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vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="অধিক বিকল্প" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ব্যক্তিগত সৰঞ্জাম" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ব্যক্তিগত সৰঞ্জাম</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_as.wikipedia.org&uselang=as"><span>দান কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&returnto=%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="আপোনাক এটা একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰি প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনোৱা হৈছে, কিন্তু এয়া বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&returnto=%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="বাধ্যতামূলক নহ'লেও প্ৰৱেশ কৰাটো বাঞ্চনীয় [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>প্ৰৱেশ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> লগ-আউট কৰা সদস্যৰ বাবে পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" aria-label="সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক জানক"><span>অধিক শিকক</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>বৰঙণি</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="এই আই.পি. ঠিকনাৰ পৰা কৰা সম্পাদনাসমূহৰ আলোচনা [n]" accesskey="n"><span>এই IPটোৰে যোগাযোগ কৰক</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="সূচী" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">সূচী</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">পাৰ্শ্বদণ্ডলৈ যাওক</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">লুকুৱাওক</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">পাতনি</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ইতিহাস" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ইতিহাস"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ইতিহাস</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ইতিহাস-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-তথ্যসূত্ৰ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#তথ্যসূত্ৰ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>তথ্যসূত্ৰ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-তথ্যসূত্ৰ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="সূচী" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">কুঁ‌ৱা</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="অন্য এটা ভাষাৰ প্ৰবন্ধলৈ যাওক। 113টা ভাষাত উপলব্ধ।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113টা ভাষা</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunnen" title="Brunnen – ছুইচ জাৰ্মান" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brunnen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ছুইচ জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo" title="Pozo – আৰ্গোনিজ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pozo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="আৰ্গোনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بئر – আৰবী" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بئر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="আৰবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozu" title="Pozu – এষ্টুৰীয়" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pozu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="এষ্টুৰীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuju" title="Phuju – আয়মাৰা" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phuju" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="আয়মাৰা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyu" title="Quyu – আজেৰবাইজানী" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quyu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="আজেৰবাইজানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9m%C3%A9r" title="Sémér – বালিনীজ" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sémér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="বালিনীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn" title="Brunn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brunn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0oln%C4%97s" title="Šolnės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šolnės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubon" title="Bubon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bubon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Калодзеж – বেলাৰুছীয়" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калодзеж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="বেলাৰুছীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Студня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Студня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Воден кладенец – বুলগেৰীয়" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Воден кладенец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="বুলগেৰীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इनार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इनार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA" title="কূপ – বাংলা" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কূপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="বাংলা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C3%B1s" title="Puñs – ব্ৰেটন" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Puñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ব্ৰেটন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunar" title="Bunar – বছনীয়" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bunar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="বছনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou" title="Pou – কাতালান" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="কাতালান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%81ng" title="Ciāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3t%C3%A2h%C3%A1%C3%A9no" title="Vótâháéno – চাইয়েন" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vótâháéno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="চাইয়েন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studna" title="Studna – চেক" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Studna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="চেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB" title="Çăл – চুভাচ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="চুভাচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nd" title="Brønd – ডেনিচ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brønd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ডেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunnen" title="Brunnen – জাৰ্মান" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brunnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_(co%C4%9Frafya)" title="Bir (coğrafya) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bir (coğrafya)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9" title="Πηγάδι – গ্ৰীক" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πηγάδι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="গ্ৰীক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well" title="Well – ইংৰাজী" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Well" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ইংৰাজী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto" title="Puto – এস্পেৰান্তো" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Puto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="এস্পেৰান্তো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo" title="Pozo – স্পেনিচ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pozo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="স্পেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaev" title="Kaev – এষ্টোনিয়" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="এষ্টোনিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putzu" title="Putzu – বাস্ক" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Putzu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="বাস্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="چاه آب – ফাৰ্ছী" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاه آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ফাৰ্ছী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaivo" title="Kaivo – ফিনিচ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaivo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ফিনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puits_%C3%A0_eau" title="Puits à eau – ফ্ৰেন্স" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Puits à eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ফ্ৰেন্স" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suas" title="Suas – নৰ্দাৰ্ন ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="নৰ্দাৰ্ন ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobar" title="Tobar – আইৰিচ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tobar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="আইৰিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo" title="Pozo – গেলিচিয়ান" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pozo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="গেলিচিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ykua" title="Ykua – গুৱাৰাণী" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ykua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="গুৱাৰাণী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B" title="કૂવો – গুজৰাটী" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૂવો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="গুজৰাটী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%E1%BB%8D" title="Dotọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Dotọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijiya" title="Rijiya – হাউছা" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rijiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="হাউছা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="באר מים – হিব্ৰু" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באר מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="হিব্ৰু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81" title="कुआँ – হিন্দী" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुआँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="হিন্দী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenac" title="Zdenac – ক্ৰোৱেচিয়ান" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zdenac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ক্ৰোৱেচিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwi" title="Pwi – হেইটিয়ান ক্ৰিয়ল" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="হেইটিয়ান ক্ৰিয়ল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAt" title="Kút – হাঙ্গেৰিয়ান" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="হাঙ্গেৰিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81)" title="Ջրհոր (ջրատեխնիկական կառույց) – আৰ্মেনীয়" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրհոր (ջրատեխնիկական կառույց)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="আৰ্মেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteo" title="Puteo – ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Puteo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumur" title="Sumur – ইণ্ডোনেচিয়" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ইণ্ডোনেচিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivviaq" title="Nivviaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nivviaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzo" title="Pozzo – ইটালিয়ান" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pozzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ইটালিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E6%88%B8" title="井戸 – জাপানী" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="井戸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="জাপানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumur" title="Sumur – জাভানী" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="জাভানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құдық – কাজাখ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="কাজাখ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಾವಿ – কানাড়া" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="কানাড়া" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%AC%BC" title="우물 – কোৰিয়ান" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="কোৰিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87al" title="Çal – কুৰ্ডিচ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="কুৰ্ডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteus" title="Puteus – লেটিন" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Puteus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="লেটিন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtz" title="Pëtz – লাক্সেমবাৰ্গিচ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pëtz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="লাক্সেমবাৰ্গিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterp%C3%B6t" title="Waterpöt – লিম্বুৰ্গিচ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterpöt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="লিম্বুৰ্গিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozz" title="Pozz – ল’ম্বাৰ্ড" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pozz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ল’ম্বাৰ্ড" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ulinys" title="Šulinys – লিথুৱানিয়ান" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šulinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="লিথুৱানিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka" title="Aka – লাটভিয়ান" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="লাটভিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бунар – মেচিডোনীয়" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бунар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="মেচিডোনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC" title="കിണർ – মালায়ালম" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിണർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="মালায়ালম" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="विहीर – মাৰাঠী" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विहीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="মাৰাঠী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigi" title="Perigi – মালয়" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perigi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="মালয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အဝီစိတွင်း – বাৰ্মীজ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဝီစိတွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="বাৰ্মীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzo" title="Puzzo – নিয়াপোলিটেন" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Puzzo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="নিয়াপোলিটেন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sood" title="Sood – ল’ জাৰ্মান" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ল’ জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पधेँरा – নেপালী" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पधेँरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="নেপালী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hele" title="Hele – নিয়াছ" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Hele" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="নিয়াছ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterput" title="Waterput – ডাচ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterput" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ডাচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn" title="Brunn – নৰৱেজিয়ান নায়নোৰ্স্ক" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="নৰৱেজিয়ান নায়নোৰ্স্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn" title="Brønn – নৰৱেজিয়ান বোকমাল" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brønn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="নৰৱেজিয়ান বোকমাল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyit" title="Pyit – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pyit" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potz" title="Potz – অ’চিটান" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Potz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="অ’চিটান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Цъай – ওছেটিক" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цъай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ওছেটিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9" title="ਖੂਹ – পাঞ্জাবী" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੂਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="পাঞ্জাবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(treu)" title="Pure (treu) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pure (treu)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunne" title="Brunne – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brunne" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studnia" title="Studnia – প’লিচ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Studnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="প’লিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%DB%81" title="کھوہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھوہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%DA%85%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90" title="د ابو څاګانې – পুস্ত" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ابو