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</span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Luca Milani </span></span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Detlev Mohr<span> </span></span></span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/our-people/nicola-sandri" class="mdc-c-link-inline___7DRrt_8032924 mdc-c-link-inline--secondary___YKoOK_8032924"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_8032924">Nicola Sandri</span></a></span></span></div><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-8 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-8 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11 ArticleContent_mck-c-article-content__share-tools__kWRRw"></div></section><section class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_8032924 mdc-u-ts-5"><div class="mck-u-links-inline">Every year, trillions of dollars are invested in the infrastructure that helps us—and our goods—get around. What will it take to move the transport infrastructure industry toward carbon zero?</div></div></div></section><main data-layer-region="article-body" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-1 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div class="mdc-o-content-body mck-u-dropcap"> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="DownloadsSidebar_mck-c-downloads-sidebar__iFmyt mck-o-xs-right-span"><div data-layer-region="downloads-right-rail"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_8032924 mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_8032924 mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_8032924"></h3><div><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_8032924"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="#/download/%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fmckinsey%2Findustries%2Ftravel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure%2Four%20insights%2Fbuilt%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure%2Fbuilt-to-last-making-sustainability-a-priority-in-transport-infrastructure-vf.pdf%3FshouldIndex%3Dfalse" class="DownloadsSidebar_mck-c-downloads-sidebar__download-link__fPqFQ mdc-c-link___lBbY1_8032924" target="_self" data-layer-event-prefix="Download Link" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-report-type="" data-layer-file-name="built-to-last-making-sustainability-a-priority-in-transport-infrastructure-vf" data-layer-report-name="built-to-last-making-sustainability-a-priority-in-transport-infrastructure-vf>"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_8032924 mdc-c-icon--size-md___yi5fA_8032924 mck-download-icon"></span><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_8032924"> (11 pages)</span></a></div></div></div></div> <p><strong>By now, it’s been widely</strong> documented that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated numerous forces already in play before it began, including digitalization and flexible working models. One area that deserves more attention because of its long-term implications on sustainability is transport infrastructure.</p>  <p>Worldwide, according to the Global Infrastructure Outlook, more than $2 trillion of transport infrastructure investments will be needed each year until 2040 to fuel economic development. Rapid urbanization, surging demand for freight services, and not to mention the COVID-19 response stimulus plans in many countries are putting pressure on stakeholders to step up the pace of infrastructure development. Also, although the pandemic temporarily pushed people out of cities in Europe and the United States into more rural areas, signs point to people going back to urban areas, where many students and professionals are returning to schools and offices in person.</p> <p>Before contractors start improving current infrastructure, or break ground and build airports and ports, lay fresh railway tracks, and pave new roads, it’s critical that stakeholders work together to devise ways to transform infrastructure building to become more sustainable. The transport sector is the largest contributor of greenhouse-gas emissions (GHG) within the European Union, accounting for around 28 percent of total emissions. Unlike many other industries that are gradually taking steps to meaningfully reduce their emissions, the transport sector continues to report around 0.8 percent growth in metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent (MtCO<sub>2</sub>e) every year, with passenger cars accounting for the highest portion.</p> <p>If significant steps are not undertaken to reverse this trend, achieving the climate goals set by global institutions such as the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the EU’s aspirations to reach climate neutrality by 2050 would be nearly impossible. Furthermore, regulators and consumers alike are demanding greater sustainability across all industries, including infrastructure.</p> <p>How can we transform infrastructure to be more sustainable, ultimately improving the level of service and infrastructure durability without compromising on speed of design and construction?</p> <p>This article presents a holistic road map toward sustainable transport infrastructure, accounting for sustainability’s four dimensions: environmental, social, institutional, and economic. In simple terms, this means that sustainable infrastructure should be resilient to climate change, socially inclusive, technologically advanced, productive, and flexible. Proper organizational design, digital tools, performance indicators and a joint approach among all stakeholders are essential to effectively transform infrastructures and ensure long-lasting development. Stakeholders need to collaborate to apply sustainability concepts and metrics across all stages: planning, design, tender, procurement, construction, and operational excellence.</p> <div data-module-category="" class="PullQuote_mck-c-pullquote__DbaQ5 mck-o-lg-center"><blockquote data-component="mdc-c-blockquote" class="PullQuote_mck-c-blockquote__6n21p PullQuote_mck-c-blockquote--hide-quotes__CpGpg mdc-c-blockquote mdc-c-blockquote--is-quotes___TozKo_8032924"><p>From now until 2040, approximately $2 trillion in transport infrastructure investments would be needed every year.</p></blockquote></div> <h2>Opportunities and costs in a golden age of transport infrastructure</h2> <p>Many forces are converging to usher in an age of significant transport infrastructure spending (Exhibit 1). From now until 2040, approximately $2 trillion in transport infrastructure investments would be needed every year.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mck-c-content-header"><div class="ContentHeader_mck-c-content-header__eyebrow__cBTe_"></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-ex1-vf.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="More than $2 trillion in transport infrastructure investments will be needed globally each year until 2040." src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-ex1-vf.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>The global pandemic may have resulted in a pause for much of global travel last year. Compared with 2019, global air traffic fell by 65 percent in 2020 with regard to passenger volume, while rail traffic dropped by between 40 and 60 percent among European countries. However, the effect is only temporary.</p> <p>First, by the middle of 2021, many signs point toward recovery. The size of China’s domestic-travel market has surpassed 2019 levels since March of this year. Domestic-trucking demand swelled by 15 percent in May 2021 compared with the same time in the previous year, while demand for express cargo continues to surge. Second, passenger and freight transport demand is expected to grow briskly in the coming decades, according to the OECD International Transport Forum 2021. The total passenger demand is projected to increase from roughly 53 trillion kilometers in 2015 to between 65 trillion and 75 trillion in 2030 and 105 trillion and 125 trillion in 2050.</p> <p>Despite some structural changes triggered by the pandemic, like shifts in the passenger mix, passenger growth is expected to be driven mostly by Asia, which is forecasted to grow by around 3 percent annually between 2015 and 2050. In comparison, in Europe and the United States, growth is expected to be more moderate, at less than 1 percent per year. The rising global population and ongoing economic growth are expected to increase the customer base, demanding transport of people and goods steadily and hence increase the total demand for transport significantly.</p> <p>A main driver of transport infrastructure spending is the dizzying pace of ongoing and continuing urbanization. According to World Bank data, the global population reached 7.8 billion in 2020, with urban areas accommodating the majority of this boom. According to the World Population Prospects data by the United Nations, between 1950 and 2018, the world’s population grew from around 2.5 billion people to 7.6 billion, an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent. Urban population grew faster at a yearly rate of 2.6 percent. In 1950, 30 percent of people globally lived in urban areas. By 2018, the figure had reached 55 percent. Experts predict that the figure will reach 70 percent by the middle of the century.</p> <p>As urban areas burgeon and sprawl across the world, so too will the transport infrastructure necessary to connect them. In developing and high-growth countries, new transport infrastructures are needed to support population shifts from the countryside to cities. In mature countries, existing infrastructures need to be upgraded to bolster resilience, lower carbon emissions, and decrease maintenance costs.