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type="application/ld+json">[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.etymonline.com#website","url":"https://www.etymonline.com","name":"Etymonline","alternateName":"Online Etymology Dictionary","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.etymonline.com/search?q={search_term_string}&utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=ds_search","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage","name":"shall - 脡tymologie, Origine & Signification | etymonline","url":"https://www.etymonline.com/fr/word/shall","description":"Signification de shall: devoir; Ancien anglais sceal, Northumbrien scule \"Je dois/il doit, il faudra, je devrai, je dois\" (infinitif sculan, pass茅 simple sceolde), de *skulanan, un verbe pr茅terit-pr茅sent germanique commun (ainsi que can...","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.etymonline.com#website"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["DefinedTermSet","Book"],"@id":"https://www.etymonline.com","name":"Dictionary and etymology by etymonline","description":"An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DefinedTerm","@id":"https://www.etymonline.com/fr/word/shall","name":"shall","inDefinedTermSet":"https://www.etymonline.com"}]</script><section class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-12 laptop:grid-cols-3 desktop:grid-cols-3"><div class="col-span-2"><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_top" class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all h-[90px] w-[728px]"></div><div class="mt-4 space-y-10"><div class="space-y-2"><div class="space-y-2"><section class="prose-lg max-w-none py-1"><div class="-mb-4"><span id="#23330" class="scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold flex items-center"><h1 class="inline !mb-1 scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold">shall</h1><div class="pl-2 flex-1 text-textSecondary text-xl font-serif">(v.)</div></span></div><section class=""><p>Ancien anglais <i class="foreign notranslate">sceal</i>, Northumbrien <i class="foreign notranslate">scule</i> "Je dois/il doit, il faudra, je devrai, je dois" (infinitif <i class="foreign notranslate">sculan</i>, pass茅 simple <i class="foreign notranslate">sceolde</i>), de <i class="foreign notranslate">*skulanan</i>, un verbe pr茅terit-pr茅sent germanique commun (ainsi que <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of can " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/can">can</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of may " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/may">may</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of will " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/will">will</a>), issu de Proto-germanique <i class="foreign notranslate">*skul-</i> (source 茅galement du vieux saxon <i class="foreign notranslate">sculan</i>, du vieux frison <i class="foreign notranslate">skil</i>, du vieux norrois et su茅dois <i class="foreign notranslate">skola</i>, du moyen n茅erlandais <i class="foreign notranslate">sullen</i>, de l'ancien haut-allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">solan</i>, de l'allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">sollen</i>, du gothique <i class="foreign notranslate">skulan</i> "devoir, 锚tre sous obligation"). On dit que cela est li茅, via une forme pass茅e, 脿 l'anglais ancien <i class="foreign notranslate">scyld</i> "culpabilit茅", 脿 l'allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">Schuld</i> "culpabilit茅, dette"; ainsi qu'脿 l'ancien norrois <i class="foreign notranslate">Skuld</i>, nom d'une des Nornes.</p><p>Ces mots germaniques sont reconstruits (Watkins, Pokorny) 脿 partir d'une racine indo-europ茅enne <i class="foreign notranslate">*skel- </i> (2) "锚tre sous une obligation". Le sens de base du mot germanique 茅tait probablement "je dois", d'o霉 "je devrais". Les cognates en dehors du germanique comprennent le lituanien <i class="foreign notranslate">skel臈ti</i> "锚tre coupable", <i class="foreign notranslate">skilti</i> "s'endetter"; Le vieux prussien <i class="foreign notranslate">skallisnan</i> "devoir", <i class="foreign notranslate">skellants</i> "coupable". 聽Mais Boutkan ne donne pas d'茅tymologie PIE pour le groupe et 茅crit que la racine pr茅tendue, limit茅e comme elle l'est au germanique et au balto-slave, "est susceptible de repr茅senter une innovation bas茅e sur le mat茅riel de substrat nord-europ茅en."</p><p><i class="foreign notranslate">Shall</i> survit comme auxiliaire. Les sens originaux sont obsol猫tes; le sens a chang茅 en moyen anglais, passant de l'obligation 脿 l'inclusion de la futurit茅. Il n'a ni participe, ni imp茅ratif, ni infinitif. Sa forme pass茅e est devenue <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of should " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/should">should</a> (voir ci-dessus) et a acquis des sens sp茅ciaux en son nom propre.