څاګانې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="পুস্ত" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A7o" title="Poço – পৰ্তুগীজ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="পৰ্তুগীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_hurquna" title="Yaku hurquna – কুৱেচুৱা" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku hurquna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="কুৱেচুৱা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C8%9B_de_ap%C4%83" title="Puț de apă – ৰোমানীয়" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Puț de apă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ৰোমানীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Колодец – ৰাছিয়ান" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колодец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ৰাছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzu" title="Puzzu – ছিচিলিয়ান" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Puzzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ছিচিলিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunar" title="Bunar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bunar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well" title="Well – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Well" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud%C5%88a" title="Studňa – শ্লোভাক" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Studňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="শ্লোভাক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodnjak" title="Vodnjak – শ্লোভেনিয়ান" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodnjak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="শ্লোভেনিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsime" title="Tsime – চোনা" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsime" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="চোনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceel" title="Ceel – ছোমালি" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ceel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ছোমালি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бунар – ছাৰ্বিয়ান" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бунар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ছাৰ্বিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumur" title="Sumur – ছুণ্ডানীজ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sumur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ছুণ্ডানীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn" title="Brunn – ছুইডিচ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brunn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ছুইডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tebun" title="tebun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tebun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கிணறு – তামিল" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிணறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="তামিল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="బావి – তেলুগু" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బావి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="তেলুগু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon" title="Balon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyu" title="Kuyu – তুৰ্কী" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuyu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="তুৰ্কী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Криниця – ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Криниця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کنواں – উৰ্দু" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنواں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="উৰ্দু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quduq" title="Quduq – উজবেক" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quduq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="উজবেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiv" title="Kaiv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kaiv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%BFng" title="Giếng – ভিয়েটনামী" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giếng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ভিয়েটনামী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pousse" title="Pousse – ৱালুন" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pousse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ৱালুন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" title="井 – ৱু চাইনিজ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="井" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ৱু চাইনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" title="井 – চীনা" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="井" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="চীনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9%E2%81%BF" title="Chéⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" title="井 – কেণ্টোনীজ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="井" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="কেণ্টোনীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক" class="wbc-editpage">আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="নামস্থান"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="সমল পৃষ্ঠাখন চাওক [c]" accesskey="c"><span>প্ৰবন্ধ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" 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title="ইয়ালৈ সংযোজিত সকলো পৃষ্ঠাৰ সুচী [j]" accesskey="j"><span>সংযুক্ত পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" rel="nofollow" title="সংযুক্ত পৃষ্ঠাসমূহৰ শেহতীয়া সালসলনিসমূহ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>প্ৰাসংগিক সালসলনিসমূহ</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ফাইল_আপল’ড_বিশেষজ্ঞ" title="ফাইল