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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Noxious weed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Harmful or invasive weed</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_Thistle,_Galong,_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cotton_Thistle%2C_Galong%2C_New_South_Wales.jpg/220px-Cotton_Thistle%2C_Galong%2C_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cotton_Thistle%2C_Galong%2C_New_South_Wales.jpg/330px-Cotton_Thistle%2C_Galong%2C_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cotton_Thistle%2C_Galong%2C_New_South_Wales.jpg/440px-Cotton_Thistle%2C_Galong%2C_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A mature <a href="/wiki/Onopordum_acanthium" title="Onopordum acanthium">cotton thistle</a>, an invasive weed in Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>noxious weed</b>, <b>harmful weed</b> or <b>injurious weed</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is harmful to agricultural or <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> crops, natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, or humans or <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Most noxious weeds have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> into an ecosystem by ignorance, mismanagement, or accident. Some noxious weeds are native, though many localities define them as necessarily being non-native. Typically they are plants that grow aggressively, multiply quickly without natural controls (native herbivores, soil chemistry, etc.), and display adverse effects through contact or ingestion. Noxious weeds are a large problem in many parts of the world, greatly affecting areas of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forest management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_park" title="Regional park">parks</a> and other open space.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many noxious weeds have come to new regions and countries through <a href="/wiki/Contaminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminated">contaminated</a> shipments of feed and crop <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> or were intentionally introduced as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a> for horticultural use. </p><p>Some "noxious weeds", such as <a href="/wiki/Ragwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragwort">ragwort</a>, produce copious amounts of nectar, valuable for the survival of bees and other pollinators, or other advantages like larval host foods and habitats. In the US, wild <a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnip</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastinaca sativa">Pastinaca sativa</a></i>, for instance, provides large tubular stems that some bee species hibernate in, larval food for two different <a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallowtail butterflies">swallowtail butterflies</a>, and other beneficial qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg/220px-CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg/330px-CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg/440px-CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>The algae <a href="/wiki/Caulerpa_Taxifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulerpa Taxifolia">Caulerpa Taxifolia</a>, is a noxious marine weed nicknamed killer algae. This is a picture of it invading a native plant bed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_(5039468678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_%285039468678%29.jpg/220px-Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_%285039468678%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_%285039468678%29.jpg/330px-Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_%285039468678%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_%285039468678%29.jpg/440px-Striga_gesnerioides_-_Purple_Witchweed_%285039468678%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>This is a parasitic noxious weed, <a href="/wiki/Striga" title="Striga">Striga</a> gesnerioides, commonly called Witchweed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg/220px-Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg/330px-Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg/440px-Drymaria_arenarioides_90650942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>This is a terrestrial noxious weed, <a href="/wiki/Drymaria" title="Drymaria">Drymaria</a> arenarioides commonly called Lightning weed. It is sometimes confused with <a href="/wiki/Bellis_perennis" title="Bellis perennis">daisies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some noxious weeds are harmful or poisonous to humans, <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> grazing <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, and wildlife. Open fields and grazing pastures with disturbed soils and open sunlight are often more susceptible. Protecting grazing animals from toxic weeds in their primary feeding areas is therefore important.<sup id="cite_ref-Prather_27_etc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prather_27_etc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are marine, terrestrial, and parasitic noxious weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></div> <p>Some guidelines to prevent the spread of noxious weeds are: </p> <ol><li>Avoid driving through noxious weed-infested areas.</li> <li>Avoid transporting or planting seeds and plants that one cannot identify.</li> <li>For noxious weeds in flower or with seeds on plants, pulling 'gently' out and placing in a secure closable bag is recommended. Disposal such as hot composting or contained burning is done when safe and practical for the specific plant. Burning <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a> can be fatal to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_University_Extension_Service_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsin_University_Extension_Service-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Using only certified weed-free seeds for crops or gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-ISDA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISDA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Maintaining control of noxious weeds is important for the health of habitats, livestock, wildlife, and native plants, and of humans of all ages. How to control noxious weeds depends on the surrounding environment and habitats, the weed species, the availability of equipment, labor, supplies, and financial resources. Laws often require that noxious weed control funding from governmental agencies must be used for eradication, invasion prevention, or native habitat and plant community restoration project scopes.