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href="#Pa_Gur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i><span><i>Pa Gur</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pa_Gur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthur_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthur_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arthur stories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arthur_stories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arthur stories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arthur_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Li_Romanz_des_Franceis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li_Romanz_des_Franceis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i><span><i>Li Romanz des Franceis</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li_Romanz_des_Franceis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_und_Amande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_und_Amande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i><span><i>Manuel und Amande</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_und_Amande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgate_Merlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgate_Merlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vulgate <i>Merlin</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgate_Merlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeran_de_Bretagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeran_de_Bretagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i><span><i>Galeran de Bretagne</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeran_de_Bretagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_heroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_heroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other heroes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_heroes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other heroes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_heroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rainouart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainouart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rainouart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainouart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ogier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ogier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ogier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ogier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triads_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triads_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.1</span> <span>Triads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triads_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_Man_is_the_Porter?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_Man_is_the_Porter?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.2</span> <span><i>What Man is the Porter?</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_Man_is_the_Porter?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Li_Romanz_des_Franceis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li_Romanz_des_Franceis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.3</span> <span><i><span><i>Li Romanz des Franceis</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li_Romanz_des_Franceis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bataille_Loquifer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bataille_Loquifer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.4</span> <span><i><span><i>Bataille Loquifer</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bataille_Loquifer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_und_Amande_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_und_Amande_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.5</span> <span><i><span><i>Manuel und Amande</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_und_Amande_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgate_Merlin_Continuation_/_Livre_d'Artus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgate_Merlin_Continuation_/_Livre_d'Artus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.6</span> <span>Vulgate <i>Merlin Continuation</i> / <span><i>Livre d'Artus</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgate_Merlin_Continuation_/_Livre_d'Artus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_English_prose_Merlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_English_prose_Merlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.7</span> <span>Middle English prose <i>Merlin</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_English_prose_Merlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cath Palug</i></span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A monstrous cat in Welsh legend</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat---Black---Moertel---(Gentry).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg/220px-Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg/330px-Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg/440px-Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>French sources describe it as a small <a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">black cat</a> that turns into monster</figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cath Palug</i></span></b> (also <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cath Paluc</i></span>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cath Balug</i></span>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cath Balwg</i></span>, literally 'Palug's Cat') was a monstrous cat in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a>. Given birth to in <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></span></span> by the pig <a href="/wiki/Henwen" title="Henwen">Henwen</a> of Cornwall, the cat was to haunt the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Anglesey" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Anglesey">Isle of Anglesey</a> until <a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a> went to the island to hunt it down. Outside of Wales, the cat's opponent has been transposed to <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> himself or, occasionally, other legendary heroes such as <a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier the Dane</a>. Cath Palug's name in French literature is <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chapalu</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and variant modern forms: <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Capalu</i></span>, <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Capalus</i></span>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Welsh name <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cat Palug</i></span> may mean "scratching cat", but this is just one of a range of possible meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">palug</i></span> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">paluc</i></span>) is theorized to have a common <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pal-</i></span> stem, which may mean: 'hit, strike', 'cut, lop', 'scratch, claw',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952130–131_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952130–131-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even 'dig, pierce'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chapalu</i></span>, the French form can be broken down into <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chat</i></span> 'cat' + <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">palu</i></span> 'bog', hence 'the bog cat'. In an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> poem (see <a href="#Li_Romanz_des_Franceis">§<i>Li Romanz des Franceis</i></a>), Chapalu and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">palu</i></span> are connected in the story (the words are end-rhymed in the couplet).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquatic_nature">Aquatic nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aquatic nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cath Palug is always localised nearby water, such as the lakes of <a href="/wiki/Lac_du_Bourget" title="Lac du Bourget">Lac du Bourget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> in France, the sea in Wales. One story describes it as some sort of fish-cat.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monstrous cat of <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, which was the analogue in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Cycle">Vulgate <i>Merlin</i></a> started out as a black kitten caught by a fisherman in his net.