Patologías en Cubiertas y Tejados y CTE

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</picture> </div> <div class="container text-white font-size-lg py-6 py-md-7 py-lg-8"> <h1> <div class="field field--name-field-seo-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Patologías en Cubiertas y Tejados y CTE</div> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="container pt-2 mb-2"> <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Sobrescribir enlaces de ayuda a la navegación</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/es">Profesional</a> </li> <li> Patologías en cubierta y CTE </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p> </p> <h1 style="margin-bottom: 11px;">Patologías de Cubiertas y Tejados</h1> <p>Las cubiertas inclinadas y los tejados pueden sufrir diversos problemas y patologías, aunque estas son <strong>menos habituales que en el caso de las cubiertas planas</strong>, de ahí que la normativa (CTE) requiera mantener un mantenimiento más frecuente en cubiertas planas que en las inclinadas. </p> <p>En relación al número y tipos de patologías en la edificación y, en concreto, sobre su impacto en las cubiertas inclinadas y planas, cabe mencionar el <a href="https://promotejado.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Ponencia-Fundaci%C3%B3n-MUSAAT.-Presentaci%C3%B3n-Promotejado.pdf" title="Patologías Edificación Musaat">análisis estadístico nacional sobre patologías en edificación</a> realizado por la fundación Mussat, del cual se puede extraer como conclusión las múltiples <strong>ventajas que ofrecen las cubiertas inclinadas frente a las cubiertas planas</strong> en términos de patologías, problemas y mantenimiento.</p> <p>La mayor parte de las <strong>patologías en cubierta inclinada</strong> son producidos por un reducido número de factores, y precisamente no es el paso del tiempo un elemento a considerar, sino que hay que tener en cuenta aspectos directamente imputables a la propia ejecución de la cubierta inclinada, como son la sujeción correcta de los elementos de cubrición, sean tejas o pizarra; la <strong>instalación de un buen sistema de impermeabilización</strong>, que garantice la estanqueidad a pesar de fallar la cobertura, y, un aspecto muy importante: la <strong>ventilación del tejado</strong>. Resulta fundamental tener en cuenta estos tres factores a la hora de construir o rehabilitar el tejado para evitar problemas a medio o, incluso, a corto plazo.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="Reparto del número de patologías en cubiertas inclinadas y planas informe Mussat" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="d2921a81-d121-4a17-8dae-6779e1889795" height="522" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/patologias-en-cubiertas-mussat.png" width="719" loading="lazy"></p> <p><strong>En Onduline somos expertos en la rehabilitación, impermeabilización y aislamiento de tejados y cubiertas.</strong> Llevamos más de 75 años trabajando en el campo de la impermeabilización de cubiertas inclinadas, diseñado sistemas que ayuden a proteger los tejados y cubiertas de las patologías que suelen producirse. </p> <p>A continuación, le ofrecemos una <strong>tabla</strong>, a modo de <strong>resumen</strong>, sobre las <strong>principales patologías, consecuencias y problemas que suelen surgir en las cubiertas inclinadas </strong>y, particularmente, en los tejados de teja cerámica, teja de hormigón y pizarra. </p> <div class="text-formatted__table"><table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Patologías</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Consecuencias</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Problemas</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Tejas desplazadas o rotas</p> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Filtraciones</p> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Goteras y humedades</p> <p>Deterioro de aislamiento: </p> <p>Disminuye su capacidad aislante</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Resolución incorrecta de instalaciones</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Falta de ventilación</p> </td> <td> <p>Condensaciones</p> </td> <td> <p>Deterioro de soportes:</p> <p>En cubiertas de madera, aparición de hongos.</p> <p>En forjados de hormigón oxidación de armaduras.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p> </p> <p>Las características de<strong> impermeabilidad, flexibilidad y el formato ondulado de las placas asfálticas </strong><a href="/profesionales/sistemas-cubierta-y-tejado/impermeabilizacion-tejados-bajo-teja/onduline-bajo-teja" title="Sistema Impermeabilización Tejado: Onduline Bajo Teja DRS">Onduline Bajo Teja DRS</a> aportan las <strong>soluciones necesarias a estos problemas.