</p> <p>Furthermore, to mitigate the economic wreckage left by the pandemic, governments around the world have introduced stimulus programs that have sizable infrastructure components. In the United States, President Joe Biden introduced a $2 trillion plan to upgrade the nation’s infrastructure over the next decade. Europe’s Recovery and Resilience Facility plan provisions around $850 billion, while China launched a $500 billion fiscal stimulus plan targeted at boosting infrastructure investments.</p> <p>This constellation of market and interventionist forces is generating invaluable opportunities for the transport infrastructure sector; however, it comes at a growing cost to the environment. Not only is the transport sector the biggest contributor of GHG emissions (around 28 percent) but it is also bucking the general decarbonization trend. While other sectors such as industry and power are decreasing emissions annually by 1.5 percent and 1 percent, respectively, the transportation sector is reporting a 0.8 percent annual growth in MtCO<sub>2</sub>e, with passenger cars accounting for the highest portion. It’s incumbent on the transport sector to shoulder its part of the global responsibility toward shared environmental goals.</p> <h2>A 360° framework to transport-infrastructure sustainability</h2> <p>How can the transport sector reduce its emissions in line with global climate goals while keeping up with demand for transport infrastructure?</p> <p>The answer is neither straightforward nor simple, and what’s needed is a conceptual framework providing a comprehensive way for stakeholders to approach sustainable transport infrastructure. Sustainable transport infrastructure needs to fulfill the four common sustainability criteria (environmental, social, institutional, and economic), which can be accomplished by prioritizing five strategic elements. On top of this, and to do better than what is common practice today, transport infrastructure operators should have clear performance indicators and targets—not only for economic performance but also for environmental, social, and institutional performance (Exhibit 2).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mck-c-content-header"><div class="ContentHeader_mck-c-content-header__eyebrow__cBTe_"></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-ex2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Sustainability infrastructure has four dimensions, which can be approached from five angles." src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-ex2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p><em>Environmentally,</em> transport infrastructures could be planned, designed, constructed, and operated with the aim of increasing their level of climate resilience—which includes mitigating climate impact, protecting biodiversity, and minimizing pollution. Sustainable transport infrastructure should catalyze a virtuous circle, in which finite materials are gradually replaced with renewable materials. Where possible, materials should be reusable, reparable, recyclable, and recoverable.</p> <p><em>Socially,</em> sustainable infrastructures should consider the external effects on vulnerable populations, preserve cultural heritage, protect human rights, improve quality of life, increase the level of inclusiveness, and make transport services accessible.</p> <p>The <em>institutional</em> aspect focuses on transport infrastructure’s alignment with its country’s overall objectives, such as specific paths toward decarbonization. Finally, the <em>economic</em> facet covers the infrastructure’s long-term financial viability and its contribution to job creation and economic growth.</p> <p>With a clear understanding of what sustainable transport infrastructure is, stakeholders could approach each project from these five angles.</p> <ul> <li><em>Climate resilience.</em> Builders of transport infrastructure could prepare for the rising frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change. Over the next three decades, the McKinsey Global Institute predicts that the global average temperature is expected to climb between 1.5°C and 5°C, and there’s more than a 15 percent probability of an increase in extreme temperatures during the summer months. As long-lived assets, transport infrastructure stands to be particularly impacted by the effects of climate change. For instance, many airports are located near water, with a quarter of the world’s 100 busiest airports situated less than ten meters above sea level. A handful of them are at less than five meters. As they are more vulnerable to precipitation flooding during hurricane storm surges, more has to be done to help them adapt to rising sea levels.</li> <li><em>Inclusion.</em> Transport infrastructure is a public good and should promote inclusion in surrounding communities. According to the Global Infrastructure Hub, inclusive infrastructure can be defined as “any infrastructure development that enhances positive outcomes in social inclusivity and ensures no individual, community, or social group is left behind or prevented from benefiting from improved infrastructure.” Examples of inclusive actions are stakeholder engagement, stakeholder empowerment, inclusive policy development and implementation, inclusive project life cycles, and inclusive opportunities such as job generation for business and communities.</li> <li><em>Technology.</em> Digital technologies are critical in the transitioning of transport infrastructure across its myriad forms toward greater sustainability. In <em>rail</em>, the deployment of advanced train-control and signaling systems—such as the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) level 2 technologies that use wireless communications to supervise train movement—will eventually enable the rail sector to meet the European goal to make freight transport more sustainable, reaching 30 percent of modal share, from current levels of 18 percent, while reducing capital expenditures and maintenance expenses. Digital applications including optimized movement sequencing, smart metering, and energy solutions can reduce <em>airports’</em> carbon footprint, while the all-around digitization of the <em>shipping supply chain</em> (including cloud and <a href="/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/iot-comes-of-age">IoT technology</a>, advanced analytics tools to optimize freight scheduling and routing, and adoption of biofuels) could reduce the sector’s emissions globally. <em>For roads</em>, the installation of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is among the most effective smart solutions for roads and highways to improve their sustainability footprint. Other initiatives like smart maintenance (that is, optimization of road maintenance through data analytics) reduces traffic jams, which leads to other environmental, social, and economic benefits.</li> <li><em>Productivity and value creation.</em> To be more appealing to private capital, transport infrastructure assets need to be highly productive and delivered in a timely manner. This is a particularly challenging issue for the sector due to a high level of fragmentation. Stakeholders could move toward a more <a href="/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/mapping-the-benefits-of-a-circular-economy">circular economy</a>, where the entire supply chain could be incentivized to care about an asset’s full life cycle. Instead of being a financial liability, sustainable transport infrastructure should be value creating through sustainable business-model innovation. Global institutions play a critical role in setting up carbon-neutrality targets. Along with the penalties, carbon taxes or carbon price premiums might cause nonsustainable infrastructures to become financial liabilities for owners. Identifying the total cost of ownership and initiatives that can increase revenues or reduce maintenance overheads is also a critical component. Actors across the value chain could leverage digital platforms to improve visibility, streamline processes, and collaborate to boost efficiency. Similarly, sustainable brownfield interventions could focus on creating value by reducing redundancies and leveraging smart infrastructure capabilities, data analytics, and connectivity across the value chain. For instance, condition monitoring and predictive maintenance paired with road-user data could reduce lane closures and optimize traffic to reduce blockades, congestion, and emissions from vehicles idling.</li> <li><em>Flexibility.</em> If the COVID-19 pandemic taught us anything about transport infrastructure, it’s the importance of flexibility. Transport infrastructure should be able to accommodate abrupt and significant shifts in demand—both predictable and unpredictable—and thus needs to become more flexible. For instance, sustainable transport infrastructure will need to be able to absorb abrupt shifts in types of traffic, such as the air-traffic shift from passenger flights to freight transport experienced during the pandemic.</li> </ul> <p>These four sustainability dimensions and five strategic elements provide a robust definition of what sustainable transport infrastructure could accomplish financially, environmentally, and socially. Tracking performance with clear indicators and metrics, including the number of safety-related incidents or the cost of public transport, has societal benefits. Similarly, the institutional performance of a transport infrastructure asset could be measured by tracking the contribution of the asset toward a country’s overarching objectives, such as complying with a specific decarbonization target or regional development plan. Long-term sustainable performance is a competitive advantage that could appeal to many investors.