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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8116b90d-76d4-473c-a0a4-adab45b93d83"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8116b90d-76d4-473c-a0a4-adab45b93d83"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Marley Weiss</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93853595"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/93853595/_u3cem_u3eKentucky_River_u3c_em_u3e_at_the_Intersection_of_Professional_and_Supervisory_Status_Fertile_Delta_or_Bermuda_Triangle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of \u3cem\u3eKentucky River\u3c/em\u3e at the Intersection of Professional and Supervisory Status: Fertile Delta or Bermuda Triangle?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96475741/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/93853595/_u3cem_u3eKentucky_River_u3c_em_u3e_at_the_Intersection_of_Professional_and_Supervisory_Status_Fertile_Delta_or_Bermuda_Triangle">\u3cem\u3eKentucky River\u3c/em\u3e at the Intersection of Professional and Supervisory Status: Fertile Delta or Bermuda Triangle?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item 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By the tate 1950s. the trade union movement had reached a peak of 35-40% of the workforce, virtuaHy entirety in the private sector. From the 1960s to the present, however, this situation gradually reversed itse lf. M ore and m ore fe d e ra l, s ta te , and local governm ent em ployees p e rsu a d e d th e a p p ro p ria te le g is la tu re s to a d o p t le g isla tio n g ra n tin g governm ent employees the right to unionize and bargain collectively, and m any pu b lic se c to r w o rk e rs choose to e x e rc ise those rig h ts. Roughly sim u ltan eo u sly , throughout the 1970s and 1980s, priv ate secto r union membership declined. By 1993. union membership in the private sector had fallen below 12% / In contrast, about 35% of public sector employees today are represented by a labor union and covered by a collective bargaining agreem ent/ Overall, about 16% of the American labor force as a whole are labor union m em bers/ The decline in unionization is especially significant because Am erican labor law regulates far fewer term s and conditions of employment than the Hungarian Labour Code. The precip ito u s decline in private se cto r unionization rates, when com pared to the much stronger support for trade unionism in the public sector, has led commentators to propose diverse solutions, including outright repeal of the NLRA, improvement of the NLRB election process, reduction in procedural delays, more effective remedies for violations, permitting more pow erful union econom ic w eaponry, and adoption of various aspects of Western European labor relations schem es/ This article next sketch out the overall NLRA scheme, and will note a few of these proposals for modification of the present system. H. The Structure of American Labor-Management Relations The labor-m anagem ent relations system in the United States is structured differently than that of Hungary and most western European countries. First, it is premised on an arms-lcngth, adversarial bargaining relationship. The law establishes this as the only m ethod by which workers can p articip ate in co llectively d e te rm in in g wages, b en efits, and all m anner of term s and c o n d itio n s of em ploym ent. T hrough collective n e g o tia tio n s, labor and m anagem ent conclude collective bargaining agreem ents. The agreem ents commonly cover a broad spectrum of topics, including protections against arbitrary term ination of employment without \"just cause\", seniority-based order of priority governing reductions-in-force, promotions, and job transfers, protection of health and safety in the workplace, working hours, break time, premium pay for overtime work, wages, pensions, and health and disability insurance ben efits. In a d d itio n , m ost agreem ents establish a grievance procedure, adm inistered between labor and m anagem ent. The grievance procedure is the forum for negotiated adjustm ent, or, faililng that, binding too __________________________ MARt.EY S. W 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Although the economy is expanding at a fairly brisk pace, employment in the formal economy shows little sign of improvement. One explanation increasingly being offered by economists is that more and more people are earning a living, and performing work, as “independent contractors”, or “consultants”, that is, outside the scope of a formal employment relationship. This is not a claim that there has been a large increase in work performed in the informal economy, although there may also have been an increase in people “working off the books”, particularly among undocumented workers. Rather, what these economists suggest is that a growing percentage of work is being performed by larger businesses subcontracting the performance of specific functions to individuals who are in business for themselves. 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Should the U.S. Join the Trans-Pacific Partnership and Other Trade Agreements" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904294/Debate_2016_To_TPP_or_Not_TPP_Should_the_U_S_Join_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership_and_Other_Trade_Agreements">Debate 2016: To TPP or Not TPP? Should the U.S. Join the Trans-Pacific Partnership and Other Trade Agreements</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Trade eJournal</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Panel discussion given at Debate 2016 Symposium conducted at the Maurice A. Deane School of Law, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Panel discussion given at Debate 2016 Symposium conducted at the Maurice A. Deane School of Law, Hempstead, New York. Transcribed by Haley Trust, Journal of International Business and Law. The TPP is an international trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim nations including the United States. The other nations that&#39;ll join the TPP are Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile, and Peru. Combined, the economies of these countries in the TPP have a combined population of eight hundred million people and comprise of about forty percent of the world&#39;s economy. Negotiations for the TPP have been going on in bits and parts, largely over the last seven years and have been a priority of the Obama administration for most of its two terms. Negotiations went on culminating in a final agreement signed on February fourth of this 2016. This panel discusses the pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership as well as many other such trad...