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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head>  <title>VSEPR</title> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="copyright" content="copyright 1993-2018 Mark Winter" /> <meta name="author" content="Prof Mark J Winter (Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK)" /> <meta name="date" content="2018-08-21T12:00:00+00:00" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="vsepr.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /> <link rel="start" href="index.html" /> <link rel="first" href="index.html" /> <link rel="prev" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" href="intro.html" /> <link rel="last" href="exercises.html" /> <link rel="home" href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="jsmol/JSmol.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var Info = { width: 300, height: 250, use: "HTML5", j2sPath: "jsmol/j2s", console: "jmolApplet0_infodiv", disableJ2SLoadMonitor: true, disableInitialConsole: true }; </script> </head> <body> <table summary="" border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> <tr><td class="pathTopDecor"><a name="top"></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="path" valign="bottom">You are at: <a class="pathAnchor" href="https://www.shef.ac.uk/">University of Sheffield</a> » <a class="pathAnchor" href="https://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/">Chemistry</a> » <a class="pathAnchor" href= "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> » <a class="pathAnchor" href= "http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/index.html">VSEPR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="pathBottomDecor"></td></tr> </table> <table summary="" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"> <tr>  <td valign="top" class="menu-panel-l"> <table summary="" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="4"> <tr><th class="menu-head-lc"><a href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/" title="VSEPR home page"><img src="gifs/logo.jpg" height="90" width="120" alt="VSEPR home page link" /></a></th></tr> <tr><th class="menu-head-l"><a class="pathAnchor" href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/" title="VSEPR home page">VSEPR home</a></th></tr> <tr><th class="menu-l"> <a href= "http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/"><img src="gifs/first-small.gif" width="23" height="15" alt="first" /></a>  <a href= "index.html"><img src="gifs/prev-small.gif" width="23" height="15" alt="previous" /></a>  <a href= "intro.html"><img src="gifs/next-small.gif" width="23" height="15" alt="next" /></a></th></tr> <tr><td class="menu-l"> <div class="shiftleft"> <ul> <li><a class="menu" href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="assumptions.html">Assumptions</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="geometries.html">Geomtries</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="howtodoit.html">Geometry prediction</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="examples.html">Examples</a> <ul> <li><a class="menu" href="CH4.html">CH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="NH3.html">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="H2O.html">OH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="BF3.html">BF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="H3N-BF3.html">H<sub>3</sub>N-BF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="PF6anion.html">[PF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="AsPh4cation.html">[AsPh<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="propene.html">Propene</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="SF3N.html">SF<sub>3</sub>N</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a class="menu" href="isomers.html">Isomers</a> <ul> <li><a class="menu" href="ClF3.html">ClF<sub>3</sub></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a class="menu" href="mult-more.html">Multiple bonds</a> <ul> <li><a class="menu" href="ClO4anion.html">[ClO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="MeCO2anion.html">[MeCO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a class="menu" href="radicals.html">Unpaired electrons</a> <ul> <li><a class="menu" href="radicals.html#NO2">NO<sub>2</sub></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a class="menu" href="high-cn.html">Beyond six electron pairs</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="d-block.html">d-block systems</a></li> <li><a class="menu" href="exercises.html">Exercises</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" class="menu" href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/chemputer/vsepr.html">Online VSEPR calculator</a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> </table> </td>    <td valign="top" rowspan="2" class="main-panel"> <table summary="" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td class="banner-univ-label" colspan="2">The University of Sheffield</td></tr> <tr><td class="banner-subtitle-l">Department of Chemistry</td> <td class="banner-subtitle-r">VSEPR</td> </tr> </table> <h1 class="heading1">Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)</h1> <p>Welcome to this introduction to VSEPR rules for the prediction of molecular shape. In addition, try the <a href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/chemputer/" target="_blank">Sheffield Chemputer</a> one component of which is an <a href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/chemputer/vsepr.html" target="_blank">interactive VSEPR calculator</a>. </p> <h2 class="heading2">Viewing the chemical structures</h2> <p>This VSEPR package use the <a target="_blank" href= "http://jmol.sourceforge.net/">Jmol</a> molecule viewer.</p> <h2 class="heading2">Source of this material</h2> <p>By arrangement with the publisher (<a href="http://www.oup.co.uk/">Oxford University Press</a>), this introduction to VSEPR is a hypertext version of Chapter 4 in my book on Chemical Bonding, one of the Oxford Chemistry Primers. I hope you enjoy it and whether you do or don't, please send feedback.</p> <p>Title: <strong>Chemical Bonding</strong><br /> Author: <strong>Mark J Winter</strong><br /> Published in: <strong>1994</strong><br /> Published by: <strong>Oxford University Press</strong><br /> ISBN: <strong>0 19 855694 2</strong> (paperback) and <strong>0 19 855695 0</strong> (hardback)</p> <p>If you want other information on VSEPR try searching on VSEPR at the <a href="http://www.chemdex.org/" target="_blank">Sheffield Chemdex</a> or try <a href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vsepr/" target="_blank">this VSEPR tutorial</a> by John Nash at Purdue University, USA.</p> <h2 class="heading2">Copyright</h2> <p>This is a copyrighted work enjoying the full protection of all international copyright law. Publication on the WWW does not imply that this work becomes your property or is in the public domain. Far from it. You are very welcome to use this guide but you are absolutely not allowed to store or make any form of copy of this work.</p> </td></tr>  <tr><td valign="bottom" class="menu-panel-l">  <table summary="" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="4"> <tr><th valign="bottom" class="menu-head-lc"><a href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/" title="VSEPR"><img src="gifs/vsepr-logo.jpg" height="160" width="120" alt="VSEPR logo" border="0" /></a></th></tr> <tr><th valign="bottom" class="menu-l"> <a href= "http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/"><img src="gifs/first-small.gif" width="23" height="15" alt="first" /></a>  <a href= "index.html"><img src="gifs/prev-small.gif" width="23" height="15" alt="previous" /></a>  <a href= "intro.html"><img src="gifs/next-small.gif" width="23" height="15" alt="next" /></a></th></tr> </table>  </td></tr></table>   <p class="logoLegend">A VSEPR tutorial on the WWW</p> <address>VSEPR tutorial on the WWW, URL: <a href="http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/">http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/</a><br /> Copyright 1996-2015 <a target="_blank" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Prof Mark Winter</a> [<a href="https://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/" target="_blank">The University of Sheffield</a>]. All rights reserved. <br />Document served: Monday 17th February, 2025 </address> </body> </html>