</p></section><div class="-mt-4"></div></section></div></div><div class="space-y-2"><h3>Entr茅es associ茅es <i>shall</i></h3><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden height-auto text-foreground box-border bg-content1 outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 shadow-none rounded-medium transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border-1 border-lightGray" tabindex="-1"><a class="flex z-10 w-full items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-medium p-3 pl-5 justify-between hover:text-primary" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais can" href="/fr/word/can"><span id="#" class="scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold text-primary text-xl flex items-center">can<div class="pl-2 flex-1 text-textSecondary text-xl font-serif">(v.1)</div></span><span class="text-4xl text-inherent justify-end"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.6 12L8 7.4L9.4 6l6 6l-6 6L8 16.6l4.6-4.6Z"></path></svg></span></a><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><section class="p-2 prose-lg max-w-none"><p>Ancien anglais 1猫re et 3猫me personne du singulier au pr茅sent indicatif de <i class="foreign notranslate">cunnan</i> "savoir", moins couramment utilis茅 comme auxiliaire, "avoir le pouvoir de, 锚tre capable" (aussi "avoir des relations sexuelles"), qui vient du proto-germanique <i class="foreign notranslate">*kunnjanan</i> "锚tre capable mentalement, avoir appris" (source 茅galement du vieux norrois <i class="foreign notranslate">kenna</i> "faire connaissance, essayer", du vieux frison <i class="foreign notranslate">kanna</i> "reconna卯tre, admettre, savoir", de l'allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">kennen</i> "savoir", du moyen n茅erlandais <i class="foreign notranslate">kennen</i> "savoir", du gotique <i class="foreign notranslate">kannjan</i> "rendre connu"), de la racine PIE <a rel="nofollow" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *gno- " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/*gno-">*gno-</a> "savoir".</p><p>Aujourd'hui, il ne conserve que le troisi猫me sens de "savoir", celui de "savoir comment faire quelque chose" (par opposition 脿 "savoir en tant que fait" et "锚tre familier avec" quelque chose ou quelqu'un). Il est 茅galement utilis茅 dans le sens de <i class="foreign notranslate">may</i>, indiquant simplement une permission. Verbe pr茅terite-pr茅sent en vieux anglais, son participe pass茅 original, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of couth " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/couth">couth</a>, n'a surv茅cu qu'脿 la n茅gation (voir <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of uncouth " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/uncouth">uncouth</a>), mais comparez <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of could " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/could">could</a>. Le participe pr茅sent s'est propag茅 avec un sens d茅vi茅 en tant que <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of cunning " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/cunning">cunning</a>.</p></section></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden height-auto text-foreground box-border bg-content1 outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 shadow-none rounded-medium transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border-1 border-lightGray" tabindex="-1"><a class="flex z-10 w-full items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-medium p-3 pl-5 justify-between hover:text-primary" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais may" href="/fr/word/may"><span id="#" class="scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold text-primary text-xl flex items-center">may<div class="pl-2 flex-1 text-textSecondary text-xl font-serif">(v.1)</div></span><span class="text-4xl text-inherent justify-end"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.6 12L8 7.4L9.4 6l6 6l-6 6L8 16.6l4.6-4.6Z"></path></svg></span></a><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><section class="p-2 prose-lg max-w-none"><p>Le vieil anglais <i class="foreign notranslate">m忙g</i> "锚tre capable" (infinitif <i class="foreign notranslate">magan</i>, pass茅 <i class="foreign notranslate">meahte</i>, participe pass茅 <i class="foreign notranslate">mihte</i>), provient de la racine proto-germanique <i class="foreign notranslate">*mag-</i>, infinitif <i class="foreign notranslate">*maganan</i> (vieux frison <i class="foreign notranslate">mei</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">muga</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">machte</i> "avoir le pouvoir, pouvoir"; vieux saxon <i class="foreign notranslate">mag</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mugan</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mahte</i>; moyen n茅erlandais <i class="foreign notranslate">mach</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">moghen</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mohte</i>; n茅erlandais <i class="foreign notranslate">mag</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mogen</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mocht</i>; vieux haut allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">mag</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">magan</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mahta</i>; allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">mag</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">m枚gen</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mochte</i>; vieux norrois <i class="foreign notranslate">ma</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mega</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">matte</i>; gothique <i class="foreign notranslate">mag</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">magan</i>/<i class="foreign notranslate">mahte</i> "锚tre capable"), de la racine PIE <a rel="nofollow" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *magh- " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/*magh-">*magh-</a> "锚tre capable, avoir le pouvoir". Un verbe pr茅sent-pr茅t茅rit (avec <i class="foreign notranslate">can</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">shall</i>, etc.). 