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</button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Laconophilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrary_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrary_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Contrary views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrary_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Laconophilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Laconophilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern Laconophilia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Laconophilia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Laconophilia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Laconophilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_Laconophilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_Laconophilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Racial Laconophilia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_Laconophilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karl_Müller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Müller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Karl Müller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Müller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Laconophilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Laconophilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Nazi Laconophilia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Laconophilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Laconophilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Laconophilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Contemporary Laconophilia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Laconophilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartan_mirage&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartan mirage">Spartan mirage</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Love or admiration of Sparta</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas,_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/220px-Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/330px-Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/440px-Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4892" data-file-height="3626" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_at_Thermopylae" title="Leonidas at Thermopylae">Leonidas at Thermopylae</a></i>, 1814 painting by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Laconophilia</b> is love or admiration of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and of the Spartan culture or <a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">constitution</a>. The term derives from <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, the part of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesus">Peloponnesus</a> where the Spartans lived. </p><p>Admirers of the Spartans typically praise their valour and success in war, their "<a href="/wiki/Laconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconic">laconic</a>" austerity and self-restraint, their <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtuous</a> ways, the <a href="/wiki/Eunomia_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunomia (goddess)">stable order</a> of their political life, and their constitution, with its tripartite <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">mixed government</a>. Ancient Laconophilia started to appear as early as the 5th century BC, and even contributed a new verb to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">λακωνίζειν</span> (literally: to act like a Laconian). Praise of the Spartan city-state persisted within classical literature ever afterward, and surfaced again during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p><p>The French classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Ollier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Ollier (page does not exist)">François Ollier</a> in his 1933 book <i>Le mirage spartiate</i> (The Spartan Mirage) warned that a major scholarly problem is that all surviving accounts of Sparta were by non-Spartans who often excessively idealized their subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodkinson_pages_222-281_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodkinson_pages_222-281-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Spartan Mirage" has come to refer to "idealized distortions and inventions regarding the character of Spartan society in the works of non-Spartan writers," beginning in Greek and Roman antiquity and continuing through the medieval and modern eras.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodkinson2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodkinson2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These accounts of Sparta are typically associated with the social or political concerns of the writer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodkinson2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodkinson2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No accounts survive by the Spartans themselves, if such were ever written. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Laconophilia">Ancient Laconophilia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Laconophilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athens">Athens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Athens, Laconism began as a current of thought and feeling after the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a>. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Miltiades the Younger">Miltiades</a>, believed that Athens should ally with Sparta against the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>. Cimon persuaded the Athenians to send soldiers to aid Sparta, when the <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">helots</a> (serfs of the Spartans) revolted and fortified Mount <a href="/wiki/Ithome" title="Ithome">Ithome</a>. The Spartans sent the Athenians home again with thanks, lest democratic Athenian ideas influence the helots or the <a href="/wiki/Perioeci" title="Perioeci">Perioeci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Athenians, especially those who disliked commerce, preferred a <a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">closed society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">rule of the few</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They believed that the <a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan Constitution</a> was superior to their own. Some even went so far as to imitate Spartan manners by going around Athens long-haired and unwashed, like the <a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, which is set in the 5th century BC, gives credibility to this claim by having Socrates opine that the Spartan or <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> type of political regime is the favorite of "the many".