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904294"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904294"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904294; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904294]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904294]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904294; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904294']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904294, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904294]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904294,"title":"Debate 2016: To TPP or Not TPP? 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Negotiations went on culminating in a final agreement signed on February fourth of this 2016. This panel discusses the pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership as well as many other such trad...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Trade eJournal"},"translated_abstract":"Panel discussion given at Debate 2016 Symposium conducted at the Maurice A. Deane School of Law, Hempstead, New York. Transcribed by Haley Trust, Journal of International Business and Law. The TPP is an international trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim nations including the United States. The other nations that\u0026#39;ll join the TPP are Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile, and Peru. Combined, the economies of these countries in the TPP have a combined population of eight hundred million people and comprise of about forty percent of the world\u0026#39;s economy. Negotiations for the TPP have been going on in bits and parts, largely over the last seven years and have been a priority of the Obama administration for most of its two terms. Negotiations went on culminating in a final agreement signed on February fourth of this 2016. This panel discusses the pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership as well as many other such trad...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64904294/Debate_2016_To_TPP_or_Not_TPP_Should_the_U_S_Join_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership_and_Other_Trade_Agreements","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-12-17T14:19:22.733-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":51060951,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Debate_2016_To_TPP_or_Not_TPP_Should_the_U_S_Join_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership_and_Other_Trade_Agreements","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":51060951,"first_name":"Marley","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weiss","page_name":"WeissMarley","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-07-16T07:34:26.879-07:00","display_name":"Marley Weiss","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WeissMarley"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904293"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904293/Conscious_Parallelism_in_Hungary_and_the_U_S_To_Control_Both_the_Polity_and_the_Economy_First_Attack_Workers_Rights"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conscious (?) Parallelism in Hungary and the U.S.: To Control Both the Polity and the Economy, First Attack Workers’ Rights" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904293/Conscious_Parallelism_in_Hungary_and_the_U_S_To_Control_Both_the_Polity_and_the_Economy_First_Attack_Workers_Rights">Conscious (?) Parallelism in Hungary and the U.S.: To Control Both the Polity and the Economy, First Attack Workers’ Rights</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904293"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904293"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904293; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904293]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904293]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904293; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904293']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904293, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904293]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904293,"title":"Conscious (?) Parallelism in Hungary and the U.S.: To Control Both the Polity and the Economy, First Attack Workers’ Rights","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64904293/Conscious_Parallelism_in_Hungary_and_the_U_S_To_Control_Both_the_Polity_and_the_Economy_First_Attack_Workers_Rights","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-12-17T14:19:22.616-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":51060951,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Conscious_Parallelism_in_Hungary_and_the_U_S_To_Control_Both_the_Polity_and_the_Economy_First_Attack_Workers_Rights","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":51060951,"first_name":"Marley","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weiss","page_name":"WeissMarley","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-07-16T07:34:26.879-07:00","display_name":"Marley Weiss","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WeissMarley"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904292"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904292/Two_Steps_Forward_One_Step_Back_Or_Vice_Versa_Labor_Rights_Under_Free_Trade_Agreements_from_NAFTA_Through_Jordan_via_Chile_to_Latin_America_and_Beyond"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Two Steps Forward, One Step Back- Or Vice Versa: Labor Rights Under Free Trade Agreements from NAFTA, Through Jordan, via Chile, to Latin America, and Beyond" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721672/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904292/Two_Steps_Forward_One_Step_Back_Or_Vice_Versa_Labor_Rights_Under_Free_Trade_Agreements_from_NAFTA_Through_Jordan_via_Chile_to_Latin_America_and_Beyond">Two