<sup id="cite_ref-pickens-tr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickens-tr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh_sources">Welsh sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Welsh sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cath Palug is mentioned in just two works among early Welsh sources, the triads and a fragmentary poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triads">Triads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Triads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cath Palug's birth origins are given in "The Powerful Swineherds" in the Welsh Triads (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Trioedd_Ynys_Prydein" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioedd Ynys Prydein">Trioedd Ynys Prydein</a></i></span>, end of the 13th century). According to this source, it started life as a kitten (lit "whelp"), given birth by the great white sow <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henwen" title="Henwen">Henwen</a></span></span> at the black rock in <a href="/wiki/Llanfair-is-gaer" title="Llanfair-is-gaer">Llanfair</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfair-is-gaer" class="extiw" title="cy:Llanfair-is-gaer">cy</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There the kitten was cast into the sea, but it crossed the <a href="/wiki/Menai_Strait" title="Menai Strait">Menai Strait</a> and was found on <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Ynys Môn</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>), where the sons of <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Palug</span></span> raised it, not realizing the cat was to become one of the three great plagues of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich201450–58,_473–476_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich201450–58,_473–476-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pa_Gur"><i><span title="Middle Welsh-language text"><i lang="wlm">Pa Gur</i></span></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pa Gur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cath Palug was fought and slain by Cai (<a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a>), or so it is implied, in the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> poem <span title="Middle Welsh-language text"><i lang="wlm"><a href="/wiki/Pa_gur" title="Pa gur">Pa Gur yv y Porthaur</a></i></span> found in the <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Llyfr_Du_Caerfyrddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin">Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin</a></i></span></i> (<i>The Black Book of Carmarthen</i>, written before 1250).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kay had gone to destroy <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">lleown</i></span> (possibly meaning 'lions') in <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Môn</span></span> (Anglesey). In the encounter, nine scores (180) warriors have been killed by the cat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peniarth_MS_1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peniarth_MS_1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fragmentary poem states that Kay's shield is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mynud</i></span> against the cat, which has been construed in various ways,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but plausibly interpreted as "polished against Palug's cat".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> story in the Lambeth manuscript,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Arthur raises a shield (presumably mirrored) causing the cats to attack their own shadows reflected in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198586–87_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198586–87-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arthur_stories">Arthur stories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arthur stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Chapalu</i></span> (<span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Capalu</i></span>) is the equivalent monster in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and Anglo-Norman sources.<sup id="cite_ref-palug-connection_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palug-connection-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several works relate a battle between Chapalu (or an anonymous monster cat) with <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> himself, rather than with his knight Kay. Sometimes the beast wins, sometimes Arthur wins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014474–475_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014474–475-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the works only speak of an anonymous cat or cats, but are considered examples of Chapalu encounters by commentators, due to the parallels.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899354–357_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899354–357-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weston-rev-freymond_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weston-rev-freymond-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cat of Lausanne (Losan) that Arthur fights in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Cycle">Vulgate Cycle</a> is a notable example of the cat not being named. </p><p>The king is the victor in the Vulgate <i>Merlin</i> and in a Middle-English romance in the Lambert ms. noted above. His defeat is noted in several romances that are essentially non-Arthurian, but can be viewed as a French joke against the English, although some researchers believed some genuine tradition of an alternative death of Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198589_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198589-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest chivalric romance in Spanish, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Knight_Zifar" title="Book of the Knight Zifar">The Book of the Knight Zifar</a></i> speaks of a perilous situation figuratively, as tantamount to King Arthur facing the <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">Gato Paul</i></span>, which is considered a reference to Arthur fighting the monstrous cat.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harney_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harney-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fight between Arthur and Cath Palug is figured on a mosaic at <a href="/wiki/Otranto_Cathedral" title="Otranto Cathedral">Otranto Cathedral</a> in Italy. The creature believed to represent the Cath Palug is a spotted feline, seeming to attack King Arthur (labeled <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rex Arturus</i></span>) mounted on some horned animal, wearing a crown, and holding a club (or sceptre).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198996_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel198996-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crown on Arthur and the horns on the mounting beast appear to be artefacts of the restorer, based on preserved drawings of the mosaic from earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel1989101_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel1989101-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Li_Romanz_des_Franceis"><i><span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">Li Romanz des Franceis</i></span></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Li Romanz des Franceis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 13th century, the Anglo-Norman poet André de Coutance rebuked the French for having written a vindictive poem (or poems<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) describing King Arthur's death by a cat. André indignantly added that this was an utter lie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_pp._ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_pp._ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This passage in André's work <i><span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">Li Romanz des Franceis</i></span></i> (<i>The Romance of the French</i>) has been excerpted and commented in various studies.