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><img alt="Sistema de impermeabilización de tejados ONDULINE BAJO TEJA" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="b5ded907-76a2-4629-be6e-a8e871eb6662" height="538" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/render-bajo-teja-con-tejas-y-lluvia.jpg" width="717" loading="lazy"></strong></p> <div class="text-formatted__table"><table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Patologías</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Soluciones</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>¿Por qué instalar Onduline Bajo Teja DRS?</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Tejas desplazadas o rotas</p> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Buen sistema de impermeabilización de tejado</p> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>El agua podrá superar la primera barrera formada por las tejas, pero no las placas asfálticas Onduline Bajo Teja DRS que protegerán a la cubierta de cualquier posible filtración</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Resolución incorrecta de instalaciones</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Deterioro de soportes, estabilidad dimensional de la cubierta y sus elementos</p> </td> <td> <p>Flexibilidad de la impermeabilización del tejado</p> </td> <td> <p>Las grietas producidas por asentamientos estructurales o por elementos con diferentes coeficientes de dilatación frente a cambios de temperatura se van a seguir produciendo, pero no aparecerán en las placas asfálticas Onduline Bajo Teja DRS, debido a su alta flexibilidad</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Falta de ventilación</p> </td> <td> <p>Formato ondulado de la impermeabilización del tejado</p> </td> <td> <p>El formato ondulado de las placas asfálticas Onduline Bajo Teja DRS genera una doble ventilación. Esta microventilación entre la teja y la impermeabilización y entre la impermeabilización y el aislamiento o soporte de cubierta, evita la aparición de condensaciones y humedades.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p>  </p> <h1>CTE: Cubierta Inclinada</h1> <p>Además de nuestra dilata experiencia en el sector, y de los estudios propios que hemos venido realizando a lo largo del tiempo, en los últimos quince años el sector de la construcción y la arquitectura ha sido testigo de un <strong>importante cambio normativo y regulador </strong>en España.</p> <p>Este cambio normativo, que empieza a ser palpable con la entrada en vigor de la Ley 38/1999 de 5 de noviembre de Ordenación de la Edificación, estuvo motivado por la <strong>necesidad de actualizar la reglamentación,</strong> profundamente obsoleta, definiendo las exigencias que deben cumplir los edificios en relación con los requisitos básicos de seguridad y habitabilidad.</p> <p>El resultado fue la publicación en 2006 del <a href="https://www.codigotecnico.org/index.html" title="Código Técnico Edificación: CTE">Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE)</a>, normativa que ha registrado numerosas actualizaciones hasta la fecha, y al que nos referiremos a continuación, dado que <strong>regula las condiciones de diseño de cubiertas inclinadas en materia de impermeabilización, aislamiento y ventilación de tejados,</strong> los factores fundamentales en los que nos centraremos a continuación.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="rehabilitacion-integral-de-cubierta-en-edificio-aduana-bilbao" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="78fef153-fcf8-49e5-a126-e55336384f03" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/rehabilitacion-integral-de-cubierta-en-edificio-aduana-bilbao.png" width="938" height="523" loading="lazy"></p> <p> </p> <p>En lo que se refiere a la ejecución de cubiertas inclinadas, las <strong>principales exigencias</strong> que nos fórmula el CTE son las siguientes:</p> <p><strong>1º Obligación de impermeabilizar el soporte de cubierta por debajo de unas pendientes mínimas</strong>, en función del tipo de teja utilizada.</p> <p><em>2.4.2 Condiciones de las soluciones constructivas (DB-HS)</em></p> <p>Las cubiertas <strong>deben </strong>disponer de los elementos siguientes: Una <strong>capa de impermeabilización cuando</strong> la cubierta sea <strong>plana o cuando sea inclinada</strong> y el sistema de formación de pendientes no tenga la pendiente exigida en la tabla 2.10 o el solape de las piezas de la protección sea insuficiente.