Steps Forward, One Step Back- Or Vice Versa: Labor Rights Under Free Trade Agreements from NAFTA, Through Jordan, via Chile, to Latin America, and Beyond</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>University of San Francisco law review</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="de85030ab20ab7a1a6a900495ccc0d51" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76721672,"asset_id":64904292,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76721672/download_file?st=MTczMjk3ODc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904292"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904292"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904292; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904291"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904291/The_Right_to_Strike_in_Essential_Services_under_United_States_Labor_Law"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Right to Strike in Essential Services under United States Labor Law" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721661/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904291/The_Right_to_Strike_in_Essential_Services_under_United_States_Labor_Law">The Right to Strike in Essential Services under United States Labor Law</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper will focus on the right to strike under the collective labor relations laws of the Uni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper will focus on the right to strike under the collective labor relations laws of the United States. It will particularly address strikes in the types of services regarded as public or “essential” services in many other countries, although not necessarily in the U.S. While I will discuss public sector law, the main focus will be on the two major federal laws governing collective labor relations in the private sector: the National Labor Relations Act (or NLRA) and the Railway Labor Act (or RLA). The industrial relations models of the Railway Labor Act and of the National Labor Relations Act are in general similar. However, there are some important differences, particularly in the area of collectively bargaining to impasse and the right to strike. Both of these laws guarantee employees the right to strike, but under different conditions. In addition, this paper will discuss the Norris-LaGuardia Act, which limits the ability of federal judiciary to issue court orders enjoining ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d03a94ccf70fa8f973b06fd6f1fa256d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76721661,"asset_id":64904291,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76721661/download_file?st=MTczMjk3ODc5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904291"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904291; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904291]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904291]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904291; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904291']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904291, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d03a94ccf70fa8f973b06fd6f1fa256d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904291]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904291,"title":"The Right to Strike in Essential Services under United States Labor Law","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper will focus on the right to strike under the collective labor relations laws of the United States. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904290"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904290/Documentary_Supplement_to_International_Labor_Law_Cases_and_Materials_on_Workers_Rights_in_the_Global_Economy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Documentary Supplement to International Labor Law: Cases and Materials on Workers' Rights in the Global Economy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904290/Documentary_Supplement_to_International_Labor_Law_Cases_and_Materials_on_Workers_Rights_in_the_Global_Economy">Documentary Supplement to International Labor Law: Cases and Materials on Workers' Rights in the Global Economy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in mult...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in multilateral and regional institutions like the WTO, ILO, OECD and the European Union; regional and bilateral trade agreements like NAFTA and more recent bilateral agreements with developing countries; the new labor-trade &quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;template&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; in U.S. trade policy; and private initiatives like anti-sweatshop campaigns and corporate codes of conduct. Thematic chapters deal with labor rights lawsuits in U.S. courts; cross-border labor organizing and bargaining ; migrant workers; women workers in the global economy, and child labor.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904290"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904290"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904290; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904290]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904290]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904290; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904290']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904290, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904290]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904290,"title":"Documentary Supplement to International Labor Law: Cases and Materials on Workers' Rights in the Global Economy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in multilateral and regional institutions like the WTO, ILO, OECD and the European Union; regional and bilateral trade agreements like NAFTA and more recent bilateral agreements with developing countries; the new labor-trade \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;template\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot; in U.S. trade policy; and private initiatives like anti-sweatshop campaigns and corporate codes of conduct. Thematic chapters deal with labor rights lawsuits in U.S. courts; cross-border labor organizing and bargaining ; migrant workers; women workers in the global economy, and child labor.