<sup id="cite_ref-paris&nutt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris&nutt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-novati&wheatley_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novati&wheatley-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588–89_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588–89-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> André's short résumé of the French work was that Chapalu kicked Arthur into a bog, afterwards killed Arthur, swam to England and became king in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuel_und_Amande"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Manuel und Amande</i></span></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manuel und Amande"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A French original is thought to have existed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._236_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._236-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the fragmentary, <a href="/wiki/Middle_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle German">Middle German</a> poem <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">Manuel und Amande</i></span></i> written between 1170 and the beginning of the 13th century. It implies that slain by a sort of a "fish-cat",<sup id="cite_ref-gatto-pesce_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatto-pesce-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or strictly according to the text, it was a fish which at the same time "had the form of a cat (<span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">katze gestalt</i></span>)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZingerle1882297–307_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZingerle1882297–307-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._ccxxxvi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._ccxxxvi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was considered to be a work in the same tradition as the French works that told of Arthur's dishonorable demise, such as polemicized against by André.<sup id="cite_ref-palug-connection_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palug-connection-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-novati&wheatley_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novati&wheatley-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paris&nutt_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris&nutt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulgate_Merlin">Vulgate <i>Merlin</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vulgate Merlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 13th-century <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">L'Estoire de Merlin</i></span> (<i>The Story of Merlin</i>), a man fishing in the lake of Lausanne swears that he will dedicate to God the first creature that he catches, but fails to keep his oath. At the third cast of his line he catches a black kitten, which he takes home, only for it to grow to gigantic proportions. The giant cat then kills the fisherman and his entire family, and subsequently any traveller unwise enough to come near the lake. It is finally slain by Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer1908440–444_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer1908440–444-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pickens-tr_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickens-tr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galeran_de_Bretagne"><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Galeran de Bretagne</i></span></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Galeran de Bretagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Galeran_de_Bretagne" title="Galeran de Bretagne">Galeran de Bretagne</a></i></span></i> (<i>Galeran of Brittany</i>, written in the 13th century) is another work that refers to Arthur's combat with the cat. According to the summary given by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Freymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Freymond (page does not exist)">Emile Freymond</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Freymond" class="extiw" title="de:Emile Freymond">de</a>]</span> (and by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a>), Galeran of Brittany beats his German opponent Guynant, and the latter tries to rile up the Breton by repeating the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">contrueve</i></span> ('idle lie') that the great cat killed Arthur in a pitched battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond189925–26_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond189925–26-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g_paris-rev-freyomnd_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g_paris-rev-freyomnd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some issue of dissent regarding this interpretation. The text can be read in the converse, so that the German knight says Arthur had killed the cat. Freymond noted that while this was grammatically possible, it was not an allowable interpretation in the context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899p._25,_note_2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899p._25,_note_2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paris agreed on this point.<sup id="cite_ref-g_paris-rev-freyomnd_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g_paris-rev-freyomnd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, John Beston (2008) translated the portion at issue as "the proverb about King Arthur killing the cat".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_heroes">Other heroes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other heroes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapalu is encountered by heroes from the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlemagne cycle">Charlemagne cycle</a>, in either late interpolations or later prose sequels to the original <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainouart">Rainouart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rainouart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapalu is fought by the knight Rainouart in a late version of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Bataille_Loquifer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Bataille Loquifer (page does not exist)"><i>La Bataille Loquifer</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bataille_Loquifer" class="extiw" title="fr:La Bataille Loquifer">fr</a>]</span></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume d'Orange">Guillaume d'Orange</a> cycle (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane" title="La Geste de Garin de Monglane">La Geste de Garin de Monglane</a></i></span></i>). The epic originally written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1170</span> did not contain the episode, but a late-13th century interpolation to it introduced Arthurian elements.<sup id="cite_ref-larrington_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larrington-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extract containing the Chapalu portion was published by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Le_Roux_de_Lincy" title="Antoine Le Roux de Lincy">Antoine Le Roux de Lincy</a> in 1836;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paulin Paris wrote summaries based on a different manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapalu here was the son born after the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">lutin</a></i></span> Gringalet<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raped the fée (fairy) Brunehold<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while she bathed in the fountain of Oricon. Although Chapalu was beautiful, his mother could not bear her shame and turned him into a hideously shaped monster, and this curse could only be lifted when he has sucked a few drops of Rainouart's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leglu_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leglu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of Chapalu after his metamorphosis was that he had a cat's head with red eyes,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a horse's body, a griffon's talons (or dragon's feet),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a lion's tail.<sup id="cite_ref-leglu_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leglu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836253_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836253-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainouart is then brought to <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> by three fairies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852535_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852535-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Arthur the king of Avalon commands Chapalu to fight this newcomer. In the ensuing battle, Chapalu laps some blood from his opponent's heel, and his human form is restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852536–537_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852536–537-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leglu_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leglu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ogier">Ogier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ogier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier the Dane</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Outremeuse" title="Jean d'Outremeuse">Jean d'Outremeuse</a>'s <i>Ly Myreur des Histors</i> where he fights Chapalu that turns out to be the metamorphosis of his <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a> Benoit, or else the monster from which Benoit's soul must be liberated.