</p> <div class="text-formatted__table"><table style="width: 419px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="width: 407px;"> <p><strong>Tabla 2.10 DB-HS: Pendientes cubierta inclinada</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"> <p>Teja</p> </td> <td style="width: 265px;"> <p>Teja curva</p> </td> <td style="width: 54px;"> <p>32%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 265px;"> <p>Teja mixta y plana monocanal</p> </td> <td style="width: 54px;"> <p>30%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 265px;"> <p>Teja plana marsellesa o alicantina</p> </td> <td style="width: 54px;"> <p>40%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 265px;"> <p>Teja plana con encaje</p> </td> <td style="width: 54px;"> <p>50%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Pizarra</p> </td> <td style="width: 265px;"> <p>Pizarra</p> </td> <td style="width: 54px;"> <p>60%</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p>  </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>2º Fijación mecánica del impermeabilizante cuando la pendiente sea superior al 15%.</strong></p> <p><em> 2.4.3.3 Capa de impermeabilización (DB-HS)</em></p> <p>Cuando la pendiente de la cubierta sea <strong>mayor del 15%</strong> deben utilizarse sistemas de impermeabilización de cubierta fijados <strong>mecánicamente</strong>. (El sistema de impermeabilización de tejados <a href="/profesionales/sistemas-cubierta-y-tejado/impermeabilizacion-tejados-bajo-teja/onduline-bajo-teja" title="Sistema Impermeabilización Tejado: Onduline Bajo Teja DRS">Onduline Bajo Teja DRS </a>siempre se fija mecánicamente al soporte de cubierta).</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="Fijacion mecanica del impermeabilizante en tejados Onduline Bajo Teja" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="cacfcf54-19d2-4c9a-a32d-6a243d20c8ca" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/fijacion-mecanica-del-impermeabilizante-en-tejados-onduline-bajo-teja.jpg" width="489" height="415" loading="lazy"></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>3º Alta resistencia al punzonamiento estático </strong>del elemento impermeabilizante (como son las placas asfálticas Onduline Bajo Teja DRS), o instalar una capa separadora entre la capa de protección y la capa de impermeabilización, cuando la impermeabilización de la cubierta tenga una resistencia pequeña al punzonamiento estático (como ocurre con las láminas impermeables transpirables).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>4º Existencia de una cámara de aire ventilada </strong>y situarse por la cara exterior del aislamiento térmico de la cubierta.</p> <p><em>2.4.3.3 Cámara de aire ventilada (DB-HS)</em></p> <p>Cuando se disponga de una cámara de aire, esta debe situarse en el lado exterior del aislamiento térmico de la cubierta y <strong>ventilarse </strong>mediante un conjunto de aberturas de tal forma que cumpla: 30 > Sc / Ac < 3</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="Sistema Integral de Cubierta Ligera y Ventilada ONDULINE" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="50659b6c-039e-4472-adc8-e50fd46d9bdf" height="504" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/render-sistema-integral-onduline.jpg" width="712" loading="lazy"></p> <p>El <strong>sistema de impermeabilización de tejados</strong> <a href="/profesionales/sistemas-cubierta-y-tejado/impermeabilizacion-tejados-bajo-teja/onduline-bajo-teja" title="Sistema Impermeabilización Tejados: Onduline Bajo Teja DRS">Onduline Bajo Teja DRS</a> siempre va fijado mecánicamente a la cubierta. Gracias a su gran capacidad impermeable, a su alta resistencia al desgarro, a su formato ondulado y a su colocación por encima del aislamiento de cubierta, lo protege y mantiene la ventilación del tejado, <strong>cumpliendo con la exigencia del CTE.</strong></p> <p> </p> <h1>CTE: Aislamiento Cubierta y Tejado</h1> <p>Además de las exigencias del CTE en materia de impermeabilización de cubierta y tejado, la normativa también estipula unas condiciones mínimas en lo que al <strong>aislamiento térmico de cubierta y tejado</strong> se refiere. Cabe mencionar que, precisamente, la normativa sobre el aislamiento térmico en edificación sufrió un importante cambio en 2013 con la actualización del Documento Básico DB-HE Ahorro de Energía.</p> <p>La actualización recogida en el DB-HE1 "Limitación de la demanda energética" destaca por el notable <strong>aumento de los espesores de aislamiento térmico en cubiertas y tejados,</strong> llegando en algunas zonas climáticas incluso a duplicarse. Por este motivo, para facilitar el cumplimiento de las exigencias del CTE, en Onduline duplicamos los espesores de nuestra gama de <a href="/profesionales/sistemas-cubierta-y-tejado/aislamiento-tejado-y-cubierta/panel-sandwich-madera-ondutherm" title="Panel Sándwich Madera para Cubierta ONDUTHERM">panel sándwich de madera para cubierta ONDUTHERM</a>, fabricando <strong>paneles sándwich con espesores de aislamiento térmico de más de 20 cm.