脡galement utilis茅 en vieux anglais comme "auxiliaire de pr茅diction".</p></section></div></div></div><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><ins class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all mt-1 w-full" data-ad-slot="8757723469" data-adtest="off" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins><ul class="list-none flex gap-2 flex-wrap"><li><a class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-unit-4 min-w-unit-20 h-unit-10 gap-unit-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.unit-8)] data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-default text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" role="button" tabindex="0" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais should" href="/fr/word/should">should</a></li><li><a class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-unit-4 min-w-unit-20 h-unit-10 gap-unit-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.unit-8)] data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-default text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" role="button" tabindex="0" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais will" href="/fr/word/will">will</a></li><li><a class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 border-medium bg-transparent px-unit-4 min-w-unit-20 h-unit-10 gap-unit-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.unit-8)] data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none border-primary text-primary hover:!text-primary-foreground hover:!bg-primary text-lg" role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of shall" href="/word/shall/related">See all related words (4)<div class="-ml-3"><span class="text-3xl text-inherit"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.6 12L8 7.4L9.4 6l6 6l-6 6L8 16.6l4.6-4.6Z"></path></svg></span></div></a></li></ul><div class="min-h-unit-7"><h3>Tendances de shall</h3><canvas role="img" height="150" width="300"></canvas></div><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><ins class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all mt-1 w-full" data-ad-slot="7656336158" data-adtest="off" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins><p class="text-small text-content4">Fourni uniquement 脿 des fins d鈥榠nformation par des syst猫mes de traduction automatique. Voir l鈥榦riginal : <a class="text-primary" title="Etymology, origin and meaning of shall" href="/word/shall">Etymology, origin and meaning of <i>shall</i></a></p></div></div><div><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_right" class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all h-[250px] w-[300px]"></div><div class="mt-4"><div class="space-y-4"><h3>Entr茅es du dictionnaire pr猫s de shall</h3><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><ul class="min-h-[280px] space-y-2"><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shaking" href="/fr/word/shaking">shaking</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shako" href="/fr/word/shako">shako</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais Shakti" href="/fr/word/Shakti">Shakti</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shaky" href="/fr/word/shaky">shaky</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shale" href="/fr/word/shale">shale</a></li><li class="text-medium"><span class="text-content4">shall</span></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shallop" href="/fr/word/shallop">shallop</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shallot" href="/fr/word/shallot">shallot</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shallow" href="/fr/word/shallow">shallow</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shalom" href="/fr/word/shalom">shalom</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais sham" href="/fr/word/sham">sham</a></li></ul></div></div></div></section></main><footer class="bg-default text-textSecondary"><footer class="container footer py-4 tablet:grid-rows-2"><nav><header class="footer-title">Liens</header><a class="link-hover link" href="https://forum.etymonline.com/">Forum</a><a class="link-hover link" href="/columns/post/sources">Liste compl猫te des sources</a><a class="link-hover link" href="/columns/post/links">Liens</a></nav><nav><header class="footer-title">Produits</header><a target="_blank" class="link-hover link" 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c么t茅 d'un mot indiquent l'ann茅e la plus ancienne pour laquelle il existe un enregistrement 茅crit survivant de ce mot (en anglais, sauf indication contraire). Cela doit 锚tre pris comme approximatif, en particulier avant environ 1700, car un mot peut avoir 茅t茅 utilis茅 en conversation pendant des centaines d'ann茅es avant d'appara卯tre dans