</p> <h2>Applying the framework: From planning to operations</h2> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="light" data-module-background="lightest-grey" data-module-category="" data-module-gradient-position="bottom-right" class="mck-c-inline-module-container SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__bgimg-wrapper__Qj4Dt mck-o-sm-left-span SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__sidebar-wrapper__Dpjw2 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__sidebar-wrapper--istablet__IQ6ii mck-u-screen-only mck-c-module-wrapper" data-layer-region="sidebar"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__epoAm mck-o-md-center"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__share-icons-wrapper__9gB_c"><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_8032924 mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_8032924 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__share-icons___eQy6"><div data-component="mdc-c-dropdown-menu" class="mdc-c-drop-down"><button data-component="mdc-c-button" aria-label="" type="button" id="button_id" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_8032924 mdc-c-button--ghost mdc-c-button--size-medium mdc-c-drop-down__rootmenu___yJzvz_8032924" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_8032924 mdc-c-icon--default___f-hQM_8032924 mdc-c-icon--size-md___yi5fA_8032924 mck-share2-icon"></span></button><div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="light" data-module-background="white" data-module-category="" class=""></div></div><button data-component="mdc-c-button" aria-label="Expandable Sidebar" type="button" id="button_id" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_8032924 mdc-c-button--ghost mdc-c-button--size-medium SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__toggle-btn__EL8iE" aria-expanded="false" data-layer-event-prefix="UI Item" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-category="sidebar" data-layer-subcategory="open" data-layer-text="open sidebar"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_8032924 mdc-c-icon--radial___y3csX_8032924 mdc-c-icon--size-xxl___cL3ZT_8032924 mck-plus-no-circle-icon"></span></button></div></div><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-outer__UdWCq"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__eyebrow__5GSEq"></div><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content__raEwe"><h2 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_8032924 mdc-u-ts-3 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-heading__NJekY"><div>Enablers: Organizational structure, digital tools, and multistakeholder collaboration</div></h2><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-description__4p9iI mdc-u-ts-7"><div class="mdc-o-content-body"><p><strong>Three critical enablers</strong> act as fundamental factors to transform infrastructure toward sustainable assets: organizational structure, digital innovations and tools, and joint approach and collaboration among all the stakeholders involved in the project:</p> <ul> <li><em>Organizational structure:</em> Sustainability concepts should be at the heart of organizations’ corporate strategies and clearly embedded in corporations’ missions, reports, and presentations, and they should ultimately be applied across all the functions and divisions in day-to-day activities.</li> <li><em>Digital innovations and tools:</em> The principal aim of digital innovations and tools is to monitor business dynamics, including positive and negative externalities, during all the phases of the transformation, by implementing data-monitoring tools, data lakes, advanced-analytics tools, and machine learning with impacts across the whole transport infrastructure value chain (for example, suppliers, operators, customers, and investors).</li> <li><em>Joint approach and collaboration among all the stakeholders involved:</em> Constant and continuous interaction with all the people and institutions involved during the transformation cycle will secure invaluable benefits for the whole ecosystem (exhibit). The global map of external stakeholders along with engagement actions encompasses the following: <ul> <li><em>Bodies and institutions:</em> dialogues and meetings to ensure alignment of institutional priorities with actual interventions</li> <li><em>Suppliers and constructors:</em> surveys and interviews to assure procurement processes are in line with sustainable concepts (for example, attention to human rights and environmental protection)</li> <li><em>End users:</em> tailored surveys, interviews, and market-research reports to provide information regarding end-users’ needs and opinions</li> <li><em>Competitors and partners:</em> seminars, conferences, and meetings to collect and share updates on external business environment and socioeconomic impacts</li> <li><em>Media:</em> interviews, seminars, and events to communicate and spread the importance of interventions and their noneconomic and economic achievements</li> <li><em>Investors and asset managers:</em> allocate investments to opportunities that highlight the sustainable-investment proposition of the infrastructure, providing clear identification (for example, identification of clean-energy projects or low-carbon infrastructure)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mck-c-content-header"><div class="ContentHeader_mck-c-content-header__eyebrow__cBTe_"></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-sb.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Collaboration among stakeholders is essential for transforming infrastructures and ensuring long-lasting development." src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-sb.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sustainability should be embedded into all five stages of the life cycle of transport infrastructure: planning, design, tender, procurement and construction, and operations (Exhibit 3). Key stakeholders—government ministries, technical advisers, local communities and their representatives, developers and contracts, and investors—could apply the holistic framework in a methodical way (see sidebar, “Enablers: Organizational structure, digital tools, and multistakeholder collaboration”).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mck-c-content-header"><div class="ContentHeader_mck-c-content-header__eyebrow__cBTe_"></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-ex3.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Sustainable actions can occur across all phases of the transport infrastructure life cycle." src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20logistics%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/built%20to%20last%20making%20sustainability%20a%20priority%20in%20transport%20infrastructure/svgz-sustainableinfrastructure-ex3.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <h3>Planning and design</h3> <p>Whether it’s a brand-new project or intervening on existing infrastructure, sustainable concepts can be applied from the planning and design phase. For new projects, all externalities—from environmental to social to economic impact—should be carefully studied and planned for. Care should also be given to the asset’s resilience to climate risks.</p> <p>When it comes to brownfield interventions or making improvements to existing infrastructure, an integrated planning process can optimize resource allocation (both human and financial capital) on critical areas. Planners could identify the major environmental regulations and objectives of the respective area and align interventions with national and sector plans. For instance, the authorities of a specific place may be focused on increasing the uptake of more environmentally friendly modes of transportation. A priority infrastructure project might be blanketing the city with enough electric charging points.</p> <p>To be in lockstep, key stakeholders should fully understand the needs and interests of all parties and agree on key performance indicators and key metrics to track performance during construction as well as during the life span of the asset. For instance, stakeholders could agree to implement risk-mitigation actions to enhance climate-change resilience, which may cost more initially but will lower operating expenses in the long term. Plans could also be drawn up to tap into the local workforce, providing equal employment opportunities to both gender and minority groups.</p> <p>Stakeholders could agree on how to optimize and streamline the speed of execution while maximizing positive socioeconomic outcomes such as ensuring accessibility to all vulnerable groups. A holistic approach to value creation reduces capital expenditures across categories such as superstructures, electrical, or main equipment, with the potential to generate 10 to 15 percent in savings. Simultaneously, targeted interventions can exceed business objectives with a relentless focus on the full life-cycle cost and benefit of the project, unlocking positive socioeconomic effects.</p> <h3>Tender</h3> <p>The main objective during the tender phase is setting up optimal sustainable processes and strategies to shorten the overall duration of this phase.</p> <p>The technical sustainability criteria used for the evaluation of offers should be clearly defined; providing a tool kit for tender management and using a standard template to evaluate offers can speed up this process. A proper score allocation of technical and economic criteria could provide an objective way to select suppliers based on the optimal combination of works’ and services’ quality, environmental performance, utility requirements, and price.