আপল'ডৰ বাবে [u]" accesskey="u"><span>ফাইল আপল’ড কৰক</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="বিশেষ 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_wells" hreflang="en"><span>ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43483" title="সংযোজিত তথ্যভঁৰালৰ আইটেমলৈ লিংক [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ৱিকিতথ্য আইটেম</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="পৃষ্ঠাৰ সা-সঁজুলি"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="অৱয়ব"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">অৱয়ব</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">পাৰ্শ্বদণ্ডলৈ যাওক</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">লুকুৱাওক</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পৰা</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="as" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0:Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG/220px-Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG/330px-Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG/440px-Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>ফিনলেণ্ডৰ এটা পুৰণি কালৰ কুঁৱা। </figcaption></figure> <p><b>কুঁৱা</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইংৰাজী ভাষা">ইংৰাজী</a>: <span lang="en">Well</span>) হৈছে তৰল সম্পদ, সাধাৰণতে <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পানী">পানী</a>, আহৰণৰ বাবে খনন পদ্ধতিৰে মাটিত সৃষ্টি কৰা গভীৰ চুঙা সদৃশ এক গঠন। আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি আৰু সাধাৰণ ধৰণৰ কুঁৱা বুলিলে পানীৰ কুঁৱাকে বুজা যায়। ইয়াক মাটিৰ তলৰ জলধাৰাত ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী লাভ কৰিবলৈ খন্দা হৈছিল। কুঁৱাৰ পানী পাম্পৰ দ্বাৰা টানি অনা হয়, বা পাত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি, যেনে বাল্টি বা ডাঙৰ পানীৰ মোনা যিবোৰ যান্ত্ৰিকভাৱে বা হাতেৰে ওপৰলৈ তুলিব লাগে। কুঁৱাৰ মাজেৰে পানী পুনৰ জলধাৰাত সুমুৱাই দিব পাৰি। প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে কমেও আঠ হাজাৰ বছৰ আগতে কূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে শুকান জলধাৰাৰ পলসত থকা সৰল স্কুপৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ইৰাণৰ কানাট, আৰু ভাৰতৰ ষ্টেপৱেল আৰু ছাকিলৈকে ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ ভিন্নতা আছে। কূপৰ খাদত আৱৰণ স্থাপন কৰিলে স্থিৰতা সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় হয় আৰু এইসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কাঠ বা বেতৰ কাৰু-কাৰ্যৰ আৱৰণ থকা এনে কুঁ‌ৱাবোৰ লৌহ যুগৰ আগৰ বুলি ধৰণা কৰা হৈছে। </p><p>পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে কূপবোৰ হাতেৰে খন্দা হয়। এই কূপবোৰৰ নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য সস্তা আৰু কম প্ৰযুক্তিৰ কাৰণ ইয়াত বেছিভাগেই হাতৰ শ্ৰম প্ৰয়োগ হয়, আৰু খনন কাম আগবাঢ়ি যোৱাৰ লগে লগে গঠনটো ইটা বা শিলেৰে আবৃত কৰিব পাৰি। কেচনিং নামৰ অধিক আধুনিক পদ্ধতিত পূৰ্বতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰি থোৱা কংক্ৰিটৰ কূপৰ আঙুঠি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় যিবোৰ গাঁতটোৰ ভিতৰলৈ নমাই দিয়া হয় আৰু দুটা ৰিঙৰ মাজত প্ৰলেপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ছিদ্ৰ নোহোৱা কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত পানী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ পাম্প স্থাপন কৰা হয়। হাতেৰে ড্ৰিলিং পদ্ধতি বা মেচিন ড্ৰিলিঙৰ দ্বাৰা গভীৰ কূপ খনন কৰিব পাৰি। ড্ৰিল কৰা কূপবোৰত সাধাৰণতে ষ্টীল বা প্লাষ্টিকৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত কাৰখানাত নিৰ্মিত পাইপ লগোৱা হয়। খন্দা কূপতকৈ বহু বেছি গভীৰতাত খনন কৰা কূপে অতি সহজে বছৰৰ যিকোনো সময়তে পানী যোগান ধৰিব পাৰে। </p><p>মিঠা পানীৰ হ্ৰদ বা নৈৰ কাষত এটা সংগ্ৰাহক কূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিব পাৰি য’ত কোনো মাধ্যমৰ মাজেৰে পানী সোমাই যাব। কূপৰ স্থান জলভূতত্ত্ববিদ বা ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী জৰীপকাৰীয়ে নিৰ্বাচন কৰিব পাৰে। পানী পাম্প কৰি বা হাতেৰে টানিব পাৰি। পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা অশুদ্ধি সহজেই অগভীৰ উৎসত উপনীত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ৰোগকাৰক বা ৰাসায়নিক দূষক পদাৰ্থৰ দ্বাৰা যোগানৰ দূষণ এৰাই চলিব লাগে। কূপৰ পানীত সাধাৰণতে পৃষ্ঠীয় পানীতকৈ অধিক খনিজ পদাৰ্থ থাকে আৰু ইয়াক খোৱাৰ আগতে শোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’ব পাৰে। পানীৰ স্তৰ কমি যোৱাৰ লগে লগে আৰু চাৰিওফালৰ মাটি শুকাবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ লগে লগে মাটিৰ লৱণীয়কৰণ হ’ব পাৰে। লগতে আন এটা পৰিৱেশজনিত সমস্যা হ’ল মিথেন পানীত সোমাই যোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ইতিহাস"><span id=".E0.A6.87.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.B9.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B8"></span>ইতিহাস</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: ইতিহাস"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>অতি প্ৰাচীন নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ কূপসমূহৰে পূব ভূমধ্যসাগৰৰ সম্পৰ্ক পোৱা গৈছে।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্যভাৱে তাৰিখৰ তথ্য থকা কূপটো চাইপ্ৰাছৰ কিচোনেৰ্গা-মাইলৌথকিয়াৰ প্ৰাক-মৃৎশিল্পৰ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ স্থানত উদ্ধাৰ হৈছে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰায় ৮৪০০ চনত চূণশিলৰ মাজেৰে বৃত্তাকাৰ ব্যাসৰ এটা খাদ পিছত ৮ মিটাৰ (২৬ ফুট) গভীৰতাৰ জলধাৰা এটাত উপনীত হয়। কিছনেৰ্গা-মাইলাউথকিয়াৰ ২০৭০ চনৰ কূপ, ১৩ মিটাৰ (৪৩ ফুট) গভীৰতাৰ বুলি জনা যায়। এই স্থানৰ লগতে চুবুৰীয়া পাৰেকলিছা-শ্বিলৌৰোকাম্বোছত আন আন তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম পুৰণি কূপৰ সন্ধান পোৱা গৈছে। ইজৰাইলৰ আধুনিক হাইফাৰ ওচৰৰ উপকূলৰ ওচৰৰ ‘আটলিট-য়াম’ত প্ৰায় ৭০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ ৫.৫ মিটাৰ (১৮ ফুট) গভীৰতাৰ প্ৰথমটো শিলৰ ৰেখাযুক্ত কূপ হিচাপে নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>কাঠৰে আবৃত কূপসমূহ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ ৰৈখিক মৃৎশিল্প সংস্কৃতিৰ, উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে চেক গণৰাজ্যৰ অষ্ট্ৰভত পোৱা খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫২৬৫ চনৰ কূপ,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০৯০ চনৰ কুকহ'ভেন আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫২০০ চনৰ শ্বলেটজৰ আইথ্ৰাৰ কূপ।