CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Johnson Space Center - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ec082891-5944-4e71-866b-794adf786c3f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Johnson_Space_Center","wgTitle":"Johnson Space Center","wgCurRevisionId":1258639930,"wgRevisionId":1258639930,"wgArticleId":177571,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from January 2014","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use American English from July 2019","Use mdy dates from June 2012", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2021","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021","Pages with broken anchors","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Johnson Space Center","Buildings of the United States government in Texas","NASA facilities","Buildings and structures in Houston","Tourist attractions in Houston","Space technology research institutes","Economy of Houston","1961 establishments in Texas","Lyndon B. Johnson","Oral history","Government buildings completed in 1961","Apollo program facilities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Johnson_Space_Center","wgRelevantArticleId":177571,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[] ,"wgRedirectedFrom":"Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center","wgCoordinates":{"lat":29.558333333333334,"lon":-95.08888888888889},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q208371","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg/1200px-Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1775"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg/800px-Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1184"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg/640px-Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="947"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Johnson Space Center - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Johnson_Space_Center rootpage-Johnson_Space_Center skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Johnson+Space+Center" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Johnson+Space+Center" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Johnson+Space+Center" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Johnson+Space+Center" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Site_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Site selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_early_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_early_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Construction and early operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_early_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mission_Control_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_Control_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Mission Control Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_Control_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Apollo program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Space Shuttle program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personnel and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_Grove" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_Grove"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memorial Grove</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_Grove-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Space Shuttle retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Johnson Space Center</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مركز لندون بي جونسون للفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركز لندون بي جونسون للفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Касмічны цэнтр імя Ліндана Джонсана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касмічны цэнтр імя Ліндана Джонсана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirski_centar_%22Johnson%22" title="Svemirski centar "Johnson" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemirski centar "Johnson"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Espacial_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Centre Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centre Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonovo_vesm%C3%ADrn%C3%A9_st%C5%99edisko" title="Johnsonovo vesmírné středisko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johnsonovo vesmírné středisko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnsoni_Kosmosekeskus" title="Lyndon B. Johnsoni Kosmosekeskus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnsoni Kosmosekeskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Διαστημικό Κέντρο Τζόνσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημικό Κέντρο Τζόνσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Espacial_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Centro Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Espazio_Zentroa" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Espazio Zentroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Espazio Zentroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="مرکز فضایی جانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز فضایی جانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_spatial_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Centre spatial Lyndon B. Johnson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centre spatial Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4%EC%8A%A8_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="존슨 우주 센터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존슨 우주 센터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Antariksa_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Pusat Antariksa Lyndon B. Johnson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pusat Antariksa Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מרכז החלל ג'ונסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרכז החלל ג'ונסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEonsona_kosmosa_centrs" title="Džonsona kosmosa centrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džonsona kosmosa centrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEonsono_kosminis_centras" title="Džonsono kosminis centras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džonsono kosminis centras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_%C5%B0rk%C3%B6zpont" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Űrközpont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Űrközpont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7" title="مركز لندون جونسون للفضا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مركز لندون جونسون للفضا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Angkasa_Johnson" title="Pusat Angkasa Johnson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pusat Angkasa Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ジョンソン宇宙センター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョンソン宇宙センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_Lot%C3%B3w_Kosmicznych_imienia_Lyndona_B._Johnsona" title="Centrum Lotów Kosmicznych imienia Lyndona B. Johnsona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Centrum Lotów Kosmicznych imienia Lyndona B. Johnsona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Espacial_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Centro Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centro Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Космический центр имени Линдона Джонсона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космический центр имени Линдона Джонсона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonovo_vesm%C3%ADrne_stredisko" title="Johnsonovo vesmírne stredisko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Johnsonovo vesmírne stredisko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ناوەندی لیندۆن بی جۆنسۆنی بۆشایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوەندی لیندۆن بی جۆنسۆنی بۆشایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirski_centar_D%C5%BEonson" title="Svemirski centar Džonson – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Svemirski centar Džonson" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_%C4%9F%C3%A4l%C3%A4mi_%C3%BCz%C3%A4ge" title="Lyndon B. Johnson ğälämi üzäge – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Lyndon B. Johnson ğälämi üzäge" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Uzay_Merkezi" title="Johnson Uzay Merkezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Johnson Uzay Merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Космічний центр імені Ліндона Джонсона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічний центр імені Ліндона Джонсона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_t%C3%A2m_V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_Johnson" title="Trung tâm Vũ trụ Johnson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung tâm Vũ trụ Johnson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="林登·约翰逊太空中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="林登·约翰逊太空中心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Johnson_Space_Center" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Johnson_Space_Center" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Johnson_Space_Center" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&oldid=1258639930" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Johnson_Space_Center&id=1258639930&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohnson_Space_Center"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohnson_Space_Center"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Johnson_Space_Center&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208371" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johnson_Space_Center&params=29_33_30_N_95_05_20_W_region:US-TX_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°33′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°05′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.55833°N 95.08889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.55833; -95.08889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NASA field center for human spaceflight</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Johnson Space Center</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div>Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg/300px-Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg/450px-Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg/600px-Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6972" data-file-height="10315" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Top to bottom, left to right: Aerial view of JSC with <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a> in the foreground, <a href="/wiki/Space_Vehicle_Mockup_Facility" title="Space Vehicle Mockup Facility">Space Vehicle Mockup Facility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a> Saturn V exhibit.