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id="toc-First_Senate_run_and_ambassadorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentator_and_second_Senate_run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentator_and_second_Senate_run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commentator and second Senate run </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentator_and_second_Senate_run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career,_illness_and_medical_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career,_illness_and_medical_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Business career, illness and medical activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_career,_illness_and_medical_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_presidential_election_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_presidential_election_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 2008 presidential election involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_presidential_election_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Geraldine Ferraro</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جيرالدين فيرارو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرالدين فيرارو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جرالدینه فرارو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرالدینه فرارو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جرالدینه فرارو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرالدینه فرارو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%9F%B4%EB%94%98_%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C" title="제럴딘 페라로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제럴딘 페라로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%95" title="ג'רלדין פררו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'רלדין פררו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ჯერალდინ ფერარო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯერალდინ ფერარო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldina_Ferraro" title="Geraldina Ferraro – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geraldina Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEerald%C4%ABna_Ferr%C4%81ro" title="Džeraldīna Ferrāro – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeraldīna Ferrāro" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B" title="ജെറാൾഡിൻ ഫെറാരോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെറാൾഡിൻ ഫെറാരോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جيرالدين فيرارو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرالدين فيرارو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖယ်ရာရို၊ ဂျာရယ်လ်ဒင်းန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖယ်ရာရို၊ ဂျာရယ်လ်ဒင်းန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD" title="ジェラルディン・フェラーロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェラルディン・フェラーロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ферраро, Джеральдин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ферраро, Джеральдин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86" title="گێڕالدین فێرارۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گێڕالدین فێرارۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Джеральдін Ферраро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеральдін Ферраро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Geraldine Ferraro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%85" title="傑羅丁·費拉羅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傑羅丁·費拉羅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q229141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1993 – October 11, 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armando_Valladares" title="Armando Valladares">Armando Valladares</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rubin" title="Nancy Rubin">Nancy Rubin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from New York's <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">9th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">James Delaney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Manton_(politician)" title="Thomas Manton (politician)">Thomas Manton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Vice_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Oakar" title="Mary Rose Oakar">Mary Oakar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Geraldine Anne Ferraro</div> (1935-08-26)August 26, 1935 <a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 26, 2011(2011-03-26) (aged 75) <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/John_Zaccaro" title="John Zaccaro">John Zaccaro</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1960)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowraplinks"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marymount_Manhattan_College" title="Marymount Manhattan College">Marymount Manhattan College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geraldine Ferraro's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg/128px-Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg/192px-Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg/256px-Geraldine_A._Ferraro_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="71" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Geraldine Anne Ferraro (August 26, 1935 – March 26, 2011) was an American politician, diplomat, and attorney. She served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from 1979 to 1985, and was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s nominee for vice president in the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 presidential election</a>, running alongside <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>; this made her the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates">female vice-presidential nominee</a> representing a major American political party.<a href="#cite_note-first-female-1">[nb 1]</a> She was also a journalist, author, and businesswoman. Ferraro grew up in New York City and worked as a public school teacher before training as a lawyer. She joined the <a href="/wiki/Queens_County_District_Attorney" title="Queens County District Attorney">Queens County District Attorney</a>'s Office in 1974, heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. In 1978 she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans. In 1984, former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale, seen as an underdog, selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. In doing so Ferraro also became the first widely recognized <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a> to be a major-party national nominee.<a href="#cite_note-first-italian-2">[nb 2]</a> The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded, as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband's finances and wealth and her congressional disclosure statements. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide</a> by incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. Ferraro twice ran campaigns for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from New York, <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1992 United States Senate election in New York">in 1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1998 United States Senate election in New York">in 1998</a>, both times starting as the front-runner for her party's nomination before losing in the primary election. She served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council">Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> from 1993 until 1996 during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">presidential administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">2008 presidential campaign</a> of Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Ferraro died in 2011 from <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>, 12 years after being diagnosed. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Narrow, red three-story house with turret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg/170px-Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg/255px-Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg/340px-Ferraro_childhood_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro lived in this building in Newburgh until she was ten.</figcaption></figure> Geraldine Anne Ferraro was born on August 26, 1935, in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh, New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> the daughter of Antonetta L. Ferraro (née Corrieri), a first-generation Italian American seamstress, and Dominick Ferraro, an Italian immigrant (from <a href="/wiki/Marcianise" title="Marcianise">Marcianise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>) and owner of two restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-mystory-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mmc-papers-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> She had three brothers born before her, but one died in infancy and another at age three.<a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a> Ferraro attended the parochial school Mount Saint Mary's in Newburgh when she was young.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> Her father died of a heart attack in May 1944, when she was eight.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Ferraro's mother soon invested and lost the remainder of the family's money, forcing the family to move to a low-income area in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bronx, New York">South Bronx</a> while Ferraro's mother worked in the garment industry to support them.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a> Ferraro stayed on at Mount Saint Mary's as a boarder for a while, then briefly attended a parochial school in the South Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-fram-65-11">[9]</a> Beginning in 1947, she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in <a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">Tarrytown, New York</a>, using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade.<a href="#cite_note-fram-65-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-engage-12">[10]</a> At Marymount Ferraro was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honor society</a>, active in several clubs and sports, voted most likely to succeed,<a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a> and graduated in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-cong-bio-13">[11]</a> Her mother was adamant that she get a full education,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> despite an uncle in the family saying, "Why bother? She's pretty. She's a girl. She'll get married."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-it-ams-15">[13]</a> Ferraro attended <a href="/wiki/Marymount_Manhattan_College" title="Marymount Manhattan College">Marymount Manhattan College</a> with a scholarship<a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a> while sometimes holding two or three jobs at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> During her senior year she began dating <a href="/wiki/John_Zaccaro" title="John Zaccaro">John Zaccaro</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens" title="Forest Hills, Queens">Forest Hills, Queens</a>, who had graduated from <a href="/wiki/Iona_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona College (New York)">Iona College</a> with a commission in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fram-90-17">[15]</a> Ferraro received a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1956;<a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a> she was the first woman in her family to gain a college degree.<a href="#cite_note-fram-90-17">[15]</a> She also passed the city exam to become a licensed school teacher.<a href="#cite_note-fram-90-17">[15]</a> Ferraro began working as an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> teacher in <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria, Queens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a> "because that's what women were supposed to do."<a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a> Unsatisfied, she decided to attend law school;<a href="#cite_note-people-84-6">[4]</a> an admissions officer said to her, "I hope you're serious, Gerry. You're taking a man's place, you know."<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> She earned a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree with honors from <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_School_of_Law" title="Fordham University School of Law">Fordham University School of Law</a> in 1960,<a href="#cite_note-cong-bio-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> going to classes at night while continuing to work as a second-grade teacher at schools such as P.S. 57 during the day.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Ferraro was one of only two women in her graduating class of 179.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> She was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the bar</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> in March 1961.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family,_lawyer,_prosecutor">Family, lawyer, prosecutor</h2></div> Ferraro became engaged to Zaccaro in August 1959<a href="#cite_note-engage-12">[10]</a> and married him on July 16, 1960.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-zacc-21">[19]</a> He became a realtor and businessman.<a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a> She kept her birth name professionally, as a way to honor her mother for having supported the family after her father's death,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-mystory-4">[2]</a> but used his name in parts of her private life.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The couple had three children, Donna (born 1962), John Jr. (born 1964), and Laura (born 1966).<a href="#cite_note-nyt-zacc-21">[19]</a> They lived in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills_Gardens,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills Gardens, Queens">Forest Hills Gardens, Queens</a>, and in 1971, added a vacation house in <a href="/wiki/Saltaire,_New_York" title="Saltaire, New York">Saltaire</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Island, New York">Fire Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-wealth-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> They would buy a condominium in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-time-wealth-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-interwoven-25">[23]</a> While raising the children, Ferraro worked part-time as a <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">civil lawyer</a> in her husband's <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_broker" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate broker">real estate firm</a> for 13 years.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> She also occasionally worked for other clients and did some <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> work for women in <a href="/wiki/Family_court" title="Family court">family court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> She spent time at local Democratic clubs, which allowed her to maintain contacts within the legal profession and become involved in local politics and campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a> While organizing community opposition to a proposed building, Ferraro met lawyer and Democratic figure <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a>, who became a political mentor.<a href="#cite_note-buckley20110328-28">[26]</a> In 1970, she was elected president of the Queens County Women's Bar Association.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-wwaw-30">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen,_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen%2C_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen%2C_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen%2C_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen%2C_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen%2C_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Congresswomen%2C_Geraldine_Ferraro_-_NARA_-_181476.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro meeting with President Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1978</figcaption></figure> Ferraro's first full-time political job came in January 1974, when she was appointed Assistant District Attorney for <a href="/wiki/Queens_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens County, New York">Queens County, New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> by her cousin, District Attorney <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ferraro" title="Nicholas Ferraro">Nicholas Ferraro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> At the time, women prosecutors in the city were uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> Grumblings that she was the beneficiary of nepotism were countered by her being rated as qualified by a screening committee and by her early job performance in the Investigations Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> The following year, Ferraro was assigned to the new Special Victims Bureau, which prosecuted cases involving rape, child abuse, spouse abuse, and domestic violence.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> She was named head of the unit in 1977, with two other assistant district attorneys assigned to her.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> In this role, she became a strong advocate for abused children.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> She was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court Bar</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-wwaw-30">[28]</a> As part of the D.A. office, Ferraro worked long hours, and gained a reputation for being a tough prosecutor but fair in <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea negotiations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> Although her unit was supposed to turn over cases which were bound for trial to another division, she took an active role in trying some cases herself, and juries were persuaded by her summations.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> Ferraro was upset to discover that her superior was paying her less than equivalent male colleagues because she was a married woman and already had a husband.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a> Moreover, Ferraro found the nature of the cases she dealt with debilitating;<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> the work left her "drained and angry" and she developed an <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">ulcer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> She grew frustrated that she was unable to deal with root causes, and talked about running for legislative office;<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> Cuomo, now <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">Secretary of State of New York</a>, suggested the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeraldineFerraro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/GeraldineFerraro.