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of extreme Laconising oligarchs, known as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, seized power in Athens in 404 BC and held it for eleven months, assisted by a <a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a>. Their rule, however, was quickly overthrown, and democracy was reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 371 BC, the Spartans were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a>. As a result of that defeat, Sparta's allies revolted and the helots of <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a> were freed. Afterwards, the Spartan economy became less able to support professional soldiers, and inequalities between supposedly <a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">equal citizens</a> increased. As a result, the reputation of Sparta, either as a military success or as a guide in domestic affairs, diminished substantially.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophers">Philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycurgus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lycurgus.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus of Sparta</a>, legendary founder of the city's constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>Laconophiles nevertheless remained among the philosophers. Some of the young men who followed <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> had been Laconophiles. Socrates himself is portrayed as praising the laws of Sparta and Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a>, a companion of Socrates, helped bring about the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchic">oligarchic</a> rule of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, who were supported by Sparta. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, another disciple of Socrates, fought for the Spartans against Athens. Plato also, in his writings, seems to prefer a Spartan-type regime over a democratic one.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> regarded the kind of laws adopted by Crete and Sparta as especially apt to produce virtuous and law-abiding citizens, although he also criticises the Cretans and Spartans themselves as incompetent and corrupt, and built on a culture of war.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek philosophy, therefore, inherited a tradition of praising Spartan law. This was only reinforced when <a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes III</a> attempted to "restore the ancestral constitution" at Sparta, which no man then living had experienced. This attempt ended with the collapse of the institutions of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Nabis_of_Sparta" title="Nabis of Sparta">Nabis</a> established a tyranny in Laconia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later centuries, Greek philosophers, especially <a href="/wiki/Platonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonists">Platonists</a>, often described Sparta as an ideal state, strong, brave, and free from the corruptions of commerce and money.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These descriptions, of which <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s is the most complete, vary in many details.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars have attempted to reconstruct which parts of these utopias the classical Spartans actually practised, which parts Cleomenes, and which later classical authors invented.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It became fashionable for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> to visit Lacedaemon and see the rites of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Orthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis Orthia">Artemis Orthia</a>, as a sort of tourist attraction – the nearest Greece had to offer to gladiatorial games.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrary_views">Contrary views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contrary views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even in ancient cultures, Laconophilia was a tendency, not an absolute. None of the contemporaries of the Lycurgan Constitution praised Sparta without reservations, except the Spartans themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>, consistently portrays the Spartans, except when actually facing battle, as rustic, hesitant, uncooperative, corrupt, and naïve. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> had <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">argue</a> that a state which really followed the simple life would not need a warrior class; one which was luxurious and aggressive would need a group of philosophers, like Plato himself, to guide and deceive the guardians. Even <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Lacedaemonians" title="Constitution of the Lacedaemonians">Constitution of the Lacedaemonians</a></i> is not unalloyed praise.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> criticises the Spartans in his <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>: the <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a> keep rebelling; the Spartan women are luxurious; the magistrates (and especially the <a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">ephors</a>) are irresponsible; reaching decisions by the loudest yell in the <a href="/wiki/Apella" class="mw-redirect" title="Apella">apella</a> is silly; the wealth of the citizens is unequal (so that too many are losing the resources necessary to be a citizen and a <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a>); and the Spartiates let each other evade taxes, so the city is poor and the individual citizens are greedy. Above all, the Spartans know no other arts than war, so in peace they are incompetent and corrupt. The Cretan institutions, he says, are even worse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after the collapse, and idealisation, of Sparta, <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> wrote, "My object, then, in this digression is to make it manifest by actual facts that, for guarding their own country with absolute safety, and for preserving their own freedom, the legislation of Lycurgus was entirely sufficient; and <em>for those who are content with these objects</em> we must concede that there neither exists nor ever has existed a constitution and civil order preferable to that of Sparta."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Laconophilia">Modern Laconophilia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Laconophilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admiration of Sparta continued in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> agreed that <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> was noteworthy for its long and static existence, but nevertheless asserted that, for <i>virtù</i> and glory, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was much preferable (<i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses</a></i>). The Elizabethan English constitutionalist <a href="/wiki/John_Aylmer_(English_constitutionalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Aylmer (English constitutionalist)">John Aylmer</a> compared the mixed government of Tudor England with the Spartan republic, commending "Lacedaemonia [meaning Sparta], the noblest and best city governed that ever was" as a model for England. The Swiss-French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> contrasted Sparta favourably with Athens in his <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Discourse on the Arts and Sciences">Discourse on the Arts and Sciences</a></i>, arguing that its austere constitution was preferable to the more cultured nature of Athenian life. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> expressed a disappointment that the American republic was failing to meet his ideal of a "Christian Sparta".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> mocked the Laconophilia of his era as unrealistic:</p><blockquote><p> We may preach till we are tired of the theme, the necessity of disinterestedness in republics, without making a single proselyte. The virtuous declaimer will neither persuade himself nor any other person to be content with a double mess of porridge, instead of a reasonable stipend for his services. We might as soon reconcile ourselves to the Spartan <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">community of goods</a> and wives, to their iron coin, their long beards, or their <a href="/wiki/Black_broth" class="mw-redirect" title="Black broth">black broth</a>. There is a total dissimulation in the circumstances, as well as the manners, of society among us; and it is as ridiculous to seek for models in the simple ages of Greece and Rome, as it would be to go in quest of them among the <a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laplanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplanders">Laplanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Laconophilia increased in importance during the nineteenth century. Sparta was used as a model of social purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> stated that "all modern egalitarian radicals, from <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a>...imagined the republican France as a new Sparta".<sup id="cite_ref-The_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Zionism">Early Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz#Communal_life" title="Kibbutz">The communal life of the Kibbutz</a></div> <p>Early Zionists, and particularly the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a> movement in Israel, had been influenced by Spartan ideals, and drew on the Spartan model in particular when disparaging the materialistic values they associated with the diaspora communities they had left.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tabenkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabenkin">Tabenkin</a>, for example, a founding father of the Kibbutz and the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>, was greatly influenced by ancient Sparta. He prescribed that "fighters' education should begin from the nursery", that children should from kindergarten age be taken to "spend nights in the mountains and valleys", taught to fight, and educated for war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_Laconophilia">Racial Laconophilia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Racial Laconophilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karl_Müller"><span id="Karl_M.C3.BCller"></span>Karl Müller</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Karl Müller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Laconophilia" title="Special:EditPage/Laconophilia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/220px-Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/330px-Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Karl Müller</figcaption></figure> <p>A new element was introduced into Laconophilia by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Otfried Müller">Karl Otfried Müller</a>, who linked Spartan ideals to the supposed racial superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>, the ethnic sub-group of the Greeks to which the Spartans belonged. While the Greek Laconophiles like Plutarch had praised the Spartans, they did not extend this admiration to the Dorians as a whole. Plutarch argued that the founder of their constitution, <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a>, had inherited corrupt Dorian institutions. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, the traditional enemy of Sparta, was also a Dorian state; so were <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>, three of the most commercial states in Greece. </p><p>In 1824, however, Müller wrote <i>Die Dorier</i>, a history of the Dorian race. It has been described as a "thousand-page fantasia", which portrays the Dorians as a heroic and noble race who expanded into Greece from the north. He used the new disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quellenf%C3%B6rschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quellenförschung (page does not exist)">source-criticism</a> to argue that the Dorians represented a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic">ethno-linguistic</a> group whose original culture could be isolated from later influences. He linked the origin of the Dorians to the mythic <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a> of the Trojan war, and their leader <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Laconophilia">Nazi Laconophilia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nazi Laconophilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Müller's emphasis on the northern origins and racial qualities of the Spartans later fed into the development of <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a>, the theory of the superiority of a North European <a href="/wiki/Master_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Race">Master Race</a>. Later German writers regularly portrayed the Spartans as a model for the modern <a href="/wiki/Prussian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian state">Prussian state</a>, which also emphasised military self-discipline. It was a short step from this to argue that the Prussians and the Spartans were originally of the same race. <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hankins" title="Frank H. Hankins">Frank H. Hankins</a> summarises views of the American Nordicist <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>, writing in 1916: </p> <blockquote><p>Sparta is pictured as particularly Nordic on account of the purity of its Dorian stock, while Athens is more of a mixture. Sparta thus exhibited the military efficiency, the thorough organization and the patriotic sacrifice of the individual to the state characteristic of Nordics everywhere and exemplified in modern Prussia, while Athens exhibited the intellectual brilliancy, the instability, the extreme individualism, the tendency to treason and conspiracy so characteristic of populations having a large <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean element</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>These arguments were repeated by Nazi race theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> particularly praised the Spartans, recommending in 1928 that Germany should imitate them by limiting "the number allowed to live". He added that "The Spartans were once capable of such a wise measure... The subjugation of 350,000 Helots by 6,000 Spartans was only possible because of the racial superiority of the Spartans." The Spartans had created "the first racialist state."