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Representing the living orders: [[Eulipotyphla]], [[Chiroptera]], [[Carnivora]], [[Pholidota]], [[Artiodactyla]] and [[Perissodactyla]], comprising Laurasiatheria. |taxon = Laurasiatheria |authority = Waddell et al., 1999<ref name="Waddell1999">{{Cite journal |last1=Waddell |first1=Peter J. |last2=Okada |first2=Norihiro |last3=Hasegawa |first3=Masami |doi=10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1 |title=Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals |journal=[[Systematic Biology]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=1999 |pmid=12078634 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = Subgroups |subdivision = * ''Clade'': [[Scrotifera]] * Order: [[Eulipotyphla]] |synonyms = * Eurasiatheria {{small|(Matsui & Pyenson, 2023)}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Matsui |first1=K. |last2=Pyenson |first2=N. D. |year=2023 |title=New evidence for the antiquity of ''Desmostylus'' (Desmostylia) from the Skooner Gulch Formation of California |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |at=221648 |doi=10.1098/rsos.221648 |bibcode=2023RSOS...1021648M |doi-access=free|pmid=37325600 |pmc=10264998 }}</ref> * Hoplopoda {{small|(Goldfuss, 1820)}} * Laurasiaplacentalia {{small|(Arnason, 2008)}}<ref>Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008.) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1–2):37–51</ref> }} '''Laurasiatheria''' ({{IPAc-en|l|O:|r|%|eI|Z|@|ˈ|θ|ɪər|i|ə|,_|-|θ|Er|i|ə}}; "Laurasian beasts") is a [[superorder]] of [[Placentalia|placental mammals]] that groups together true insectivores ([[eulipotyphla]]ns), bats ([[chiroptera]]ns), [[carnivora]]ns, pangolins ([[Pholidota|pholidotes]]), even-toed ungulates ([[Artiodactyla|artiodactyls]]), odd-toed ungulates ([[Perissodactyla|perissodactyls]]), and all their extinct relatives. From [[systematics]] and [[phylogenetic]] perspectives, it is subdivided into order Eulipotyphla and clade [[Scrotifera]].<ref name="Waddell1999"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nikaido, M. |author2=Rooney, A. P. |author3=Okada, N. |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=96 |issue=18 |pages=10261–10266 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.18.10261 |pmid=10468596 |pmc=17876|bibcode=1999PNAS...9610261N|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Groves2011">{{cite book |author1=Groves, Colin |author2=Grubb, Peter |title=Ungulate Taxonomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC&pg=PA27 |date=1 November 2011 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |page=27 |oclc=708357723}}</ref> It is a sister group to [[Euarchontoglires]] with which it forms the magnorder [[Boreoeutheria]]. Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of the [[Molecular phylogenetics|similar gene sequences]] shared by the mammals belonging to it; no [[Anatomy|anatomical]] features have yet been found that unite the group, although a few have been suggested such as a small coracoid process, a simplified hindgut (reversed in artiodactyls), high intelligence, lack of grasping hands (though mimicry of grasping is observed in felines) and allantoic vessels that are large to moderate in size.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals |journal=Science |date=2013 |volume=339 |issue=6120 |doi=10.1126/science.1229237 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1229237|hdl=11336/7302 |hdl-access=free |last1=O'Leary |first1=Maureen A. |last2=Bloch |first2=Jonathan I. |last3=Flynn |first3=John J. |last4=Gaudin |first4=Timothy J. |last5=Giallombardo |first5=Andres |last6=Giannini |first6=Norberto P. |last7=Goldberg |first7=Suzann L. |last8=Kraatz |first8=Brian P. |last9=Luo |first9=Zhe-Xi |last10=Meng |first10=Jin |last11=Ni |first11=Xijun |last12=Novacek |first12=Michael J. |last13=Perini |first13=Fernando A. |last14=Randall |first14=Zachary S. |last15=Rougier |first15=Guillermo W. |last16=Sargis |first16=Eric J. |last17=Silcox |first17=Mary T. |last18=Simmons |first18=Nancy B. |last19=Spaulding |first19=Michelle |last20=Velazco |first20=Paúl M. |last21=Weksler |first21=Marcelo |last22=Wible |first22=John R. |last23=Cirranello |first23=Andrea L. |pages=662–667 |pmid=23393258 |bibcode=2013Sci...339..662O |s2cid=206544776 }}</ref> The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and [[retrotransposon]] [[Retrotransposon Marker|presence/absence data]]. The superorder originated on the northern [[supercontinent]] of [[Laurasia]], after it split from [[Gondwana]] when [[Pangaea]] broke up.<ref name="Waddell1999"/> Its [[Most recent common ancestor|last common ancestor]] is supposed to have lived between ca. 76 to 90 million years ago.<ref name="dosReis2012">{{Cite journal |last1=dos Reis |first1=Mario |last2=Inoue |first2=Jun |last3=Hasegawa |first3=Masami |last4=Asher |first4=Robert J. |last5=Donoghue |first5=Philip C. J. |last6=Yang |first6=Ziheng |date=7 September 2012 |title=Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=279 |issue=1742 |pages=3491–3500 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3396900 |pmid=22628470}}</ref><ref name="Zhou2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Xuming |last2=Xu |first2=Shixia |last3=Xu |first3=Junxiao |last4=Chen |first4=Bingyao |last5=Zhou |first5=Kaiya |last6=Yang |first6=Guang |date=1 January 2012 |title=Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals |url= |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=150–64 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |issn=1063-5157 |pmc=3243735 |pmid=21900649}}</ref> == Etymology == The name of this superorder derives from the theory that this group of mammals originated on the supercontinent of [[Laurasia]].