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives</figcaption></figure> Ferraro ran for election to the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_Congressional_District" class="mw-redirect" title="New York's 9th Congressional District">New York's 9th Congressional District</a> in Queens in 1978, after longtime Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">James Delaney</a> announced his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-two-34">[32]</a> The location for the television series <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a>, the district, which stretched from <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_Park,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone Park, New York">Ozone Park</a>, was known for its ethnic composition and conservative views.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> In a three-candidate primary race for the Democratic nomination, Ferraro faced two better-known rivals, the party organization candidate, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">City Councilman</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">Thomas J. Manton</a> and Patrick Deignan.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-two-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Her main issues were law and order, support for the elderly, and neighborhood preservation.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a> She labeled herself a "'small c' conservative"<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> and emphasized that she was not a bleeding-heart liberal; her campaign slogan was "Finally, A Tough Democrat".<a href="#cite_note-apce-37">[35]</a> Her Italian heritage also appealed to ethnic residents in the district.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a> She won the three-way primary with 53 percent of the vote, and then captured the general election as well, defeating Republican <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._DelliBovi" title="Alfred A. DelliBovi">Alfred A. DelliBovi</a> by a 10-percentage-point margin in a contest in which dealing with crime was the major issue and personal attacks by DelliBovi were frequent.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-two-34">[32]</a> She had been aided by $130,000 in campaign loans and donations from her own family, including $110,000 in loans from Zaccaro, of which only $4,000 was legal.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-trans-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-vetted-39">[37]</a> The source and nature of these transactions were declared illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> shortly before the primary, causing Ferraro to pay back the loans in October 1978, via several real estate transactions.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-trans-38">[36]</a> In 1979, the campaign and Zaccaro paid $750 in fines for civil violations of election law.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-trans-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Larger, two-story house in leafy setting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg/220px-FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg/330px-FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg/440px-FerraroHouseForestHillsGardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro and her family lived in this house in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills_Gardens,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills Gardens, Queens">Forest Hills Gardens, Queens</a>, during her time in the House of Representatives, her vice-presidential campaign, and until the early 2000s.</figcaption></figure> Despite being a newcomer to the House, Ferraro made a vivid impression upon arrival<a href="#cite_note-fj-372-40">[38]</a> and quickly found prominence.<a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a> She became a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> established a rapport with other House Democratic leaders,<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> and rose rapidly in the party hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> She was elected <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Vice-Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus</a> for 1981–1983 and again for 1983–1985;<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> this entitled her to a seat on the influential <a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Steering and Policy Committee">Steering and Policy Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> In 1983, she was named to the powerful <a href="/wiki/House_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Budget Committee">House Budget Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> She also served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" title="United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure">Public Works and Transportation Committee</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service">Post Office and Civil Service Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-women-cong-43">[41]</a> both of which allowed Ferraro to push through projects to benefit her district.<a href="#cite_note-cby-120-44">[42]</a> In particular, she assisted the successful effort of the <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood,_Queens" title="Ridgewood, Queens">Ridgewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Queens" title="Glendale, Queens">Glendale</a> neighborhoods to get their <a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP codes</a> changed from Brooklyn to their native Queens.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-licj-2010-46">[44]</a> Male colleagues viewed her with respect as someone who was tough and ambitious<a href="#cite_note-fj-372-40">[38]</a> and in turn she was, as <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> later wrote, "comfortable with the boys".<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> Ferraro was active in Democratic presidential politics as well. She served as one of the deputy chairs for the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 Carter-Mondale campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-it-ams-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-fj-372-40">[38]</a> Following the election, she served actively on the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hunt" title="Jim Hunt">Hunt Commission</a> that in 1982, rewrote the Democratic delegate selection rules; Ferraro was credited as having been the prime agent behind the creation of <a href="/wiki/Superdelegates" class="mw-redirect" title="Superdelegates">superdelegates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fj-372-40">[38]</a> By 1983, she was regarded as one of the up-and-coming stars of the party.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-it-ams-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-vetted-39">[37]</a> She was the Chairwoman of the Platform Committee for the <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 Democratic National Convention</a>, the first woman to hold that position.<a href="#cite_note-watson-gordon-10">[8]</a> There she held multiple hearings around the country and further gained in visibility.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> While in Congress, Ferraro focused much of her legislative attention on equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> She was a cosponsor of the 1981 Economic Equity Act.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/House_Select_Committee_on_Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="House Select Committee on Aging">House Select Committee on Aging</a>, she concentrated on the problems of elderly women.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> In 1984, she championed a pension equity law revision that would improve the benefits of people who left work for long periods and then returned, a typical case for women with families.<a href="#cite_note-cq-nat-vi-47">[45]</a> The Reagan administration, at first lukewarm to the measure, decided to sign it to gain the benefits of its popular appeal.<a href="#cite_note-cq-nat-vi-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FerraroDistrictReport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Regular size newsletter, red and blue ink in places, Ferraro's picture at top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/FerraroDistrictReport.jpg/170px-FerraroDistrictReport.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/FerraroDistrictReport.jpg/255px-FerraroDistrictReport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/FerraroDistrictReport.jpg/340px-FerraroDistrictReport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>As with many representatives, Ferraro issued regular newsletters to her constituents.</figcaption></figure> Ferraro also worked on some environmental issues. During 1980, she tried to prevent the federal government from gaining the power to override local laws on <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous materials">hazardous materials</a> transportation, an effort she continued in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-cq-nat-v-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In August 1984, she led passage of a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> renewal bill and attacked the Reagan administration's handling of environmental site cleanups.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Ferraro took a congressional trip to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> at the start of 1984, where she spoke to the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mystory-122-51">[49]</a> She decided that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>'s military interventions there and in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> were counterproductive towards reaching U.S. security goals, and that regional negotiations would be better.<a href="#cite_note-mystory-122-51">[49]</a> In all, Ferraro served three two-year terms, being re-elected in 1980 and 1982.<a href="#cite_note-cong-bio-13">[11]</a> Her vote shares increased to 58 percent and then 73 percent and much of her funding came from <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Political action committees">political action committees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-119-26">[24]</a> While Ferraro's <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> views conflicted with those of many of her constituents as well as the Catholic Church to which she belonged, her positions on other social and foreign policy issues were in alignment with the district.<a href="#cite_note-Foerstel-31">[29]</a> She broke with her party in favoring an anti-<a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">busing</a> amendment to the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-women-cong-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-pol-pos-52">[50]</a> She supported deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> missile and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine" title="Ohio-class submarine">Trident submarine</a>, although she opposed funding for the <a href="/wiki/MX_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="MX missile">MX missile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B-1B_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1B bomber">B-1B bomber</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-pol-pos-52">[50]</a> While in the House, Ferraro's political self-description evolved to "moderate".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-woman-3">[1]</a> In 1982, she said her experiences as assistant district attorney had changed some of her views: "... because no matter how concerned I am about spending, I have seen first hand what poverty can do to people's lives and I just can't, in good conscience, not do something about it."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-ada-19">[17]</a> For her six years in Congress, Ferraro had an average 78 percent "Liberal Quotient" from <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[nb 3]</a> and an average 8 percent rating from the <a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">American Conservative Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[nb 4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>'s Committee on Political Education gave her an average approval rating of 91 percent.<a href="#cite_note-cby-120-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1984_vice-presidential_candidacy">1984 vice-presidential candidacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg/220px-GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg/330px-GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg/440px-GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro speaks at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 Democratic National Convention</a>. Standing behind her are California Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Bob_Matsui" title="Bob Matsui">Bob Matsui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> and future San Francisco supervisor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hsieh" title="Tom Hsieh">Tom Hsieh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_%281%29.jpg/300px-Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_%281%29.jpg/450px-Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_%281%29.jpg/600px-Geraldine_Ferraro_at_the_1984_Democratic_National_Convention_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro delivering her vice presidential nomination acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention</figcaption></figure> As the 1984 U.S. presidential election primary season neared its end and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> became the likely Democratic nominee, the idea of picking a woman as his vice-presidential running mate gained considerable momentum.<a href="#cite_note-whynot-55">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a> pushed the notion, as did several top Democratic figures such as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whynot-55">[51]</a> Women mentioned for the role included Ferraro and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor of San Francisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> both of whom were on Mondale's five-person <a href="/wiki/Short_list" title="Short list">short list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Mondale selected Ferraro to be his vice-presidential candidate on July 12, 1984. She stated, "I am absolutely thrilled."<a href="#cite_note-pol071207-58">[54]</a> The Mondale campaign hoped that her selection would change a campaign in which he was well behind; in addition to attracting women, they hoped she could attract ethnic Democrats in the Northeast U.S. who had <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">abandoned their party for Reagan in 1980</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apce-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-women-cong-43">[41]</a> Her personality, variously described as blunt, feisty, spirited, and somewhat saucy, was also viewed as an asset.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-mgh-59">[55]</a> In turn, Mondale accepted the risk that came with her inexperience.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> As Ferraro was the first woman to run on a <a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">major party</a> national ticket in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-first-female-1">[nb 1]</a> and the first Italian American,<a href="#cite_note-first-italian-2">[nb 2]</a> her July 19 nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 Democratic National Convention</a> was one of the most emotional moments of that gathering, with female delegates appearing joyous and proud at the historic occasion.<a href="#cite_note-cq18-61">[57]</a> In her acceptance speech, Ferraro said, "The daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for vice president in the new land my father came to love."<a href="#cite_note-hdpe-62">[58]</a> Convention attendees were in tears during the speech, not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The speech was listed as number 56 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FerraroMondaleFlyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dark blue type on pinkish background, Ferraro's name above Mondale's, large photo of them waving to an unseen crowd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/FerraroMondaleFlyer.jpg/180px-FerraroMondaleFlyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/FerraroMondaleFlyer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">flyer</a> advertised a post-convention <a href="/wiki/Queens_Borough_Hall" title="Queens Borough Hall">Queens Borough Hall</a> rally, for Ferraro to introduce Mondale to New York City voters.</figcaption></figure> Ferraro gained immediate, large-scale media attention.<a href="#cite_note-time-media-65">[61]</a> At first, journalists focused on her novelty as a woman and her poor family background, and their coverage was overwhelmingly favorable.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Nevertheless, Ferraro faced many press questions about her foreign policy inexperience, and responded by discussing her attention to foreign and national security issues in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-time-media-65">[61]</a> She faced a threshold of proving competence that other high-level female political figures have had to face, especially those who might become <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>; the question "Are you tough enough?" was often directed to her.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Koppel" title="Ted Koppel">Ted Koppel</a> questioned her closely about <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">nuclear strategy</a><a href="#cite_note-braden-110-68">[64]</a> and during <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> she was asked, "Do you think that in any way the Soviets might be tempted to try to take advantage of you simply because you are a woman?"<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> The choice of Ferraro was viewed as a gamble, and pundits were uncertain whether it would result in a net gain or loss of votes for the Mondale campaign.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> While her choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22 percent of women were excited about Ferraro's selection, versus 18 percent who agreed that it was a "bad idea". By a three-to-one margin, voters thought that pressure from women's groups had led to Mondale's decision rather than his having chosen the best available candidate.<a href="#cite_note-time19840723-71">[67]</a> Nonetheless, in the days after the convention Ferraro proved an effective campaigner, with a brash and confident style that forcefully criticized the Reagan administration and sometimes almost overshadowed Mondale.<a href="#cite_note-apce-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-cq18-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-hdpe-62">[58]</a> Mondale had been 16 points behind Reagan in polls before the pick, and after the convention he pulled even for a short time.<a href="#cite_note-pol071207-58">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flynn,_Ferraro,_and_Dukakis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg/220px-Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg/330px-Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg/440px-Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="3950" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> with Boston Mayor <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Flynn" title="Raymond Flynn">Raymond Flynn</a> and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro campaigning in the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 presidential election</a>.