<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ চীনাসকলে পানী খোৱাৰ বাবে গভীৰ খনন কৰা উৎসৰ ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। চীনা গ্ৰন্থ দ্য বুক অৱ চেঞ্জছ, মূলতঃ পশ্চিমীয়া ঝৌ বংশৰ (১০৪৬ -৭৭১ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব) ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক গ্ৰন্থ, ইয়াত প্ৰাচীন কালত চীনাসকলে নিজৰ কূপসমূহৰ কেনেকৈ ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল আৰু পানীৰ উৎসসমূহ সুৰক্ষিত কৰিছিল তাৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে।<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> হেমেডু খনন স্থানত খনন কৰা এটা কূপ নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> কুঁৱাটোৰ আৱৰণত চাৰিটা শাৰী লগা লগ আছিল আৰু কুঁৱাৰ ওপৰত বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ ফ্ৰেম এটা সংলগ্ন কৰা হৈছিল। বেইজিঙৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে ৬০টা অতিৰিক্ত টাইলছৰ কূপো খোৱাপানী আৰু জলসিঞ্চনৰ বাবে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৬০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0:Model_well,_burial_find,_China,_Han_dynasty,_206_BC_to_220_AD,_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG/180px-Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG/270px-Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG/360px-Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5247" /></a><figcaption>পুলি ব্যৱস্থা থকা এটা কূপৰ চীনা চিৰামিক মডেল, হান বংশ (২০২ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব – ২২০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) যুগৰ এটা সমাধিৰ খনন পৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা</figcaption></figure><p>। </p><p>ইজিপ্তত শ্বেডুফ আৰু ছাকিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ছাকিয়াৰ কাৰ্যক্ষমতা বেছি, কিয়নো ই ১০ মিটাৰ গভীৰতাৰ পৰা পানী ওপৰলৈ আনিব পাৰে। ছাকিয়া হৈছে নোৰিয়াৰ মিচৰীয় সংস্কৰণ। চাইপ্ৰাছত অৱস্থিত বিশ্বৰ কিছুমান পুৰণি কূপ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৭০০০–৮,৫০০ চনৰ।<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ইজৰাইলত নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগৰ, প্ৰায় ৬৫০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ দুটা কূপ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছে। এটা ইস্ৰায়েলৰ উত্তৰ উপকূলৰ আটলিটত আৰু আনটো যিজ্ৰিয়েল উপত্যকা।<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে কুঁ‌ৱা বহু পিছত আহিছিল। প্ৰায় ২,২৫০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে চীনৰ ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশত প্ৰথমটো নিমখৰ কুঁৱা খন্দা হৈছিল। এইটোৱেই আছিল প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰাচীন জলকুঁৱাৰ প্ৰযুক্তি নিমখৰ শোষণৰ বাবে সফলতাৰে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত ছিচুয়ানৰ নিমখ খনন উদ্যোগৰ আৰম্ভণি হৈছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> আটাইতকৈ পূৰ্বৰ বুলি জনাজাত তেলৰ কূপসমূহো ৩৪৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত চীনত খনন কৰা হৈছিল। এই কূপবোৰৰ গভীৰতা প্ৰায় ২৪০ মিটাৰ (৭৯০ ফুট) পৰ্যন্ত আছিল আৰু বাঁহৰ খুঁটাত সংলগ্ন বিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি খনন কৰা হৈছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-ASTM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> তেল জ্বলাই ব্ৰাইন বাষ্পীভৱন কৰি নিমখ উৎপন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। দশম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিস্তৃত বাঁহৰ পাইপলাইনে তেলৰ কূপবোৰক নিমখৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছিল। চীন আৰু জাপানৰ প্ৰাচীন তথ্যত পোহৰ আৰু গৰম কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বহু ইংগিত পোৱা যায়। সপ্তম শতিকাত জাপানত পেট্ৰলিয়ামক জ্বলন্ত পানী বুলি জনা গৈছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="তথ্যসূত্ৰ"><span id=".E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.B8.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0"></span>তথ্যসূত্ৰ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: তথ্যসূত্ৰ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r368696">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Peltenburg, Edgar (2012). <i>East Mediterranean water wells of the 9th–7th millennium BC</i>. <b>In: Florian Klimscha (ed.), Wasserwirtschaftliche Innovationen im archäologischen Kontext. Von den prähistorischen Anfängen bis zu den Metropolen der Antike.</b>. প্ৰকাশক Rahden/Westfalia: Leidorf. pp. 69–82.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Mediterranean+water+wells+of+the+9th%E2%80%937th+millennium+BC&rft.aulast=Peltenburg&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.au=Peltenburg%2C%26%2332%3BEdgar&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=In%3A+Florian+Klimscha+%28ed.%29%2C+Wasserwirtschaftliche+Innovationen+im+arch%C3%A4ologischen+Kontext.+Von+den+pr%C3%A4historischen+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zu+den+Metropolen+der+Antike.&rft.pages=pp.+69%E2%80%9382&rft.place=Rahden%2FWestfalia&rft.pub=Leidorf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Galili, Ehud; Nir, Yaacov (1993). "The submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic water well of Atlit-Yam, northern Israel, and its palaeoenvironmental implications". <i>The Holocene</i> খণ্ড <b>3</b> (3): 265–270. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F095968369300300309">10.1177/095968369300300309</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+submerged+Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+water+well+of+Atlit-Yam%2C+northern+Israel%2C+and+its+palaeoenvironmental+implications&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.aulast=Galili&rft.aufirst=Ehud&rft.au=Galili%2C%26%2332%3BEhud&rft.au=Nir%2C%26%2332%3BYaacov&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265%E2%80%93270&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F095968369300300309&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066">"World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i> খণ্ড <b>115</b>. 