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">JSC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">November 1, 1961<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1961-11-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_E._Wyche" title="Vanessa E. Wyche">Vanessa E. Wyche</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">3,200 civil service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html">JSC home page</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Manned Spacecraft Center</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</b> (<b>JSC</b>) is <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s center for <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (originally named the <b>Manned Spacecraft Center</b>), where human spaceflight training, research, and <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">flight control</a> are conducted. It was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president and Texas native, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, by an act of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on February 19, 1973. </p><p>JSC consists of a complex of 100 buildings constructed on 1,620 acres (660 ha) in the <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Lake Area">Clear Lake Area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. The center is home to <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA's astronaut corps</a>, and is responsible for training astronauts from both the U.S. and its international partners. It also houses the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center</a>, which has provided the <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">flight control</a> function for every NASA human spaceflight since <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a>). It is popularly known by its <a href="/wiki/Radio_call_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio call sign">radio call signs</a> "Mission Control" and "Houston". </p><p>The original Manned Spacecraft Center grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (STG) headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a> that was formed to coordinate the U.S. crewed spaceflight program. The STG was based at the <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, but reported organizationally to the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> just outside <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> To meet the growing needs of the US human spaceflight program, plans began in 1961 to expand its staff to its own organization, and move it to a new facility. This was constructed in 1962 and 1963 on land donated by the <a href="/wiki/Humble_Oil" title="Humble Oil">Humble Oil</a> company through <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, and officially opened its doors in September 1963. Today, JSC is one of ten major <a href="/wiki/NASA_facilities#List_of_field_centers" title="NASA facilities">NASA field centers</a> and the city of Houston's primary cultural footprint, earning it the official <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Houston" title="Nicknames of Houston">nickname</a> "Space City" in 1967. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg/170px-Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg/255px-Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg/340px-Robert_Gilruth_S87-26820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>Robert R. Gilruth, leader of the Space Task Group, became NASA's first director of the Manned Spacecraft Center in 1961.</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson Space Center has its origins in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (STG). Starting on November 5, 1958, Langley Research Center engineers under <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> and follow-on crewed space programs. The STG originally reported to the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> organization, with a total staff of 45, including 37 engineers, and eight secretaries and <a href="/wiki/Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">human "computers"</a> (women who ran calculations on mechanical adding machines). In 1959, the center added 32 Canadian engineers put out of work by the cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayBly_Cox198933–35_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayBly_Cox198933–35-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA's first administrator, <a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a>, realized that the growth of the U.S. space program would cause the STG to outgrow the Langley and Goddard centers and require its own location. On January 1, 1961, he wrote a memo to his yet-unnamed successor (who turned out to be <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>), recommending a new site be chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199336_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199336-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, when President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> set the goal to put a person on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> by the end of the decade, it became clear Gilruth would need a larger organization to lead the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Program">Apollo Program</a>, with new test facilities and research laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-JSC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_selection">Site selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Site selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, Congress held hearings and passed a $1.7 billion 1962 NASA appropriations bill which included $60 million for the new crewed spaceflight laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of requirements for the new site was drawn up and released to the Congress and general public. These included: access to <a href="/wiki/Water_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Water transport">water transport</a> by large barges, a moderate climate, availability of all-weather commercial jet service, a well-established industrial complex with supporting technical facilities and labor, close proximity to a culturally attractive community in the vicinity of an institution of higher education, a strong electric utility and water supply, at least 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land, and certain specified cost parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1961, Webb asked Associate Director of the <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> John F. Parsons to head a site-selection team, which included Philip Miller, Wesley Hjornevik, and I. Edward Campagna, the construction engineer for the STG.<sup id="cite_ref-TNO_12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNO_12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team initially came up with a list of 22 cities based on the climate and water criteria, then cut this to a short list of nine with nearby federal facilities: </p> <ul><li>Jacksonville, Florida (<a href="/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs,_Florida" title="Green Cove Springs, Florida">Green Cove Springs</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Station">Naval Air Station</a>)</li> <li>Tampa, Florida (<a href="/wiki/MacDill_Air_Force_Base" title="MacDill Air Force Base">MacDill Air Force Base</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a></li> <li>Shreveport, Louisiana (<a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale Air Force Base</a>)</li> <li>Houston, Texas (<a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Ordnance_Depot" title="San Jacinto Ordnance Depot">San Jacinto Ordnance Depot</a>)</li> <li>Victoria, Texas (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_Regional_Airport" title="Victoria Regional Airport">FAA Airport; former Foster Air Force Base</a>)</li> <li>Corpus Christi, Texas (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi" title="Naval Air Station Corpus Christi">Naval Air Station Corpus Christi</a>)</li> <li>San Diego, California (<a href="/wiki/Camp_Elliott" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Elliott">Camp Elliott</a>)</li> <li>San Francisco, California (<a href="/wiki/Benicia_Arsenal" title="Benicia Arsenal">Benicia Arsenal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another 14 sites were then added, including two additional Houston sites chosen because of proximity to <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JSC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team visited all 23 sites between August 21 and September 7, 1961. During these visits, Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a> headed a delegation which exerted particularly strong political pressure, prompting a personal inquiry to Webb from President Kennedy. Senators and congressmen from sites in Missouri and California similarly lobbied the selection team. Proponents of sites in Boston, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Norfolk, Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went so far as to make separate presentations to Webb and the headquarters staff, so Webb added these additional sites to the final review.