</figcaption></figure> By the last week of July, however, questions—due initially to reporting by The New York Times<a href="#cite_note-nyt-vetted-39">[37]</a>—began about Ferraro's finances, the finances of her husband, <a href="/wiki/John_Zaccaro" title="John Zaccaro">John Zaccaro</a>, and their separately filed tax returns.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-trans-38">[36]</a> (While the Mondale campaign had anticipated some questions, it had only spent 48 hours on vetting Ferraro's family's finances.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-vetted-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a>) This was also the first time the American media had to deal with a national candidate's husband.<a href="#cite_note-braden-110-68">[64]</a> Ferraro said she would release both their returns within a month, but maintained she was correct not to have included her husband's financial holdings on her past annual congressional disclosure statements.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-trans-38">[36]</a> The media also reported on the FEC's past investigation into Ferraro's 1978 campaign funds.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-trans-38">[36]</a> Although Ferraro and Zaccaro's finances were often interwoven on paper,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-interwoven-25">[23]</a> with each half partners in Zaccaro's company,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-vetted-39">[37]</a> Ferraro had little knowledge of his business, or even how much he was worth.<a href="#cite_note-goldman-fin-73">[69]</a> Zaccaro did not understand the greater public exposure that his wife's new position brought to their family, and resisted releasing his financial information.<a href="#cite_note-goldman-fin-73">[69]</a> On August 12, Ferraro announced that her husband would not in fact be releasing his tax returns, on the grounds that to do so would disadvantage his real estate business and that such a disclosure was voluntary and not part of election law.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-seizes-74">[70]</a> She joked, "So you people married to Italian men, you know what it's like."<a href="#cite_note-75">[nb 5]</a> The tax announcement dominated television and newspapers,<a href="#cite_note-pattterson-dani-76">[71]</a> as Ferraro was besieged by questions regarding her family finances.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-plans-77">[72]</a> Furthermore, her remark about Italian men brought criticism for ethnic stereotyping,<a href="#cite_note-mystory-156-78">[73]</a> especially from fellow Italian Americans.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> As she later wrote, "I had created a monster."<a href="#cite_note-mystory-156-78">[73]</a> Republicans saw her finances as a "genderless" issue that they could attack Ferraro with without creating a backlash,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-seizes-74">[70]</a> and some Mondale staffers thought Ferraro might have to leave the ticket.<a href="#cite_note-goldman-fin-73">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune_(1983%E2%80%931984)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune (1983–1984)">New York Tribune</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a> and a few other mainstream newspapers, went even further in their investigations, reporting that Zaccaro was the landlord of a company owned by pornography tycoon and <a href="/wiki/Gambino_crime_family" title="Gambino crime family">Gambino crime family</a> member <a href="/wiki/Robert_DiBernardo" title="Robert DiBernardo">Robert DiBernardo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ap-newsday-072684-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-braden-113-115-80">[75]</a> Many other newspapers minimized their coverage of possible connections between Zaccaro and the mob, however,<a href="#cite_note-lats-shaw-81">[76]</a> and law enforcement officials downplayed the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-braden-113-115-80">[75]</a> A week after her previous statement, Ferraro said Zaccaro had changed his mind and would indeed release his tax records,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-plans-77">[72]</a> which was done on August 20.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-discl-82">[77]</a> The full statements included notice of payment of some $53,000 in back federal taxes that she owed due to what was described as an accountant's error.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-discl-82">[77]</a> Ferraro said the statements proved overall that she had nothing to hide and that there had been no financial wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-discl-82">[77]</a> The disclosures indicated that Ferraro and her husband were worth nearly $4 million, had a full-time maid, and owned a boat and the two vacation homes.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> Much of their wealth was tied up in real estate rather than being disposable income,<a href="#cite_note-time-wealth-23">[21]</a> but the disclosures hurt Ferraro's image as a <a href="/wiki/Rags-to-riches" class="mw-redirect" title="Rags-to-riches">rags-to-riches</a> story.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> Ferraro's strong performance at an August 22 press conference covering the final disclosure—where she answered all questions for two hours—effectively ended the issue for the remainder of the campaign, but significant damage had been done.<a href="#cite_note-fj-447-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> No campaign issue during the entire 1984 presidential campaign received more media attention than Ferraro's finances.<a href="#cite_note-pattterson-dani-76">[71]</a> The exposure diminished Ferraro's rising stardom, removed whatever momentum the Mondale–Ferraro ticket gained out of the convention, and delayed formation of a coherent message for the fall campaign.<a href="#cite_note-apce-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-cq18-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-fj-447-83">[78]</a> Sharp criticism from Catholic Church authorities put Ferraro on the defensive during the entire campaign, with abortion opponents frequently protesting her appearances with a level of fervor not usually encountered by pro-choice Catholic male candidates such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-light-lake-86">[81]</a> In a 1982 briefing for Congress, Ferraro had written that "the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue."<a href="#cite_note-Keller_et_al-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heyer_et_al-88">[83]</a> Ferraro was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_John_O%27Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal John O'Connor">Cardinal John O'Connor</a>, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of New York">Archbishop of New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Clifford_Timlin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Clifford Timlin">James Timlin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Scranton" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton">Bishop of Scranton</a>, for misrepresenting the <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism and abortion">Catholic Church's position on abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> After several days of back-and-forth debate in the public media, Ferraro finally conceded that, "the Catholic Church's position on abortion is monolithic" but went on to say that "But I do believe that there are a lot of Catholics who do not share the view of the Catholic Church".<a href="#cite_note-Heyer_et_al-88">[83]</a> Ferraro was also criticized for saying that Reagan was not a "good Christian" because, she said, his policies hurt the poor.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> To defend Ferraro, the pro-choice group <a href="/wiki/Catholics_for_a_Free_Choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics for a Free Choice">Catholics for a Free Choice</a> placed an October 7, 1984, full-page ad in The New York Times titled "<a href="/wiki/A_Catholic_Statement_on_Pluralism_and_Abortion" title="A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion">A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Keller_et_al-87">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro,_Philadelphia,_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg/180px-Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg/270px-Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg/360px-Vice_Presidential_Debate_with_George_H._W._Bush_and_Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Representative Ferraro and Vice President George H. W. Bush at the 1984 vice presidential debate</figcaption></figure> Ferraro drew large crowds on the campaign trail, many of whom wished to see the history-making candidate in person, who often chanted, "Ger-ry! Ger-ry!"<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> Mondale and Ferraro rarely touched during their appearances together, to the point that he would not even place his palm on her back when they stood side by side; Ferraro later said this was because anything more and "people were afraid that it would look like, 'Oh, my God, they're dating.'".<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> There was <a href="/wiki/1984_Vice_Presidential_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 Vice Presidential Debate">one vice-presidential debate</a> between Congresswoman Ferraro and Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. Held on October 11, the result was proclaimed mostly even by the press and historians;<a href="#cite_note-hdpe-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> women voters tended to think Ferraro had won, while men, Bush.<a href="#cite_note-light-lake-86">[81]</a> At it, Ferraro criticized Reagan's initial refusal to support an extension to the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-debatetranscript-95">[90]</a> Her experience was questioned at the debate and she was asked how her three terms in Congress stacked up with Bush's extensive government experience.<a href="#cite_note-debatetranscript-95">[90]</a> To one Bush statement she said, "Let me just say first of all, that I almost resent, Vice President Bush, your patronizing attitude that you have to teach me about foreign policy."<a href="#cite_note-hdpe-62">[58]</a> She strongly defended her position on abortion, which earned her applause and a respectful reply from her opponent.<a href="#cite_note-debatetranscript-95">[90]</a> In the days leading up to the debate, <a href="/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lady of the United States">Second Lady of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> had publicly referred to Ferraro as "that four-million-dollar—I can't say it, but it rhymes with 'rich'."<a href="#cite_note-NYTRich-96">[91]</a> Barbara Bush soon apologized, saying she had not meant to imply Ferraro was "a witch".<a href="#cite_note-NYTRich-96">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Teeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Teeley">Peter Teeley</a>, Vice President Bush's press secretary, said of Ferraro just prior to the debate, "She's too bitchy. She's very arrogant. Humility isn't one of her strong points and I think that comes through."<a href="#cite_note-UPIich-97">[92]</a> Teeley declined to apologize for the remark, saying it had no sexist implications and the Ferraro campaign was being "hypersensitive" in complaining about it.<a href="#cite_note-UPIich-97">[92]</a> On October 18 the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> accurately reported that Ferraro's father had been arrested for possession of <a href="/wiki/Numbers_game" title="Numbers game">numbers slips</a> in Newburgh shortly before his death, and inaccurately speculated that something mysterious had been covered up about that death.<a href="#cite_note-father-arrest-98">[93]</a> Ferraro's mother had never told her about his arrest;<a href="#cite_note-father-arrest-98">[93]</a> she had been also arrested as an accomplice but released after her husband's death.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> The printing of the story led Ferraro to state that Post publisher <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> "does not have the worth to wipe the dirt under [my mother's] shoes."<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> Ferraro's womanhood was consistently discussed during the campaign; one study found that a quarter of newspaper articles written about her contained gendered language.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Throughout, Ferraro kept campaigning, taking on the traditional running mate role of attacking the opposition vigorously.<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> By the end, she had traveled more than Mondale and more than Reagan and Bush combined.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraldine_Ferraro,_first_female_Vice_Presidential_candidate_running_with_Presidential_candidate_Walter_Mondale,_visits_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington_campus_(10006337).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_first_female_Vice_Presidential_candidate_running_with_Presidential_candidate_Walter_Mondale%2C_visits_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington_campus_%2810006337%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_first_female_Vice_Presidential_candidate_running_with_Presidential_candidate_Walter_Mondale%2C_visits_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington_campus_%2810006337%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Geraldine_Ferraro%2C_first_female_Vice_Presidential_candidate_running_with_Presidential_candidate_Walter_Mondale%2C_visits_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington_campus_%2810006337%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>Geraldine Ferraro at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington" title="University of Texas at Arlington">University of Texas at Arlington</a>, September 1984</figcaption></figure> On November 6, Mondale and Ferraro lost the general election in a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide</a>. They received only 41 percent of the popular vote compared to Reagan and Bush's 59 percent, and in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> won only Mondale's home state of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> The ticket even lost Ferraro's congressional district, which had long been one of the more conservative districts in New York City; it tended to vote Republican in presidential races.<a href="#cite_note-mystory-313-103">[98]</a> Ferraro's presence on the ticket had little measurable effect overall.<a href="#cite_note-light-lake-86">[81]</a> Reagan captured 55 percent of women voters<a href="#cite_note-mystory-313-103">[98]</a> and about the same share of Catholic voters, the latter being the highest level yet for a Republican presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Of the tenth of voters who decided based on the vice-presidential candidates, 54 percent went to Mondale–Ferraro,<a href="#cite_note-light-lake-86">[81]</a> establishing that Ferraro provided a net gain to the Democrats of 0.8 percent.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Reagan's personal appeal and campaign themes of prosperity and "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_morning_again_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="It's morning again in America">It's morning again in America</a>" were quite strong, while Mondale's <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> campaign alienated Southern whites and northern blue-collar workers who <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">usually voted Democratic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Political observers generally agree that no combination of Democrats could have won the election in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-cq18-61">[57]</a> Mondale himself would later reflect that "I knew that I was in for it with Reagan" and that he had no regrets about choosing Ferraro.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> After the election, the <a href="/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ethics Committee">House Ethics Committee</a> found that Ferraro had technically violated the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act" title="Ethics in Government Act">Ethics in Government Act</a> by failing to report, or reporting incorrectly, details of her family's finances, and that she should have reported her husband's holdings on her congressional disclosure forms.<a href="#cite_note-cq-818-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-eth-109">[104]</a> However, the committee concluded that she had acted without "deceptive intent", and since she was leaving Congress anyway, no action against her was taken.<a href="#cite_note-cq-818-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-eth-109">[104]</a> Ferraro said, "I consider myself completely vindicated."<a href="#cite_note-time-eth-109">[104]</a> The scrutiny of her husband and his business dealings presaged a trend that women candidates would face in American electoral politics.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Ferraro is one of only four U.S. women to run on a major party national ticket. The others are <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-npr083008-111">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 Democratic presidential nominee</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 Democratic vice-presidential nominee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 Democratic presidential nominee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> <a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The campaign did lead to the greater adoption of the honorific "<a href="/wiki/Ms." title="Ms.">Ms.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-encyc-ms-114">[109]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> refused to use it at the time for her, the paper's iconoclastic columnist and language expert <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> became convinced it ought to be part of the English language by the case of Ferraro, who was a married woman who used her birth surname professionally rather than her husband's (Zaccaro). Safire wrote in August 1984 that it would be equally incorrect to call her "Miss Ferraro" (as she was married) or "Mrs. Ferraro" (as her husband was not "Mr. Ferraro", although this is the formulation the Times used), and that calling her "Mrs. Zaccaro" would confuse the reader.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Two years after the campaign, the Times finally changed its policy and began using "Ms."<a href="#cite_note-encyc-ms-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Senate_run_and_ambassadorship">First Senate run and ambassadorship</h2></div> Ferraro had relinquished her House seat to run for the vice presidency. Her new-found fame led to an appearance in a <a href="/wiki/Diet_Pepsi" title="Diet Pepsi">Diet Pepsi</a> commercial in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-mmc-papers-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a> She published Ferraro: My Story, an account of the campaign with some of her life leading up to it, in November 1985. It was a best seller and earned her $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-time-nogo86-117">[112]</a> She also earned over $300,000 by giving speeches.