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in multilateral and regional institutions like the WTO, ILO, OECD and the European Union; regional and bilateral trade agreements like NAFTA and more recent bilateral agreements with developing countries; the new labor-trade \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;template\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot; in U.S. trade policy; and private initiatives like anti-sweatshop campaigns and corporate codes of conduct. Thematic chapters deal with labor rights lawsuits in U.S. courts; cross-border labor organizing and bargaining ; migrant workers; women workers in the global economy, and child labor.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64904290/Documentary_Supplement_to_International_Labor_Law_Cases_and_Materials_on_Workers_Rights_in_the_Global_Economy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-12-17T14:19:22.034-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":51060951,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Documentary_Supplement_to_International_Labor_Law_Cases_and_Materials_on_Workers_Rights_in_the_Global_Economy","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":51060951,"first_name":"Marley","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weiss","page_name":"WeissMarley","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-07-16T07:34:26.879-07:00","display_name":"Marley Weiss","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WeissMarley"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country"},{"id":76284,"name":"Code of Conduct","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Code_of_Conduct"},{"id":77812,"name":"Labor Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Standards"},{"id":79104,"name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Trade_Organization"},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy"},{"id":331794,"name":"Global Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Economy"},{"id":466484,"name":"Private Sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_Sector"},{"id":557162,"name":"Bilateral trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilateral_trade"},{"id":1012874,"name":"North American Free Trade Agreement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"id":2421089,"name":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development"},{"id":3808783,"name":"International Labour Office","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Labour_Office"}],"urls":[{"id":15340201,"url":"https://vokre.ga/10-18-34.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904289"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904289/The_Impact_of_the_European_Community_on_Labor_Law_Some_American_Comparisons_The_Kenneth_M_Piper_Lectureship_Series"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of the European Community on Labor Law: Some American Comparisons - The Kenneth M. Piper Lectureship Series" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721668/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904289/The_Impact_of_the_European_Community_on_Labor_Law_Some_American_Comparisons_The_Kenneth_M_Piper_Lectureship_Series">The Impact of the European Community on Labor Law: Some American Comparisons - The Kenneth M. Piper Lectureship Series</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Chicago-Kent} Law Review</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the western European nations transform themselves into a single market and then a European Uni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the western European nations transform themselves into a single market and then a European Union, a comparative examination of European Community and American labor law developments is both valuable and timely. The European Economic Community is in the midst of a major reorganization and expansion of its spheres of competency and its institutional arrangements, including highly significant changes regarding labor-management relations. American labor relations law, too, may be on the verge of important change, although the dimensions and scope of the change are, at this point, difficult to discern. The European Community, scheduled to complete its development from a customs union into a single market by the end of 1992, has now undertaken as well to become a political and economic union. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904288"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904288/The_Temporally_Flawed_Concept_of_Binding_Promises_in_American_Collective_Bargaining_and_Employee_Benefits_Law_A_Source_of_the_Concurrent_Crises_in_the_U_S_Industrial_Relations_Retirement_and_Health_Care_Systems"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Temporally-Flawed Concept of Binding Promises in American Collective Bargaining and Employee Benefits Law: A Source of the Concurrent Crises in the U.S. Industrial Relations, Retirement, and Health Care Systems" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721646/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904288/The_Temporally_Flawed_Concept_of_Binding_Promises_in_American_Collective_Bargaining_and_Employee_Benefits_Law_A_Source_of_the_Concurrent_Crises_in_the_U_S_Industrial_Relations_Retirement_and_Health_Care_Systems">The Temporally-Flawed Concept of Binding Promises in American Collective Bargaining and Employee Benefits Law: A Source of the Concurrent Crises in the U.S. Industrial Relations, Retirement, and Health Care Systems</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The American collective bargaining system is in serious trouble, as is the employee benefits syst...