HESS - Updated world map of the K枚ppen-Geiger climate classification

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name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Copernicus GmbH"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Updated world map of the K枚ppen-Geiger climate classification"/> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="<p><strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir K枚ppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the K枚ppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the K枚ppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1&deg;&times;0.1&deg; grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the K枚ppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world K枚ppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.</p>"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2007/10/11"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2007/10/11"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Hydrology and Earth System Sciences"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1027-5606"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1633"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1644"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Peel, M. C."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Finlayson, B. L."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="McMahon, T. A."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Barnett, T., Zwiers, F., Hegerl, G., Allen, M., Crowley, T., Gillett, N., Hasselmann, K., Jones, P., Santer, B., Schnur, R., Stott, P., Taylor, K., and Tett. S.: Detecting and attributing external influences on the climate system: a review of recent advances, J. 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searchRunning = true; } function _runSearch() { var projectID = document.querySelector('meta[name="global_projectID"]').content; var term = _searchTrimInput(SEARCH_INPUT.value); if(term.length > 0) { _sendAjax(projectID, term); } else { showError(2, 'Empty search term') } } function _searchTrimInput(str) { return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/gm, ''); } function run() { _addEventListener(); $('#templateSearchInfoBtn, #modalSearchInfoBtn').popover({ sanitize: false, html: true, content: $("#templateSearchInfo").html(), placement: "bottom", template: '<div class="popover" role="tooltip"><div class="arrow"></div><button class="m-1 float-right btn btn-sm btn-danger" id="templateSearchInfoClose"><i class="fas fa-times-circle"></i></button><h3 class="popover-header"></h3><div class="popover-body"></div></div>', title: "Search tips", }); $(document).click(function (e) { let t = $(e.target); let a = t && t.attr("data-toggle")!=="popover" && t.parent().attr("data-toggle")!=="popover"; let b = t && $(".popover").has(t).length===0; if(a && b) { $('#templateSearchInfoBtn').popover('hide'); $('#modalSearchInfoBtn').popover('hide'); } }); $('#templateSearchInfoBtn').on('shown.bs.popover', function () { $("#templateSearchInfoClose").click(function(e){ $('#templateSearchInfoBtn').popover('hide'); e.stopPropagation(); e.stopImmediatePropagation(); return false; }); }) $('#templateSearchResultModal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { $('body').off('click', '#templateSearchResultContainer .paperlist-avatar img'); var pswpElement = document.querySelectorAll('.pswp')[0]; var gallery = null; var paperListAvatar = []; var paperListAvatarThumb = []; $('.paperlist-avatar img').each(function(){ var webversion = $(this).attr('data-web'); var width = $(this).attr('data-width'); var height = $(this).attr('data-height'); var caption =$(this).attr('data-caption'); var figure = { src:webversion, w:width, h:height, title:caption }; paperListAvatarThumb.push($(this)[0]); paperListAvatar.push(figure); }); $('body').on('click', '.paperlist-avatar img', function (e) { if(paperListAvatarThumb.length === 0 && paperListAvatar.length === 0){ $('.paperlist-avatar img').each(function(){ var webversion = $(this).attr('data-web'); var width = $(this).attr('data-width'); var height = $(this).attr('data-height'); var caption =$(this).attr('data-caption'); var figure = { src:webversion, w:width, h:height, title:caption }; paperListAvatarThumb.push($(this)[0]); paperListAvatar.push(figure); }); } var target = $(this); var index = $('.paperlist-avatar img').index(target); var options = { showHideOpacity:true, bgOpacity:0.8, index:index, spacing:0.15, getThumbBoundsFn: function(index) { var thumbnail = paperListAvatarThumb[index]; var pageYScroll = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop; var rect = thumbnail.getBoundingClientRect(); return {x:rect.left, y:rect.top + pageYScroll, w:rect.width}; } }; gallery = new PhotoSwipe( pswpElement, PhotoSwipeUI_Default,[paperListAvatar[index]],options); gallery.init(); }); }); $('#templateSearchResultModal').on('hide.bs.modal', function(e) { $("#templateRefineSearch").removeClass('d-block').addClass('d-none'); $("#refineSearchModalHide").removeClass('d-block').addClass('d-none'); $("#refineSearchModal").removeClass('d-none').addClass('d-block'); offset = INITIAL_OFFSET; }) $(document).on("click", "#showMore", function(e){ offset+=INITIAL_OFFSET; runSearchModal() e.stopPropagation(); e.stopImmediatePropagation(); return false; }); $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on("click", "#refineSearchModal", function (e) { $("#templateRefineSearch").removeClass('d-none').addClass('d-block'); $(this).removeClass('d-block').addClass('d-none'); $("#refineSearchModalHide").removeClass('d-none').addClass('d-block'); }); $(document).on("click", "#refineSearchModalHide", function (e) { $("#templateRefineSearch").removeClass('d-block').addClass('d-none'); $(this).removeClass('d-block').addClass('d-none'); $("#refineSearchModal").removeClass('d-none').addClass('d-block'); }); $(document).on("click", "#modal_start_site_search", function (e) { runSearchModal(); e.stopPropagation(); e.stopImmediatePropagation(); return false; }); }); } function runSearchModal() { var projectID = document.querySelector('meta[name="global_projectID"]').content; var queryString = $('#library-filters').serialize(); var term = _searchTrimInput($('#modal_search_query').val()); term+='&'+queryString; if(term.length > 0) { _sendAjax(projectID, term); } else { showError(2, 'Empty search term') } } if(document.getElementById('search_query_solr')) { run(); } </script> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header>  <main class="one-column version-2023"> <div id="content" class="container"> <div id="page_content_container" class="CMSCONTAINER row"> <div class="col"> <div class="article abstract"> <div class="row no-gutters header-block mb-1 align-items-end"> <div class="col-12 col-xl-5"> <div class="row d-xl-none mb-3"> <div class="col-12" > <div class="d-none d-lg-block articleBackLink"> <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/">Articles</a> | <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/issue5.html">Volume 11, issue 5</a> </div> <div class="tab co-angel-left d-md-none"></div> <div class="tab co-angel-right d-md-none"></div> <div class="mobile-citation"> <ul class="tab-navigation no-styling"> <li class="tab1.articlf active"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">Article</a></nobr></li><li class="tab3.discussioo"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-discussion.html">Peer review</a></nobr></li><li class="tab450.metrict"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-metrics.html">Metrics</a></nobr></li><li class="tab500.relationt"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-relations.html">Related articles</a></nobr></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none"> <span class="articleBackLink"><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/">Articles</a> | <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/issue5.html">Volume 11, issue 5</a> </span> <div class="citation-header" id="citation-content"> <div class="citation-doi">https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</div> <div class="citation-copyright">© Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under <br class="hide-on-mobile hide-on-tablet" />the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License.