<sup id="cite_ref-ISDA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISDA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insects and fungi have long been used as <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological controls</a> of some noxious weeds and more recently <a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a> have also been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eradication">Eradication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eradication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to control experts, there are chemical, physical ways, and environmental ways of eradicating noxious weeds. Those include pulling the entire weed out of the ground,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spraying herbicide if it's a large area,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using machines to turn over the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to farmers, using goats can prove a more ecological way of getting rid of noxious weeds, instead of using herbicide.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, overplanting a native species is a long term solution in eradicating noxious weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_biases">Controversy and biases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy and biases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agricultural needs, desires, and concerns do not always mesh with those of other areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> provision.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollinators_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollinators-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ragwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragwort">Ragwort</a>, for instance, was rated as the top flower meadow nectar source in a UK study, and in the top ten in another. Its early blooming period is also particularly helpful for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebee</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thistles that are considered noxious weeds in the US and elsewhere, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cirsium_arvense" title="Cirsium arvense">Cirsium arvense</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cirsium_vulgare" title="Cirsium vulgare">Cirsium vulgare</a></i>, have also rated at or near the top of the charts in multiple UK studies for nectar production, one of its native locations. These thistles also serve as a larval host plant for the <a href="/wiki/Painted_lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted lady">painted lady</a> butterfly. There can be, therefore, a conflict between agricultural policy and point of view and the point of view of conservationists or other groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">the English-speaking world</a> and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Noxious_weed" title="Talk:Noxious weed">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_Australia" title="Invasive species in Australia">Invasive species in Australia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the term "noxious weed" is used by state and territorial governments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2019)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_(11679842175).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_%2811679842175%29.jpg/220px-Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_%2811679842175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_%2811679842175%29.jpg/330px-Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_%2811679842175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_%2811679842175%29.jpg/440px-Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit7c_%2811679842175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>This is a mat of Alligator weeds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some noxious weeds in Australia are Alligator weeds, Horsetails, and Branched broomrape.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Victoria will get rid of all these plants for free. Alligator weeds are banned in all the states and territories of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can create large mats that can cause considerable blockages of waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horsetails are poisonous to livestock. They are also extremely challenging to eradicate, as they can fragment off and the fragmented pieces can grow new plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kind of like <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">succulents</a>. Branched broomrapes are parasitic noxious weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attract themselves to the roots of other plants and extract water and nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, constitutional responsibility for the regulation of agriculture and the environment is shared between the federal and provincial governments. The federal government through the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a> (CFIA) regulates invasive plants under the authority of the <i>Plant Protection Act</i>, the <i>Seeds Act</i> and statutory regulations. Certain plant species have been designated by the CFIA as noxious weeds in the <i>Weed Seeds Order</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each province also produces its own list of prohibited weeds. In Alberta, for example, a new <i>Weed Control Act</i> was proclaimed in 2010 with two weed designations: "prohibited noxious" (46 species) which are banned across Alberta, and "noxious" (29 species) which can be restricted at the discretion of local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_New_Zealand" title="Invasive species in New Zealand">Invasive species in New Zealand</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> has had a series of Acts of Parliament relating to noxious weeds: the Noxious Weeds Act 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Noxious Weeds Act 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Noxious Plants Act 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity_Act_1993" title="Biosecurity Act 1993">Biosecurity Act 1993</a>, which used words such as "<a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>", rather than "noxious". Consequently, the term "noxious weed" is no longer used in official publications in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this Act, control of the majority of problem weeds, now called 'pest plants', is the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Regional_councils_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional councils of New Zealand">Regional Councils</a>, or unitary authorities, in a few councils. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broad-leaved_dock_(Rumex_obtusifolius)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broad-leaved_dock_%28Rumex_obtusifolius%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg/220px-Broad-leaved_dock_%28Rumex_obtusifolius%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broad-leaved_dock_%28Rumex_obtusifolius%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg/330px-Broad-leaved_dock_%28Rumex_obtusifolius%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broad-leaved_dock_%28Rumex_obtusifolius%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg/440px-Broad-leaved_dock_%28Rumex_obtusifolius%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5435468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>This is Broad-Leaved Dock.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some common noxious weeds in New Zealand are Broad-Leaved Dock, English Ivy, and Oxalis.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plants may be aesthetically pleasing, but they smother native plants and are hard to eradicate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Noxious_weed" title="Special:EditPage/Noxious weed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Weeds_Act_1959" title="Weeds Act 1959">Weeds Act 1959</a> (<a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Eliz._2" class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Eliz. 2">7 & 8 Eliz. 2</a>. c. 54) covers <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly relevant to <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> settings rather than the <a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">allotment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a>-scale growers. Five "injurious" weeds are listed. The word "injurious" means in this context harmful to agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not liable to cause injury. All the species listed apart from ragwort are edible and appear in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mabey" title="Richard Mabey">Richard Mabey</a>'s book Food for Free. They are all native plants. These are: </p> <ul><li>Spear thistle (<i><a href="/wiki/Cirsium_vulgare" title="Cirsium vulgare">Cirsium vulgare</a></i>)</li> <li>Creeping, or field, thistle (<i><a href="/wiki/Cirsium_arvense" title="Cirsium arvense">Cirsium arvense</a></i>)</li> <li>Curled dock (<i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_crispus" title="Rumex crispus">Rumex crispus</a></i>)</li> <li>Broad-leaved dock (<i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_obtusifolius" title="Rumex obtusifolius">Rumex obtusifolius</a></i>)</li> <li>Common ragwort (<i><a href="/wiki/Jacobaea_vulgaris" title="Jacobaea vulgaris">Jacobaea vulgaris</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a> (DEFRA) provides guidance for the removal of these weeds from infested land. Much of this is oriented towards the use of <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>. </p><p>The act does not place any automatic legal responsibility on landowners to control the weeds, or make growing them illegal, but they may be ordered to control them. Most common farmland weeds are not "injurious" within the meaning of the Weeds Act and many such plant species have conservation and environmental value. The various UK government agencies responsible have a duty to try to achieve a reasonable balance among different interests. These include agriculture, countryside <a href="/wiki/Conservation_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation ethic">conservation</a> and the general public. </p><p>Section 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_and_Countryside_Act_1981" title="Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981">Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981</a> makes it an offence to plant or grow certain specified foreign invasive plants in the wild, listed in schedule 9 of the act, including <a href="/wiki/Giant_hogweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant hogweed">giant hogweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_knotweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese knotweed">Japanese knotweed</a>. Some local authorities have by-laws controlling these plants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is no statutory requirement for landowners to remove these plants from their property. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> is covered by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_Weeds_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_1977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noxious Weeds (Northern Ireland) Order 1977 (page does not exist)">Noxious Weeds (Northern Ireland) Order 1977</a> (NISI 1977/52).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mirrors the Great Britain legislation, and covers the same five species, with the addition of: </p> <ul><li>Wild oat (<i><a href="/wiki/Avena_fatua" title="Avena fatua">Avena fatua</a></i>)</li> <li>Wild oat (<i><a href="/wiki/Avena_ludoviciana" class="mw-redirect" title="Avena ludoviciana">Avena ludoviciana</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_the_United_States" title="Invasive species in the United States">Invasive species in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg/220px-Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg/330px-Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg/440px-Ox-eye_daisies_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4524721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>These are ox-eye daisies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The federal government defines noxious weeds under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974</a>. Noxious weeds are also defined by the state governments in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noxious weeds came to the U.S. by way of colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wildflowers are lesser known noxious weeds. A few of them are banned in certain states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Ox-eye daisy came to the Americas over in colonizers' seed bags and has become the common daisy seen at roadsides. It is prohibited in 10 states for agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the most banned out of any wildflower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caulerpa_taxifolia" title="Caulerpa taxifolia">Caulerpa taxifolia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Protection_Convention" title="International Plant Protection Convention">International Plant Protection Convention</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/definitions/index.php">"Cal-IPC: Invasive Plant Definitions, What Makes a Plant "Invasive"?"