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="Mapa Zona climática España CTE" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="4cb3ea11-5a93-4aa7-85ba-ed09cea7f544" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/mapa-zona-climatica-espana-cte.png" width="686" height="556" loading="lazy"></p> <p> </p> <p>A continuación, se muestra una tabla orientativa con los espesores en cm del aislamiento térmico en cubierta y tejado (λ = 0.036 W/m.K) según el DB-HE1-2013. </p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="Valores orientativos espesor aislamiento térmico según CTE" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="1524102b-7c65-4516-964d-8f2518a65116" height="264" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/valores-orientativos-espesor-aislamiento-termico-segun-cte.png" width="727" loading="lazy"></p> <p> </p> <p>El diseño de cubiertas inclinadas con los espesores recogidos en esta tabla no garantiza el cumplimiento de la exigencia, aunque si <strong>deberían ayudarle a aproximarse a este</strong>. Se deberán utilizar los programas de cálculo que garanticen que la solución cumple con las exigencias de transmitancia térmica. En el caso de necesitar cualquier tipo de orientación <a href="/profesionales/contacto-profesionales" title="Contacto con Onduline">puede ponerse en contacto con nuestro Departamento Técnico</a>.</p> <p>El motivo principal de este aumento tan significativo en los espesores de aislamiento térmico en cubierta y fachada, es acercarse al objetivo marcado por la Directiva de Eficiencia Energética de Edificios en cuanto a que todos <strong>los edificios que se construyan a partir de 2020 deberán ser edificios de consumo de energético casi nulo</strong>. Precisamente, en relación al cumplimiento de la citada Directiva Europea, se ha publicado recientemente en el Boletín Oficial del Estado de 27 de diciembre de 2019, el Real Decreto 732/2019 de 20 de diciembre, por el que se <strong>vuelve a modificar el Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE).</strong></p> <p>El Real Decreto incorpora como Anejo I un nuevo Documento Básico de Ahorro de Energía, como Anejo II una nueva Sección “Protección frente a la exposición al radón” del Documento Básico de Salubridad, modifica la Parte I del Código Técnico con la incorporación de la nueva exigencia básica de salubridad HS6 “Protección frente a la exposición al radón”, e introduce una modificación puntual del Documento Básico de Seguridad en Caso de Incendio en la sección SI2 de “Propagación exterior”. A su vez, el Real Decreto realiza una actualización de las normas técnicas referenciadas en todos los Documentos Básicos salvo el Documento Básico DB-SE- AE Acciones en la Edificación y el Documento Básico DB-SE- A Acero.</p> <p>Para <a href="https://www.codigotecnico.org/index.php/menu-ahorro-energia.html" title="Apartado Documentos CTE Ahorro Energía">descargar el nuevo Documento Básico DB-HE “Ahorro de Energía” pulse aquí.</a></p> <h1> </h1> <h1>SIATE: Sistema Impermeabilización y Aislamiento Térmico Exterior de Cubierta y Tejado</h1> <p>El <a href="/profesionales/sistemas-cubierta-y-tejado/aislamiento-tejado-y-cubierta/siate-cubierta-onduline" title="Sistema SIATE Cubierta Onduline: Aislamiento e Impermeabilización de Tejado">Sistema SIATE de Cubierta Onduline</a> se desarrolló con el objetivo de <strong>facilitar el aislamiento térmico de cubiertas y tejados y ayudar a cumplir el CTE, </strong>mejorando los sistemas tradicionales existentes de aislamiento de cubiertas, para aportar unas prestaciones superiores en cuanto a aislamiento, impermeabilización, ventilación y garantías de durabilidad.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="Sistema SIATE de Cubierta Onduline para el aislamiento e impermeabilización de tejados" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="2becbdd3-4b20-4890-a70d-150b51a1fac0" height="427" src="/sites/onduline_es/files/inline-images/perspectiva-sistema-siate-de-cubierta-onduline-aislamiento-e-impermeabilizacion-tejado-forjado-hormigon-y-teja-mixta.jpg" width="777" loading="lazy"></p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="page-push bg-primary text-white"> <div class="container"> <div class="push"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="page__footer bg-dark onduline_footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container footer"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <div class="col-12 col-md-3 text-center text-sm-start"> <svg width="196" height="36" viewBox="0 0 196 36" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g 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