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The American collective bargaining system is in serious trouble, as is the employee benefits system providing pensions and health care benefits for millions of non-union as well as unionized workers and retirees. The portion of the labor force covered by collective bargaining has dropped so low that one can barely refer to it as a system. Simultaneously, the American private employer-based pension system is moving towards a crisis. Large employers with the finest pension plans, covering thousands of workers and retirees, in industry after industry, are terminating their pension plans, or replacing them with cheaper, weaker retirement programs, often while reorganizing under the American bankruptcy system. Pension benefits upon which retirees and their families have relied are suddenly, often dramatically, cut, as the expense and liability are transferred to the federal government pension benefit guaranty program, a back-up scheme which only covers specified portions of the original ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="75f2242b10046050cf08266b997ad871" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76721646,"asset_id":64904288,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76721646/download_file?st=MTczMjk3ODc5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904288"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904288"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904288; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904288]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904288]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904288; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904288']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904288, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "75f2242b10046050cf08266b997ad871" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904288]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904288,"title":"The Temporally-Flawed Concept of Binding Promises in American Collective Bargaining and Employee Benefits Law: A Source of the Concurrent Crises in the U.S. Industrial Relations, Retirement, and Health Care Systems","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The American collective bargaining system is in serious trouble, as is the employee benefits system providing pensions and health care benefits for millions of non-union as well as unionized workers and retirees. 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As these authors suggest, intensified international integration has had profound effects upon law at the international level, upon law at the domestic level, as well as upon legal, economic, social, and cultural practices in the lives of ordinary people. Some of these systemic effects upon human rights may occur by design, as intended consequences flowing from the nature and structure of the forms of globalization that have proceeded to date. Other effects, however, may be unintended byproducts of global integration. In addition to delving into the ways and means of interaction between globalization and human rights, these authors speculate about how globalization could be harnessed to mobilize a virtuous, upward spiral of enhanced human rights, rather than the feared dystopia-like consequences. 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By the tate 1950s. the trade union movement had reached a peak of 35-40% of the workforce, virtuaHy entirety in the private sector. From the 1960s to the present, however, this situation gradually reversed itse lf. M ore and m ore fe d e ra l, s ta te , and local governm ent em ployees p e rsu a d e d th e a p p ro p ria te le g is la tu re s to a d o p t le g isla tio n g ra n tin g governm ent employees the right to unionize and bargain collectively, and m any pu b lic se c to r w o rk e rs choose to e x e rc ise those rig h ts. Roughly sim u ltan eo u sly , throughout the 1970s and 1980s, priv ate secto r union membership declined. By 1993. union membership in the private sector had fallen below 12% / In contrast, about 35% of public sector employees today are represented by a labor union and covered by a collective bargaining agreem ent/ Overall, about 16% of the American labor force as a whole are labor union m em bers/ The decline in unionization is especially significant because Am erican labor law regulates far fewer term s and conditions of employment than the Hungarian Labour Code. The precip ito u s decline in private se cto r unionization rates, when com pared to the much stronger support for trade unionism in the public sector, has led commentators to propose diverse solutions, including outright repeal of the NLRA, improvement of the NLRB election process, reduction in procedural delays, more effective remedies for violations, permitting more pow erful union econom ic w eaponry, and adoption of various aspects of Western European labor relations schem es/ This article next sketch out the overall NLRA scheme, and will note a few of these proposals for modification of the present system. H. The Structure of American Labor-Management Relations The labor-m anagem ent relations system in the United States is structured differently than that of Hungary and most western European countries. First, it is premised on an arms-lcngth, adversarial bargaining relationship. The law establishes this as the only m ethod by which workers can p articip ate in co llectively d e te rm in in g wages, b en efits, and all m anner of term s and c o n d itio n s of em ploym ent. T hrough collective n e g o tia tio n s, labor and m anagem ent conclude collective bargaining agreem ents. The agreem ents commonly cover a broad spectrum of topics, including protections against arbitrary term ination of employment without \"just cause\", seniority-based order of priority governing reductions-in-force, promotions, and job transfers, protection of health and safety in the workplace, working hours, break time, premium pay for overtime work, wages, pensions, and health and disability insurance ben efits. In a d d itio n , m ost agreem ents establish a grievance procedure, adm inistered between labor and m anagem ent. The grievance procedure is the forum for negotiated adjustm ent, or, faililng that, binding too __________________________ MARt.EY S. 