<sup id="cite_ref-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loomis1937_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loomis1937-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barnett1971_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnett1971-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative is similar to Renoart's Avalon adventure in <i>La Bataille Loquifer</i>, <sup id="cite_ref-loomis1937_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loomis1937-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is "no doubt" Jean knew the chanson in question.<sup id="cite_ref-barnett1971_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnett1971-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Myreur</i>, Ogier was traveling in the year 896 to succor Guillaume d'Orange when he was shipwrecked with his horse Passevent on an isle (Ysle de Trist, nine days sailing from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>), and combats with Chapalu (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Capalu</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-loomis1937_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loomis1937-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fight ensues between Ogier and beasts, including Chapalu, but this is actually Ogier's squire Benoit (or his soul) trapped in monster form due to enchantment, and Ogier is required to tap the creature between the eyes to lift the curse. Ogier subsequently fights Arthur and <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>, until Arthur's sister <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan</a> is summoned by her son <a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Auberon</a> (Alberon) to stop the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-loomis1937_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loomis1937-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar narrative is incorporated into late reworked versions of the Ogier romance, except Gawain goes without mention.<sup id="cite_ref-loomis1937_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loomis1937-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reworkings (or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">rifacimenti</i></span>) exist in decasyllabic form (Rifacimento A) and alexandrines (B).<sup id="cite_ref-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decasyllabic <i>Roman d'Ogier</i> (c. 1310) summarized by Knut Togeby, and here too, the capalu was a knight transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">lutin</a> by the fées, and he offers to become Ogier's squire.<sup id="cite_ref-togeby_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-togeby-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dent_du_Chat_@_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_(51044082087).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dent_du_Chat_%40_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_%2851044082087%29.jpg/220px-Dent_du_Chat_%40_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_%2851044082087%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dent_du_Chat_%40_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_%2851044082087%29.jpg/330px-Dent_du_Chat_%40_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_%2851044082087%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dent_du_Chat_%40_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_%2851044082087%29.jpg/440px-Dent_du_Chat_%40_Sentier_p%C3%A9destre_%22Au_fil_de_l%27eau%22_%2851044082087%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dent_du_Chat" title="Dent du Chat">Dent du Chat</a> ('cat's tooth') peak of the Mont du Chat linked with the legend in popular folklore</figcaption></figure> <p>The legend's fight between Arthur and the devil cat of the Lake of Lausanne (in present-day Switzerland) is now considered to have been located at the <a href="/wiki/Col_du_Chat" title="Col du Chat">Col du Chat</a> ('cat pass') in the <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a> region of France near Lake Bourget. This conforms with the account in the <i>Estoire de Merlin</i> that Arthur, in order to commemorate his victory over the cat, renamed a place that was called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont du Lac</i></span> ('lake mountain') as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont du Chat</i></span> ('cat mountain').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern rediscovery of the Arthurian lore here is credited to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Freymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Freymond (page does not exist)">Emile Freymond</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Freymond" class="extiw" title="de:Emile Freymond">de</a>]</span>, who initially searched for local tradition or onomastics around Lausanne, in vain, then crossing the border into France, and found this spot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community still retained vestigial lore of encounters with the monstrous cat, though Arthur did not figure in them. There was also a piece of 13th-century writing by <a href="/wiki/Etienne_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne de Bourbon">Etienne de Bourbon</a> saying that King Arthur carried out a hunt at Mont du Chat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899377_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899377-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Welsh tradition gives as location the Isle of Anglesey, but has the cat born at Llanveir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some words in the group are <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">palu</i></span> 'to dig' and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">paladr</i></span> '(spear) shaft'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the group belongs the word <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">palach</i></span> ('club'; plural <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pelach</i></span> glossed in Latin as <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clavae#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:clavae">clavae</a></i>), which occurs in the nickname <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Pen-Pelach</i></span> ('Cudgel-head'), which alongside <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cath Palug</i></span> is listed among Arthur's or Kay's enemies in the poem <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Pa Gur</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich adds this is a case where a Welsh word of an entirely different meaning has been reinterpreted in French in a different meaning. Another example being <a href="/wiki/Caradoc_Vreichvras" class="mw-redirect" title="Caradoc Vreichvras">Caradoc Vreichvras</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Llanfair-is-gaer</span></span>, a former parish in <a href="/wiki/Arfon_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arfon (district)">Arfon (district)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skene translated this as "ready", Bromwich as "a fragment(?) against".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palug-connection-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palug-connection_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palug-connection_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaston Paris made the important connection comparing <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Manuel und Amande</i></span> with the Anglo-Norman poem and the <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlin (poem)">prose <i>Merlin</i></a> (<a href="#CITEREFParis_(G.)1888">Paris (G.) (1888)</a>, pp. 219–220), but did not extend the comparison to the Welsh sources. Connection to the Cath Palug of the Welsh were made by Nutt and by Freymond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similarities in the personages involved Arthur and other motifs. A motif analysis is given for example in <a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, pp. 354–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Harney (<a href="#CITEREFHarney2003">Harney (2003)</a>) credits <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Lida_de_Malkiel" title="María Rosa Lida de Malkiel">María Rosa Lida de Malkiel</a> with this observation. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Philip_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Philip Wagner (page does not exist)">Charles Philip Wagner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Philip_Wagner" class="extiw" title="es:Charles Philip Wagner">es</a>]</span> (1903), <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9t-xOj4GfmEC&pg=PA49">The Sources of El Cavallero Cifar</a></span></i>, pp. 49–50 has noted this also.