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following its tour, the team identified MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa as its first choice, based on the fact the Air Force was planning to close down its Strategic Air Command operations there. The Houston Rice University site was second, and the Benicia Ordnance Depot in San Francisco was third. Before a decision could be made, however, the Air Force decided not to close MacDill, omitting it from consideration and moving the Rice University site to first place. Webb informed President Kennedy on September 14 of the decision made by him and deputy administrator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a> in two separate memoranda, one reviewing the criteria and procedures, and the other stating: "Our decision is that this laboratory should be located in Houston, Texas, in close association with Rice University and the other educational institutions there and in that region." The Executive Office and NASA made advance notifications of the award, and the public announcement of the location followed on September 19, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_C._Dethloff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry C. Dethloff (page does not exist)">Henry C. Dethloff</a>, "Although the Houston site neatly fit the criteria required for the new center, Texas undoubtedly exerted an enormous political influence on such a decision. Lyndon B. Johnson was Vice President and head of the Space Council, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Thomas_(American_politician)" title="Albert Thomas (American politician)">Albert Thomas</a> headed the House Appropriations Committee, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Casey" title="Robert R. Casey">Bob Casey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olin_E._Teague" title="Olin E. Teague">Olin E. Teague</a> were members of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, and Teague headed the Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> was Speaker of the House of Representatives."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199341–42_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199341–42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The land for the new facility was 1,000 acres (400 ha) donated to Rice by the <a href="/wiki/Humble_Oil" title="Humble Oil">Humble Oil</a> company, situated in an undeveloped area 25 mi (40 km) southeast of Houston adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_(Galveston_Bay)" title="Clear Lake (Galveston Bay)">Clear Lake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the land was used to graze cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after Webb's announcement, Gilruth and his staff began planning the move from Langley to Houston, using what would grow to 295,996 sq ft (27,498.9 m<sup>2</sup>) of leased office and laboratory space in 11 scattered sites.<sup id="cite_ref-TNO_12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNO_12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 1, the conversion of the Task Group to MSC became official.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_early_operations">Construction and early operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction and early operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tracts of land in the vicinity of the Manned Spacecraft Center were either owned or being under exclusive control of Joseph L. Smith & Associates, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-AW-1963_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AW-1963-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA purchased an additional 600 acres (240 ha) so the property would face a highway, and the total included another 20 acres (8.1 ha) reserve drilling site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199348_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199348-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the center, designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Luckman" title="Charles Luckman">Charles Luckman</a>, began in April 1962, and Gilruth's new organization was formed and moved to the temporary locations by September.<sup id="cite_ref-TNO_AppC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNO_AppC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That month, Kennedy gave a speech at Rice University on the U.S. space program. The speech is famous for highlighting the Apollo program, but Kennedy also made reference to the new Center: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space. Houston, ... with its Manned Spacecraft Center, will become the heart of a large scientific and engineering community. During the next 5 years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects to double the number of scientists and engineers in this area, to increase its outlays for salaries and expenses to $60 million a year; to invest some $200 million in plant and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract for new space efforts over $1 billion from this Center in this City.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John F. Kennedy, Speech at Rice University, September 12, 1962<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_Speech_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_Speech-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The 1,620-acre (6.6 km<sup>2</sup>) facility was officially opened for business in September 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mission_Control_Center">Mission Control Center</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission Control Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg/220px-Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg/330px-Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg/440px-Mission_Operations_Control_Room_at_the_conclusion_of_Apollo_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="3085" /></a><figcaption>Mission Operations Control Room 2 at the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, as plans for <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> began, it became increasingly clear that the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> launch center would become inadequate to control missions with maneuverable spacecraft such as Gemini and Apollo. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Kraft">Christopher Kraft</a> and three other <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">flight controllers</a> began studying what was needed for an improved control center, and directed a study contract awarded to <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>'s Western Development Laboratory. Philco bid on and won the contract to build the electronic equipment for the new Mission Control Center, which would be located in Building 30 of MSC rather than Canaveral or the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Maryland. Construction began in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385–86_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385–86-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new center had two Mission Operations Control Rooms, allowing training and preparation for a later mission to be carried out while a live mission is in progress. It was brought online for testing purposes during the uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Gemini_2" title="Gemini 2">Gemini 2</a> flight in January 1965<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first crewed Gemini flight, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> in March 1965, though the Mercury Control Center still retained primary responsibility for control of these flights. It became fully operational for the flight of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> the following June, and has been the primary flight control center for all subsequent U.S. <a href="/wiki/Crewed_space_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed space mission">crewed space missions</a> from Project Gemini forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA named the center the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center on April 14, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_program">Apollo program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apollo program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to housing NASA's astronaut operations, JSC is also the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory" title="Lunar Receiving Laboratory">Lunar Receiving Laboratory</a>, where the first astronauts returning from the Moon were <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantined</a>, and where the majority of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar sample">lunar samples</a> are stored. The center's Landing and Recovery Division operated <a href="/wiki/MV_Retriever" title="MV Retriever">MV <i>Retriever</i></a> in the Gulf of Mexico for Gemini and Apollo astronauts to practice water egress after <a href="/wiki/Splashdown_(spacecraft_landing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Splashdown (spacecraft landing)">splashdown</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On February 19, 1973, four weeks after Johnson's death, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> signed into law a Senate resolution renaming the Manned Spacecraft Center in his honor. As <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a>, Johnson had sponsored the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 legislation which created NASA</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1973_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1973-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1973_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1973-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dedication ceremonies were held six months later on August 27.<sup id="cite_ref-scdehel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scdehel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the artifacts displayed at Johnson Space Center is the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket. It is whole, except for the ring between the <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> and S-II stages, and the fairing between the S-II and <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stages, and made of actual surplus flight-ready articles. It also has real (though incomplete) <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> command and service modules, intended to fly in the <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled Apollo 19 mission</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2019, the restored Apollo Mission Control Center was opened for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Shuttle_program">Space Shuttle program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg/220px-Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg/330px-Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg/440px-Columbia_makeshift_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to JSC on February 1, 2003, with a makeshift memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of the January 28, 1986, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> traveled to JSC on January 31 to speak at a memorial service honoring the astronauts. It was attended by 6,000 NASA employees and 4,000 guests, as well as by the families of the crew. During the ceremony, an Air Force band led the singing of "God Bless America" as NASA <a href="/wiki/T-38_Talon" class="mw-redirect" title="T-38 Talon">T-38 Talon</a> supersonic jets flew directly over the scene in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Missing-man_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing-man formation">missing-man formation</a>. All activities were broadcast live by the national television and radio networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A similar memorial service was held at the Johnson Space Center on February 4, 2003, for the astronauts who perished in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> three days before, which was attended by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>. Although that service was broadcast live by the national television and radio networks, it was geared mainly to NASA employees and the families of the astronauts. A second service for the nation was led by Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 13, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> hit <a href="/wiki/Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston">Galveston</a> as a category 2 hurricane and caused minor damage to the Mission Control Center and other buildings at JSC.