</p> <p>Terms could require bidders to have a proven track record of positive sustainability impact, optimize operations in line with energy efficiency and environmental standards, prioritize natural and renewable capital, and employ local workers. Setting economic parameters can help limit excessive valorization of price differences among competing offers. Avoiding excessive discounts may mean foregoing some cost savings, but discounting too much could lead to compromised quality.</p> <h3>Procurement and construction</h3> <p>A timely implementation between the tender offer and project execution is important. It’s also an opportunity to safeguard the environment and the communities involved in the project execution.</p> <p>Decision makers may consider optimizing capital expenditure during the procurement phase, which includes volume bundling and unbundling. When selecting suppliers, contractors could encourage effective competition and equal opportunities. Care should be taken to ensure a fair process, complying with internal governance procedures. Suppliers could be required to foster respect for human rights and environmental protection. For instance, they could provide evidence for leveraging energy-efficient equipment and materials and using energy produced through renewable sources to reduce the Scope 3, or indirect value-chain, carbon emissions of the infrastructure owner or operator.</p> <p>Materials employed during construction require special attention. Where possible, sustainable construction materials—such as net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> concrete elements, CO<sub>2</sub>-free steel with improved corrosion resistance, or fit-out materials with reduced volatile organic compound emissions—are preferred. For instance, paving roads with asphalt containing ground rubber from recycled tires could lower the life cycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by around 30 percent when compared with conventional asphalt. The recycling of asphalt could also save a significant amount of transport and processing associated carbon emissions. Plus, all raw-material-embodied CO<sub>2</sub> emissions could be potentially saved when asphalt raw materials are recycled. This alone roughly accounts for 40 percent of the cradle-to-gate carbon of new asphalt, according to the European Asphalt Pavement Association.</p> <p>Industry players could experiment with ways to reuse construction waste. For example, a player in the energy sector stores every used or broken wind turbine blade trying to find a solution to reuse or recycle. Even though the technology does not yet exist, the embodied value for future business could potentially be significant.</p> <p>During construction, construction processes and logistics have to adhere to the highest environmental standards to minimize carbon emissions. Digital tools, such as digital twins and five-dimensional building-information modeling (5D BIM), could be leveraged to optimize construction processes and reduce unnecessary carbon emissions from rework, inefficient equipment usage, or resource wastage and scrap material. Additionally, stakeholders could adopt a lean construction approach incorporating schedule-compression initiatives and parallelization of activities to increase execution speed and make the infrastructure available to their users sooner. For example, the acceleration of protracted construction activities such as interior fit-out, the detailed analysis of construction interdependencies, and respective phasing of activities can lead to an acceleration and time savings of around 20 to 25 percent.</p> <h3>Operations</h3> <p>Finally, after the construction of the project, operational excellence involves continuously tracking and enhancing the infrastructure’s sustainability impact. All four dimensions—environment, social, institutional, and economic—should be considered. Stakeholders may monitor the infrastructure’s actual contribution to institutional commitments regarding GHG emissions reduction, increased national competitiveness, and improved safety.</p> <p>To track ongoing performance, key metrics are critical. Digital tools could be employed to monitor business dynamics. Environmental data (such as GHG emissions, energy consumption, ratio of renewable energy to nonrenewable energy, and waste management) could feed into impact assessments and evaluations. Similarly, instruments such as end-user satisfaction surveys could be deployed to track inclusion levels and identify potential areas of improvement.</p> <p>Leveraging advanced data analytics and digital tools, infrastructure operators may be able to maximize savings and increase efficiency by acting on indirect costs, maintenance, inventory, risk management, and workforce management. For example, railway operators are reducing Scope 1 carbon emissions (GHG emissions produced directly from the operation of trains) by leveraging automated speed control. Automated speed control systems, such as the ERTMS, reduce power consumption by optimizing the speed of the train, which also increases the capacity of the infrastructure. As a consequence, the carbon footprint for the transport of people and goods decreases.</p> <p>Another example can be found in the transport infrastructure supporting the logistics sector. Automating truck and crane equipment to minimize container movements in terminal yards improves efficiencies and reduces waiting times for shipping lines and trucks. A logistics player found that digitizing port infrastructure using RFID technologies led to an 80 percent drop of air pollution. Optimizing the container movement within the yard lessened energy consumption by 6.5 percent when the top speed was reduced from 28 km per hour to 25 km per hour.</p> <p>Our experience indicates that maintenance optimization can unlock 15 percent in cost reductions by adopting state-of-the-art technologies and improving quality and service levels. Advanced inventory techniques could eliminate up to 50 percent of unnecessary steps and costs. Financial flows and operations should be transparent and traceable. Sustainability concepts should be included in the Regulatory Asset Base tariffs and capital-expenditure programs.</p> <hr/> <p>Growing awareness for sustainability topics, carbon-neutrality targets, and frequent delays in project execution have led to increased scrutiny of the transport infrastructure sector. As reducing environmental impact while keeping pace with demand becomes more urgent, it is time for stakeholders to work collaboratively with one another to embed sustainability practices, concepts, and metrics into every stage of the transport infrastructure life cycle. With the help of the latest digital tools at our disposal, the promise of truly sustainable transport infrastructure is well within reach.</p></div><div class="container-placeholder"></div></div></div><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xl"><section role="contentinfo" data-layer-region="article-about-authors" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 AboutAuthor_mck-c-about-author__nRJzu"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><h5 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_8032924 mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_8032924 mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_8032924 mdc-u-align-center"></h5><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_8032924 mdc-u-ts-8 mck-u-links-inline mck-u-links-inline--secondary mdc-u-mt-5"><div><p> <strong>Luca Milani</strong> is an associate partner in the Milan office, where <strong><a href="/our-people/nicola-sandri">Nicola Sandri</a></strong> is a partner; and <strong>Detlev Mohr</strong> is a senior partner in the Tokyo office.</p> <p>The authors wish to thank Fabrizio Bacchini, Andrea Bertelè, Riccardo Boin, Tom Brinded, Emma Loxton, Vadim Pokotilo, Andrea Ricotti, Stuart Shilson, and Ulrich Tuerckheim for their contributions to this article.</p> <hr> <p>This article was edited by Jason Li, a senior editor in the Shanghai office.</p></div></div></div></section><section class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-screen-only"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-5 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-9"><h5 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_8032924 mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_8032924 mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_8032924 mdc-u-align-center">Explore a career with us</h5><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_8032924 mdc-c-link-container--align-center___ar3mu_8032924"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/careers/search-jobs" 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infrastructure"}},"sEOTitle":{"value":"Transforming transport infrastructure for greater sustainability"},"description":{"jsonValue":{"value":"Every year, trillions of dollars are invested in the infrastructure that helps us\u0026mdash;and our goods\u0026mdash;get around. What will it take to move the transport infrastructure industry toward carbon zero?"}},"sEODescription":{"value":"A 360 framework for transport infrastructure sustainability"},"displayDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}},"body":{"value":"[[Audio 1]] [[DownloadsSidebar]]\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBy now, it\u0026rsquo;s been widely\u003c/strong\u003e documented that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated numerous forces already in play before it began, including digitalization and flexible working models. One area that deserves more attention because of its long-term implications on sustainability is transport infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[MostPopularArticles 5]]\n\u003cp\u003eWorldwide, according to the Global Infrastructure Outlook, more than $2 trillion of transport infrastructure investments will be needed each year until 2040 to fuel economic development. Rapid urbanization, surging demand for freight services, and not to mention the COVID-19 response stimulus plans in many countries are putting pressure on stakeholders to step up the pace of infrastructure development. Also, although the pandemic temporarily pushed people out of cities in Europe and the United States into more rural areas, signs point to people going back to urban areas, where many students and professionals are returning to schools and offices in person.