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Although the economy is expanding at a fairly brisk pace, employment in the formal economy shows little sign of improvement. One explanation increasingly being offered by economists is that more and more people are earning a living, and performing work, as “independent contractors”, or “consultants”, that is, outside the scope of a formal employment relationship. This is not a claim that there has been a large increase in work performed in the informal economy, although there may also have been an increase in people “working off the books”, particularly among undocumented workers. Rather, what these economists suggest is that a growing percentage of work is being performed by larger businesses subcontracting the performance of specific functions to individuals who are in business for themselves. 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Should the U.S. Join the Trans-Pacific Partnership and Other Trade Agreements" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904294/Debate_2016_To_TPP_or_Not_TPP_Should_the_U_S_Join_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership_and_Other_Trade_Agreements">Debate 2016: To TPP or Not TPP? Should the U.S. Join the Trans-Pacific Partnership and Other Trade Agreements</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Trade eJournal</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Panel discussion given at Debate 2016 Symposium conducted at the Maurice A. Deane School of Law, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Panel discussion given at Debate 2016 Symposium conducted at the Maurice A. Deane School of Law, Hempstead, New York. Transcribed by Haley Trust, Journal of International Business and Law. The TPP is an international trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim nations including the United States. The other nations that&#39;ll join the TPP are Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile, and Peru. Combined, the economies of these countries in the TPP have a combined population of eight hundred million people and comprise of about forty percent of the world&#39;s economy. Negotiations for the TPP have been going on in bits and parts, largely over the last seven years and have been a priority of the Obama administration for most of its two terms. Negotiations went on culminating in a final agreement signed on February fourth of this 2016. This panel discusses the pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership as well as many other such trad...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904294"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904294"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904294; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904294]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904294]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904294; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904294']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904294, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904294]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904294,"title":"Debate 2016: To TPP or Not TPP? 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Negotiations for the TPP have been going on in bits and parts, largely over the last seven years and have been a priority of the Obama administration for most of its two terms. Negotiations went on culminating in a final agreement signed on February fourth of this 2016. This panel discusses the pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership as well as many other such trad...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64904294/Debate_2016_To_TPP_or_Not_TPP_Should_the_U_S_Join_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership_and_Other_Trade_Agreements","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-12-17T14:19:22.733-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":51060951,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Debate_2016_To_TPP_or_Not_TPP_Should_the_U_S_Join_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership_and_Other_Trade_Agreements","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":51060951,"first_name":"Marley","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Weiss","page_name":"WeissMarley","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-07-16T07:34:26.879-07:00","display_name":"Marley Weiss","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WeissMarley"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904293"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904293/Conscious_Parallelism_in_Hungary_and_the_U_S_To_Control_Both_the_Polity_and_the_Economy_First_Attack_Workers_Rights"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conscious (?) Parallelism in Hungary and the U.S.: To Control Both the Polity and the Economy, First Attack Workers’ Rights" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904293/Conscious_Parallelism_in_Hungary_and_the_U_S_To_Control_Both_the_Polity_and_the_Economy_First_Attack_Workers_Rights">Conscious (?) Parallelism in Hungary and the U.S.: To Control Both the Polity and the Economy, First Attack Workers’ Rights</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904293"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904293"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904293; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904293]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904293]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904293; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904293']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904293, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904293]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904293,"title":"Conscious (?) Parallelism in Hungary and the U.S.: To Control Both the Polity and the Economy, First Attack Workers’ 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src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721672/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904292/Two_Steps_Forward_One_Step_Back_Or_Vice_Versa_Labor_Rights_Under_Free_Trade_Agreements_from_NAFTA_Through_Jordan_via_Chile_to_Latin_America_and_Beyond">Two Steps Forward, One Step Back- Or Vice Versa: Labor Rights Under Free Trade Agreements from NAFTA, Through Jordan, via Chile, to Latin America, and Beyond</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>University of San Francisco law review</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="de85030ab20ab7a1a6a900495ccc0d51" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" 