</div> </div> </div> <div class="hide-on-mobile hide-on-tablet"> <div class="citation-header"> <div class="citation-doi">https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</div> <div class="citation-copyright">© Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under <br class="hide-on-mobile hide-on-tablet" />the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-7 d-none d-xl-block"> <div class="text-right articleBackLink"> <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/">Articles</a> | <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/issue5.html">Volume 11, issue 5</a> </div> <div class="tab co-angel-left d-md-none"></div> <div class="tab co-angel-right d-md-none"></div> <div class="mobile-citation"> <ul class="tab-navigation no-styling"> <li class="tab1.articlf active"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">Article</a></nobr></li><li class="tab3.discussioo"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-discussion.html">Peer review</a></nobr></li><li class="tab450.metrict"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-metrics.html">Metrics</a></nobr></li><li class="tab500.relationt"><nobr><a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-relations.html">Related articles</a></nobr></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ms-type row no-gutters d-none d-lg-flex mb-1 mt-0 align-items-center"> <div class="col"> <div class="row no-gutters align-items-center"> <div class="col-auto"> </div> <div class="col"> <a target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" rel="license" class="licence-icon-svg"><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/2330012/13/ssl"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-auto text-right">11 Oct 2007</div> </div> <div class="ms-type row no-gutters d-lg-none mb-1 align-items-center"> <div class="col-12"> <a target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" rel="license" class="licence-icon-svg "><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/2330012/13/ssl"></a> | <span>11 Oct 2007</span> </div> </div> <h1>Updated world map of the K枚ppen-Geiger climate classification </h1> <div class="mb-3 authors-with-affiliations"> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author119012">M. C. Peel</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author119013">B. L. Finlayson</span>,</nobr> <nobr>and <span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author119014">T. A. McMahon</span></nobr> </div> <div class="modal fade author119012" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <h3 class="modal-title">M. C. Peel</h3> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 mb-3"> Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade author119013" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <h3 class="modal-title">B. L. Finlayson</h3> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 mb-3"> School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade author119014" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <h3 class="modal-title">T. A. McMahon</h3> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 mb-3"> Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p><strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir K枚ppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the K枚ppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the K枚ppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the K枚ppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world K枚ppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.</p> </div> <div id="oldMobileDownloadBox" class="widget dark-border hide-on-desktop download-and-links"> <div class="legend journal-contentLinkColor">Download & links</div> <div class="content"> <ul class="additional_info no-bullets no-styling"> <li> <a class="triangle" data-toggle=".box-notice" data-duration="300" title="PDF Version (1672 KB)" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf" > Article (PDF, 1672 KB) </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="content"> <ul class="additional_info no-bullets"> <li> <a class="triangle" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-supplement.zip">Supplement</a> <nobr>(6834 KB)</nobr> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="downloadBoxOneColumn" class="widget dark-border hide-on-desktop download-and-links"> <div class="legend journal-contentLinkColor">Download & links</div> <div class="content"> <ul class="additional_info no-bullets no-styling"> <li><a class="triangle" title="PDF Version (1672 KB)" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Article</a> <nobr>(1672 KB)</nobr> </li> <li> <a class="triangle" title="XML Version" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.xml">Metadata XML</a> </li> <li> <a class="triangle" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-supplement.zip">Supplement</a> <nobr>(6834 KB)</nobr> </li> <li><a class="triangle" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.bib">BibTeX</a></li> <li><a class="triangle" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.ris">EndNote</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="share" class="oneColumnShareMobileBox widget dark-border hide-on-desktop"> <div class="legend journal-contentLinkColor">Share</div> <div class="content row m-0 py-1"> <div class="col-auto pl-0"> <a class="share-one-line" href="https://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2F" title="Mendeley" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/mendeley.png" alt="Mendeley"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <a class="share-one-line" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2F" title="Reddit" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/reddit.png" alt="Reddit"> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <a class="share-one-line last" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2F" title="Twitter" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/twitter.png" alt="Twitter"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <a class="share-one-line" href="https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2F&t=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification" title="Facebook" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/facebook.png" alt="Facebook"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto pr-0"> <a class="share-one-line last" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2F&title=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/linkedin.png" alt="LinkedIn"> </a> </div> <div class="col pr-0 mobile-native-share"> <a href="#" data-title="Hydrology and Earth System Sciences" data-text="*Updated world map of the K枚ppen-Geiger climate classification* M. 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