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore contractors start improving current infrastructure, or break ground and build airports and ports, lay fresh railway tracks, and pave new roads, it\u0026rsquo;s critical that stakeholders work together to devise ways to transform infrastructure building to become more sustainable. The transport sector is the largest contributor of greenhouse-gas emissions (GHG) within the European Union, accounting for around 28 percent of total emissions. Unlike many other industries that are gradually taking steps to meaningfully reduce their emissions, the transport sector continues to report around 0.8 percent growth in metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent (MtCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee) every year, with passenger cars accounting for the highest portion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf significant steps are not undertaken to reverse this trend, achieving the climate goals set by global institutions such as the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the EU\u0026rsquo;s aspirations to reach climate neutrality by 2050 would be nearly impossible. Furthermore, regulators and consumers alike are demanding greater sustainability across all industries, including infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow can we transform infrastructure to be more sustainable, ultimately improving the level of service and infrastructure durability without compromising on speed of design and construction?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article presents a holistic road map toward sustainable transport infrastructure, accounting for sustainability\u0026rsquo;s four dimensions: environmental, social, institutional, and economic. In simple terms, this means that sustainable infrastructure should be resilient to climate change, socially inclusive, technologically advanced, productive, and flexible. Proper organizational design, digital tools, performance indicators and a joint approach among all stakeholders are essential to effectively transform infrastructures and ensure long-lasting development. Stakeholders need to collaborate to apply sustainability concepts and metrics across all stages: planning, design, tender, procurement, construction, and operational excellence.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[PullQuote 1]]\n\u003ch2\u003eOpportunities and costs in a golden age of transport infrastructure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany forces are converging to usher in an age of significant transport infrastructure spending (Exhibit 1). From now until 2040, approximately $2 trillion in transport infrastructure investments would be needed every year.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 1]]\n\u003cp\u003eThe global pandemic may have resulted in a pause for much of global travel last year. Compared with 2019, global air traffic fell by 65 percent in 2020 with regard to passenger volume, while rail traffic dropped by between 40 and 60 percent among European countries. However, the effect is only temporary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, by the middle of 2021, many signs point toward recovery. The size of China\u0026rsquo;s domestic-travel market has surpassed 2019 levels since March of this year. Domestic-trucking demand swelled by 15 percent in May 2021 compared with the same time in the previous year, while demand for express cargo continues to surge. Second, passenger and freight transport demand is expected to grow briskly in the coming decades, according to the OECD International Transport Forum 2021. The total passenger demand is projected to increase from roughly 53 trillion kilometers in 2015 to between 65 trillion and 75 trillion in 2030 and 105 trillion and 125 trillion in 2050.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite some structural changes triggered by the pandemic, like shifts in the passenger mix, passenger growth is expected to be driven mostly by Asia, which is forecasted to grow by around 3 percent annually between 2015 and 2050. In comparison, in Europe and the United States, growth is expected to be more moderate, at less than 1 percent per year. The rising global population and ongoing economic growth are expected to increase the customer base, demanding transport of people and goods steadily and hence increase the total demand for transport significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA main driver of transport infrastructure spending is the dizzying pace of ongoing and continuing urbanization. According to World Bank data, the global population reached 7.8 billion in 2020, with urban areas accommodating the majority of this boom. According to the World Population Prospects data by the United Nations, between 1950 and 2018, the world\u0026rsquo;s population grew from around 2.5 billion people to 7.6 billion, an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent. Urban population grew faster at a yearly rate of 2.6 percent. In 1950, 30 percent of people globally lived in urban areas. By 2018, the figure had reached 55 percent. Experts predict that the figure will reach 70 percent by the middle of the century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs urban areas burgeon and sprawl across the world, so too will the transport infrastructure necessary to connect them. In developing and high-growth countries, new transport infrastructures are needed to support population shifts from the countryside to cities. In mature countries, existing infrastructures need to be upgraded to bolster resilience, lower carbon emissions, and decrease maintenance costs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, to mitigate the economic wreckage left by the pandemic, governments around the world have introduced stimulus programs that have sizable infrastructure components. In the United States, President Joe Biden introduced a $2 trillion plan to upgrade the nation\u0026rsquo;s infrastructure over the next decade. Europe\u0026rsquo;s Recovery and Resilience Facility plan provisions around $850 billion, while China launched a $500 billion fiscal stimulus plan targeted at boosting infrastructure investments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis constellation of market and interventionist forces is generating invaluable opportunities for the transport infrastructure sector; however, it comes at a growing cost to the environment. Not only is the transport sector the biggest contributor of GHG emissions (around 28 percent) but it is also bucking the general decarbonization trend. While other sectors such as industry and power are decreasing emissions annually by 1.5 percent and 1 percent, respectively, the transportation sector is reporting\na 0.8 percent annual growth in MtCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee, with passenger cars accounting for the highest portion. It\u0026rsquo;s incumbent on the transport sector to shoulder its part of the global responsibility toward shared environmental goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eA 360\u0026deg; framework to transport-infrastructure sustainability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow can the transport sector reduce its emissions in line with global climate goals while keeping up with demand for transport infrastructure?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe answer is neither straightforward nor simple, and what\u0026rsquo;s needed is a conceptual framework providing a comprehensive way for stakeholders to approach sustainable transport infrastructure. Sustainable transport infrastructure needs to fulfill the four common sustainability criteria (environmental, social, institutional, and economic), which can be accomplished by prioritizing five strategic elements. On top of this, and to do better than what is common practice today, transport infrastructure operators should have clear performance indicators and targets\u0026mdash;not only for economic performance but also for environmental, social, and institutional performance (Exhibit 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 2]]\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnvironmentally,\u003c/em\u003e transport infrastructures could be planned, designed, constructed, and operated with the aim of increasing their level of climate resilience\u0026mdash;which includes mitigating climate impact, protecting biodiversity, and minimizing pollution. Sustainable transport infrastructure should catalyze a virtuous circle, in which finite materials are gradually replaced with renewable materials. Where possible, materials should be reusable, reparable, recyclable, and recoverable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocially,\u003c/em\u003e sustainable infrastructures should consider the external effects on vulnerable populations, preserve cultural heritage, protect human rights, improve quality of life, increase the level of inclusiveness, and make transport services accessible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003einstitutional\u003c/em\u003e aspect focuses on transport infrastructure\u0026rsquo;s alignment with its country\u0026rsquo;s overall objectives, such as specific paths toward decarbonization. Finally, the \u003cem\u003eeconomic\u003c/em\u003e facet covers the infrastructure\u0026rsquo;s long-term financial viability and its contribution to job creation and economic growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith a clear understanding of what sustainable transport infrastructure is, stakeholders could approach each project from these five angles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eClimate resilience.