un manuscrit qui a eu la chance de survivre aux si猫cles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eLes sources de base de ce travail sont \"An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English\" de Weekley, \"A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language\" de Klein, \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (deuxi猫me 茅dition), \"Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology,\" \"Etymologisches W枚rterbuch der Englischen Sprache\" de Holthausen, et \"Dictionary of American Slang\" de Kipfer et Chapman. Une liste compl猫te des sources imprim茅es utilis茅es dans cette compilation peut 锚tre trouv茅e\n \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"/columns/post/sources\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eici\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eDepuis que ce dictionnaire a 茅t茅 publi茅, il a b茅n茅fici茅 des suggestions de dizaines de personnes que je n'ai jamais rencontr茅es, de partout dans le monde. 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notranslate\"\u003ecan\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/fr/word/may\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of may \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003emay\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/fr/word/will\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of will \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003ewill\u003c/a\u003e), issu de Proto-germanique \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*skul-\u003c/span\u003e (source 茅galement du vieux saxon \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003esculan\u003c/span\u003e, du vieux frison \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskil\u003c/span\u003e, du vieux norrois et su茅dois \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskola\u003c/span\u003e, du moyen n茅erlandais \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003esullen\u003c/span\u003e, de l'ancien haut-allemand \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003esolan\u003c/span\u003e, de l'allemand \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003esollen\u003c/span\u003e, du gothique \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskulan\u003c/span\u003e \"devoir, 锚tre sous obligation\"). On dit que cela est li茅, via une forme pass茅e, 脿 l'anglais ancien \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003escyld\u003c/span\u003e \"culpabilit茅\", 脿 l'allemand \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eSchuld\u003c/span\u003e \"culpabilit茅, dette\"; ainsi qu'脿 l'ancien norrois \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eSkuld\u003c/span\u003e, nom d'une des Nornes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCes mots germaniques sont reconstruits (Watkins, Pokorny) 脿 partir d'une racine indo-europ茅enne \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*skel- \u003c/span\u003e (2) \"锚tre sous une obligation\". Le sens de base du mot germanique 茅tait probablement \"je dois\", d'o霉 \"je devrais\". Les cognates en dehors du germanique comprennent le lituanien \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskel臈ti\u003c/span\u003e \"锚tre coupable\", \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskilti\u003c/span\u003e \"s'endetter\"; Le vieux prussien \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskallisnan\u003c/span\u003e \"devoir\", \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eskellants\u003c/span\u003e \"coupable\". \u0026nbsp;Mais Boutkan ne donne pas d'茅tymologie PIE pour le groupe et 茅crit que la racine pr茅tendue, limit茅e comme elle l'est au germanique et au balto-slave, \"est susceptible de repr茅senter une innovation bas茅e sur le mat茅riel de substrat nord-europ茅en.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eShall\u003c/span\u003e survit comme auxiliaire. Les sens originaux sont obsol猫tes; le sens a chang茅 en moyen anglais, passant de l'obligation 脿 l'inclusion de la futurit茅. Il n'a ni participe, ni imp茅ratif, ni infinitif. Sa forme pass茅e est devenue \u003ca href=\"/fr/word/should\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of should \" class=\"crossreference notranslate\"\u003eshould\u003c/a\u003e (voir ci-dessus) et a acquis des sens sp茅ciaux en son nom propre.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"16:[[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$1a\"}}],[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"grid grid-cols-1 gap-12 laptop:grid-cols-3 desktop:grid-cols-3\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"col-span-2\",\"children\":[\"$L1b\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-4 space-y-10\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[false,[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"prose-lg max-w-none py-1\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"-mb-4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1c\",null,{\"doc_id\":\"33a1fa551ec50395a7a5e2d76ced7f37_ev\",\"domain_id\":23330,\"word\":\"shall\",\"toxicity\":1,\"type\":0,\"thumbnail\":false,\"property\":\"(v.)