</a>. <i>www.cal-ipc.org</i>. California Invasive Plant Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cal-ipc.org&rft.atitle=Cal-IPC%3A+Invasive+Plant+Definitions%2C+What+Makes+a+Plant+%22Invasive%22%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cal-ipc.org%2Fip%2Fdefinitions%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/wild_parsnip.htm">"Wild Parsnip"</a>. Illinois Wildflowers.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Parsnip&rft.pub=Illinois+Wildflowers.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoiswildflowers.info%2Fweeds%2Fplants%2Fwild_parsnip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prather_27_etc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prather_27_etc_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prather pp. 27,45,53,67-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSDA2010" class="citation web cs1">USDA (December 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/weedlist.pdf">"Federal Noxious Weed List"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Noxious+Weed+List&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.au=USDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fweedlist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisconsin_University_Extension_Service-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wisconsin_University_Extension_Service_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spooner.ars.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/67/2014/09/poisonivy1.pdf">"Poison Ivy Identification and Control"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622080857/http://spooner.ars.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/67/2014/09/poisonivy1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poison+Ivy+Identification+and+Control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspooner.ars.wisc.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F67%2F2014%2F09%2Fpoisonivy1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISDA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISDA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISDA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719043111/http://www.agri.idaho.gov/Categories/PlantsInsects/NoxiousWeeds/FAQs.php">"Idaho State Department of Agriculture"</a>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agri.idaho.gov/Categories/PlantsInsects/NoxiousWeeds/FAQs.php">the original</a> on 19 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crewcut+Lawn+%26+Garden&rft.atitle=Common+Noxious+Weeds+in+New+Zealand&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crewcut.co.nz%2Farticles%2Fgarden-tips%2Fnoxious-weeds-nz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/54">Weeds Act 1959</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ragwortfacts.com/injurious-weeds.html">"Injurious weeds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Injurious+weeds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ragwortfacts.com%2Finjurious-weeds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1977/52">Noxious Weeds (Northern Ireland) Order 1977</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/java/noxiousDriver">"Invasive and Noxious Weeds"</a>. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasive+and+Noxious+Weeds&rft.pub=USDA+Natural+Resources+Conservation+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fjava%2FnoxiousDriver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rewildingmag.com/invasive-species-as-a-metaphor-for-colonization/">"Invasive Species as a Metaphor for Colonization"</a>. <i>Rewilding Magazine</i>. 2022-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rewilding+Magazine&rft.atitle=Invasive+Species+as+a+Metaphor+for+Colonization&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rewildingmag.com%2Finvasive-species-as-a-metaphor-for-colonization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanmeadows.com/content/wildflower-gardening/problem-plants">"Problem Plants: Noxious Weeds, Invasive Wildflowers, and Prohibited Plants"</a>. <i>American Meadows</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Meadows&rft.atitle=Problem+Plants%3A+Noxious+Weeds%2C+Invasive+Wildflowers%2C+and+Prohibited+Plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanmeadows.com%2Fcontent%2Fwildflower-gardening%2Fproblem-plants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noxious_weed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202065957/http://weeds.org.au/noxious.htm">Noxious Weeds List</a> at Weeds Australia</li></ul> <dl><dt>New Zealand</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLintock,_A._H.1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McLintock, A. H., ed. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/weeds-and-noxious-plants/4">"Noxious Weeds Act of 1950"</a>. <i>An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noxious+Weeds+Act+of+1950&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fweeds-and-noxious-plants%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoxious+weed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920215911/http://www.blm.gov/weeds/">Weeds</a> at the Bureau of Land Management (US)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/">Noxious Weed Program</a> at the US Department of Agriculture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_iPnFVMRek"><span class="plainlinks">Killer Algae BBC Documentary Full</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> —</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd4rgN6MYtg"><span class="plainlinks">Attack of the killer algae - Eric Noel Muñoz</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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