\u003c/em\u003e Builders of transport infrastructure could prepare for the rising frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change. Over the next three decades, the McKinsey Global Institute predicts that the global average temperature is expected to climb between 1.5\u0026deg;C and 5\u0026deg;C, and there\u0026rsquo;s more than a 15 percent probability of an increase in extreme temperatures during the summer months. As long-lived assets, transport infrastructure stands to be particularly impacted by the effects of climate change. For instance, many airports are located near water, with a quarter of the world\u0026rsquo;s 100 busiest airports situated less than ten meters above sea level. A handful of them are at less than five meters. As they are more vulnerable to precipitation flooding during hurricane storm surges, more has to be done to help them adapt to rising sea levels.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion.\u003c/em\u003e Transport infrastructure is a public good and should promote inclusion in surrounding communities. According to the Global Infrastructure Hub, inclusive infrastructure can be defined as \u0026ldquo;any infrastructure development that enhances positive outcomes in social inclusivity and ensures no individual, community, or social group is left behind or prevented from benefiting from improved infrastructure.\u0026rdquo; Examples of inclusive actions are stakeholder engagement, stakeholder empowerment, inclusive policy development and implementation, inclusive project life cycles, and inclusive opportunities such as job generation for business and communities.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eTechnology.\u003c/em\u003e Digital technologies are critical in the transitioning of transport infrastructure across its myriad forms toward greater sustainability. In \u003cem\u003erail\u003c/em\u003e, the deployment of advanced train-control and signaling systems\u0026mdash;such as the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) level 2 technologies that use wireless communications to supervise train movement\u0026mdash;will eventually enable the rail sector to meet the European goal to make freight transport more sustainable, reaching 30 percent of modal share, from current levels of 18 percent, while reducing capital expenditures and maintenance expenses. Digital applications including optimized movement sequencing, smart metering, and energy solutions can reduce \u003cem\u003eairports\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e carbon footprint, while the all-around digitization of the \u003cem\u003eshipping supply chain\u003c/em\u003e (including cloud and \u003ca href=\"/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/iot-comes-of-age\"\u003eIoT technology\u003c/a\u003e, advanced analytics tools to optimize freight scheduling and routing, and adoption of biofuels) could reduce the sector\u0026rsquo;s emissions globally. \u003cem\u003eFor roads\u003c/em\u003e, the installation of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is among the most effective smart solutions for roads and highways to improve their sustainability footprint. Other initiatives like smart maintenance (that is, optimization of road maintenance through data analytics) reduces traffic jams, which leads to other environmental, social, and economic benefits.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eProductivity and value creation.\u003c/em\u003e To be more appealing to private capital, transport infrastructure assets need to be highly productive and delivered in a timely manner. This is a particularly challenging issue for the sector due to a high level of fragmentation. Stakeholders could move toward a more \u003ca href=\"/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/mapping-the-benefits-of-a-circular-economy\"\u003ecircular economy\u003c/a\u003e, where the entire supply chain could be incentivized to care about an asset\u0026rsquo;s full life cycle. Instead of being a financial liability, sustainable transport infrastructure should be value creating through sustainable business-model innovation. Global institutions play a critical role in setting up carbon-neutrality targets. Along with the penalties, carbon taxes or carbon price premiums might cause nonsustainable infrastructures to become financial liabilities for owners. Identifying the total cost of ownership and initiatives that can increase revenues or reduce maintenance overheads is also a critical component. Actors across the value chain could leverage digital platforms to improve visibility, streamline processes, and collaborate to boost efficiency. Similarly, sustainable brownfield interventions could focus on creating value by reducing redundancies and leveraging smart infrastructure capabilities, data analytics, and connectivity across the value chain. For instance, condition monitoring and predictive maintenance paired with road-user data could reduce lane closures and optimize traffic to reduce blockades, congestion, and emissions from vehicles idling.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlexibility.\u003c/em\u003e If the COVID-19 pandemic taught us anything about transport infrastructure, it\u0026rsquo;s the importance of flexibility. Transport infrastructure should be able to accommodate abrupt and significant shifts in demand\u0026mdash;both predictable and unpredictable\u0026mdash;and thus needs to become more flexible. For instance, sustainable transport infrastructure will need to be able to absorb abrupt shifts in types of traffic, such as the air-traffic shift from passenger flights to freight transport experienced during the pandemic.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese four sustainability dimensions and five strategic elements provide a robust definition of what sustainable transport infrastructure could accomplish financially, environmentally, and socially. Tracking performance with clear indicators and metrics, including the number of safety-related incidents or the cost of public transport, has societal benefits. Similarly, the institutional performance of a transport infrastructure asset could be measured by tracking the contribution of the asset toward a country\u0026rsquo;s overarching objectives, such as complying with a specific decarbonization target or regional development plan. Long-term sustainable performance is a competitive advantage that could appeal to many investors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eApplying the framework: From planning to operations\u003c/h2\u003e\n[[Sidebar 1]]\n\u003cp\u003eSustainability should be embedded into all five stages of the life cycle of transport infrastructure: planning, design, tender, procurement and construction, and operations (Exhibit 3). Key stakeholders\u0026mdash;government ministries, technical advisers, local communities and their representatives, developers and contracts, and investors\u0026mdash;could apply the holistic framework in a methodical way (see sidebar, \u0026ldquo;Enablers: Organizational structure, digital tools, and multistakeholder collaboration\u0026rdquo;).\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 3]]\n\u003ch3\u003ePlanning and design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhether it\u0026rsquo;s a brand-new project or intervening on existing infrastructure, sustainable concepts can be applied from the planning and design phase. For new projects, all externalities\u0026mdash;from environmental to social to economic impact\u0026mdash;should be carefully studied and planned for. Care should also be given to the asset\u0026rsquo;s resilience to climate risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen it comes to brownfield interventions or making improvements to existing infrastructure, an integrated planning process can optimize resource allocation (both human and financial capital) on critical areas. Planners could identify the major environmental regulations and objectives of the respective area and align interventions with national and sector plans. For instance, the authorities of a specific place may be focused on increasing the uptake of more environmentally friendly modes of transportation. A priority infrastructure project might be blanketing the city with enough electric charging points.