\",\"etymology\":\"$1d\",\"first_recorded\":\"\",\"content_length\":1433,\"modify_time\":1659149049000,\"as\":\"span\",\"isMainHead\":true}]}],[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",\"0\",{\"children\":[\"Ancien anglais \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sceal\"}],\", Northumbrien \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"scule\"}],\" \\\"Je dois/il doit, il faudra, je devrai, je dois\\\" (infinitif \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sculan\"}],\", pass茅 simple \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sceolde\"}],\"), de \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"9\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"*skulanan\"}],\", un verbe pr茅terit-pr茅sent germanique commun (ainsi que \",[\"$\",\"$L8\",\"11\",{\"href\":\"/fr/word/can\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"title\":\"Etymology, meaning and definition of can \",\"className\":\"crossreference notranslate\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"can\"}],\", \",[\"$\",\"$L8\",\"13\",{\"href\":\"/fr/word/may\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"title\":\"Etymology, meaning and definition of may \",\"className\":\"crossreference notranslate\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"may\"}],\", \",[\"$\",\"$L8\",\"15\",{\"href\":\"/fr/word/will\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"title\":\"Etymology, meaning and definition of will \",\"className\":\"crossreference notranslate\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"will\"}],\"), issu de Proto-germanique \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"17\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"*skul-\"}],\" (source 茅galement du vieux saxon \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"19\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sculan\"}],\", du vieux frison \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"21\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skil\"}],\", du vieux norrois et su茅dois \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"23\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skola\"}],\", du moyen n茅erlandais \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"25\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sullen\"}],\", de l'ancien haut-allemand \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"27\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"solan\"}],\", de l'allemand \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"29\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sollen\"}],\", du gothique \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"31\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skulan\"}],\" \\\"devoir, 锚tre sous obligation\\\"). On dit que cela est li茅, via une forme pass茅e, 脿 l'anglais ancien \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"33\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"scyld\"}],\" \\\"culpabilit茅\\\", 脿 l'allemand \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"35\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"Schuld\"}],\" \\\"culpabilit茅, dette\\\"; ainsi qu'脿 l'ancien norrois \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"37\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"Skuld\"}],\", nom d'une des Nornes.\"]}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"1\",{\"children\":[\"Ces mots germaniques sont reconstruits (Watkins, Pokorny) 脿 partir d'une racine indo-europ茅enne \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"*skel- \"}],\" (2) \\\"锚tre sous une obligation\\\". Le sens de base du mot germanique 茅tait probablement \\\"je dois\\\", d'o霉 \\\"je devrais\\\". Les cognates en dehors du germanique comprennent le lituanien \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skel臈ti\"}],\" \\\"锚tre coupable\\\", \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skilti\"}],\" \\\"s'endetter\\\"; Le vieux prussien \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skallisnan\"}],\" \\\"devoir\\\", \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"9\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skellants\"}],\" \\\"coupable\\\". 聽Mais Boutkan ne donne pas d'茅tymologie PIE pour le groupe et 茅crit que la racine pr茅tendue, limit茅e comme elle l'est au germanique et au balto-slave, \\\"est susceptible de repr茅senter une innovation bas茅e sur le mat茅riel de substrat nord-europ茅en.\\\"\"]}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"i\",\"0\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"Shall\"}],\" survit comme auxiliaire. Les sens originaux sont obsol猫tes; le sens a chang茅 en moyen anglais, passant de l'obligation 脿 l'inclusion de la futurit茅. Il n'a ni participe, ni imp茅ratif, ni infinitif. Sa forme pass茅e est devenue \",[\"$\",\"$L8\",\"2\",{\"href\":\"/fr/word/should\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"title\":\"Etymology, meaning and definition of should \",\"className\":\"crossreference notranslate\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"should\"}],\" (voir ci-dessus) et a acquis des sens sp茅ciaux en son nom propre.\"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"src\":\"$undefined\",\"alt\":\"shall\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"-mt-4\",\"children\":\"$L1f\"}]]}]]}]]}],false,\"$L20\",\"$L21\",\"$L22\",[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"dataSource\":[{\"label\":\"shall 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