<sup id="cite_ref-Genocidal_Ideology_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genocidal_Ideology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">the invasion of the</a> <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, Hitler insisted that the Slavs should be treated like the helots under the Spartans: "They [the Spartans] came as conquerors, and they took everything", and so should the Germans. A Nazi officer specified that "the Germans would have to assume the position of the Spartiates, while... the Russians were the Helots."<sup id="cite_ref-Genocidal_Ideology_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genocidal_Ideology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Laconophilia">Contemporary Laconophilia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary Laconophilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sparta_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparta in popular culture">Sparta in popular culture</a></div> <p>Modern Laconophilia has been present in popular culture, particularly with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, as portrayed in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_300_Spartans" title="The 300 Spartans">The 300 Spartans</a></i>. It is also evident in the graphic novel <i><a href="/wiki/300_(comics)" title="300 (comics)">300</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/300_(film)" title="300 (film)">film derived from it</a>. </p><p>In the modern world, the adjective "spartan" is used to imply simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their reputation for physical prowess, the name "Spartans" has been adopted by teams in several sports. Michigan State University adopted "Spartans" as their collegiate team identity in 1925. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans" title="Michigan State Spartans">Michigan State Spartans</a>, other teams include the <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans" title="San Jose State Spartans">San Jose State Spartans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_Spartans" title="Norfolk State Spartans">Norfolk State Spartans</a>, and others. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> clubs include <a href="/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague" title="AC Sparta Prague">Sparta Prague</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spartans_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Spartans F.C.">Spartans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>), <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6amrun_Spartans_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Ħamrun Spartans F.C.">Ħamrun Spartans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam" title="Sparta Rotterdam">Sparta Rotterdam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hodkinson_pages_222-281-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodkinson_pages_222-281_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodkinson, Stephen "The Imaginary Spartan <i>Politeria</i>" pp. 22–81 from <i>The Imaginary Polis: Symposium, January 7–10, 2004</i> edited by Mogens Herman Hansen, Copenhagen: Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2005 p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodkinson2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodkinson2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodkinson2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHodkinson_S2002" class="citation book cs1">Hodkinson S (31 December 2002). "Introduction". <i>Sparta: Beyond the Mirage</i>. The Classical Press of Wales. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1n357hd">10.2307/j.ctv1n357hd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-914535-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-914535-20-8"><bdi>978-1-914535-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Sparta%3A+Beyond+the+Mirage&rft.pub=The+Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1n357hd&rft.isbn=978-1-914535-20-8&rft.au=Hodkinson+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaconophilia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0247%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D102"><i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i> I.102</a>; De Ste. Croix (1972) 76; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0017%3Achapter%3D16%3Asection%3D1"><i>Cimon</i> 16.1ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0026&layout=&loc=1281"><i>Birds</i> 1281</a>; Plato Comicus <i>Fragmenta</i> 132 (PCG); Epilycus <i>Fragmenta</i> 4 (PCG).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168&layout=&loc=8.544c">Republic VIII, 544c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the article on the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a> for references.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield (2006) 38-39; Dawson (1992) 58-59, 61, 74, 103-104; Cartledge <i>The Socratics Sparta</i> (1999); Plato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DCrito%3Asection%3D52e"><i>Crito</i> 52e</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See his dialogue the <i>Laws</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0054%3Abekker%20page%3D1102a">1102a7-11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For (some) references, see the article on <a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis IV</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: Plutarch <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0047"><i>Lycurgus</i></a>; Plutarch <i>Instituta Laconica</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0199">Greek</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0201">English</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0200">English</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most notably: Ollier (1933); Tigerstedt (1965-72).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Disputationes" title="Tusculanae Disputationes">Tusculanae Disputationes</a></i> II.34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0044%3Abook%3D2%3Asection%3D34">Latin</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14988/14988-h/14988-h.htm">English</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon <i>Constitution of the Lacedaemonians</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Const.+Lac.+14&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0210">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Const.+Lac.+14&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0210</a> 14.1] </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle <i>Politics</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D2%3Asection%3D1269a">1269a</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D2%3Asection%3D1271b">1271b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+6.50&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234">VI, 50</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+1.