ῼ">ῼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFD: GREEK OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%C2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="´">´</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFE: GREEK DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="῾">῾</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1F00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1F00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">Voiceless glottal fricative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">Diaeresis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Modern Greek grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Greek ligatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek braille">Greek braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship#Hellenistic_scholars_and_their_aims" title="Homeric scholarship">Textual criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchian_symbols" title="Aristarchian symbols">Aristarchian symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelism" title="Obelism">Obelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagger (typography)">Dagger (typography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">Isopsephy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation" title="Ancient Greek Musical Notation">Ancient Greek Musical Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Musical_Symbols" title="Byzantine Musical Symbols">Byzantine Musical Symbols</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nicky-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nicky_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas, Nick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030075755/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Archived</a> 2015-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFProbert2006" class="citation book cs1">Probert, Philomen (2006). <i>Ancient Greek accentuation</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199279609" title="Special:BookSources/9780199279609"><bdi>9780199279609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+accentuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199279609&rft.aulast=Probert&rft.aufirst=Philomen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevineStephens1994" class="citation book cs1">Devine, Andrew M.; Stephens, Laurence D. (1994). <i>The prosody of Greek speech</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508546-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508546-9"><bdi>0-19-508546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prosody+of+Greek+speech&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-508546-9&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Laurence+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1987" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William S. (1987). <i>Vox graeca</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vox+graeca&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124-130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkis_K._TropaiatisTelis_PeklarisPhilippos_D._Kolovos1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alkis K. Tropaiatis; Telis Peklaris; Philippos D. Kolovos (1976). <i>Συγχρονισμένο ορθογραφικό λεξικό της νεοελληνικής (Contemporary Orthographic Dictionary of Modern Greek)</i> (in Greek). Κέντρον Εκπαιδευτικών Μελετών και Επιμορφώσεως. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF+%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%28Contemporary+Orthographic+Dictionary+of+Modern+Greek%29&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Alkis+K.+Tropaiatis&rft.au=Telis+Peklaris&rft.au=Philippos+D.+Kolovos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΧαραλάμπους" class="citation web cs1">Χαραλάμπους, Γιάννης. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytoniko.gr">"Καλῶς ὁρίσατε στὸν ἱστοχῶρο τῆς Κίνησης Πολιτῶν γιὰ τὴν Ἐπαναφορὰ τοῦ Πολυτονικοῦ Συστήματος"</a>. <i>www.polytoniko.gr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polytoniko.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%E1%BF%B6%CF%82+%E1%BD%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5+%CF%83%CF%84%E1%BD%B8%CE%BD+%E1%BC%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%E1%BF%B6%CF%81%CE%BF+%CF%84%E1%BF%86%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD+%CE%B3%CE%B9%E1%BD%B0+%CF%84%E1%BD%B4%CE%BD+%E1%BC%98%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%E1%BD%B0+%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.aulast=%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.aufirst=%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytoniko.gr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytoniko.org/index.php?newlang=en">"Welcome to the Web site of the Citizens' Movement for the Re-introduction of the Polytonic System"</a>. <i>www.polytoniko.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polytoniko.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Web+site+of+the+Citizens%27+Movement+for+the+Re-introduction+of+the+Polytonic+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytoniko.org%2Findex.php%3Fnewlang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2004" class="citation book cs1">Betts, G. (2004). <i>Teach Yourself New Testament Greek</i>. London: Teach Yourself Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-87084-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-87084-2"><bdi>0-340-87084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+New+Testament+Greek&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Teach+Yourself+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-340-87084-2&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth</a>, par. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottMansfield1977" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Evelyn; Mansfield, E. D. (1977). <i>A Primer of Greek Grammar</i>. London: Duckworth. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-1258-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-1258-1"><bdi>0-7156-1258-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Greek+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7156-1258-1&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft.au=Mansfield%2C+E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806040450/http://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2012/pp262-266%20Themistocleus,%20Katsoyannou,%20Armosti%20and%20Christodoulou.pdf">"Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2012/pp262-266%20Themistocleus,%20Katsoyannou,%20Armosti%20and%20Christodoulou.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Greek+Lexicography%3A+A+Reverse+Dictionary+of+Cypriot+Greek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2012%2Fpp262-266%2520Themistocleus%2C%2520Katsoyannou%2C%2520Armosti%2520and%2520Christodoulou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/griko.htm">"Griko alphabets, pronunciation and language"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Griko+alphabets%2C+pronunciation+and+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fgriko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/karamanliturkish.htm">"Karamanli Turkish alphabet and language"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Karamanli+Turkish+alphabet+and+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fkaramanliturkish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Nicholas. <i>Greek Unicode issues</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://opoudjis.net/unicode/unicode_gkbkgd.html#titlecase">https://opoudjis.net/unicode/unicode_gkbkgd.html#titlecase</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IETF-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IETF_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"Language subtag registry"</a>. IANA. 2021-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+subtag+registry&rft.pub=IANA&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanayotakis1996" class="citation book cs1">Panayotakis, Nicolaos M. (1996). "A Watershed in the History of Greek Script: Abolishing the Polytonic". In Macrakis, Michael S. (ed.). <i>Greek Letters: From Tablets to Pixels</i>. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884718-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884718-27-2"><bdi>1-884718-27-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Watershed+in+the+History+of+Greek+Script%3A+Abolishing+the+Polytonic&rft.btitle=Greek+Letters%3A+From+Tablets+to+Pixels&rft.place=New+Castle%2C+DE&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884718-27-2&rft.aulast=Panayotakis&rft.aufirst=Nicolaos+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span> Panayotakis is critical of the adoption of monotonic, and also provides a useful historical sketch.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Key" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hewitt_Key" title="Thomas Hewitt Key">Key, T. Hewitt</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=129">"On Greek Accentuation"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i> (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+Greek+Accentuation&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=T.+Hewitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3924121%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/transactionsphi18britgoog/page/n128/mode/2up">[1]</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_diacritics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_diacritics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>General information:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527075012/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/accenthtml/accentuation.html">Accentuation history and tutorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytoniko.gr">Citizens' Movement for the Reintroduction of the Polytonic System</a>, in Greek and English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001001/http://www.antibaro.gr/society/polytoniko.php">How the law to abandon polytonic orthography was passed in the Greek parliament</a>, in Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.translatum.gr/converter/p2m/polytonic-to-monotonic.php">Greek polytonic to monotonic converter</a> (free online tool)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514022007/http://www.tonismos.gr/index_en.htm">Program that converts (correct) written monotonic texts into polytonic texts</a></li></ul> <p><b>Polytonic Greek fonts:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekfontsociety.gr/pages/en_typefaces20th.html">Greek Font Society public domain polytonic fonts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701213331/http://www.greekfontsociety.gr/pages/en_typefaces20th.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-fonts.asp">Public domain Greek polytonic unicode fonts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english">Athena</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801070927/http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, public domain polytonic Greek font</li></ul> <p><b>How-to guides for polytonic keyboard layouts:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1oiK5KraVvob6fAEhcVjwI99RlWtnBLiSGgDFs96qrbk">Google Docs guide for Linux</a> Covers installation of layouts, use of dead-keys etc. Updated to 2010.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Template:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Template talk:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diacritics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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