<a href="#cite_note-nyt091192tx-118">[113]</a> Despite the one-sided national loss in 1984, Ferraro was still viewed as someone with a bright political future. Many expected her to run in the <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1986 United States Senate election in New York">1986 United States Senate election in New York</a> against first-term Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">Al D'Amato</a>,<a href="#cite_note-time-nogo86-117">[112]</a> and during 1985 she did <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> groundwork towards that end.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> A Senate candidacy had been her original plan for her career, before she was named to Mondale's ticket. But in December 1985, she said she would not run, due to an ongoing <a href="/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department">U.S. Justice Department</a> probe on her and her husband's finances stemming from the 1984 campaign revelations.<a href="#cite_note-time-nogo86-117">[112]</a> Members of Ferraro's family were indeed facing legal issues. Her husband <a href="/wiki/John_Zaccaro" title="John Zaccaro">John Zaccaro</a> had pleaded guilty in January 1985 to fraudulently obtaining bank financing in a real estate transaction and had been sentenced to 150 hours of community service.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> Then, in October 1986, he was indicted on unrelated felony charges regarding an alleged 1981 bribery of <a href="/wiki/Queens_Borough_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Borough President">Queens Borough President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Manes" title="Donald Manes">Donald Manes</a> concerning a cable television contract.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> A full year later, he was acquitted at trial.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> The case against him was circumstantial, a key prosecution witness proved unreliable, and the defense did not have to present its own testimony.<a href="#cite_note-nyt101587a-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-clift-83-124">[119]</a> Ferraro said her husband never would have been charged had she not run for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-clift-83-124">[119]</a> Meanwhile, in February 1986, the couple's son John had been arrested for possession and sale of cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sent-125">[120]</a> He was convicted, and in June 1988, sentenced to four months' imprisonment; Ferraro broke down in tears in court relating the stress the episode had placed on her family.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sent-125">[120]</a> Ferraro worked on an unpublished book about the conflicting rights between a free press and being able to have fair trials.<a href="#cite_note-nyt071888-126">[121]</a> Asked in September 1987 whether she would have accepted the vice presidential nomination had she known of all the family problems that would follow, she said, "More than once I have sat down and said to myself, oh, God, I wish I had never gone through with it ... I think the candidacy opened a door for women in national politics, and I don't regret that for one minute. I'm proud of that. But I just wish it could have been done in a different way."<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> Ferraro remained active in raising money for Democratic candidates nationwide, especially women candidates.<a href="#cite_note-hc022488-128">[123]</a> She founded the Americans Concerned for Tomorrow <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a>, which focused on getting ten women candidates elected in the <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_elections" title="1986 United States elections">1986 congressional elections</a> (eight of whom would be successful).<a href="#cite_note-hc022488-128">[123]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>, Ferraro served as vice chair of the party's Victory Fund.<a href="#cite_note-nyt071888-126">[121]</a> She also did some commentating for television.<a href="#cite_note-nyt071888-126">[121]</a> Ferraro was a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics" title="Harvard Institute of Politics">Harvard Institute of Politics</a> from 1988 to 1992,<a href="#cite_note-wwaw-30">[28]</a> teaching in-demand seminars such as "So You Want to be President?"<a href="#cite_note-hc022488-128">[123]</a> She also took care of her mother, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> for several years before her death in early 1990.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg/180px-GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg/270px-GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg/360px-GeraldineFerraro92gimg875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro at an upstate New York union hall appearance in 1992</figcaption></figure> By October 1991, Ferraro was ready to enter elective politics again, and ran for the Democratic nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1992 United States Senate election in New York">1992 United States Senate election in New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-running-130">[125]</a> Her opponents were State Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Abrams" title="Robert Abrams">Robert Abrams</a>, Reverend <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">Robert J. Mrazek</a>, and New York City Comptroller and former Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">Elizabeth Holtzman</a>. Abrams was considered the early front-runner.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-running-130">[125]</a> The D'Amato campaign feared facing Ferraro the most among these, as her Italian ancestry, effective debating and stump speech skills, and her staunch pro-choice views would eat into several of D'Amato's usual bases of support.<a href="#cite_note-lurie-131">[126]</a> Ferraro emphasized her career as a teacher, prosecutor, congresswoman, and mother, and talked about how she was tough on crime.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Ferraro drew renewed attacks during the primary campaign from the media and her opponents over Zaccaro's finances and business relationships.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-front-133">[128]</a> She objected that a male candidate would not receive nearly as much attention regarding his wife's activities.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-front-133">[128]</a> Ferraro became the front-runner, capitalizing on her star power from 1984, and using the campaign attacks against her as an explicitly feminist rallying point for women voters.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-front-133">[128]</a> As the primary date neared, her lead began to dwindle under the charges, and she released additional tax returns from the 1980s to try to defray the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-nyt091192tx-118">[113]</a> Holtzman, who was trailing in polls, borrowed over $400,000 from Fleet Bank to run a <a href="/wiki/Negative_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative ad">negative ad</a> accusing Ferraro and Zaccaro of taking more than $300,000 in rent in the 1980s from the DiBernardo-run pornography company whose presence in Zaccaro's building had been raised during her 1984 vice-presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Ferraro said there had been efforts to oust the company at the time, but they had remained in the building for three more years.<a href="#cite_note-nyt091292met-135">[130]</a> In addition, a report by an investigator for the New York State Organized Crime Task Force found its way to the media via a tip from a Holtzman aide; it said that Zaccaro had been seen meeting with DiBernardo in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-nyt091292met-135">[130]</a> Ferraro said in response that those two had never met.<a href="#cite_note-nyt091292met-135">[130]</a> The final debates were nasty, and Holtzman in particular constantly attacked Ferraro's integrity and finances.<a href="#cite_note-pothole-465-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-abrams-137">[132]</a> In an unusual election-eve television broadcast, Ferraro talked about "the ethnic slur that I am somehow or other connected to organized crime. There's lots of innuendo but no proof. However, it is made plausible because of the fact that I am an Italian-American. This tactic comes from the poisoned well of fear and stereotype ..."<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> In the September 15, 1992, primary, Abrams edged out Ferraro by less than a percentage point, winning 37 percent of the vote to 36 percent, with Sharpton and Holtzman well behind.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-abrams-137">[132]</a> Ferraro did not concede she had lost for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-nyt100192-139">[134]</a> Abrams spent much of the remainder of the campaign trying to get Ferraro's endorsement.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-endor-140">[135]</a> Ferraro, enraged and bitter after the nature of the primary,<a href="#cite_note-pothole-465-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt100192-139">[134]</a> ignored Abrams and accepted <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s request to campaign for <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">his presidential bid</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> She was eventually persuaded by Governor Mario Cuomo and state party leaders into giving an unenthusiastic endorsement with just three days to go before the general election, in exchange for an apology by Abrams for the tone of the primary.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-endor-140">[135]</a> D'Amato won the election by a very narrow margin.<a href="#cite_note-pothole-465-136">[131]</a> Overall the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1992 United States Senate elections">1992 U.S. Senate elections</a> saw five victories that it became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Woman" title="Year of the Woman">Year of the Woman</a>". The Ferraro-Holtzman fighting of the campaign was viewed as a disaster by many feminists, however, with Ferraro denied her political comeback while Holtzman also politically damaged herself.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-abrams-137">[132]</a> The feud between Ferraro and Holtzman from the 1992 Senate primary lingered, as the following year Ferraro supported <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">Assemblyman</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hevesi" title="Alan Hevesi">Alan Hevesi</a>'s successful primary challenge that unseated Holtzman as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Comptroller" title="New York City Comptroller">New York City Comptroller</a>; Ferraro denied that her endorsement was motivated by revenge against Holtzman, saying it was due to Hevesi's liberal State Assembly voting record.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1993Apr-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Following the Senate primary loss, Ferraro became a managing partner in the New York office of <a href="/wiki/Keck,_Mahin_%26_Cate" title="Keck, Mahin & Cate">Keck, Mahin & Cate</a>, a Chicago-based law firm.<a href="#cite_note-wh102293-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj-int-147">[142]</a> There she organized the office and spoke with clients, but did not actively practice law and left before the firm fell into difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-int-147">[142]</a> Ferraro's second book, a collection of her speeches, was titled Changing History: Women, Power and Politics and was published in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> President Clinton appointed Ferraro as a member of the United States delegation to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> in January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> She attended the June 1993 <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights" title="World Conference on Human Rights">World Conference on Human Rights</a> in Vienna as the alternate U.S. delegate.<a href="#cite_note-fox-bio-150">[145]</a> Then in October 1993, Clinton promoted her to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>, saying that Ferraro had been "a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world."<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark September 1995 <a href="/wiki/Fourth_World_Conference_on_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth World Conference on Women">Fourth World Conference on Women</a> in Beijing; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her.<a href="#cite_note-chesler-152">[147]</a> During her stint on the commission, it for the first time condemned <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> as a human rights violation,<a href="#cite_note-nyt031094-153">[148]</a> and also for the first time prevented China from blocking a motion criticizing <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the People's Republic of China">its human rights record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> Regarding a previous China motion that had failed, Ferraro had told the commission, "Let us do what we were sent here to do—decide important questions of human rights on their merits, not avoid them."<a href="#cite_note-nyt031094-153">[148]</a> Ferraro held the U.N. position into 1996.<a href="#cite_note-cong-bio-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentator_and_second_Senate_run">Commentator and second Senate run</h2></div> In February 1996, Ferraro joined the high-visibility <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> political talk show <a href="/wiki/Crossfire_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossfire (U.S. TV program)">Crossfire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> as the co-host representing the "from the left" vantage. She kept her brassy, rapid-fire speech and <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a> intact, and her trial experience from her prosecutor days was a good fit for the program's format.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-train-156">[151]</a> She sparred effectively with "from the right" co-host <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-train-156">[151]</a> for whom she developed a personal liking.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The show stayed strong in ratings for CNN,<a href="#cite_note-variety-158">[153]</a> and the job was lucrative.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-98-taxes-159">[154]</a> She welcomed how the role "keeps me visible [and] keeps me extremely well informed on the issues."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-train-156">[151]</a> At the start of 1998, Ferraro left Crossfire and ran for the Democratic nomination again in the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1998 United States Senate election in New York">1998 United States Senate election in New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-variety-158">[153]</a> The other candidates were Congressman <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Public_Advocate" title="New York City Public Advocate">New York City Public Advocate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Mark Green (New York politician)">Mark Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-98ann-160">[155]</a> She had done no fundraising, out of fear of conflict of interest with her Crossfire job, but was nonetheless immediately perceived as the front-runner.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-98ann-160">[155]</a> Indeed, December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> Unlike the previous campaigns, her family finances never became an issue.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a> However, she lost ground during the summer, with Schumer catching up in the polls by early August and then soon passing her.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> Schumer, a tireless fundraiser, outspent her by a five-to-one margin, and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> In the September 15, 1998 primary, she was beaten soundly by Schumer by a 51 percent to 26 percent margin.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a> Unlike 1992, the contest was not divisive, and Ferraro and third-place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Schumer would go on to decisively unseat D'Amato in the general election. The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro's political career. The New York Times wrote at the time: "If Ms. Ferraro's rise was meteoric, her political career's denouement was protracted, often agonizing and, at first glance, baffling."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a> She still retained admirers, though. <a href="/wiki/Anita_Perez_Ferguson" title="Anita Perez Ferguson">Anita Perez Ferguson</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a>, noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state's notoriously fierce primary races, and said: "This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate. Her attempts, and even her losses, have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-farewell-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career,_illness_and_medical_activism">Business career, illness and medical activism</h2></div> In 1980, Ferraro co-founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_of_Italian_American_Women" title="National Organization of Italian American Women">National Organization of Italian American Women</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> which sought to support the educational and professional goals of its members and put forward positive role models in order to fight ethnic stereotyping,<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> and was still a distinguished member of its board at the time of her death.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> Ferraro was connected with many other political and non-profit organizations. She was a board member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute_for_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Institute for International Affairs">National Democratic Institute for International Affairs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wwaw-30">[28]</a> She became president of the newly established International Institute for Women's Political Leadership in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> In 1992, she was on the founding board of <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Vote Smart">Project Vote Smart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> By 1993, she was serving on the <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordham Law School">Fordham Law School</a> Board of Visitors, as well as on the boards of the <a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Research_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Research Fund">National Breast Cancer Research Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Seals_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Seals (U.S.)">New York Easter Seal Society</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pension_Rights_Center" title="Pension Rights Center">Pension Rights Center</a>, and was one of hundreds of public figures on the <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_Federation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America">Planned Parenthood Federation of America</a>'s Board of Advocates.