<ref name="Waddell1999"/> In contrast, extinct primitive mammals called [[Gondwanatheria]] existed in the supercontinent of [[Gondwana]]. == Classification and phylogeny == === History of phylogeny=== [[File:OrthoMaM v10b 2019 116genera circular tree.svg|thumb|right|Phylogenetic position of laurasiatherians (in green) among placentals in a genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509 [[Coding region|coding DNA sequences]].<ref name=Scornavacca2019>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scornavacca C, Belkhir K, Lopez J, Dernat R, Delsuc F, Douzery EJ, Ranwez V |title=OrthoMaM v10: Scaling-up orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=861–862 |date=April 2019 |pmid=30698751 |pmc=6445298 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msz015 }}</ref> The other major clades are colored: [[marsupials]] (magenta), [[xenarthra]]ns (orange), [[afrotheria]]ns (red), and [[Euarchontoglires]] (blue).]] Uncertainty still exists regarding the [[phylogenetic tree]] for extant laurasiatherians, primarily due to disagreement about the placement of orders [[Bat|Chiroptera]] and [[Perissodactyla]]. Based on morphological grounds, bats (order Chiroptera) had long been classified in the superorder [[Archonta]] (e.g. along with [[primate]]s, [[treeshrew]]s and the gliding [[colugo]]s) until genetic research instead showed their kinship with the other laurasiatheres.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pumo |first1=Dorothy E. |last2=Finamore |first2=Peter S. |last3=Franek |first3=William R. |last4=Phillips |first4=Carleton J. |last5=Tarzami |first5=Sima |last6=Balzarano |first6=Darlene |doi=10.1007/PL00006430 |title=Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neotropical Fruit Bat, ''Artibeus jamaicensis'', and a New Hypothesis of the Relationships of Bats to Other Eutherian Mammals |journal=[[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=709–717 |year=1998 |pmid=9847413 |bibcode=1998JMolE..47..709P |s2cid=22900642}}</ref> The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as order Eulipotyphla in the clade [[Insectiphillia]]. Two 2013 studies retrieve that bats, [[pangolin]]s, [[carnivora]]ns and [[Euungulata|euungulates]] form a clade [[Scrotifera]], indicating that Eulipotyphla might be the sister group to all other Laurasiatheria taxa.<ref name="Tsagkogeorga2013">{{cite journal |last1=Tsagkogeorga |first1=G |last2=Parker |first2=J |last3=Stupka |first3=E. |last4=Cotton |first4=J. A. |last5=Rossiter |first5=S. J. |year=2013 |title=Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats |journal=Current Biology |volume=23 |issue=22 |pages=2262–2267 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 |pmid=24184098 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2013CBio...23.2262T }}</ref><ref name="Morgan2013">{{cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=C. C. |last2=Foster |first2=P. G. |last3=Webb |first3=A. E. |last4=Pisani |first4=D. |last5=McInerney |first5=J. O. |last6=O'Connell |first6=M. J. |year=2013 |title=Heterogeneous models place the root of the placental mammal phylogeny |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=30 |issue=9 |pages=2145–2256 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mst117 |pmid=23813979 |pmc=3748356}}</ref> Laurasiatheria is also posited to include several extinct orders and superorders. At least some of these are considered [[wastebasket taxon|wastebasket taxa]], historically lumping together several lineages based on superficial attributes and assumed relations to modern mammals. In some cases, these orders have turned out to either be [[paraphyletic]] assemblages, or to be composed of mammals now understood not to be laurasiatheres at all. * [[Condylarthra]] (paraphyletic in relation to true ungulates, possibly polyphyletic since some forms may be [[Afrotheria|afrotheres]] or even non-[[placental]] [[eutheria]]ns) * [[Creodonta]] (order closely related to Carnivora, now polyphyletic and split in two orders: [[Hyaenodonta]] and [[Oxyaenidae|Oxyaenodonta]]) * [[Dinocerata]] (natural order suggested to be closely related to ungulates)<ref>Burger, Benjamin J., (2015.) "The systematic position of the saber-toothed and horned giants of the Eocene: the Uintatheres (order Dinocerata)", Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, Utah</ref> * [[Meridiungulata]] (Collagen sequences found in ''[[Macrauchenia]]'' and ''[[Toxodon]]'' indicate this to be the [[sister taxon]] to perissodactyls, though in recent studies this clade was found to be polyphyletic)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avilla |first1=Leonardo S. |last2=Mothé |first2=Dimila |date=2021 |title=Out of Africa: A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |language=English |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.654302 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Mesonychia]] (natural