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo be in lockstep, key stakeholders should fully understand the needs and interests of all parties and agree on key performance indicators and key metrics to track performance during construction as well as during the life span of the asset. For instance, stakeholders could agree to implement risk-mitigation actions to enhance climate-change resilience, which may cost more initially but will lower operating expenses in the long term. Plans could also be drawn up to tap into the local workforce, providing equal employment opportunities to both gender and minority groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStakeholders could agree on how to optimize and streamline the speed of execution while maximizing positive socioeconomic outcomes such as ensuring accessibility to all vulnerable groups. A holistic approach to value creation reduces capital expenditures across categories such as superstructures, electrical, or main equipment, with the potential to generate 10 to 15 percent in savings. Simultaneously, targeted interventions can exceed business objectives with a relentless focus on the full life-cycle cost and benefit of the project, unlocking positive socioeconomic effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTender\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main objective during the tender phase is setting up optimal sustainable processes and strategies to shorten the overall duration of this phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe technical sustainability criteria used for the evaluation of offers should be clearly defined; providing a tool kit for tender management and using a standard template to evaluate offers can speed up this process. A proper score allocation of technical and economic criteria could provide an objective way to select suppliers based on the optimal combination of works\u0026rsquo; and services\u0026rsquo; quality, environmental performance, utility requirements, and price.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTerms could require bidders to have a proven track record of positive sustainability impact, optimize operations in line with energy efficiency and environmental standards, prioritize natural and renewable capital, and employ local workers. Setting economic parameters can help limit excessive valorization of price differences among competing offers. Avoiding excessive discounts may mean foregoing some cost savings, but discounting too much could lead to compromised quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcurement and construction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA timely implementation between the tender offer and project execution is important. It\u0026rsquo;s also an opportunity to safeguard the environment and the communities involved in the project execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDecision makers may consider optimizing capital expenditure during the procurement phase, which includes volume bundling and unbundling. When selecting suppliers, contractors could encourage effective competition and equal opportunities. Care should be taken to ensure a fair process, complying with internal governance procedures. Suppliers could be required to foster respect for human rights and environmental protection. For instance, they could provide evidence for leveraging energy-efficient equipment and materials and using energy produced through renewable sources to reduce the Scope 3, or indirect value-chain, carbon emissions of the infrastructure owner or operator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaterials employed during construction require special attention. Where possible, sustainable construction materials\u0026mdash;such as net-zero CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concrete elements, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-free steel with improved corrosion resistance, or fit-out materials with reduced volatile organic compound emissions\u0026mdash;are preferred. For instance, paving roads with asphalt containing ground rubber from recycled tires could lower the life cycle CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions by around 30 percent when compared with conventional asphalt. The recycling of asphalt could also save a significant amount of transport and processing associated carbon emissions. Plus, all raw-material-embodied CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions could be potentially saved when asphalt raw materials are recycled. This alone roughly accounts for 40 percent of the cradle-to-gate carbon of new asphalt, according to the European Asphalt Pavement Association.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndustry players could experiment with ways to reuse construction waste. For example, a player in the energy sector stores every used or broken wind turbine blade trying to find a solution to reuse or recycle. Even though the technology does not yet exist, the embodied value for future business could potentially be significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring construction, construction processes and logistics have to adhere to the highest environmental standards to minimize carbon emissions. Digital tools, such as digital twins and five-dimensional building-information modeling (5D BIM), could be leveraged to optimize construction processes and reduce unnecessary carbon emissions from rework, inefficient equipment usage, or resource wastage and scrap material. Additionally, stakeholders could adopt a lean construction approach incorporating schedule-compression initiatives and parallelization of activities to increase execution speed and make the infrastructure available to their users sooner. For example, the acceleration of protracted construction activities such as interior fit-out, the detailed analysis of construction interdependencies, and respective phasing of activities can lead to an acceleration and time savings of around 20 to 25 percent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOperations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, after the construction of the project, operational excellence involves continuously tracking and enhancing the infrastructure\u0026rsquo;s sustainability impact. All four dimensions\u0026mdash;environment, social, institutional, and economic\u0026mdash;should be considered. Stakeholders may monitor the infrastructure\u0026rsquo;s actual contribution to institutional commitments regarding GHG emissions reduction, increased national competitiveness, and improved safety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo track ongoing performance, key metrics are critical. Digital tools could be employed to monitor business dynamics. Environmental data (such as GHG emissions, energy consumption, ratio of renewable energy to nonrenewable energy, and waste management) could feed into impact assessments and evaluations. Similarly, instruments such as end-user satisfaction surveys could be deployed to track inclusion levels and identify potential areas of improvement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeveraging advanced data analytics and digital tools, infrastructure operators may be able to maximize savings and increase efficiency by acting on indirect costs, maintenance, inventory, risk management, and workforce management. For example, railway operators are reducing Scope 1 carbon emissions (GHG emissions produced directly from the operation of trains) by leveraging automated speed control. Automated speed control systems, such as the ERTMS, reduce power consumption by optimizing the speed of the train, which also increases the capacity of the infrastructure. As a consequence, the carbon footprint for the transport of people and goods decreases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother example can be found in the transport infrastructure supporting the logistics sector. Automating truck and crane equipment to minimize container movements in terminal yards improves efficiencies and reduces waiting times for shipping lines and trucks. A logistics player found that digitizing port infrastructure using RFID technologies led to an 80 percent drop of air pollution. Optimizing the container movement within the yard lessened energy consumption by 6.5 percent when the top speed was reduced from 28 km per hour to 25 km per hour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur experience indicates that maintenance optimization can unlock 15 percent in cost reductions by adopting state-of-the-art technologies and improving quality and service levels. Advanced inventory techniques could eliminate up to 50 percent of unnecessary steps and costs. Financial flows and operations should be transparent and traceable. Sustainability concepts should be included in the Regulatory Asset Base tariffs and capital-expenditure programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr /\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrowing awareness for sustainability topics, carbon-neutrality targets, and frequent delays in project execution have led to increased scrutiny of the transport infrastructure sector. As reducing environmental impact while keeping pace with demand becomes more urgent, it is time for stakeholders to work collaboratively with one another to embed sustainability practices, concepts, and metrics into every stage of the transport infrastructure life cycle. With the help of the latest digital tools at our disposal, the promise of truly sustainable transport infrastructure is well within reach.\u003c/p\u003e"},"isFullScreenInteractive":{"boolValue":false},"hideStickySocialShareBar":{"boolValue":false},"desktopID":{"value":""},"mobileID":{"value":""},"desktopURL":{"value":""},"mobileURL":{"value":""},"desktopPaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"mobilePaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"desktopOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"mobileOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"cerosOembedURL":{"value":""},"cerosRenderMode":{"targetItem":null},"cerosBackgroundColor":{"targetItem":null},"hideByLine":{"boolValue":false},"tableOfContentsTitle":{"value":"TABLE OF CONTENTS"},"accessStatus":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"RegisteredUsers"},"value":{"value":"Registered Users"}}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"hasSpecialReport":{"boolValue":false},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"externalPublication":{"value":""},"excludeFromClientLink":{"boolValue":false},"originalPublishDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}},"footnotes":{"value":""},"contributoryPractice":{"targetItems":[{"displayName":"Infrastructure"}]},"aboutTheAuthors":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLuca Milani\u003c/strong\u003e is an associate partner in the Milan office, where \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/nicola-sandri\"\u003eNicola Sandri\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e is a partner; and \u003cstrong\u003eDetlev Mohr\u003c/strong\u003e is a senior partner in the Tokyo office.