<a href="#cite_note-wwaw-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-wh102293-146">[141]</a> In 1999, she joined the board of the <a href="/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation" title="Bertarelli Foundation">Bertarelli Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> and in 2003, the board of the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Health_Resource_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Women's Health Resource Center">National Women's Health Resource Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> During the 2000s she was on the board of advisors to the <a href="/wiki/Lori_Berenson" title="Lori Berenson">Committee to Free Lori Berenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Framing a Life: A Family Memoir was published by Ferraro in November 1998. It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother; it also portrays the rest of her family, and is a memoir of her early life, but includes relatively little about her political career.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Ferraro had felt unusually tired at the end of her second Senate campaign.<a href="#cite_note-nw102607-175">[170]</a> In November 1998, she was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>, a form of blood cancer where plasma cells secrete abnormal antibodies known as Bence-Jones proteins, which can cause bones to disintegrate and dump toxic amounts of calcium into the bloodstream.<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> She did not publicly disclose the illness until June 2001, when she went to Washington to successfully press in congressional hearings for passage of the <a href="/wiki/Hematological_Cancer_Research_Investment_and_Education_Act" title="Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act">Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> A portion of the Act created the Geraldine Ferraro Cancer Education Program, which directs the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services">U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> to establish an education program for patients of blood cancers and the general public.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Ferraro became a frequent speaker on the disease,<a href="#cite_note-cnn-then-now-178">[173]</a> and an avid supporter and honorary board member of the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_Myeloma_Research_Foundation" title="Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation">Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraldine_Ferraro_(9068527271)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Geraldine_Ferraro_%289068527271%29_%281%29.jpg/170px-Geraldine_Ferraro_%289068527271%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Geraldine_Ferraro_%289068527271%29_%281%29.jpg/255px-Geraldine_Ferraro_%289068527271%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Geraldine_Ferraro_%289068527271%29_%281%29.jpg/340px-Geraldine_Ferraro_%289068527271%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro visiting the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 2004</figcaption></figure> Though initially given only three to five years to live, by virtue of several new drug therapies and a <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplant">bone marrow transplant</a> in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> she would beat the disease's Stage 1 survival mean of 62 months by over a factor of two.<a href="#cite_note-ISS-179">[174]</a> Her advocacy helped make the new treatments approved and available for others as well.<a href="#cite_note-fort-care-180">[175]</a> For much of the last decade of her life, Ferraro was not in <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a>, but the disease was managed by continually adjusting her treatments.<a href="#cite_note-nw102607-175">[170]</a> Ferraro joined <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a> as a regular political commentator in October 1999.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> By 2005, she was making sporadic appearances on the channel,<a href="#cite_note-cnn-then-now-178">[173]</a> which continued into 2007, and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> She partnered with <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a>, starting in December 1999, in writing the alternate-weeks column "Campaign Countdown" on the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times Syndicate">The New York Times Syndicate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> During the 2000s, Ferraro was an affiliated faculty member at the <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Public_Policy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown Public Policy Institute">Georgetown Public Policy Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelosi_clinton_graves_ferraro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four adult women standing in a lobby perhaps, stiff pose, large indoor plant in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pelosi_clinton_graves_ferraro.jpg/240px-Pelosi_clinton_graves_ferraro.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Pelosi_clinton_graves_ferraro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Ferraro (left) marked <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a> in 2003, with Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, House Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, and opera singer <a href="/wiki/Denyce_Graves" title="Denyce Graves">Denyce Graves</a>.</figcaption></figure> In January 2000, Ferraro and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Morley_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Morley Martin">Lynn Martin</a>—a former Republican Congresswoman and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Labor">U.S. Secretary of Labor</a> who had played Ferraro in George H. W. Bush's debate preparations in 1984<a href="#cite_note-clift-184">[179]</a>—co-founded, and served as co-presidents of, G&L Strategies, a management consulting firm underneath Weber McGinn.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees.<a href="#cite_note-clift-184">[179]</a> G&L Strategies subsequently became part of <a href="/wiki/Golin_Harris_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Golin Harris International">Golin Harris International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt061703-186">[181]</a> In June 2003, Ferraro was made executive vice president and managing director of the public affairs practice of the Global Consulting Group,<a href="#cite_note-nyt061703-186">[181]</a> an international investor relations and corporate communications component of <a href="/wiki/Huntsworth" title="Huntsworth">Huntsworth</a>. There she worked with corporations, non-profit organizations, state governments and political figures.<a href="#cite_note-br-pr-187">[182]</a> She continued there as a senior advisor working about two days a month.<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> After living for many years in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills_Gardens,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills Gardens, Queens">Forest Hills Gardens, Queens</a>, she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-train-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> She republished Ferraro: My Story in 2004, with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> Ferraro was a member of the board of directors of Goodrich Petroleum beginning in August 2003.<a href="#cite_note-gdp-191">[186]</a> She was also a board member for <a href="/wiki/New_York_Bancorp" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Bancorp">New York Bancorp</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-98-taxes-159">[154]</a> Ferraro became a principal in the government relations practice of the <a href="/wiki/Blank_Rome" title="Blank Rome">Blank Rome</a> law firm in February 2007, working both in New York and Washington<a href="#cite_note-br-pr-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-188">[183]</a> about two days a week in their lobbying and communications activities.<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> As she passed the age of 70, she was thankful for still being alive, and said "This is about as retired as I get, which is part time,"<a href="#cite_note-cr-f2007-176">[171]</a> and that if she fully retired, she would "go nuts".<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-188">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_presidential_election_involvement">2008 presidential election involvement</h2></div> In December 2006, Ferraro announced her support for Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Later, she vowed to help defend Clinton from being <a href="/wiki/Swiftboating" title="Swiftboating">"swiftboated"</a> in a manner akin to <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> She assisted with fundraising by assuming an honorary post on the finance committee for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ap031208-193">[188]</a> A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn031108-194">[189]</a> Ferraro became livid and distraught when one of her daughters voted for Obama in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_presidential_primary,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Democratic presidential primary, 2008">the Massachusetts primary</a>, saying "What is the matter with you? You know Hillary. You have seen my involvement with her." When her daughter responded by noting that Obama was inspirational, Ferraro snapped, "What does he inspire you to do, leave your husband and three kids and your practice and go work for Doctors Without Borders?" This was seen as an example of a generational difference among American women; in contrast to Ferraro's generation, younger women saw nothing special about electing a woman president (especially one with Clinton's history) compared to what writer <a href="/wiki/Anne_Kornblut" title="Anne Kornblut">Anne Kornblut</a> called "the milestone of electing an African American president". According to Kornblut, younger voters saw "Clinton [as] both a relic of that era and a victim of its success. She was the wrong woman at the wrong time; she was a Clinton; she hadn't gotten there on her own".<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> The campaign between the two also saw racial dust-ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates.<a href="#cite_note-cnn031108-194">[189]</a> In March 2008 Ferraro gave an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Breeze" title="Daily Breeze">Daily Breeze</a> in which she said: "If Obama was a white man, he would not be in this position. And if he was a woman (of any color) he would not be in this position. He happens to be very lucky to be who he is. And the country is caught up in the concept."<a href="#cite_note-ap031208-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farber,_Jim-196">[191]</a> (Ferraro had made a similar comment in 1988 disparaging <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign">candidacy in the party's presidential primaries</a>, saying that because of his "radical" views, "if Jesse Jackson were not black, he wouldn't be in the race."<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-197">[192]</a>) Ferraro justified the statements by referring to her own run for vice president. Echoing a statement she wrote about herself in 1988,<a href="#cite_note-martin20110327-33">[31]</a> Ferraro said that "I was talking about historic candidacies and what I started off by saying (was that) if you go back to 1984 and look at my historic candidacy, which I had just talked about all these things, in 1984, if my name was Gerard Ferraro instead of Geraldine Ferraro, I would have never been chosen as a vice-presidential candidate. It had nothing to do with my qualification."<a href="#cite_note-ap031208-193">[188]</a> Her comments resonated with some older white women, but generated an immediate backlash elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> There was strong criticism and charges of racism from many supporters of Obama<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> and Obama called them "patently absurd".<a href="#cite_note-cnn031108-194">[189]</a> Clinton publicly expressed disagreement with Ferraro's remarks, while Ferraro vehemently denied she was a racist.<a href="#cite_note-ap031208-193">[188]</a> Again speaking to the Breeze, Ferraro responded to the attacks by saying: "I really think they're attacking me because I'm white. How's that?"<a href="#cite_note-cnn031108-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Ferraro resigned from Clinton's finance committee on March 12, 2008, two days after the firestorm began, saying that she didn't want the Obama camp to use her comments to hurt Clinton's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Ferraro continued to engage the issue and criticize the Obama campaign via her position as a <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a> contributor.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-fn040808-204">[199]</a> By early April, Ferraro said people were deluging her with negative comments and trying to get her removed from one of the boards she was on: "This has been the worst three weeks of my life."<a href="#cite_note-fn040808-204">[199]</a> Ferraro stated in mid-May 2008 that Clinton had "raised this whole woman candidate thing to a whole different level than when I ran".<a href="#cite_note-nyt051908-205">[200]</a> She thought Obama had behaved in a <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a> manner and that she might not vote for him.<a href="#cite_note-nyt051908-205">[200]</a> During September 2008, Ferraro gained attention yet again after the announcement of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as the Republican vice-presidential nominee, the first such major party bid for a woman since her own in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-hc090408-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-nw-2008-cover-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbc100108-208">[203]</a> Palin mentioned Ferraro as well as Clinton as forerunners in her introductory appearance.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> In reaction to the nomination, Ferraro said, "It's great to be the first, but I don't want to be the only. And so now it is wonderful to see a woman on a national ticket."<a href="#cite_note-npr083008-111">[106]</a> Ferraro speculated that the pick might win Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> the election,<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> but said that she was supporting Obama now due to his running mate selection of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> having resolved her concerns about Obama's lack of experience in certain areas.<a href="#cite_note-hc090408-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Ferraro criticized the media's scrutiny of Palin's background and family as gender-based and saw parallels with how she was treated by the media during her own run;<a href="#cite_note-hc090408-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> study also found that media <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing</a> of Ferraro and Palin was similar and often revolved around their nominations being political gambles.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> cover story detected a change in how women voters responded to a female vice presidential candidate from Ferraro's time to Palin's, but Ferraro correctly predicted that the bounce that McCain received from the Palin pick would dissipate.<a href="#cite_note-nw-2008-cover-207">[202]</a> In a friendly joint retrospective of her 1984 debate with George H. W. Bush, Ferraro said she had had more national issues experience in 1984 than Palin did now, but that it was important that Palin make a good showing in <a href="/wiki/United_States_vice-presidential_debate,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="United States vice-presidential debate, 2008">her vice presidential debate</a> so that "little girls [could] see someone there who can stand toe to toe with [Biden]."<a href="#cite_note-nbc100108-208">[203]</a> McCain and Palin ended up losing, but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result, Ferraro said that "Every time a woman runs, women win."<a href="#cite_note-nw-2008-cover-207">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2></div> After her 1998 diagnosis, Ferraro continued to battle multiple myeloma, making repeated visits to hospitals during her last year and undergoing difficult procedures.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> Much of her care took place at <a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute" title="Dana–Farber Cancer Institute">Dana–Farber Cancer Institute</a> in Boston, where she also acted as an informal advocate for other patients.<a href="#cite_note-fort-care-180">[175]</a> She was able to make a joint appearance with Palin on Fox News Channel's coverage of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">November 2010 midterm elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fox-joint-215">[210]</a> In March 2011 she went to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> to receive treatment for pain caused by a fracture, a common complication of multiple myeloma.<a href="#cite_note-ap-mgh-59">[55]</a> Once there, however, doctors discovered she had come down with pneumonia. Unable to return to her New York home, Ferraro died at Massachusetts General on March 26, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ap-mgh-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbc-brk-216">[211]</a> In addition to her husband and three children, who were all present, she was survived by eight grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-ap-mgh-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-psng-217">[212]</a> President Obama said upon her death that "Geraldine will forever be remembered as a trailblazer who broke down barriers for women, and Americans of all backgrounds and walks of life", and said that his own two daughters would grow up in a more equal country because of what Ferraro had done.<a href="#cite_note-fox-tribs-218">[213]</a> Mondale called her "a remarkable woman and a dear human being ... She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society. She broke a lot of molds and it's a better country for what she did."<a href="#cite_note-nbc-brk-216">[211]</a> George H. W. Bush said, "Though we were one-time political opponents, I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time – a friendship marked by respect and affection. I admired Gerry in many ways, not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics."<a href="#cite_note-fox-tribs-218">[213]</a> Sarah Palin paid tribute to her on Facebook, expressing gratitude for having been able to work with her the year before and saying, "She broke one huge barrier and then went on to break many more. May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women."