clade, though several members, such as genus ''[[Andrewsarchus]]'', are now thought to belong in other groups) === Taxonomy === * Superorder: '''Laurasiatheria''' {{small|(Waddell, 1999)}} ** ''Clade'': [[Scrotifera]] {{small|(Waddell, 1999)}} ** Order: [[Eulipotyphla]] {{small|(Waddell, 1999)}} (true insectivores) == See also == * [[Mammal classification]] * [[Boreoeutheria]] * [[Gondwanatheria]] – a clade of [[Mammaliaformes]] named after supercontinent of [[Gondwana]] == References == {{Reflist|2}} === Further reading === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=William J. |last2=Eizirik |first2=Eduardo |last3=O'Brien |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Madsen |first4=Ole |last5=Scally |first5=Mark |last6=Douady |first6=Christophe J. |last7=Teeling |first7=Emma |last8=Ryder |first8=Oliver A. |last9=Stanhope |first9=Michael J. |last10=de Jong |first10=Wilfried W. |last11=Springer |first11=Mark S. |title=Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics |doi=10.1126/science.1067179 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=294 |issue=5550 |pages=2348–2351 |year=2001 |pmid=11743200 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2348M |s2cid=34367609}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Springer |first1=Mark S. |last2=Murphy |first2=William J. |last3=Eizirik |first3=Eduardo |last4=O'Brien |first4=Stephen J. |title=Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary |doi=10.1073/pnas.0334222100 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=1056–1061 |year=2003 |pmid=12552136 |pmc=298725 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.1056S|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wildman |first1=Derek E. |last2=Chen |first2=Caoyi |last3=Erez |first3=Offer |last4=Grossman |first4=Lawrence I. |last5=Goodman |first5=Morris |last6=Romero |first6=Roberto |title=Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis |doi=10.1073/pnas.0511344103 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=103 |issue=9 |pages=3203–3208 |year=2006 |pmid=16492730 |pmc=1413940 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.3203W|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kriegs |first1=Jan Ole |last2=Churakov |first2=Gennady |last3=Kiefmann |first3=Martin |last4=Jordan |first4=Ursula |last5=Brosius |first5=Jürgen |last6=Schmitz |first6=Jürgen |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 |title=Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals |journal=[[PLOS Biology]] |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e91 |year=2006 |pmid=16515367 |pmc=1395351 |doi-access=free }}{{open access}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Nikolaev |first1=Sergey |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |last3=Margulies |first3=Elliott H. |author4=NISC Comparative Sequencing Program |last5=Rougemont |first5=Jacques |last6=Nyffeler |first6=Bruno |last7=Antonarakis |first7=Stylianos E. |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002 |title=Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data |journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e2 |year=2007 |pmid=17206863 |pmc=1761045 |doi-access=free }}{{open access}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kitazoe |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Kishino |first2=Hirohisa |last3=Waddell |first3=Peter J. |last4=Nakajima |first4=Noriaki |last5=Okabayashi |first5=Takahisa |last6=Watabe |first6=Teruaki |last7=Okuhara |first7=Yoshiyasu |editor1-last=Hahn |editor1-first=Matthew |title=Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000384 |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=e384 |year=2007 |pmid=17440620 |pmc=1849890 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..384K|doi-access=free }}{{open access}} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x |title=Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups |year=2009 |last1=Goloboff |first1=Pablo A. |last2=Catalano |first2=Santiago A. |last3=Mirande |first3=J. Marcos |last4=Szumik |first4=Claudia A. |last5=Arias |first5=J. Salvador |last6=Källersjö |first6=Mari |last7=Farris |first7=James S. |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=211–230 |pmid=34879616 |s2cid=84401375 |doi-access=free|hdl=11336/78055 |hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Churakov |first1=G. |last2=Kriegs |first2=J. O. |last3=Baertsch |first3=R. |last4=Zemann |first4=A. |last5=Brosius |first5=J. R. |last6=Schmitz |first6=J. R. |doi=10.1101/gr.090647.108 |title=Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals |journal=[[Genome Research]] |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=868–875 |year=2009 |pmid=19261842 |pmc=2675975}} {{Refend}} ==External links== * {{Wikispecies-inline|Laurasiatheria}} {{Mammals}} {{Portal bar|Mammals}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q27379}} [[Category:Laurasiatheria| ]] [[Category:Mammal taxonomy]] [[Category:Mammal superorders]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:;" title="Template:;">Template:;</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:;&action=edit" title="Template:;">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicise_rank" title="Template:Anglicise 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