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thank Fabrizio Bacchini, Andrea Bertel\u0026egrave;, Riccardo Boin, Tom Brinded, Emma Loxton, Vadim Pokotilo, Andrea Ricotti, Stuart Shilson, and Ulrich Tuerckheim for their contributions to this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article was edited by Jason Li, a senior editor in the Shanghai office.\u003c/p\u003e"},"authors":{"targetItems":[{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"2336C864EF08453A99F6AB8B3458EB71","name":"Luca Milani","authorTitle":{"value":"Luca Milani"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[]}},{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"AFC14FA1200E4C378ED9EB62D673E73D","name":"Detlev Mohr","authorTitle":{"value":"Detlev Mohr"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[]}},{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"3591DDBFBBFA406F8333C0CCC6FE0285","name":"Nicola Sandri","authorTitle":{"value":"Nicola Sandri"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[{"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/nicola sandri/nicola-sandri_6464_fc-mask_profile_1536x1152.jpg","alt":"Nicola Sandri"},"emailLinks":{"value":"Nicola_Sandri@mckinsey.com, salil_mathur@mckinsey.com"},"linkedInUrl":{"value":""},"description":{"value":"Guides major transport and infrastructure organizations in their end-to-end transformation journeys, with a focus on international expansion and technology-enabled growth strategy "},"locations":{"targetItems":[{"name":"Milan","displayName":"Milan"}]},"firmTitle":{"value":"Senior Partner"},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"Nicola Sandri","src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/nicola sandri/nicola-sandri_6464_fc-mask_headshot_988x741.jpg"},"url":{"path":"/our-people/nicola-sandri"}}]}}]},"nonPartnerAuthors":{"targetItems":[]},"interactiveToUse":{"targetItem":null},"enableArticleComponents":{"boolValue":false},"relatedArticles":{"targetItems":[{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"Building a transport system that works: Five insights from our 25-city report"},"url":{"path":"/capabilities/operations/our-insights/building-a-transport-system-that-works-five-insights-from-our-25-city-report"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Report"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Report"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"We benchmarked urban-transport systems in 25 cities around the globe to find out what goes into the making of a smooth commute."},"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/business functions/operations/our insights/building a transport system that works new charts five insights from our 25 city report new/692687046-1536x1536.jpg","alt":""},"heroImage":null,"thumbnailImage":null},{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"A more personalized world: An interview with the CEO of Tokyo Metro"},"url":{"path":"/capabilities/operations/our-insights/a-more-personalized-world-an-interview-with-the-ceo-of-tokyo-metro"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Interview"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Interview"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"Improved technology with better data, more attractive destinations, and increased harmony with infrastructure show how public transportation can help riders spend their days doing what they like."},"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/business functions/operations/our insights/a more personalized world an interview with the ceo of tokyo metro/standard-tokyo-metro.jpg","alt":"A more personalized world: An interview with the CEO of Tokyo Metro"},"heroImage":null,"thumbnailImage":null},{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"Winning ridership for the next normal"},"url":{"path":"/capabilities/operations/our-insights/winning-ridership-for-the-next-normal"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"Transit agencies may need to win over former and new riders. 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The global map of external stakeholders along with engagement actions encompasses the following:\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eBodies and institutions:\u003c/em\u003e dialogues and meetings to ensure alignment of institutional priorities with actual interventions\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eSuppliers and constructors:\u003c/em\u003e surveys and interviews to assure procurement processes are in line with sustainable concepts (for example, attention to human rights and environmental protection)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnd users:\u003c/em\u003e tailored surveys, interviews, and market-research reports to provide information regarding end-users\u0026rsquo; needs and opinions\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompetitors and partners:\u003c/em\u003e seminars, conferences, and meetings to collect and share updates on external business environment and socioeconomic impacts\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedia:\u003c/em\u003e interviews, seminars, and events to communicate and spread the importance of interventions and their noneconomic and economic achievements\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eInvestors and asset managers:\u003c/em\u003e allocate investments to opportunities that highlight the sustainable-investment proposition of the infrastructure, providing clear identification (for example, identification of clean-energy projects or low-carbon infrastructure)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n[[Exhibit sidebar]]"}},"aboutTheAuthors":{"jsonValue":{"value":""}},"headline":{"jsonValue":{"value":"Enablers: Organizational structure, digital tools, and multistakeholder collaboration"}},"footnotes":{"value":""},"showShareTools":{"boolValue":true},"backgroundColor":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"Lightest Grey"},"value":{"value":"lightest-grey"}}},"gradientDirection":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"Bottom Right"},"value":{"value":"bottom-right"}}},"renderMode":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"Collapsible"},"value":{"value":"default"}}},"isAboutAuthor":{"boolValue":false},"background":{"targetItem":null},"image":{"src":null,"alt":""}}]},"boxout":{"results":[]},"globalsidebar":{"results":[]},"video":{"results":[]},"scrollycontainer":{"results":[]},"bespokeinteractive":{"results":[]},"storycontainer":{"results":[]},"interactive":{"results":[]},"sectionheader":{"results":[]},"statementdisruptor":{"results":[]},"fullbleedphoto":{"results":[]},"tocitem":{"results":[]},"quizcontainer":{"results":[]},"generalup":{"results":[]},"twoupmedium":{"results":[]},"accordion":{"results":[]},"factoid":{"results":[]},"promobarwithquote":{"results":[]},"oneupmedium":{"results":[]},"oneupmediumquote":{"results":[]},"gridwall":{"results":[]},"twoupsmall":{"results":[]},"oneclicksubscribe":{"results":[]},"promobar":{"results":[]},"promobanner":{"results":[]},"sectionhero":{"results":[]},"threeuplinklist":{"results":[]},"table":{"results":[]},"explainertooltip":{"results":[]},"isFiveFiftyHorizontalArticle":{"boolValue":false},"fiveFifty":{"results":[]}},"contextItem":{"ancestors":[{"breadCrumbUrl":{"path":"/industries/infrastructure/our-insights"},"breadCrumbTitle":{"value":"Our Insights"},"isMiniSite":{"boolValue":false},"displayName":"Insights on Infrastructure","template":{"id":"85FF05307883480F9A4C82123F72FFD8"}},{"breadCrumbUrl":{"path":"/industries/infrastructure/how-we-help-clients"},"breadCrumbTitle":null,"isMiniSite":{"boolValue":true},"displayName":"Infrastructure","template":{"id":"414C6C64AD35440E9668CF39D8A18CCF"}},{"breadCrumbUrl":{"path":"/industries"},"breadCrumbTitle":{"value":"Industries"},"isMiniSite":{"boolValue":false},"displayName":"Industries","template":{"id":"85FF05307883480F9A4C82123F72FFD8"}},{"breadCrumbUrl":{"path":"/"},"breadCrumbTitle":{"value":""},"isMiniSite":{"boolValue":false},"displayName":"Home","template":{"id":"85FF05307883480F9A4C82123F72FFD8"}}]}}},"placeholders":{"main-area":[],"sidebar-area":[]}}]}},"itemId":"913b155d-408b-4d84-bff9-e9f8add5af64","pageEditing":false,"site":{"name":"website"},"pageState":"normal","language":"en","pageMetaData":{"alternateLanguages":[{"languageCode":"en","displayName":"English","url":"/industries/infrastructure/our-insights/built-to-last-making-sustainability-a-priority-in-transport-infrastructure"}],"currentLanguage":"en","navigationLink":"industries","activeItemId":"{7B79FADE-637B-45C1-AA76-EBDF637158B8}","miniSiteId":"{31C4A1D7-D77C-475B-A7A0-A0B5A5FF9640}","officeCode":"","officeDisplayName":"","subscriptionPracticeData":null,"isAlaisedPage":false,"originalHostName":"www.mckinsey.com","updatedDate":"2025-02-13T00:57:36Z","createdDate":"2022-04-12T14:50:26Z","practice":{"isDefaultPractice":false,"name":"Travel, Logistics \u0026 Infrastructure","code":"N24","stickyTitle":"Sign up for emails on new Travel, Logistics \u0026 Infrastructure articles","stickySubtitle":"Never miss an insight. 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