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lines in the poem skipped over by the commentators in ellipses explicitly state that the French were motivated patriotism and wished to "exact vengeance on the English" ("S'en volent vengier li Engleis).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJubinal_(ed.)18422_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJubinal_(ed.)18422-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Roux e Lincy identified his manuscript as <a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Baume_Le_Blanc" title="Louis César de La Baume Le Blanc">La Vallière</a> no. 23, now Bibliotheque nationale, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60005272">Français 24369</a></span>-<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9063185b">24370</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Paris in the summary in <i>Hist.</i> vol. XXII, relies more on ms. 7535, ca. fol. now BnF <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9058891r/f302">Français 1448</a></span>, 295; he does give ms. 2085, now BnF <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90600192/f248">Français 368</a></span>, ca. fol. 231, as variant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rigalez .j. muton" in <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836">Le Roux de Lincy (1836)</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gringalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gringalet">Gringalet</a> is also the name of the horse of <a href="/wiki/Gauvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauvain">Gauvain</a>. This might explain the description of the chapalus: the body of a horse (Freymond gave notice of this, crediting his friend S. Singer).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899342,_note_2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899342,_note_2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brunehold" is given in <a href="#CITEREFParis_(P.)1852">Paris (P.) (1852)</a>, p. 537. "Burneholt" appears as heading in e.g., Walter, Philippe (2015), <i>Dictionnaire de mythologie arthurienne</i>. "Brunehaut" is used in J. Vannérus (1938). "Bruhan" in <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836">Le Roux de Lincy (1836)</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromwich2014">Bromwich (2014)</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952130–131-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952130–131_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd-Jones1952">Lloyd-Jones (1952)</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1952_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd-Jones1952">Lloyd-Jones (1952)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014475_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromwich2014">Bromwich (2014)</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis_(G.)1888">Paris (G.) (1888)</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickens-tr-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pickens-tr_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pickens-tr_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacy_(superv.)Pickens_(tr.)1993">Lacy (superv.) & Pickens (tr.) (1993)</a>, Ch. 55, "The Devil Cat of Lausanne; King Claudas's Men Routed", <i>Story of Merlin</i>, pp. 410–</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich201450–58,_473–476-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich201450–58,_473–476_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromwich2014">Bromwich (2014)</a>, pp. 50–58, 473–476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuest1877" class="citation cs2">Guest, Charlotte (1877), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip4CAAAAQAAJY&pg=PA268"><i>The Mabinogion: From the Welsh of the Llyfr coch o Hergest (The red book of Hergest) in the Library of Jesus College, Oxford</i></a>, London: Quaritch, p. 268</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mabinogion%3A+From+the+Welsh+of+the+Llyfr+coch+o+Hergest+%28The+red+book+of+Hergest%29+in+the+Library+of+Jesus+College%2C+Oxford&rft.place=London&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Quaritch&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIp4CAAAAQAAJY%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014473–475_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromwich2014">Bromwich (2014)</a>, pp. 473–475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkene1868" class="citation cs2">Skene, William Forbes (1868), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA261">"BBC XXXI What man is the porter?"</a>, <i>The Four Ancient Books of Wales</i>, vol. 1, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, pp. 261–264</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BBC+XXXI+What+man+is+the+porter%3F&rft.btitle=The+Four+Ancient+Books+of+Wales&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=261-264&rft.pub=Edmonston+and+Douglas&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Skene&rft.aufirst=William+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeEIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4N1fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50"><b>II</b> pp. 50-53 Pa gur ẏv ẏ portarthur</a> (Welsh), pp. 350-351 (notes)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peniarth_MS_1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peniarth_MS_1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723223040/https://www.llgc.org.uk/en/collections/digital-gallery/digitalmirror-manuscripts/the-middle-ages/blackbookofcarmarthen/">"The Black Book of Carmarthen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llgc.org.uk/en/collections/digital-gallery/digitalmirror-manuscripts/the-middle-ages/blackbookofcarmarthen/">the original</a> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Carmarthen&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llgc.org.uk%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fdigital-gallery%2Fdigitalmirror-manuscripts%2Fthe-middle-ages%2Fblackbookofcarmarthen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1959), "Arthur in Early Welsh Verse", <i>Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</i>, p. 14; quoted by <a href="#CITEREFMatheson1985">Matheson (1985)</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1985">Matheson (1985)</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198586–87-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198586–87_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1985">Matheson (1985)</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENutt1890251–252_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNutt1890">Nutt (1890)</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond189917–18_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014474–475-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2014474–475_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromwich2014">Bromwich (2014)</a>, pp. 474–475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899354–357-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899354–357_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, pp. 354–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weston-rev-freymond-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weston-rev-freymond_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1900" class="citation cs2">Weston, Jessie L. (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA414">"(Review) Artus's Kampf mit dem Katzenungetüm, by Freymond"</a>, <i>Folklore</i>, <b>11</b>: 414–416</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=%28Review%29+Artus%27s+Kampf+mit+dem+Katzenunget%C3%BCm%2C+by+Freymond&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=414-416&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUMKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198589-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198589_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1985">Matheson (1985)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harney-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harney_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarney2003" class="citation cs2">Harney, Michael (2003), Dove, Carol (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KkBSujrlYRAC&pg=PA186">"The Spanish Lancelot-Grail Heritage"</a>, <i>A Companion to the Lancelot-Grail Cycle</i>, DS Brewer, p. 186, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859917834" title="Special:BookSources/9780859917834"><bdi>9780859917834</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+the+Lancelot-Grail+Cycle&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Lancelot-Grail+Heritage&rft.pages=186&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780859917834&rft.aulast=Harney&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKkBSujrlYRAC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel198996-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198996_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickel1989">Nickel (1989)</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel1989101-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel1989101_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickel1989">Nickel (1989)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovati1888">Novati (1888)</a> believed "André alludes not to one but two stories"; tr. Eng. in: <a href="#CITEREFWheatley1899">Wheatley (1899)</a>, <b>I</b>, pp. ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_pp._ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_pp._ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheatley1899">Wheatley (1899)</a>, <b>I</b>, pp. ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paris&nutt-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paris&nutt_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paris&nutt_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis_(G.)1888">Paris (G.) (1888)</a>, pp. 219–220, see <a href="#CITEREFNutt1890">Nutt (1890)</a>, pp. 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-novati&wheatley-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-novati&wheatley_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novati&wheatley_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovati1888">Novati (1888)</a>, pp. 580–581, tr. Eng. in: <a href="#CITEREFWheatley1899">Wheatley (1899)</a>, <b>I</b>, pp. ccxxxvi–ccxxxviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588–89-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatheson198588–89_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1985">Matheson (1985)</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJubinal_(ed.)18422-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJubinal_(ed.)18422_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJubinal_(ed.)1842">Jubinal (ed.) (1842)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._236-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._236_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheatley1899">Wheatley (1899)</a>, <b>I</b>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gatto-pesce-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gatto-pesce_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>gatto-pesce</i>, <a href="#CITEREFNovati1888">Novati (1888)</a>, p. 580, tr. Eng. in <a href="#CITEREFWheatley1899">Wheatley (1899)</a>, <b>I</b>, pp. ccxxxvi–ccxxxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZingerle1882297–307-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZingerle1882297–307_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZingerle1882">Zingerle (1882)</a>, pp. 297–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._ccxxxvi-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley1899'''I''',_p._ccxxxvi_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheatley1899">Wheatley (1899)</a>, <b>I</b>, p. ccxxxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis_(G.)1888">Paris (G.) (1888)</a>, p. 219: "il semble que le chat était en même temps un poisson"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaston Paris called it a being that was "a cat and fish at the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer1908440–444-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer1908440–444_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommer1908">Sommer (1908)</a>, pp. 440–444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond189925–26-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond189925–26_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g_paris-rev-freyomnd-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_paris-rev-freyomnd_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_paris-rev-freyomnd_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1900" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paris, Gaston (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zIuAAAAYAAJ">"(Review) Beiträge zur romanischen Philologie, Festgabe für Gustav Gröber (1899)"</a>, <i>Romania</i> (in French): 121–124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=%28Review%29+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+romanischen+Philologie%2C+Festgabe+f%C3%BCr+Gustav+Gr%C3%B6ber+%281899%29&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zIuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899p._25,_note_2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899p._25,_note_2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, p. 25, note 2: "Ich fasse also <i>le chat</i> als Nominative.., etc."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenaut2008" class="citation cs2">Renaut (2008), Beston, John (trans.) (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ0cAQAAIAAJ&q=%22cat%22"><i>An English Translation of Jean Renaut's Galeran de Bretagne</i></a>, Edwin Mellen Press, p. 107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5096-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5096-7"><bdi>978-0-7734-5096-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English+Translation+of+Jean+Renaut%27s+Galeran+de+Bretagne&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-5096-7&rft.au=Renaut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJ0cAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522cat%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larrington-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larrington_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrington2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carolyne_Larrington" title="Carolyne Larrington">Larrington, Carolyne</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6ubBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>King Arthur's enchantresses Morgan and her sisters in Arthurian tradition</i></a>, London New York: I. B. Tauris, p. 47, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-11113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-11113-7"><bdi>978-1-845-11113-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%27s+enchantresses+Morgan+and+her+sisters+in+Arthurian+tradition&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-845-11113-7&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6ubBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836">Le Roux de Lincy (1836)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBnF" class="citation web cs1">BnF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccfr.bnf.fr/portailccfr/jsp/index_view_direct_anonymous.jsp?record=eadbam:EADC:NE0010517_FRBNFEAD00001369330855">"Français 24370. II"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ais+24370.+II.&rft.au=BnF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccfr.bnf.fr%2Fportailccfr%2Fjsp%2Findex_view_direct_anonymous.jsp%3Frecord%3Deadbam%3AEADC%3ANE0010517_FRBNFEAD00001369330855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852537_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis_(P.)1852">Paris (P.) (1852)</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899342,_note_2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899342,_note_2_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, p. 342, note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leglu-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leglu_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leglu_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leglu_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéglu2007" class="citation cs2">Léglu, Catherine (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZmNaZ5uK6cC&pg=PA41">"Nourishing Lineage in the Earliest French Versions of the Roman de Mélusine"</a>, <i>Transmissions: Essays in French Literature, Thought and Cinema</i>, Peter Lang, p. 41, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039107346" title="Special:BookSources/9783039107346"><bdi>9783039107346</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transmissions%3A+Essays+in+French+Literature%2C+Thought+and+Cinema&rft.atitle=Nourishing+Lineage+in+the+Earliest+French+Versions+of+the+Roman+de+M%C3%A9lusine&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783039107346&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9glu&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZmNaZ5uK6cC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836">Le Roux de Lincy (1836)</a>, p. 252: "Les yex ot roux".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836">Le Roux de Lincy (1836)</a>, p. 253, "Teste ot de chat et queue de lyon, Cors de cheval, ot ongles de griphon, Les dens agus assez plus d'un gaignon;" (gaignon=mâtin)" The last portion reads "teeth as sharp as a <a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">mastiff</a>-dog's".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836253-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux_de_Lincy1836253_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836">Le Roux de Lincy (1836)</a>, pp. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852535-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852535_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis_(P.)1852">Paris (P.) (1852)</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852536–537-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis_(P.)1852536–537_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis_(P.)1852">Paris (P.) (1852)</a>, pp. 536–537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jean_d'ou-ed-bormans_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_d'Outremeuse1877" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Outremeuse" title="Jean d'Outremeuse">Jean d'Outremeuse</a> (1877), <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Bormans" title="Stanislas Bormans">Bormans, Stanislas</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vv4gAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Ly myreur des histors, Chronique de Jean de Preis dit d'Outremeuse</i></a>, vol. 4, Bruxelles: M. Hayez, pp. 47–49</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ly+myreur+des+histors%2C+Chronique+de+Jean+de+Preis+dit+d%27Outremeuse&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=M.+Hayez&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Jean+d%27Outremeuse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvv4gAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loomis1937-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loomis1937_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loomis1937_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loomis1937_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loomis1937_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loomis1937_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1937" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Loomis, Roger Sherman</a> (June 1937), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxY5AAAAMAAJ&q=Capalu">"Gawain in the Squire's Tale"</a>, <i>Modern Language Notes</i>, <b>52</b> (6): 414–415, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2911721">2911721</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Gawain+in+the+Squire%27s+Tale&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=414-415&rft.date=1937-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2911721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Roger+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxY5AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCapalu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnett1971-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnett1971_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnett1971_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1971" class="citation cs2">Barnett, Monica J. (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxY5AAAAMAAJ&q=Capalu">"Renoart au Tinel and Ogier de Danemarche: A Case of Continuation"</a>, <i>Medium Ævum</i>, <b>40</b> (1): 2–3, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43627690">43627690</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium+%C3%86vum&rft.atitle=Renoart+au+Tinel+and+Ogier+de+Danemarche%3A+A+Case+of+Continuation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43627690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Monica+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxY5AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCapalu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-togeby-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-togeby_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTogeby1969" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Togeby" class="extiw" title="da:Knud Togeby">Togeby, Knud</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Danish]</span> (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVdEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ogier le Danois dans les littérratures européennes</i></a>, Munksgaard, pp. 142–143</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ogier+le+Danois+dans+les+litt%C3%A9rratures+europ%C3%A9ennes&rft.pages=142-143&rft.pub=Munksgaard&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Togeby&rft.aufirst=Knud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVdEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickel198998–99_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickel1989">Nickel (1989)</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899377-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreymond1899377_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreymond1899">Freymond (1899)</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Triads_2">Triads</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Triads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromwich2014" class="citation cs2">Bromwich, Rachel, ed. (2014) [1961], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2euBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA474">"Triad 26, 26WR: Three Powerful Swineherds of the Island of Britain"</a>, <i>Trioedd Ynys Prydein</i>, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 50–58, 473–476, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783161461" title="Special:BookSources/9781783161461"><bdi>9781783161461</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trioedd+Ynys+Prydein&rft.atitle=Triad+26%2C+26WR%3A+Three+Powerful+Swineherds+of+the+Island+of+Britain&rft.pages=50-58%2C+473-476&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781783161461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2euBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="What_Man_is_the_Porter?"><span id="What_Man_is_the_Porter.3F"></span><i>What Man is the Porter?</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: What Man is the Porter?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkene1868" class="citation book cs1">Skene, William Forbes (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA261">"BBC XXXI What man is the porter?"</a>. <i>The Four Ancient Books of Wales</i>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. pp. 261–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BBC+XXXI+What+man+is+the+porter%3F&rft.btitle=The+Four+Ancient+Books+of+Wales&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=261-264&rft.pub=Edmonston+and+Douglas&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Skene&rft.aufirst=William+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeEIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4N1fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50"><b>II</b> pp. 50–53 Pa gur ẏv ẏ portarthur</a> (Welsh), pp. 350–351 (notes)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Li_Romanz_des_Franceis_2"><i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Li Romanz des Franceis</i></span></i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Li Romanz des Franceis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJubinal_(ed.)1842" class="citation cs2">Jubinal, Achille, ed. (1842), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WheAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1">"Le Romanz des Franceis par André de Coutances"</a>, <i>Nouveau recueil de contes, dits, fabliaux</i>, vol. 2, Paris: É. Pannier, pp. 1–17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouveau+recueil+de+contes%2C+dits%2C+fabliaux&rft.atitle=Le+Romanz+des+Franceis+par+Andr%C3%A9+de+Coutances&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WheAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bataille_Loquifer"><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataille Loquifer</i></span></i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bataille Loquifer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836" class="citation cs2">Le Roux de Lincy, Antoine Jean Victor (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IB1bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA246"><i>Le livre des légendes</i></a>, Paris: chez Silvestre Librarie, pp. 246–</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+des+l%C3%A9gendes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=246-&rft.pub=chez+Silvestre+Librarie&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Le+Roux+de+Lincy&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Jean+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIB1bAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span>; "Appendix 5: extrait du roman de Guillaume au Court Nez, ms. du Roy, n° 23 Laval, tome II" <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Manuel_und_Amande_2"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Manuel und Amande</i></span></i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Manuel und Amande"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZingerle1882" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zingerle, Oswald (1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKlJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297">"Manuel und Amande, bruchstücke eines Artusromans"</a>, <i>Zeitschrift für Deutsches Altertum und Deutsche Literatur</i> (in German), <b>XXVI</b>: 