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src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721661/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904291/The_Right_to_Strike_in_Essential_Services_under_United_States_Labor_Law">The Right to Strike in Essential Services under United States Labor Law</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper will focus on the right to strike under the collective labor relations laws of the Uni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper will focus on the right to strike under the collective labor relations laws of the United States. It will particularly address strikes in the types of services regarded as public or “essential” services in many other countries, although not necessarily in the U.S. While I will discuss public sector law, the main focus will be on the two major federal laws governing collective labor relations in the private sector: the National Labor Relations Act (or NLRA) and the Railway Labor Act (or RLA). The industrial relations models of the Railway Labor Act and of the National Labor Relations Act are in general similar. However, there are some important differences, particularly in the area of collectively bargaining to impasse and the right to strike. Both of these laws guarantee employees the right to strike, but under different conditions. In addition, this paper will discuss the Norris-LaGuardia Act, which limits the ability of federal judiciary to issue court orders enjoining ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d03a94ccf70fa8f973b06fd6f1fa256d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76721661,"asset_id":64904291,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76721661/download_file?st=MTczMjk3ODc5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk3ODc5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904291"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904291; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904291]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904291]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904291; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904291']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904291, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d03a94ccf70fa8f973b06fd6f1fa256d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904291]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904291,"title":"The Right to Strike in Essential Services under United States Labor Law","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper will focus on the right to strike under the collective labor relations laws of the United States. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904290"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904290/Documentary_Supplement_to_International_Labor_Law_Cases_and_Materials_on_Workers_Rights_in_the_Global_Economy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Documentary Supplement to International Labor Law: Cases and Materials on Workers' Rights in the Global Economy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904290/Documentary_Supplement_to_International_Labor_Law_Cases_and_Materials_on_Workers_Rights_in_the_Global_Economy">Documentary Supplement to International Labor Law: Cases and Materials on Workers' Rights in the Global Economy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in mult...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in multilateral and regional institutions like the WTO, ILO, OECD and the European Union; regional and bilateral trade agreements like NAFTA and more recent bilateral agreements with developing countries; the new labor-trade &quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;template&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; in U.S. trade policy; and private initiatives like anti-sweatshop campaigns and corporate codes of conduct. Thematic chapters deal with labor rights lawsuits in U.S. courts; cross-border labor organizing and bargaining ; migrant workers; women workers in the global economy, and child labor.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904290"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904290"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904290; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904290]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904290]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904290; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904290']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904290, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904290]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904290,"title":"Documentary Supplement to International Labor Law: Cases and Materials on Workers' Rights in the Global Economy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Comprehensive in scope, International Labor Law examines labor rights and labor standards in multilateral and regional institutions like the WTO, ILO, OECD and the European Union; regional and bilateral trade agreements like NAFTA and more recent bilateral agreements with developing countries; the new labor-trade \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;template\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot; in U.S. trade policy; and private initiatives like anti-sweatshop campaigns and corporate codes of conduct. 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Piper Lectureship Series" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721668/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904289/The_Impact_of_the_European_Community_on_Labor_Law_Some_American_Comparisons_The_Kenneth_M_Piper_Lectureship_Series">The Impact of the European Community on Labor Law: Some American Comparisons - The Kenneth M. Piper Lectureship Series</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Chicago-Kent} Law Review</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the western European nations transform themselves into a single market and then a European Uni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the western European nations transform themselves into a single market and then a European Union, a comparative examination of European Community and American labor law developments is both valuable and timely. The European Economic Community is in the midst of a major reorganization and expansion of its spheres of competency and its institutional arrangements, including highly significant changes regarding labor-management relations. American labor relations law, too, may be on the verge of important change, although the dimensions and scope of the change are, at this point, difficult to discern. The European Community, scheduled to complete its development from a customs union into a single market by the end of 1992, has now undertaken as well to become a political and economic union. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64904288"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904288/The_Temporally_Flawed_Concept_of_Binding_Promises_in_American_Collective_Bargaining_and_Employee_Benefits_Law_A_Source_of_the_Concurrent_Crises_in_the_U_S_Industrial_Relations_Retirement_and_Health_Care_Systems"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Temporally-Flawed Concept of Binding Promises in American Collective Bargaining and Employee Benefits Law: A Source of the Concurrent Crises in the U.S. Industrial Relations, Retirement, and Health Care Systems" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76721646/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64904288/The_Temporally_Flawed_Concept_of_Binding_Promises_in_American_Collective_Bargaining_and_Employee_Benefits_Law_A_Source_of_the_Concurrent_Crises_in_the_U_S_Industrial_Relations_Retirement_and_Health_Care_Systems">The Temporally-Flawed Concept of Binding Promises in American Collective Bargaining and Employee Benefits Law: A Source of the Concurrent Crises in the U.S. Industrial Relations, Retirement, and Health Care Systems</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The American collective bargaining system is in serious trouble, as is the employee benefits syst...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The American collective bargaining system is in serious trouble, as is the employee benefits system providing pensions and health care benefits for millions of non-union as well as unionized workers and retirees. The portion of the labor force covered by collective bargaining has dropped so low that one can barely refer to it as a system. Simultaneously, the American private employer-based pension system is moving towards a crisis. Large employers with the finest pension plans, covering thousands of workers and retirees, in industry after industry, are terminating their pension plans, or replacing them with cheaper, weaker retirement programs, often while reorganizing under the American bankruptcy system. Pension benefits upon which retirees and their families have relied are suddenly, often dramatically, cut, as the expense and liability are transferred to the federal government pension benefit guaranty program, a back-up scheme which only covers specified portions of the original ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="75f2242b10046050cf08266b997ad871" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76721646,"asset_id":64904288,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76721646/download_file?st=MTczMjk3ODc5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk3ODc5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64904288"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64904288"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904288; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904288]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64904288]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64904288; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64904288']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64904288, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "75f2242b10046050cf08266b997ad871" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64904288]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64904288,"title":"The Temporally-Flawed Concept of Binding Promises in American Collective Bargaining and Employee Benefits Law: A Source of the Concurrent Crises in the U.S. Industrial Relations, Retirement, and Health Care Systems","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The American collective bargaining system is in serious trouble, as is the employee benefits system providing pensions and health care benefits for millions of non-union as well as unionized workers and retirees. 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The application materials advised the employees that NUMMI would not be bound by the collective bargaining agreement formerly in effect between GM and the UAW at the Fremont facility. The materials also informed prospective applicants that unlike its predecessor employer, NUMI would not tolerate such poor employment practices as high absenteeism and low quality. The company received back about 3,000 completed applications from the former GM employees. 2 ' After screening out those it evaluated as unacceptable, NUMMI hired a majority of the remaining applicants. 22 Originally, the plant exclusively made subcompact cars for GM and Toyota. However, in 1991, the facility was expanded to add a compact truck line for Toyota. 23 As of this writing, NUMI employs about 4,300 workers, including 3,500 bargaining unit employees, working on two shifts, and is in the process of further expansion. 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As these authors suggest, intensified international integration has had profound effects upon law at the international level, upon law at the domestic level, as well as upon legal, economic, social, and cultural practices in the lives of ordinary people. Some of these systemic effects upon human rights may occur by design, as intended consequences flowing from the nature and structure of the forms of globalization that have proceeded to date. Other effects, however, may be unintended byproducts of global integration. In addition to delving into the ways and means of interaction between globalization and human rights, these authors speculate about how globalization could be harnessed to mobilize a virtuous, upward spiral of enhanced human rights, rather than the feared dystopia-like consequences. 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