<a href="#cite_note-fox-joint-215">[210]</a> Bill and Hillary Clinton said in a statement that, "Gerry Ferraro was one of a kind – tough, brilliant, and never afraid to speak her mind or stand up for what she believed in – a New York icon and a true American original."<a href="#cite_note-cnn-psng-217">[212]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Funeral_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral Mass">funeral Mass</a> was held for her on March 31 at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Vincent_Ferrer_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Vincent Ferrer (New York)">Church of St. Vincent Ferrer</a> in New York, the site where Ferraro and Zaccaro had been married and had renewed their vows on their 50th anniversary the year before.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-fune-219">[214]</a> Figures from local, state, and national politics were present, and Mondale and both Clintons were among the speakers.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-fune-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-qg-fune-220">[215]</a> She is buried in <a href="/wiki/St._John_Cemetery,_Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Cemetery, Queens, New York">St. John Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Village,_Queens" title="Middle Village, Queens">Middle Village, Queens</a>, within her old congressional district.<a href="#cite_note-qg-fune-220">[215]</a> When Hillary Clinton finally captured the Democratic nomination in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, becoming the first woman to do so for a major party, there was considerable media commentary recalling, and relating this to, Ferraro's breakthrough 32 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg/220px-Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg/330px-Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg/440px-Geraldine_Ferraro_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>P.S. 290Q Geraldine Ferraro Campus in Queens.</figcaption></figure> Ferraro was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> Ferraro received <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a> during the 1980s and early 1990s, from <a href="/wiki/Marymount_Manhattan_College" title="Marymount Manhattan College">Marymount Manhattan College</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="New York University Law School">New York University Law School</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College">Hunter College</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattsburgh College">Plattsburgh College</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/College_of_Boca_Raton" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Boca Raton">College of Boca Raton</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Muhlenberg_College" title="Muhlenberg College">Muhlenberg College</a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/Briarcliffe_College" title="Briarcliffe College">Briarcliffe College for Business</a> (1990), and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsdam College">Potsdam College</a> (1991).<a href="#cite_note-wwaw-30">[28]</a> She subsequently received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> During her time in Congress, Ferraro received numerous awards from local organizations in Queens.<a href="#cite_note-mmc-papers-5">[3]</a> In 2007, Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Italy_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Italy Foundation">Sons of Italy Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> In 2008, Ferraro was the initial recipient of the annual Trailblazer Award from the National Conference of Women's Bar Associations,<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> and received the Edith I. Spivack Award from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association" title="New York County Lawyers' Association">New York County Lawyers' Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> In 2009, legislation passed the House of Representatives calling for a post office in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_City" title="Long Island City">Long Island City</a> in Queens to be renamed for Ferraro,<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> and in 2010, the Geraldine A. Ferraro Post Office was accordingly rededicated.<a href="#cite_note-licj-2010-46">[44]</a> In the fall of 2013, <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of public elementary schools in New York City">P.S. 290Q</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood,_Queens" title="Ridgewood, Queens">Ridgewood, Queens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> was reopened as the A.C.E. Academy for Scholars on the Geraldine A. Ferraro Campus.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-TL_campus-232">[227]</a> In 2018 she was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_History_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="National Women's History Project">National Women's History Project</a> as one of its honorees for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> Democratic primary for the 1978 <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">New York's 9th congressional district</a> election<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> <ul><li>Geraldine Ferraro – 10,254 (52.98%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">Thomas J. Manton</a> – 5,499 (28.41%)</li> <li>Patrick C. Deignan – 3,603 (18.61%)</li></ul> 1978 New York's 9th congressional district election<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> <ul><li>Geraldine Ferraro (D) – 51,350 (54.17%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._DelliBovi" title="Alfred A. DelliBovi">Alfred A. DelliBovi</a> (R, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party (New York)">Conservative</a>) – 42,108 (44.42%)</li> <li>Theodore E. Garrison (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal</a>) – 1,329 (1.40%)</li></ul> 1980 New York's 9th congressional district election<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> <ul><li>Geraldine Ferraro (D) (Inc.) – 63,796 (58.34%)</li> <li>Vito P. Battista (R, Conservative, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">Right to Life</a>) – 44,473 (40.67%)</li> <li>Gertrude Geniale (Liberal) – 1,091 (1.00%)</li></ul> 1982 New York's 9th congressional district election<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <ul><li>Geraldine Ferraro (D) (Inc.) – 75,286 (73.22%)</li> <li>John J. Weigandt (R) – 20,352 (19.79%)</li> <li>Ralph G. Groves (Conservative) – 6,011 (5.85%)</li> <li>Patricia A. Salargo (Liberal) – 1,171 (1.14%)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_(21892061646).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_%2821892061646%29.jpg/220px-Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_%2821892061646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_%2821892061646%29.jpg/330px-Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_%2821892061646%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_%2821892061646%29.jpg/440px-Vintage_Geraldine_Ferraro_For_Vice_President_1984_Campaign_Pinback_Button_%2821892061646%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 Democratic National Convention</a> (vice-presidential tally)<a href="#cite_note-238">[nb 6]</a> <ul><li>Geraldine Ferraro – 3,920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a> – 3</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (R) (Inc.) – 54,166,829 (58.5%) and 525 electoral votes (49 states carried)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>/Geraldine Ferraro (D) – 37,449,813 (40.4%) and 13 electoral votes (1 state and D.C. carried)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a> (L) – 227,204 (0.2%) and 0 electoral votes</li></ul> Democratic primary for the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1992 United States Senate election in New York">1992 U.S. Senate election</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt100192-139">[134]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Abrams" title="Robert Abrams">Robert Abrams</a> – 426,904 (37%)</li> <li>Geraldine Ferraro – 415,650 (36%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> – 166,665 (14%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">Elizabeth Holtzman</a> – 144,026 (12%)</li></ul> Democratic primary for the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1998 United States Senate election in New York">1998 U.S. Senate election</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> – 388,701 (50.83%)</li> <li>Geraldine Ferraro – 201,625 (26.37%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Mark Green (New York politician)">Mark Green</a> – 145,819 (19.07%)</li> <li>Eric Ruano-Melendez – 28,493 (3.73%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the United States House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-female-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first-female_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first-female_1-1">b</a> Although Ferraro was the first woman to be on a major-party ticket for one of the nation's two highest offices, she was not the first woman to receive an <a href="/wiki/United_States_electoral_college" class="mw-redirect" title="United States electoral college">electoral college</a> vote. That woman was <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora Nathan">Theodora Nathan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Libertarian_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Libertarian Party">Libertarian</a> vice-presidential candidate who got the support of <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> who, in 1972, voted for her instead of the pledged <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>. However, Ferraro was the first woman to receive more than one electoral vote. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320201043/http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/prescand.pdf">"Women Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates: A Selected List"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> Center for American Women and Politics. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/prescand.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Candidates%3A+A+Selected+List&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Center+for+American+Women+and+Politics&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cawp.rutgers.edu%2Ffast_facts%2Flevels_of_office%2Fdocuments%2Fprescand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-italian-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first-italian_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first-italian_2-1">b</a> Mention is occasionally made of <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, who was the Democratic presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 election</a>, as the first Italian American to run on a major party national ticket. But Smith was only one-quarter Italian in heritage, was not known by an Italian surname, and was generally identified as an Irish American. While his Roman Catholic religion was certainly a major issue in the election, his partial Italian heritage was not. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayton2011" class="citation news cs1">Slayton, Robert A. (December 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/10/when-a-catholic-terrified-the-heartland/?_r=0">"When a Catholic Terrified the Heartland"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+a+Catholic+Terrified+the+Heartland&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F10%2Fwhen-a-catholic-terrified-the-heartland%2F%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> The large majority of sources consider Ferraro to have been the first Italian American to achieve this distinction. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (March 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/us/politics/27geraldine-ferraro.html?_r=0">"She Ended the Men's Club of National Politics"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=She+Ended+the+Men%27s+Club+of+National+Politics&rft.date=2011-03-26&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F27geraldine-ferraro.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudel2011" class="citation news cs1">Schudel, Matt (March 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/geraldine-a-ferraro-first-woman-major-party-candidate-on-presidential-ticket-dies-at-75/2011/03/26/AFLyheeB_story.html">"Geraldine A. Ferraro, first woman major-party candidate on presidential ticket, dies at 75"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Geraldine+A.+Ferraro%2C+first+woman+major-party+candidate+on+presidential+ticket%2C+dies+at+75&rft.date=2011-03-26&rft.aulast=Schudel&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fgeraldine-a-ferraro-first-woman-major-party-candidate-on-presidential-ticket-dies-at-75%2F2011%2F03%2F26%2FAFLyheeB_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2011" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Elaine (March 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-mar-26-la-me-geraldine-ferraro-20110327-story.html">"Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75; shattered political barrier for women as vice presidential nominee in 1984"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Geraldine+Ferraro+dies+at+75%3B+shattered+political+barrier+for+women+as+vice+presidential+nominee+in+1984&rft.date=2011-03-26&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2011-mar-26-la-me-geraldine-ferraro-20110327-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988">; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2011" class="citation news cs1">McGuire, Bill (March 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/geraldine-ferraro-dies-75-woman-vice-president-candidate-remembered/story?id=13228533">"Geraldine Ferraro, First Woman VP Candidate, Dies at 75"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Geraldine+Ferraro%2C+First+Woman+VP+Candidate%2C+Dies+at+75&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fgeraldine-ferraro-dies-75-woman-vice-president-candidate-remembered%2Fstory%3Fid%3D13228533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaction.org/pages/publications/voting-records.php">"Voting Records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. Retrieved January 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voting+Records&rft.pub=Americans+for+Democratic+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaction.org%2Fpages%2Fpublications%2Fvoting-records.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> From 1979 through 1984, her scores were 74, 72, 85, 75, 90, and 70 (the decline in the last year was partly due to missed votes while campaigning for vice president). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619111750/http://www.conservative.org/congress-ratings/">"Ratings of Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">American Conservative Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservative.org/congress-ratings/">the original</a> on June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratings+of+Congress&rft.pub=American+Conservative+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservative.org%2Fcongress-ratings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> From 1979 through 1984, her scores were 16, 17, 7, 10, 0, and 0. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> filing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/311187750/?terms=ferraro%2Bmarried%2Bitalian%2B%22you%2Bknow%2Bwhat%2Bit%27s%2Blike%22">"Ferraro Alters Disclosure Vow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Indianapolis News">The Indianapolis News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. August 13, 1984. p. 4 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+News&rft.atitle=Ferraro+Alters+Disclosure+Vow&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1984-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F311187750%2F%3Fterms%3Dferraro%252Bmarried%252Bitalian%252B%2522you%252Bknow%252Bwhat%252Bit%2527s%252Blike%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> This remark was alternately reported as, "If you're married to an Italian man, you know what it's like." See <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> filing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/216363702/?terms=ferraro%2Bmarried%2Bitalian%2B%22you%2Bknow%2Bwhat%2Bit%27s%2Blike%22">"Ferraro Won't Release Husband's Tax Returns"</a>. The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. August 13, 1984. p. B-7 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Town+Talk&rft.atitle=Ferraro+Won%27t+Release+Husband%27s+Tax+Returns&rft.pages=B-7&rft.date=1984-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F216363702%2F%3Fterms%3Dferraro%252Bmarried%252Bitalian%252B%2522you%252Bknow%252Bwhat%252Bit%2527s%252Blike%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> Ferraro's 1985 memoir uses a variation of the first formulation: "'You people who are married to Italian men, you know what it's like,' I quipped." See Ferraro, My Story, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland,_Keating1996" class="citation news cs1">Holland, Keating (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000930224301/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml">"All The Votes...Really"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml">the original</a> on September 30, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=All+The+Votes...Really&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Holland%2C+Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1996%2Fconventions%2Fsan.diego%2Ffacts%2Fweird.facts%2Fvotes.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> In actuality, the 1984 Democratic vice-presidential roll call only went through Alabama, Alaska, and Arizona. Arkansas then passed to New York; New York cast all its votes for Ferraro; and New York then moved that Ferraro be nominated by acclamation, which was approved by overwhelming voice vote. See Ferraro, My Story, pp. 6–7. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nyt-woman-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-woman_3-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez,_Jane1984" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (April 10, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/10/us/woman-in-the-news-democrat-peacemaker-geraldine-anne-ferraro.html">"Woman in the News; Democrat, Peacemaker: Geraldine Anne Ferraro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Woman+in+the+News%3B+Democrat%2C+Peacemaker%3A+Geraldine+Anne+Ferraro&rft.date=1984-04-10&rft.au=Perlez%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F04%2F10%2Fus%2Fwoman-in-the-news-democrat-peacemaker-geraldine-anne-ferraro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mystory-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mystory_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mystory_4-1">b</a> Ferraro and Francke, My Story, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-mmc-papers-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmc-papers_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmc-papers_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmc-papers_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909214246/http://marymount.mmm.edu/study/resources/library/archives/Ferraro_Papers_guide.pdf">"The Geraldine A. Ferraro Papers"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Marymount_Manhattan_College" title="Marymount Manhattan College">Marymount Manhattan College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marymount.mmm.edu/study/resources/library/archives/Ferraro_Papers_guide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 9, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geraldine+A.