297–307</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Deutsches+Altertum+und+Deutsche+Literatur&rft.atitle=Manuel+und+Amande%2C+bruchst%C3%BCcke+eines+Artusromans&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.pages=297-307&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Zingerle&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKlJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vulgate_Merlin_Continuation_/_Livre_d'Artus"><span id="Vulgate_Merlin_Continuation_.2F_Livre_d.27Artus"></span>Vulgate <i>Merlin Continuation</i> / <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Livre d'Artus</i></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vulgate Merlin Continuation / Livre d'Artus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer1908" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sommer, Heinrich Oskar (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CuBWAAAAYAAJ">"Lestoire de Merlin"</a>, <i>The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances</i> (in French and English), vol. 2, Washington: Carnegie Institution, pp. 440–444</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vulgate+Version+of+the+Arthurian+Romances&rft.atitle=Lestoire+de+Merlin&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=440-444&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCuBWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacy_(superv.)Pickens_(tr.)1993" class="citation cs2">Lacy, Norris J. (superv.); Pickens (tr.), Rupert T. (1993), "Ch. 55: The Devil Cat of Lausanne; King Claudas's Men Routed", <i>The Story of Merlin</i>, Lancelot-Grail, vol. 1, New York: Garland, pp. 410–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824077334" title="Special:BookSources/0824077334"><bdi>0824077334</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+Merlin&rft.atitle=Ch.+55%3A+The+Devil+Cat+of+Lausanne%3B+King+Claudas%27s+Men+Routed&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=410-&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0824077334&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris+J.+%28superv.%29&rft.au=Pickens+%28tr.%29%2C+Rupert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Middle_English_prose_Merlin">Middle English prose <i>Merlin</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Middle English prose Merlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley1899" class="citation cs2">Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K88UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA665"><i>The Story of Merlin</i></a>, EETS o.s. 10, 21, 36, 112 - in 4 volumes, vol. II, New York: Early English Text Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Merlin&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=EETS+o.s.+10%2C+21%2C+36%2C+112+-+in+4+volumes&rft.pub=Early+English+Text+Society&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK88UAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span>(text)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbcLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR235"><b>I</b> </a> (Introduction)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Middle_English_romance_in_Lambeth_ms">Middle English romance in Lambeth ms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Middle English romance in Lambeth ms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson1985" class="citation cs2">Matheson, Lister M. (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DcGyE5Y1tUC&pg=PA70">"The Arthurian Stories of Lambeth Palace Library MS 84"</a>, <i>Arthurian Literature</i>, <b>5</b>: 70–91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859911917" title="Special:BookSources/9780859911917"><bdi>9780859911917</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthurian+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Arthurian+Stories+of+Lambeth+Palace+Library+MS+84&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=70-91&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780859911917&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Lister+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DcGyE5Y1tUC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_Palug&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreymond1899" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freymond, Emile (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zIuAAAAYAAJ">"Artus's Kampf mit dem Katzenungetüm"</a>, <i>Beiträge zur romanischen Philologie, Festgabe für Gustav Gröber</i> (in German), Hale: Niemayer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+romanischen+Philologie%2C+Festgabe+f%C3%BCr+Gustav+Gr%C3%B6ber&rft.atitle=Artus%27s+Kampf+mit+dem+Katzenunget%C3%BCm&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Freymond&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zIuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd-Jones1952" class="citation cs2">Lloyd-Jones, J. (1952), "Welsh "Palach", etc.", <i>Ériu</i>, <b>16</b>: 123–131</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89riu&rft.atitle=Welsh+%22Palach%22%2C+etc.&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=123-131&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Lloyd-Jones&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007391">30007391</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickel1989" class="citation cs2">Nickel, Helmut (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqwLAQAAMAAJ">"About Palug's Cat and the Mosaic of Otranto"</a>, <i>Arthurian Interpretations</i>, <b>3</b>: 96–105</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthurian+Interpretations&rft.atitle=About+Palug%27s+Cat+and+the+Mosaic+of+Otranto&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=96-105&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqwLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868662">27868662</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovati1888" class="citation cs2">Novati, F. (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YQXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA585">"Di un aneddoto del ciclo arturiano (Re Artù ed il gatto di Losanna)"</a>, <i>Rendiconti,Atti della Reale Accademia die Lincei</i>, <b>4</b>, Roma: Tipographia della Accademia die Lincei: 580–</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rendiconti%2CAtti+della+Reale+Accademia+die+Lincei&rft.atitle=Di+un+aneddoto+del+ciclo+arturiano+%28Re+Art%C3%B9+ed+il+gatto+di+Losanna%29&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=580-&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Novati&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YQXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutt1890" class="citation cs2">Nutt, Alfred (1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA252">"Celtic Myth and Saga. Report upon the Progress of Study during the Past Eighteen Months"</a>, <i>Folklore</i>, <b>1</b> (2): 251–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1890.9720009">10.1080/0015587X.1890.9720009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Celtic+Myth+and+Saga.+Report+upon+the+Progress+of+Study+during+the+Past+Eighteen+Months&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-252&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1890.9720009&rft.aulast=Nutt&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EYKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis_(G.)1888" class="citation cs2">Paris, Gaston (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu9dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA218">"Manuel et Amande"</a>, <i>Histoire littéraire de la France</i>, vol. 30, Paris: Impremerie Nationale, pp. 218–220</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+litt%C3%A9raire+de+la+France&rft.atitle=Manuel+et+Amande&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=218-220&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGu9dAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis_(P.)1852" class="citation cs2">Paris, Paulin (1852), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWIaAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA537">"Bat. de Loquifer"</a>, <i>Histoire littéraire de la France</i>, vol. 22, Paris: Firmin Didot, pp. 532–538</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+litt%C3%A9raire+de+la+France&rft.atitle=Bat.+de+Loquifer&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=532-538&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Paulin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWIaAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACath+Palug" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cath Palug","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cath_Palug","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2603986","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2603986","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-01T16:10:15Z","dateModified":"2024-07-24T10:18:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Cat---Black---Moertel---%28Gentry%29.jpg","headline":"monstrous cat in Welsh legend"}</script> </body> </html>