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+dendrochronologically+dated+archaeological+wood+construction&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305440320300066&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3526582">"Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i> খণ্ড <b>7</b> (12): e51374. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051374">10.1371/journal.pone.0051374</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23284685">23284685</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+Neolithic+Water+Wells+Reveal+the+World%27s+Oldest+Wood+Architecture&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e51374&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051374&rft_id=info:pmid/23284685&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kuhn, Oliver (2004-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/ancient-chinese-drilling">"Ancient Chinese Drilling"</a>. <i>Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists</i> খণ্ড <b>29</b> (6)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/ancient-chinese-drilling">https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/ancient-chinese-drilling</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Chinese+Drilling&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Society+of+Exploration+Geophysicists&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Kuhn%2C%26%2332%3BOliver&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsegrecorder.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fancient-chinese-drilling&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Chang, Mingteh (2012). <i>Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests</i> (3rd সম্পাদনা). CRC Press (published November 1, 2012). পৃষ্ঠা. 31. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-1439879948" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-1439879948">978-1439879948</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+Hydrology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Water+and+Forests&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Mingteh&rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BMingteh&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B31&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=978-1439879948&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Koon, Wee Kek (July 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1843012/how-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water">"How the ancient Chinese looked after their drinking water"</a>. South China Morning Post<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1843012/how-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water">http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1843012/how-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+the+ancient+Chinese+looked+after+their+drinking+water&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Koon&rft.aufirst=Wee+Kek&rft.au=Koon%2C%26%2332%3BWee+Kek&rft.date=July+25%2C+2015&rft.pub=South+China+Morning+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1843012%2Fhow-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-518730/sakia">"Sakieh explication/difference vs Sakia"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fas.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE&rft.atitle=Sakieh+explication%2Fdifference+vs+Sakia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-518730%2Fsakia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001226/sakia#271043.hook">"Sakia explication"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fas.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE&rft.atitle=Sakia+explication&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9001226%2Fsakia%23271043.hook&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm">"Stone Age wells found in Cyprus"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+wells+found+in+Cyprus&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8118318.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Ashkenazi, Eli (November 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288">"Ancient Well Reveals Secrets of First Jezreel Valley Farmers"</a>. Haaretz<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ancient+Well+Reveals+Secrets+of+First+Jezreel+Valley+Farmers&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Ashkenazi%2C%26%2332%3BEli&rft.date=November+9%2C+2012&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASTM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ASTM_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801082953/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">"ASTM International – Standards Worldwide"</a>. www.astm.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">the original</a> on 2020-08-01<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801082953/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20200801082953/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2023-05-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+International+%E2%80%93+Standards+Worldwide&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=www.astm.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200801082953%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FCOMMIT%2FD02%2Fto1899_index.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum">"petroleum"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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