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234">I,6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch18s14.html">"Epilogue: Securing the Republic: Samuel Adams to John Scollay"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epilogue%3A+Securing+the+Republic%3A+Samuel+Adams+to+John+Scollay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdocuments%2Fv1ch18s14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaconophilia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch18s15.html">University of Chicago</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacan.com/zizhollywood.htm">"The True Hollywood Left"</a>. www.lacan.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+True+Hollywood+Left&rft.pub=www.lacan.com&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacan.com%2Fzizhollywood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaconophilia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948</i>, By Anita Shapira, Stanford University Press 1999, 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kafka and Cultural Zionism: Dates in Palestine</i> By Iris Bruce, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2007, page 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Making of Israeli Militarism</i>, By Uri Ben-Eliezer, Indiana University Press, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Making of Israeli Militarism</i>, By Uri Ben-Eliezer, Indiana University Press, 1998, page 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hankins, Frank, <i>The Racial Basis of Civilization</i>, Knopff, 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genocidal_Ideology-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genocidal_Ideology_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genocidal_Ideology_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overcominghateportal.org/uploads/5/4/1/5/5415260/hitler_pol_pot_and_hutu_power.pdf"><i>Hitler, Pol Pot, and Hutu Power: Distinguishing Themes of Genocidal Ideology</i></a> Professor Ben Kiernan, Holocaust and the United Nations Discussion Paper</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Spartan">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Spartan</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laconophilia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Cartledge, P.</a> <i>Sparta: New Perspectives</i> (London, 1999).</li> <li>–––. 'The Socratics Sparta and Rousseau's' in: S. Hodkinson, A. Powell (eds.) <i>Sparta: New Perspectives</i> (Londen, 1999) 311-337.</li> <li>–––. <i>The Spartans: The World of the Warrior-Heroes of Ancient Greece, from Utopia to Crisis an Collapse</i> (Woodstock, 2003).</li> <li>Dawson, D. <i>Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek thought</i> (Oxford, 1992).</li> <li>Ferguson, J. <i>Utopias of the Classical World</i> (London, 1975). Discusses the spartiate character of classical utopian literature.</li> <li>Hodkinson, S. 'The imaginary Spartan Politeia' in: M.H. Hansen (ed.) <i>The Imaginary Polis, Historisk Filosofiske Meddelelser</i> 91 (Copenhagen, 2005) 222–281.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jaeger" title="Werner Jaeger">Jäger, W.</a> <i>Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture</i> ed. trans. H. Gilbert (Oxford, 1939).</li> <li>Jenkyns, R. <i>The Victorians and Ancient Greece</i> (Oxford, 1980).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._D._F._Kitto" title="H. D. F. Kitto">Kitto, H.D.F.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greeks_(book)" title="The Greeks (book)">The Greeks</a></i> (Middlesex, 1951).</li> <li>Mendle, M. <i>Dangerous Positions; Mixed Government, the Estates of the Realm, and the Making of the "Answer to the xix propositions"</i> (Tuscaloosa, 1985).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Otfried Müller">Müller, K.O.</a> <i>The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race</i> trans. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tufnell" title="Henry Tufnell">H. Tufnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">G.C. Lewis</a> (London, 1839).</li> <li>Ollier, F. <i>Le Mirage Spartiate : étude sur l'idealisation de Sparte dans l'antiquité grecque</i> (Paris, 1933).</li> <li>Powell, A. & S. Hodkinson (eds.) <i>The Shadow of Sparta</i> (London, 1994). Contains studies into the views on Sparta of several non-Spartan Greeks, e.g. Xenophon, Aristophanes, Plato.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rawson" title="Elizabeth Rawson">Rawson, E.</a> <i>The Spartan Tradition in European Thought</i> (Oxford, 1969).</li> <li>Schofield, M. <i>Plato: Political Philosophy</i> (Oxford, 2006).</li> <li>Ste. Croix, G.E.M. de <i>The Origins of the Peloponnesian War</i> (London, 1972).</li> <li>Tigerstedt, Ε.Ν. <i>The Legend of Sparta in Classical antiquity</i> I-III (1965–72, Stockholm/Göteborg/Uppsala).</li> <li>Turner, F. <i>The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain</i> (London, 1981).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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<li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in German popular culture">Native Americans in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenophile" title="Armenophile">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophile" title="Sinophile">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelophile" title="Kartvelophile">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomania" title="Indomania">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persophilia" title="Persophilia">Iranian/Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Pro-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkophilia" title="Turkophilia">Turkish/Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europhile" title="Europhile">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanophilia" title="Albanophilia">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrophile" title="Austrophile">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">English/British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia" title="Estophilia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanophile" title="Germanophile">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_influence_on_Republican_Chile" title="Imperial German influence on Republican Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spartan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernophile" title="Hibernophile">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonophile" title="Polonophile">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbophilia" title="Serbophilia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suecophile" title="Suecophile">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullerby_syndrome" title="Bullerby syndrome">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainophilia" title="Ukrainophilia">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australophile" title="Australophile">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial fetishism">Racial fetishism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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