<sup id="cite_ref-IkeDamage_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IkeDamage-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storm damaged the roofs of several hangars for the T-38 Talons at <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellington Field">Ellington Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IkeDamage_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IkeDamage-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_the_Johnson_Space_Center" title="List of buildings in the Johnson Space Center">List of buildings in the Johnson Space Center</a></div> <p>The Johnson Space Center is home to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center</a> (MCC-H), the NASA control center that coordinates and monitors all human spaceflight for the United States. MCC-H directed all <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> missions, and currently directs American activities aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Mission_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Mission Control Center">Apollo Mission Control Center</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>, is in Building 30. From the moment a crewed spacecraft clears its launch tower until it lands back on Earth, it is in the hands of Mission Control. The MCC houses several Flight Control Rooms, from which <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">flight controllers</a> coordinate and monitor the spaceflights. The rooms have many computer resources to monitor, command, and communicate with spacecraft. When a mission is underway, the rooms are staffed around the clock, usually in three shifts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>JSC handles most of the planning and training of the U.S. astronaut corps and houses training facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Carter_Training_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Carter Training Facility">Sonny Carter Training Facility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a>, a critical component in training astronauts for spacewalks. The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory provides a controlled neutral <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> environment—a very large pool containing about 6.2 million U.S. gallons (23,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of water where astronauts train to practice <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">extra-vehicular activity</a> tasks while simulating <a href="/wiki/Zero-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-g">zero-g</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18619137_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18619137-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15892545_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15892545-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facility provides preflight training in becoming familiar with crew activities and with the dynamics of body motion under weightless conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-history_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building 31-N houses the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility</a>, which stores, analyzes, and processes most of the samples returned from the Moon during the Apollo program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The center is also responsible for direction of operations at <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, which served as a backup <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> landing site and would have been the coordinating facility for the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>, which was planned to replace the Shuttle program after 2010, but was canceled in 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The visitor center has been the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a> since 1994; JSC Building 2 previously housed the visitor center.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center_Heliport" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson Space Center Heliport">Johnson Space Center Heliport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier" title="Location identifier">LID</a>: <b>72TX</b>) is located on the campus.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel_and_training">Personnel and training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personnel and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_training_in_Houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> astronauts Neil Armstrong (left) and Buzz Aldrin train in Building 9 on April 18, 1969.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/220px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/330px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/440px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A shuttle astronaut training in the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About 3,200 civil servants, including 110 <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>, are employed at Johnson Space Center. The bulk of the workforce consists of over 11,000 contractors. As of October 2014, Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies took over <a href="/wiki/United_Space_Alliance" title="United Space Alliance">United Space Alliance</a>'s primary contract.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2021,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the center's director is <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_E._Wyche" title="Vanessa E. Wyche">Vanessa E. Wyche</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>NASA's astronaut training is conducted at the Johnson Space Center. Astronaut candidates receive training on spacecraft systems and in basic sciences including mathematics, guidance and navigation, oceanography, orbital dynamics, astronomy, and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-history_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidates are required to complete military water survival prior to beginning their flying instruction. Candidates are also required to become <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a>-qualified for extravehicular training and are required to pass a swimming test.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVA training is conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Carter_Training_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Carter Training Facility">Sonny Carter Training Facility</a>. Candidates are also trained to deal with emergencies associated with <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric">hyperbaric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypobaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypobaric">hypobaric</a> atmospheric pressures and are given exposure to the microgravity of space flight.<sup id="cite_ref-history_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidates maintain their flying proficiency by flying 15 hours per month in NASA's fleet of T-38 jets based at nearby Ellington Field.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnson Space Center leads NASA's human spaceflight-related scientific and medical research programs. Technologies developed for spaceflight are now in use in many areas of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Astromaterials_Research_and_Exploration_Science_Directorate" title="Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate">Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) office</a> performs the <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a> research at the center. ARES directs and manages all functions and activities of the ARES scientists who perform <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sciences">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary sciences">planetary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Space sciences">space sciences</a>. ARES scientists and engineers provide support to the <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic spaceflight</a> programs. The responsibilities of ARES also include interaction with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Safety_and_Mission_Assurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (page does not exist)">Office of Safety and Mission Assurance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#Current_and_former_NASA_human_space_flight_programs" title="Flight controller">Human Space Flight Programs</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Current and former NASA human space flight programs) has been deleted. (2024-09-30)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson Space Center was granted a five-year, $120-million extension of its agreement with the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Biomedical_Research_Institute" title="National Space Biomedical Research Institute">National Space Biomedical Research Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</a> to study the health risks related to long-duration space flight. The extension will allow a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical research">biomedical research</a> in support of a long-term human presence in space started by the institute and NASA's <a href="/wiki/Human_Research_Program" title="Human Research Program">Human Research Program</a> through 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prebreathe_Reduction_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebreathe Reduction Program">Prebreathe Reduction Program</a> is a research study program at the JSC that is currently being developed to improve the safety and efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Space_walks" class="mw-redirect" title="Space walks">space walks</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Overflow_(software)" title="Overflow (software)">Overset Grid-Flow</a> software was developed at Johnson Space Center in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">NASA Ames Research Center</a>. The software simulates <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid flow</a> around solid bodies using <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Space_Commission" title="Texas Space Commission">Texas Space Commission</a> was established by Texas governor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> on March 26, 2024 at Johnson Space Center.