+Ferraro+Papers&rft.pub=Marymount+Manhattan+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarymount.mmm.edu%2Fstudy%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Farchives%2FFerraro_Papers_guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> pp. 2–3, 88–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-people-84-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-people-84_6-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLague,_Louise1984" class="citation news cs1">Lague, Louise (July 30, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088346,00.html">"The Making of a Trailblazer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a>. Retrieved September 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+a+Trailblazer&rft.date=1984-07-30&rft.au=Lague%2C+Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20088346%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Sanctis2011" class="citation news cs1">De Sanctis, Dona (Summer 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercertrigiani.com/hoa/assn16762/images/1.aaa.final_issue.summer_2011.pdf">"In Memoriam: Geraldine Ferraro"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian America (page does not exist)">Italian America</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+America&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Geraldine+Ferraro&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=De+Sanctis&rft.aufirst=Dona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercertrigiani.com%2Fhoa%2Fassn16762%2Fimages%2F1.aaa.final_issue.summer_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ferraro and Whitney, Framing a Life, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ferraro, Framing a Life, pp. 50–51, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-watson-gordon-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson-gordon_10-6">g</a> Watson, Anticipating Madam President, pp. 157–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-fram-65-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fram-65_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fram-65_11-1">b</a> Ferraro, Framing a Life, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-engage-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-engage_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-engage_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=F30A15F73F5F1A7B93CBA91783D85F4D8585F9">"John Zaccaro Fiance of Geraldine Ferraro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved March 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Geraldine+Ferraro%3A+A+Break+with+Tradition&rft.date=1984-07-23&rft.au=Church%2C+George+L.&rft.au=Magnuson%2C+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C952425%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Goldman and Fuller, The Quest for the Presidency 1984, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-goldman-fin-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldman-fin_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldman-fin_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldman-fin_73-2">c</a> Goldman and Fuller, The Quest for the Presidency 1984, pp. 278–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-seizes-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-seizes_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-seizes_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaines,_Howell1984" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howell_Raines" title="Howell Raines">Raines, Howell</a> (August 14, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/14/us/gop-seizes-genderless-issue-of-tax-returns-to-attack-ferraro.html">"G.O.P. Seizes 'Genderless Issue' of Tax Returns to Attack Ferraro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.O.P.+Seizes+%27Genderless+Issue%27+of+Tax+Returns+to+Attack+Ferraro&rft.date=1984-08-14&rft.au=Raines%2C+Howell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F08%2F14%2Fus%2Fgop-seizes-genderless-issue-of-tax-returns-to-attack-ferraro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pattterson-dani-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pattterson-dani_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pattterson-dani_76-1">b</a> Patterson and Dani, The Media Campaign, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-plans-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-plans_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-plans_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez,_Jane1984" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (August 19, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/19/us/husband-plans-tax-disclosure-with-ferraro.html">"Husband Plans Tax Disclosure With Ferraro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Husband+Plans+Tax+Disclosure+With+Ferraro&rft.date=1984-08-19&rft.au=Perlez%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F08%2F19%2Fus%2Fhusband-plans-tax-disclosure-with-ferraro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mystory-156-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mystory-156_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mystory-156_78-1">b</a> Ferraro, My Story, pp. 156–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-newsday-072684-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ap-newsday-072684_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97553988/">"Zaccaro May Oust Tenant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. July 26, 1984. p. 21 (New York Edition) – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Zaccaro+May+Oust+Tenant&rft.pages=21+%28New+York+Edition%29&rft.date=1984-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F97553988%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-braden-113-115-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-braden-113-115_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-braden-113-115_80-1">b</a> Braden, Women Politicians and the Media, pp. 113–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-lats-shaw-81"><a href="#cite_ref-lats-shaw_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1984" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, David (December 9, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97523078/">"Press values clash over coverage of Ferraro 'ties' to mob"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman" title="Austin American-Statesman">Austin American-Statesman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Times Service">Los Angeles Times Service</a>. pp. H1, H14 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austin+American-Statesman&rft.atitle=Press+values+clash+over+coverage+of+Ferraro+%27ties%27+to+mob&rft.pages=H1%2C+H14&rft.date=1984-12-09&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F97523078%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-discl-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-discl_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-discl_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-discl_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Sam1984" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (August 22, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/22/us/ferraro-denies-any-wrongdoing-2d-loan-by-zaccaro-from-estate.html">"Ferraro Denies Any Wrongdoing; 2d Loan By Zaccaro From Estate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ferraro+Denies+Any+Wrongdoing%3B+2d+Loan+By+Zaccaro+From+Estate&rft.date=1984-08-22&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F08%2F22%2Fus%2Fferraro-denies-any-wrongdoing-2d-loan-by-zaccaro-from-estate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fj-447-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fj-447_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fj-447_83-1">b</a> Germond and Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over, pp. 447–448. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Goldman and Fuller, The Quest for the Presidency 1984, pp. 283–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAJN-OcsZhAC&pg=PA146">Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances</a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 146–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3493-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3493-3"><bdi>0-8135-3493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+work%3A+Planned+Parenthood+and+its+clergy+alliances&rft.pages=146-147&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8135-3493-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAJN-OcsZhAC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-light-lake-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-light-lake_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-light-lake_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-light-lake_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-light-lake_86-3">d</a> Light and Lake, The Elections of 1984, pp. 103, 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keller_et_al-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keller_et_al_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keller_et_al_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerRuetherCantlon2006" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (2006). Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 1104–1106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34688-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34688-6"><bdi>0-253-34688-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+and+religion+in+North+America&rft.pages=1104-1106&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-253-34688-6&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Skinner&rft.au=Ruether%2C+Rosemary+Radford&rft.au=Cantlon%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyer_et_al-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyer_et_al_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyer_et_al_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyerRozellGenovese2008" class="citation book cs1">Heyer, Kristin E.; Rozell, Mark J.; Genovese, Michael A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicspolitic0000kris">Catholics and politics: the dynamic tension between faith and power</a>. Religion and politics. Georgetown University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicspolitic0000kris/page/18">18</a>, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-216-5"><bdi>978-1-58901-216-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+politics%3A+the+dynamic+tension+between+faith+and+power&rft.series=Religion+and+politics&rft.pages=18%2C+20&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-216-5&rft.aulast=Heyer&rft.aufirst=Kristin+E.&rft.au=Rozell%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Genovese%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicspolitic0000kris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Prendergast, The Catholic Vote in American Politics, pp. 26, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1984" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Klein" title="Joe Klein">Klein, Joe</a> (October 1, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36">"Abortion and the Archbishop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+the+Archbishop&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1984-10-01&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieUCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwithTaylorMagnusonith1984" class="citation news cs1">Beckwith, David; Taylor, Elizabeth; Magnusonith, Ed (September 24, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930212730/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923636,00.html">"Pressing the Abortion Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923636,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pressing+the+Abortion+Issue&rft.date=1984-09-24&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Magnusonith%2C+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C923636%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Germond and Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over, pp. 487–488. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumiller,_Elisabeth2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller" title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</a> (September 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/us/politics/09etiquette.html">"To have (as a running mate), and hold (politely)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+have+%28as+a+running+mate%29%2C+and+hold+%28politely%29&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09etiquette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Scala, American Presidential Campaigns and Elections, p. 966. </li> <li id="cite_note-debatetranscript-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debatetranscript_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-debatetranscript_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-debatetranscript_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516223412/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/debatingourdestiny/84debates/vp1.html">"The 1984 Vice Presidential Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer" class="mw-redirect" title="The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer">NewsHour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. 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October 22, 1993. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Names+Ferraro+to+UNHRC&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=1993-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpub%2Farchives%2Fwhitehouse-papers%2F1993%2FOct%2FThree-Appointments-1993-10-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-int-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-int_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-int_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattman,_Peter2007" class="citation news cs1">Lattman, Peter (February 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/02/01/law-blog-qa-geraldine-ferraro/">"Law Blog Q&A: Geraldine Ferraro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Law+Blog+Q%26A%3A+Geraldine+Ferraro&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.au=Lattman%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Flaw%2F2007%2F02%2F01%2Flaw-blog-qa-geraldine-ferraro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraro,_Geraldine1998" class="citation book cs1">Ferraro, Geraldine (1998). Changing History: Women, Power, and Politics. Mt. 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Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Congressional+Election+of+November+7%2C+1978&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1979-04-01&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+Benjamin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1978election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd,_Thomas_E.1981" class="citation web cs1">Ladd, Thomas E. (April 15, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1980"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. 41. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+November+4%2C+1980&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1981-04-15&rft.au=Ladd%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1980election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd,_Thomas_E.1983" class="citation web cs1">Ladd, Thomas E. (May 5, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1982election.pdf">"Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1982"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. 27. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Congressional+Election+of+November+2%2C+1982&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1983-05-05&rft.au=Ladd%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1982election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd,_Thomas_E.1985" class="citation web cs1">Ladd, Thomas E. (May 1, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1984election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 6, 1984"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. 69. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+November+6%2C+1984&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1985-05-01&rft.au=Ladd%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1984election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe1998/98senate.htm">"Federal Elections 98: 1998 U.S. Senate Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. April 1999. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+98%3A+1998+U.S.+Senate+Results&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpubrec%2Ffe1998%2F98senate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraden1996" class="citation book cs1">Braden, Maria (1996). Women Politicians and the Media. Lexington, Kentucky: <a href="/wiki/The_University_Press_of_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="The University Press of Kentucky">The University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1970-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1970-7"><bdi>0-8131-1970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Politicians+and+the+Media&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8131-1970-7&rft.aulast=Braden&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesler2005" class="citation book cs1">Chesler, Ellen (2005). "Introduction". In Chavkin, Wendy; Chesler, Ellen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherehumanrights0000chav">Where Human Rights Begin: Health, Sexuality, and Women in the New Millennium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3657-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3657-X"><bdi>0-8135-3657-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Where+Human+Rights+Begin%3A+Health%2C+Sexuality%2C+and+Women+in+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8135-3657-X&rft.aulast=Chesler&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwherehumanrights0000chav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliftBrazaitis2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Clift" title="Eleanor Clift">Clift, Eleanor</a>; Brazaitis, Tom (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madampresidentsh0000clif">Madam President: Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85619-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85619-0"><bdi>0-684-85619-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madam+President%3A+Shattering+the+Last+Glass+Ceiling&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-684-85619-0&rft.aulast=Clift&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Brazaitis%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadampresidentsh0000clif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2007" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Erika (2007). Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07511-7"><bdi>978-0-252-07511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+for+President%3A+Media+Bias+in+Eight+Campaigns&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07511-7&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraroFrancke,_Linda_Bird1985" class="citation book cs1">Ferraro, Geraldine A.; Francke, Linda Bird (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ferraromystory00ferr">Ferraro: My Story</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-05110-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-05110-5"><bdi>0-553-05110-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferraro%3A+My+Story&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-553-05110-5&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+A.&rft.au=Francke%2C+Linda+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fferraromystory00ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraro1993" class="citation book cs1">Ferraro, Geraldine A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changinghistoryw0000ferr">Changing History: Women, Power and Politics</a>. Moyer Bell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55921-077-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55921-077-X"><bdi>1-55921-077-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+History%3A+Women%2C+Power+and+Politics&rft.pub=Moyer+Bell&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-55921-077-X&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchanginghistoryw0000ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraroWhitney,_Catherine1998" class="citation book cs1">Ferraro, Geraldine; Whitney, Catherine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/framinglife00gera">Framing a Life: A Family Memoir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85404-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85404-X"><bdi>0-684-85404-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+a+Life%3A+A+Family+Memoir&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-85404-X&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fframinglife00gera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoerstel1996" class="citation book cs1">Foerstel, Herbert N. (1996). Climbing the Hill: Gender Conflict in Congress. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94914-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94914-1"><bdi>0-275-94914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climbing+the+Hill%3A+Gender+Conflict+in+Congress&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-275-94914-1&rft.aulast=Foerstel&rft.aufirst=Herbert+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermondWitcover1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Germond" title="Jack Germond">Germond, Jack</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jules_Witcover" title="Jules Witcover">Witcover, Jules</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wakeuswhenitsove00germ">Wake Us When It's Over: Presidential Politics of 1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-630710-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-630710-3"><bdi>0-02-630710-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wake+Us+When+It%27s+Over%3A+Presidential+Politics+of+1984&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-02-630710-3&rft.aulast=Germond&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Witcover%2C+Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwakeuswhenitsove00germ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanFuller,_Tony1985" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Peter; Fuller, Tony (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforpreside00gold">The Quest for the Presidency 1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-05100-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-05100-8"><bdi>0-553-05100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Presidency+1984&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-553-05100-8&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforpreside00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottro1981" class="citation book cs1">Gottro, Martha V., ed. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressnation45-64cong">Congress and the Nation: A Review of Government and Politics Vol. V: 1977–1980</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Quarterly, Inc">Congressional Quarterly, Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-112-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-112-2"><bdi>0-87187-112-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+the+Nation%3A+A+Review+of+Government+and+Politics+Vol.+V%3A+1977%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly%2C+Inc&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87187-112-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongressnation45-64cong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1985" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Mary W., ed. (1985). Congress and the Nation: A Review of Government and Politics Vol. VI: 1981–1984. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Quarterly, Inc">Congressional Quarterly, Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-334-6"><bdi>0-87187-334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+the+Nation%3A+A+Review+of+Government+and+Politics+Vol.+VI%3A+1981%E2%80%931984&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly%2C+Inc&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87187-334-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hall_Jamieson" title="Kathleen Hall Jamieson">Jamieson, Kathleen Hall</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyonddoublebind00jami">Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508940-5"><bdi>0-19-508940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Double+Bind%3A+Women+and+Leadership&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-508940-5&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyonddoublebind00jami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornblut2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_E._Kornblut" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne E. Kornblut">Kornblut, Anne E.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesfromcracked00korn">Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Books" title="Crown Books">Crown Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46425-5"><bdi>978-0-307-46425-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+from+the+Cracked+Ceiling%3A+Hillary+Clinton%2C+Sarah+Palin%2C+and+What+It+Will+Take+for+a+Woman+to+Win&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-46425-5&rft.aulast=Kornblut&rft.aufirst=Anne+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesfromcracked00korn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightLake,_Celinda1985" class="citation book cs1">Light, Paul C.; Lake, Celinda (1985). "The Election: Candidates, Strategies and Decisions". In Nelson, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electionsof198400nels">The Elections of 1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Quarterly, Inc">Congressional Quarterly, Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-330-3"><bdi>0-87187-330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Election%3A+Candidates%2C+Strategies+and+Decisions&rft.btitle=The+Elections+of+1984&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly%2C+Inc&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87187-330-3&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft.au=Lake%2C+Celinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectionsof198400nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurie1994" class="citation book cs1">Lurie, Leonard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/senatorpotholeun00luri">Senator Pothole: The Unauthorized Biography of Al D'Amato</a>. Birch Lane Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55972-227-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55972-227-4"><bdi>1-55972-227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senator+Pothole%3A+The+Unauthorized+Biography+of+Al+D%27Amato&rft.pub=Birch+Lane+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-55972-227-4&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsenatorpotholeun00luri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz,_Charles1985" class="citation book cs1">Moritz, Charles, ed. (1985). <a href="/wiki/Current_Biography_Yearbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Biography Yearbook">Current Biography Yearbook 1984</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company" title="H. W. Wilson Company">H. W. Wilson Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biography+Yearbook+1984&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Michael1991" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Michael, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicdocument0000unse_j5k2">Historic Documents on Presidential Elections 1787–1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Quarterly, Inc">Congressional Quarterly, Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-607-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-607-8"><bdi>0-87187-607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Documents+on+Presidential+Elections+1787%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly%2C+Inc&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87187-607-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricdocument0000unse_j5k2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeillNovak,_William1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill, Tip</a>; Novak, William (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofhouseli00onei">Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-55201-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-55201-6"><bdi>0-394-55201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+of+the+House%3A+The+Life+and+Political+Memoirs+of+Speaker+Tip+O%27Neill&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-394-55201-6&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Tip&rft.au=Novak%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanofhouseli00onei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonDani,_Richard1985" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Thomas E.; Dani, Richard (1985). "The Media Campaign: Struggle for the Agenda". In Nelson, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electionsof198400nels">The Elections of 1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Quarterly, Inc">Congressional Quarterly, Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-330-3"><bdi>0-87187-330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Media+Campaign%3A+Struggle+for+the+Agenda&rft.btitle=The+Elections+of+1984&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly%2C+Inc&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87187-330-3&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Dani%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectionsof198400nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendergast1999" class="citation book cs1">Prendergast, William B. (1999). The Catholic Vote in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-724-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87840-724-3"><bdi>0-87840-724-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Vote+in+American+Politics%3A+The+Passing+of+the+Democratic+Monolith&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87840-724-3&rft.aulast=Prendergast&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScala2003" class="citation book cs1">Scala, Dante, J. (2003). Shade, William; Campbell, Ballard C (eds.). American Presidential Campaigns and Elections. M.E. Sharpe Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-8042-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-8042-4"><bdi>0-7656-8042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Presidential+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7656-8042-4&rft.aulast=Scala&rft.aufirst=Dante%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Schumer">Schumer, Chuck</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/positivelyameric00schu">Positively American: Winning Back the Middle-Class Majority One Family at a Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rodale_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodale Books">Rodale Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59486-572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59486-572-5"><bdi>978-1-59486-572-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Positively+American%3A+Winning+Back+the+Middle-Class+Majority+One+Family+at+a+Time&rft.pub=Rodale+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59486-572-5&rft.aulast=Schumer&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpositivelyameric00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonGordon,_Ann2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert P.; Gordon, Ann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anticipatingmada0000unse">Anticipating Madam President</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-113-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58826-113-1"><bdi>1-58826-113-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anticipating+Madam+President&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58826-113-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanticipatingmada0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Who's Who of American Women 2006–2007. New Providence, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who" title="Marquis Who's Who">Marquis Who's Who</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8379-0432-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8379-0432-3"><bdi>0-8379-0432-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+of+American+Women+2006%E2%80%932007&rft.place=New+Providence%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Marquis+Who%27s+Who&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8379-0432-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OvMnhNZcsDkC">Women in Congress, 1917–1990</a>. DIANE Publishing. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-4256-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7881-4256-9"><bdi>0-7881-4256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Congress%2C+1917%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7881-4256-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvMnhNZcsDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geraldine_Ferraro" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressF000088" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000088">"Geraldine Ferraro (id: F000088)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Geraldine+Ferraro+%28id%3A+F000088%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DF000088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeraldine+Ferraro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0274170/">Geraldine Ferraro</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/ferraro-acceptance/">Text of speech accepting Democratic Party nomination for Vice President of the United States, July 19, 1984</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/geraldine-ferraro">FBI file on Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makers.com/geraldine-ferraro">"Geraldine Ferraro"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626163913/http://www.makers.com/geraldine-ferraro">Archived</a> June 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Video produced by <a href="/wiki/Makers:_Women_Who_Make_America" title="Makers: Women Who Make America">Makers: Women Who Make America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferraropavingtheway.com">Geraldine Ferraro: Paving the Way</a> – Documentary film about Geraldine Ferraro</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1305">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/geraldine-a-ferraro">"Geraldine A. Ferraro collected news and commentary"</a> at The New York Times</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/67469199">Geraldine Ferraro</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">James Delaney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">New York's 9th congressional district</a> 1979–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Manton_(politician)" title="Thomas Manton (politician)">Thomas Manton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Vice-Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus</a> 1981–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Oakar" title="Mary Rose Oakar">Mary Oakar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Armando_Valladares" title="Armando Valladares">Armando Valladares</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council">United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> 1993–1996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rubin" title="Nancy Rubin">Nancy Rubin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">John E. Howard</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis P. Blair Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">Henry G. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geraldine Ferraro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_vice-presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States vice-presidential candidates by year">All vice presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">Vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">← 1980</a>) <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Alan Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Burns" title="Gene Burns">Gene Burns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Ravenal" title="Earl Ravenal">Earl Ravenal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helen_Halyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Halyard">Helen Halyard</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason" title="Melvin T. Mason">Melvin T. Mason</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Matilde Zimmermann</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd>Larry Holmes</dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles Doty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Harmon" title="Larry Harmon">Larry "Bozo" Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li>running mate: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Davis_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Billy Davis (Mississippi politician)">Billy Davis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1984 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1984 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_96th–98th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_96th–98th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a>'s delegation(s) to the 96th–98th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">B. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Lee" title="Gary A. Lee">G. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Lee" title="Gary A. Lee">G. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_W._Carman" title="Gregory W. Carman">G. Carman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LeBoutillier" title="John LeBoutillier">J. LeBoutillier</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/98th_United_States_Congress" title="98th United States Congress">98th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">B. Mrazek</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229141#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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