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial_Grove">Memorial Grove</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Memorial Grove"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronauts, center directors, and other NASA employees are memorialized in a Memorial Grove near the main entrance and visitor badging center (building 110). Trees dedicated to the memory of astronauts and center directors are in a round cluster closest to the entrance, other employees are memorialized behind along a road on the facility leading to the main entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_Shuttle_retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JSC put in a bid to display one of the retired <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiters</a>, but was not selected.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Johnson_Space_Center,_Houston,_Texas.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2010 photo of JSC from the International Space Station"><img alt="A 2010 photo of JSC from the International Space Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NASA_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.JPG/200px-NASA_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NASA_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.JPG/300px-NASA_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NASA_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.JPG/400px-NASA_Johnson_Space_Center%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2010 photo of JSC from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Shuttle Challenger atop its Shuttle Carrier Aircraft over JSC in 1983"><img alt="Space Shuttle Challenger atop its Shuttle Carrier Aircraft over JSC in 1983" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/180px-Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/270px-Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/360px-Challenger_Ferry_Flight_Flyover_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> atop its <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> over JSC in 1983</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_control_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mission Control Center in 2005"><img alt="Mission Control Center in 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mission_control_center.jpg/200px-Mission_control_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mission_control_center.jpg/300px-Mission_control_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mission_control_center.jpg/400px-Mission_control_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> in 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060512-N-7665S-070_Deputy_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_for_Resources,_Requirements_and_Assessments_Vice_Adm._Lewis_W._Crenshaw,_Jr._tours_the_Johnson_Space_Center_in_Houston_during_Navy_Week_Houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shuttle simulator in Building 9 in 2006"><img alt="Shuttle simulator in Building 9 in 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/US_Navy_060512-N-7665S-070_Deputy_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_for_Resources%2C_Requirements_and_Assessments_Vice_Adm._Lewis_W._Crenshaw%2C_Jr._tours_the_Johnson_Space_Center_in_Houston_during_Navy_Week_Houston.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/US_Navy_060512-N-7665S-070_Deputy_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_for_Resources%2C_Requirements_and_Assessments_Vice_Adm._Lewis_W._Crenshaw%2C_Jr._tours_the_Johnson_Space_Center_in_Houston_during_Navy_Week_Houston.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/US_Navy_060512-N-7665S-070_Deputy_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_for_Resources%2C_Requirements_and_Assessments_Vice_Adm._Lewis_W._Crenshaw%2C_Jr._tours_the_Johnson_Space_Center_in_Houston_during_Navy_Week_Houston.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shuttle simulator in Building 9 in 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the complex from 2.000 feet, c 1989"><img alt="Aerial view of the complex from 2.000 feet, c 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/180px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/270px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/360px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of the complex from 2.000 feet, c 1989</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="JSC Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory"><img alt="JSC Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg/200px-NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg/300px-NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg/400px-NASA_Commercialization_Training_Camp_and_NFL_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4951" data-file-height="3301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">JSC <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center_shooting" title="Johnson Space Center shooting">Johnson Space Center shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963152_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood (1963)</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayBly_Cox198933–35-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayBly_Cox198933–35_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurrayBly_Cox1989">Murray & Bly Cox (1989)</a>, pp. 33–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199336-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199336_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/jsc_history.htm">"JSC History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSC+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjsc_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199338_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNO_12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TNO_12_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNO_12_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1989" class="citation book cs1">Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch12-3.htm">"Chapter 12.3: Space Task Group Gets a New Home and Name"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/toc.htm"><i>This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury</i></a>. Special Publication. Vol. 4201. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12.3%3A+Space+Task+Group+Gets+a+New+Home+and+Name&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+A+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.series=Special+Publication&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Loyd+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4201%2Fch12-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199339_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorsgaard2019" class="citation news cs1">Korsgaard, Sean (July 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724133658/https://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-moon-landing-anniversary-0717-story.html#nt=oft12aH-1gp5">"Williamsburg recalls watching Apollo 11 and helping crew get there"</a>. <i>Virginia Gazette, Daily Press</i>. Tribune Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-moon-landing-anniversary-0717-story.html#nt=oft12aH-1gp5">the original</a> on July 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Gazette%2C+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Williamsburg+recalls+watching+Apollo+11+and+helping+crew+get+there&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft.aulast=Korsgaard&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vagazette.com%2Fnews%2Fva-vg-moon-landing-anniversary-0717-story.html%23nt%3Doft12aH-1gp5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199340_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199341–42-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199341–42_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106190610/http://news.rice.edu/2009/07/16/houston-we-have-a-space-program/">"Houston, we have a space program"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rice.edu/2009/07/16/houston-we-have-a-space-program/">the original</a> on January 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houston%2C+we+have+a+space+program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.rice.edu%2F2009%2F07%2F16%2Fhouston-we-have-a-space-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman,_Bruce_J.1994" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Bruce J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwcGbPRuM9oC"><i>From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South 1938–1980</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1537-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1537-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-1537-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cotton+Belt+to+Sunbelt%3A+Federal+Policy%2C+Economic+Development%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+the+South+1938%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1537-7&rft.au=Schulman%2C+Bruce+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwcGbPRuM9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin1988_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin1988">Dumoulin (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AW-1963-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AW-1963_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Aviation_Week_1963-06-17#page/n63/mode/1up">"Space" is our product</a>. // <i>Aviation Week & Space Technology</i>, June 17, 1963, v. 78, no. 24, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199348-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199348_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNO_AppC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNO_AppC_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1989" class="citation book cs1">Swenson; Grimwood; Alexander (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch12-3.htm">"Appendix C: Organization Charts"</a>. <i>This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury</i>. Special Publication. Vol. 4201. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+C%3A+Organization+Charts&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+A+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.series=Special+Publication&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Swenson&rft.au=Grimwood&rft.au=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4201%2Fch12-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice_Speech-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_Speech_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03SpaceEffort09121962.htm">"Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013050429/http://www.lmu.edu/Page42430.aspx">"Charles Luckman Biography"</a>. Loyola Marymount University. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmu.edu/Page42430.aspx">the original</a> on October 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Luckman+Biography&rft.pub=Loyola+Marymount+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmu.edu%2FPage42430.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center". <i>NASAFacts</i>. JSC 04264 Rev D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385–86-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385–86_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDethloff199385_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDethloff1993">Dethloff (1993)</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa.gov-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/behindscenes/kraft_mcc.html">NASA - NASA Names Mission Control for Legendary Flight Director Christopher Kraft</a>. Nasa.gov (2011-04-14). Retrieved on 2013-09-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1973-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1973_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1973">Nixon (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1973-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1973_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1973">New York Times (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scdehel-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scdehel_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wCNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LYEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2820%2C4503091">"Space center dedication held"</a>. <i>Victoria Advocate</i>. (Texas). Associated Press. August 28, 1973. p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Space+center+dedication+held&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1973-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DwCNIAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DLYEMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2820%252C4503091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation news cs1">Brown, David W. (June 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/29/science/apollo-11-mission-control-nasa.html">"NASA Reopens Apollo Mission Control Room That Once Landed Men on Moon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NASA+Reopens+Apollo+Mission+Control+Room+That+Once+Landed+Men+on+Moon&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F29%2Fscience%2Fapollo-11-mission-control-nasa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Woodruff" title="Judy Woodruff">Woodruff, Judy</a> (February 6, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0302/06/se.03.html">"CNN LIVE EVENT/SPECIAL: Remembering the Columbia 7: Washington National Cathedral Memorial for Astronauts"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+LIVE+EVENT%2FSPECIAL%3A+Remembering+the+Columbia+7%3A+Washington+National+Cathedral+Memorial+for+Astronauts&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2003-02-06&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0302%2F06%2Fse.03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IkeDamage-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IkeDamage_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IkeDamage_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Morring_Jr.2008" class="citation web cs1">Frank Morring Jr. (September 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/Hurri091608.xml&headline=Ike%20Damage%20To%20NASA-JSC%20Light%20&channel=space">"Ike Damage To NASA-JSC Light"</a>. <i>Aviation Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=Ike+Damage+To+NASA-JSC+Light&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft.au=Frank+Morring+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory.jsp%3Fid%3Dnews%2FHurri091608.xml%26headline%3DIke%2520Damage%2520To%2520NASA-JSC%2520Light%2520%26channel%3Dspace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18619137-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18619137_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss_S2008" class="citation journal cs1">Strauss S (July 2008). "Space medicine at the NASA-JSC, neutral buoyancy laboratory". <i>Aviat Space Environ Med</i>. <b>79</b> (7): 732–3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18619137">18619137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviat+Space+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Space+medicine+at+the+NASA-JSC%2C+neutral+buoyancy+laboratory&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=732-3&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18619137&rft.au=Strauss+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15892545-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15892545_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraussKrogFeiveson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Strauss S, Krog RL, Feiveson AH (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2005/00000076/00000005/art00008">"Extravehicular mobility unit training and astronaut injuries"</a>. <i>Aviat Space Environ Med</i>. <b>76</b> (5): 469–74. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15892545">15892545</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviat+Space+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Extravehicular+mobility+unit+training+and+astronaut+injuries&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=469-74&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15892545&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Krog%2C+RL&rft.au=Feiveson%2C+AH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fasma%2Fasem%2F2005%2F00000076%2F00000005%2Fart00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA" class="citation web cs1">NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990427184715/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html">"Astronaut Selection and Training"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html">the original</a> on April 27, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronaut+Selection+and+Training&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Freference%2Ffactsheets%2Fasseltrn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airnav.com/airport/72TX">"AirNav: 72TX - Johnson Space Center Heliport"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AirNav%3A+72TX+-+Johnson+Space+Center+Heliport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airnav.com%2Fairport%2F72TX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/july/nasa-awards-mission-operations-support-contract">"NASA Awards Mission Operations Support Contract"</a>. <i>NASA.gov</i>. NASA. July 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+Awards+Mission+Operations+Support+Contract&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress%2F2014%2Fjuly%2Fnasa-awards-mission-operations-support-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickConkin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick DT, Conkin J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811173841/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/1273">"Improved pulmonary function in working divers breathing nitrox at shallow depths"</a>. <i>Undersea Hyperb Med Abstract</i>. <b>30</b> (Supplement): 763–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12862332">12862332</a>. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+Hyperb+Med+Abstract&rft.atitle=Improved+pulmonary+function+in+working+divers+breathing+nitrox+at+shallow+depths&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=Supplement&rft.pages=763-7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12862332&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=DT&rft.au=Conkin%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F1273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickConkin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick DT, Conkin J (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2003/00000074/00000007/art00011">"Improved pulmonary function in working divers breathing nitrox at shallow depths"</a>. <i>Aviat Space Environ Med</i>. <b>74</b> (7): 763–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12862332">12862332</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviat+Space+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Improved+pulmonary+function+in+working+divers+breathing+nitrox+at+shallow+depths&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=763-7&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12862332&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=DT&rft.au=Conkin%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fasma%2Fasem%2F2003%2F00000074%2F00000007%2Fart00011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiceloff2011" class="citation web cs1">Siceloff, Steven (April 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/flyout/t38flyout.html">"T-38s Soar as Spaceflight Trainers"</a>. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T-38s+Soar+as+Spaceflight+Trainers&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft.aulast=Siceloff&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fshuttle%2Fflyout%2Ft38flyout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA" class="citation report cs1">NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/167745main_FS_JSC508c.pdf">Johnson Space Center: Exploring the science of space for the future of Earth</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Johnson+Space+Center%3A+Exploring+the+science+of+space+for+the+future+of+Earth&rft.pub=NASA&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fjohnson%2Fpdf%2F167745main_FS_JSC508c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010160225/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/kr.cfm">"Astromaterials Research Office"</a>. <i>Johnson Space Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/kr.cfm">the original</a> on October 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Johnson+Space+Center&rft.atitle=Astromaterials+Research+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fares.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fkr.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2007/10/01/daily20.html">"Johnson Space Center to continue biomedical research"</a>. <i>Houston Business Journal</i>. October 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Johnson+Space+Center+to+continue+biomedical+research&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhouston.bizjournals.com%2Fhouston%2Fstories%2F2007%2F10%2F01%2Fdaily20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=1020700&id=7&as=false&or=false&qs=No%3D40%26Ns%3DHarvestDate%257c1%26N%3D4294888873">"Comparison of V-4 and V-5 Exercise/Oxygen Prebreathe Protocols to Support Extravehicular Activity in Microgravity"</a>. <i>NASA Technical Reports</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Technical+Reports&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+V-4+and+V-5+Exercise%2FOxygen+Prebreathe+Protocols+to+Support+Extravehicular+Activity+in+Microgravity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fsearch.jsp%3FR%3D1020700%26id%3D7%26as%3Dfalse%26or%3Dfalse%26qs%3DNo%253D40%2526Ns%253DHarvestDate%25257c1%2526N%253D4294888873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khou.com/article/tech/science/space/gov-greg-abbott-nasa-johnson-space-center-announcement-houston/285-fbbfcf3c-864b-4b01-ad31-27f2c8f8fb30">"Gov. Greg Abbott announces launch of Texas Space Commission at Johnson Space Center in Houston"</a>. <i>khou.com</i>. March 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=khou.com&rft.atitle=Gov.+Greg+Abbott+announces+launch+of+Texas+Space+Commission+at+Johnson+Space+Center+in+Houston&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khou.com%2Farticle%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fgov-greg-abbott-nasa-johnson-space-center-announcement-houston%2F285-fbbfcf3c-864b-4b01-ad31-27f2c8f8fb30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001945/https://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/upload/facilities/MemorialTrees%20(2).png">"Memorial Grove Map"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/upload/facilities/MemorialTrees%20(2).png">the original</a> on March 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+Grove+Map&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarport.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fupload%2Ffacilities%2FMemorialTrees%2520%282%29.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/en/about-us/memorial-trees">"Memorial Trees - Starport"</a>. <i>starport.jsc.nasa.gov</i>. January 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=starport.jsc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Memorial+Trees+-+Starport&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarport.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fmemorial-trees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417074410/http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2011/04/houston_weve_had_a_problem_space_city_snubbed_in_b.html">"Houston we've had a problem: 'Space City' snubbed in bid for retired space shuttle"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2011/04/houston_weve_had_a_problem_space_city_snubbed_in_b.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Houston+we%27ve+had+a+problem%3A+%27Space+City%27+snubbed+in+bid+for+retired+space+shuttle&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chron.com%2Fsciguy%2Farchives%2F2011%2F04%2Fhouston_weve_had_a_problem_space_city_snubbed_in_b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDethloff1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_C._Dethloff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry C. Dethloff (page does not exist)">Dethloff, Henry C.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/suddenly_tomorrow/suddenly.htm">"Chapter 3: Houston - Texas - U.S.A."</a>. <i>Suddenly Tomorrow Came ... A History of the Johnson Space Center</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1502753588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1502753588"><bdi>978-1502753588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Houston+-+Texas+-+U.S.A.&rft.btitle=Suddenly+Tomorrow+Came+...+A+History+of+the+Johnson+Space+Center&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1502753588&rft.aulast=Dethloff&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fsuddenly_tomorrow%2Fsuddenly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin1988" class="citation book cs1">Dumoulin, Jim (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114105848/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-jsc.html">"LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER"</a>. <i>NSTS Shuttle Reference Manual</i>. NASA: Kennedy Space Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-jsc.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LYNDON+B.+JOHNSON+SPACE+CENTER&rft.btitle=NSTS+Shuttle+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=NASA%3A+Kennedy+Space+Center&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Ftechnology%2Fsts-newsref%2Fsts-jsc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimwood1963" class="citation book cs1">Grimwood, James M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/p3a.htm">"PART III (A) Operational Phase of Project Mercury, May 5, 1961 through May 1962"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/cover.htm"><i>Project Mercury: A Chronology</i></a>. Special Publication. Vol. 4001. <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PART+III+%28A%29+Operational+Phase+of+Project+Mercury%2C+May+5%2C+1961+through+May+1962&rft.btitle=Project+Mercury%3A+A+Chronology&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=Special+Publication&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Grimwood&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4001%2Fp3a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayBly_Cox1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Charles; Bly Cox, Catherine (1989). <i>Apollo: The Race to the Moon</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-61101-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-61101-1"><bdi>0-671-61101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-61101-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Bly+Cox%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1973" class="citation news cs1">New York Times (February 20, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/20/archives/houston-space-center-is-named-for-johnson.html">"Houston Space Center Is Named for Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Houston+Space+Center+Is+Named+for+Johnson&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1973-02-20&rft.au=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F02%2F20%2Farchives%2Fhouston-space-center-is-named-for-johnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1973" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon, Richard M.</a> (February 19, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4109#axzz1RbWN5hpf">"50 – Statement About Signing a Bill Designating the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, as the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+%E2%80%93+Statement+About+Signing+a+Bill+Designating+the+Manned+Spacecraft+Center+in+Houston%2C+Texas%2C+as+the+Lyndon+B.+Johnson+Space+Center&rft.date=1973-02-19&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D4109%23axzz1RbWN5hpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnson+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/suddenly_tomorrow/suddenly.htm"><i>Suddenly, tomorrow came... A history of the Johnson Space Center</i> (PDF format) 1993</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/about/history/jsc40/jsc40_pg1.html"><i>JSC Celebrates 40 Years of Human Space Flight</i> September 2001</a></li> <li><i>Roundup</i>, official newsletter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/roundups.htm"><i>Roundup</i> archive 1961-2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roundupreads.jsc.nasa.gov/"><i>Roundup</i> archive 2003-present</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/HollowayTW/hollowaytw.htm">NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project – Interview with Thomas W. 'Tommy' Holloway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/america-s-space-program-exploring-a-new-frontier-teaching-with-historic-places.htm"><i>"America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier"</i>, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/travelaviation/index.htm">Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service <i>Discover Our Shared Heritage</i> Travel Itinerary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711015556/http://www.footagevault.com/search_results?q=MOCR&f=all">Mission Control Archive Footage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_facilities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_centers" title="Template:NASA centers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_centers" title="Template talk:NASA centers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_centers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA centers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_facilities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_facilities" title="Category:NASA facilities">facilities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary 10 centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory" title="Lunar Receiving Laboratory">Lunar Receiving Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astromaterials_Research_and_Exploration_Science_Directorate" title="Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate">Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Environment_Simulation_Laboratory" title="Space Environment Simulation Laboratory">Space Environment Simulation Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">39B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Instrumentation_Facility" title="Central Instrumentation Facility">Central Instrumentation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Railroad" title="NASA Railroad">NASA Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">Stennis Space Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator" title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_Tracking_Station" title="Carnarvon Tracking Station">Carnarvon Tracking Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson_Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" title="Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Susana_Field_Laboratory" title="Santa Susana Field Laboratory">Santa Susana Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner_Municipal_Airport#NASA_use" title="Fort Sumner Municipal Airport">Scientific Balloon Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lyndon_B._Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template talk:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lyndon_B._Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1963–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">Texas</a> (1949–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">TX-10</a> (1937–1949)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act" title="Child Nutrition Act">Child Nutrition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIO_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIO (program)">TRIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Dominican Republic occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)#History" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11375" title="Executive Order 11375">Executive Order 11375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963–69" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">Credibility gap</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">White House preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address">1969</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_desk" title="Johnson desk">Johnson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/100px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/150px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/200px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Early_years" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Early years and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas" title="Operation Texas">Operation Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Texas Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Amendment" title="Johnson Amendment">Johnson Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13 scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)" title="Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)">Bashir Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">1938 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States Senate special elections, 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Personality_and_public_image" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)"><i>Daisy</i> advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)" title="LBJ (1991 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (1991 television film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War"><i>Path to War</i> (2002 film)</a></li> <li><i>All the Way</i> (<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)" title="LBJ (2016 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda Bird Johnson Robb</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines" title="Joseph Wilson Baines">Joseph Wilson Baines</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">← John F. Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208371#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208371#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208371#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121912998">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406132864">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155896317">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1025512-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79026746">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12553741k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12553741k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35317060">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20021125015&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manned Spacecraft Center (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002159696&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445642505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01025903?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/999182">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034825649">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10465619">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m14vb3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johnson_Space_Center&params=29_33_30_N_95_05_20_W_region:US-TX_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°33′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°05′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.55833°N 95.08889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.55833; -95.08889</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&oldid=1258639930">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&oldid=1258639930</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Johnson_Space_Center" title="Category:Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_of_the_United_States_government_in_Texas" title="Category:Buildings of the United States government in Texas">Buildings of the United States government in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_facilities" title="Category:NASA facilities">NASA facilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Houston" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Houston">Buildings and structures in Houston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Houston" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Houston">Tourist attractions in Houston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_technology_research_institutes" title="Category:Space technology research institutes">Space technology research institutes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Houston" title="Category:Economy of Houston">Economy of Houston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_establishments_in_Texas" title="Category:1961 establishments in Texas">1961 establishments in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oral_history" title="Category:Oral history">Oral history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_buildings_completed_in_1961" title="Category:Government buildings completed in 1961">Government buildings completed in 1961</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_program_facilities" title="Category:Apollo program facilities">Apollo program facilities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018">Articles with dead external links from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use American English from January 2014">Use American English from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2019" title="Category:Use American English from July 2019">Use American English from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from June 2012">Use mdy dates from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 20:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-67ffd876-7qrnx","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.972","walltime":"1.219","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7954,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":200368,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13631,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":163254,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1015.607 1 -total"," 21.72% 220.575 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.70% 129.018 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 12.06% 122.448 15 Template:Cite_web"," 11.88% 120.622 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.05% 91.878 11 Template:Fix"," 8.79% 89.306 3 Template:Navbox"," 8.69% 88.295 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.47% 85.986 1 Template:NASA_centers"," 7.90% 80.277 18 Template:Sfnp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.565","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11778125,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBerger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDethloff1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumoulin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrickConkin2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Morring_Jr.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimwood1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorsgaard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayBly_Cox1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNASA\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixon1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman,_Bruce_J.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiceloff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraussKrogFeiveson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss_S2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWoodruff2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Airport codes\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Broken anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 7,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Johnson Space Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Lyndon B. Johnson\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA centers\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 2,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-cmxtr","timestamp":"20241125133901","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Johnson Space Center","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johnson_Space_Center","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q208371","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q208371","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-01T18:22:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T20:29:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bc\/Johnson_Space_Center_Composite_Areas.jpg","headline":"NASA field center in Houston, Texas, United States"}</script> </body> </html>