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sanitation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: household sanitation"> <meta name="keywords" content="household sanitation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="household sanitation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1125</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: household sanitation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1125</span> The Causes and Effects of Poor Household Sanitation: Case Study of Kansanga Parish</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosine%20Angelique%20Uwacu">Rosine Angelique Uwacu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poor household sanitation is rife in Uganda, especially in Kampala. This study was carried out with he goal of establishing the main causes and effects of poor household sanitation in Kansanga parish. The study objectively sought to: To identify various ways through which wastes are generated and disposed of in Kansanga parish, identify different hygiene procedures/behaviors of waste handling in Kansanga parish and assess health effects of poor household sanitation and suggest the recommended appropriate measures of addressing cases of lack of hygiene in Kansanga parish. The study used a survey method where cluster sampling was employed. This is because there is no register of population or sufficient information, or geographic distribution of individuals is widely scattered. Data was collected through the use of interviews accompanied by observation and questionnaires. The study involved a sample of 100 households. The study revealed that; some households use wheeled bin collection, skip hire and roll on/off contained others take their wastes to refuse collection vehicles. Surprisingly, majority of the households submitted that they use polythene bags 'Kavera' and at times plastic sacs to dispose of their wastes which are dumped in drainage patterns or dustbins and other illegal dumping site. The study showed that washing hands with small jerrycans after using the toilet was being adopted by most households as there were no or few other alternatives. The study revealed that the common health effects that come as a result of poor household sanitation in Kansanga Parish are diseases outbreaks such as malaria, typhoid and diarrhea. Finally, the study gave a number of recommendations or suggestions on maintaining and achieving an adequate household sanitation in Kansanga Parish such as sensitization of community members by their leaders like Local Counselors could help to improve the situation, establishment of community sanitation days for people to collectively and voluntarily carry out good sanitation practices like digging trenches, burning garbage and proper waste management and disposal. Authorities like Kampala Capital City Authority should distribute dumping containers or allocate dumping sites where people can dispose of their wastes preferably at a minimum cost for proper management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20sanitation" title="household sanitation">household sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kansanga%20parish" title=" kansanga parish"> kansanga parish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uganda" title=" Uganda"> Uganda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84133/the-causes-and-effects-of-poor-household-sanitation-case-study-of-kansanga-parish" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1124</span> Assessment of Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, in Relation to the SDG 6, in Small Towns in Senegal: The Case of the Town of Foundiougne</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elhadji%20Mamadou%20Sonko">Elhadji Mamadou Sonko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ndiogou%20Sankhare"> Ndiogou Sankhare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20Birane%20Gning"> Jean Birane Gning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheikh%20Diop"> Cheikh Diop</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Senegal, small towns have problems of access to water, hygiene, and sanitation. This study aims to assess the situation in Foundiougne. The methodology includes a literature review, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, surveys of 100 households, and observation. The results show that 35% of households have unimproved water services, 46% have limited service, and 19% have basic service. Regarding sanitation, 77% of households have basic sanitation services, and 23% have limited sanitation services. Manual emptying alone is practiced by 4% of households, while 17% combine it with mechanical emptying. Household wastewater is disposed of in streets, vacant land, and concession yards. The emptied sludge is discharged into the environment without treatment. Hand washing is practiced by 98% of households. These results show that there is real work to be done at the small towns level to close the water and sanitation gap in order to achieve SDG 6 targets in Senegal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foundiougne" title="foundiougne">foundiougne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDG%206" title=" SDG 6"> SDG 6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=senegal" title=" senegal"> senegal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20towns" title=" small towns"> small towns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20sanitation%20ang%20hygiene" title=" water sanitation ang hygiene"> water sanitation ang hygiene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147209/assessment-of-access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-relation-to-the-sdg-6-in-small-towns-in-senegal-the-case-of-the-town-of-foundiougne" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1123</span> Assessment of Sustainable Sanitation Systems: Urban Slums</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Hamza">Ali Hamza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bertug%20Akintug"> Bertug Akintug</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Having an appropriate plan of sanitation systems is one of the critical issues for global urban slums. Poor sanitation systems in urban slums outcomes an enhanced vulnerability of severe diseases, low hygiene and environmental risks within our environment. Mentioning human excreta being one of the most highly risked pollutants among all the other major contributors of sanitation pollutants is increasing public health risks and amounts of pollution loads within the slum environment. Higher population growth, urge of urbanization and illegal status of urban slums makes it impossible to increase the level of performance of sanitation systems in urban slums. According to Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, design parameters for sanitation systems were set up to ensure sustainable environment. This paper reviews the characteristics of human excreta at present, treatment technologies, and procedures of processes that can be adopted feasibly in the urban slums. Keeping these factors as our significant concern of study, assessment of sustainable sanitation systems is done using sanitation chain concept in accordance to the pre-determined sustainability indicators and criteria which reflect the potential and feasible application of waterless sanitation systems bringing sustainable sanitation systems in urban slums. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20excreta" title="human excreta">human excreta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20chain" title=" sanitation chain"> sanitation chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20sanitation%20systems" title=" sustainable sanitation systems"> sustainable sanitation systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20slums" title=" urban slums"> urban slums</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48150/assessment-of-sustainable-sanitation-systems-urban-slums" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1122</span> Investigating the Public’s Perceptions and Factors Contributing to the Management of Household Solid Waste in Rural Communities: A Case Study of Two Contrasting Rural Wards in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimakatso%20Machetele">Dimakatso Machetele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clare%20Kelso"> Clare Kelso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thea%20Schoeman"> Thea Schoeman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In developing countries such as India, China, and South Africa, disposal of household solid waste in rural areas is of great concern. Rural communities face numerous challenges that include the absence of waste collection services and sanitation facilities. The inadequate provision of waste collection and sanitation services results to the occurrence of infectious diseases e.g., malaria. The gap in the management of household solid waste between rural and urban communities, whereby urban communities have better waste management services compared to rural areas is an environmental injustice towards rural communities. The unequal distribution of infrastructure in South Africa’s waste management is a concern that stems from the spatial inequalities of the country’s apartheid history. The Limpopo province has a higher proportion of households without waste collection services from the municipality. The present research objectives are to investigate the public’s perceptions and factors contributing to the management of household solid waste in two contrasting rural Wards in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality. There is limited data and studies that have been conducted to understand the management of household solid waste in rural areas, and specifically, for the Greater Tzaneen Municipality located in the Limpopo province, South Africa. The findings of the study will propose recommendations to the Greater Tzaneen Municipality, rural municipalities in South Africa, and globally to explore sustainable methods to manage household solid waste and explore economic opportunities within the waste management sector to alleviate poverty in rural communities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural" title="rural">rural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20solid%20wase" title=" household solid wase"> household solid wase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceptions" title=" perceptions"> perceptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164619/investigating-the-publics-perceptions-and-factors-contributing-to-the-management-of-household-solid-waste-in-rural-communities-a-case-study-of-two-contrasting-rural-wards-in-the-greater-tzaneen-municipality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164619.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1121</span> Determinants of Diarrhoea Prevalence Variations in Mountainous Informal Settlements of Kigali City, Rwanda</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dieudonne%20Uwizeye">Dieudonne Uwizeye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Diarrhoea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among communities living in urban informal settlements of developing countries. It is assumed that mountainous environment introduces variations of the burden among residents of the same settlements. Design and Objective: A cross-sectional study was done in Kigali to explore the effect of mountainous informal settlements on diarrhoea risk variations. Data were collected among 1,152 households through household survey and transect walk to observe the status of sanitation. The outcome variable was the incidence of diarrhoea among household members of any age. The study used the most knowledgeable person in the household as the main respondent. Mostly this was the woman of the house as she was more likely to know the health status of every household member as she plays various roles: mother, wife, and head of the household among others. The analysis used cross tabulation and logistic regression analysis. Results: Results suggest that risks for diarrhoea vary depending on home location in the settlements. Diarrhoea risk increased as the distance from the road increased. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate the adjusted odds ratio of 2.97 with 95% confidence interval being 1.35-6.55 and 3.50 adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval being 1.61-7.60 in level two and three respectively compared with level one. The status of sanitation within and around homes was also significantly associated with the increase of diarrhoea. Equally, it is indicated that stable households were less likely to have diarrhoea. The logistic regression analysis indicated the adjusted odds ratio of 0.45 with 95% confidence interval being 0.25-0.81. However, the study did not find evidence for a significant association between diarrhoea risks and household socioeconomic status in the multivariable model. It is assumed that environmental factors in mountainous settings prevailed. Households using the available public water sources were more likely to have diarrhoea in their households. Recommendation: The study recommends the provision and extension of infrastructure for improved water, drainage, sanitation and wastes management facilities. Equally, studies should be done to identify the level of contamination and potential origin of contaminants for water sources in the valleys to adequately control the risks for diarrhoea in mountainous urban settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanisation" title="urbanisation">urbanisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhoea%20risk" title=" diarrhoea risk"> diarrhoea risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mountainous%20environment" title=" mountainous environment"> mountainous environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20informal%20settlements%20in%20Rwanda" title=" urban informal settlements in Rwanda"> urban informal settlements in Rwanda</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94301/determinants-of-diarrhoea-prevalence-variations-in-mountainous-informal-settlements-of-kigali-city-rwanda" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94301.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1120</span> Improving Water and Sanitation Systems in Rural Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Betselot%20Girma%20Argaw">Betselot Girma Argaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The health of people living in rural areas of Ethiopia depends a lot on how good their water and sanitation systems are. Even though there have been efforts to improve these systems, many communities still struggle to get clean water and proper sanitation, which leads to many health problems and unfair conditions. This research looks into the current situation of water and sanitation in rural Ethiopia, focusing on the main challenges that stop these communities from having safe and lasting solutions. By studying current practices, policies, and infrastructure, this paper highlights the areas that need urgent attention. It also reviews successful examples and suggests recommendations that fit the local context. The goal is to offer practical ideas that can help create better strategies to improve the lives of millions of rural Ethiopians, aiming for lasting improvements in water and sanitation in these vulnerable areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20Ethiopia%20water" title="rural Ethiopia water">rural Ethiopia water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20infrastructure" title=" sanitation infrastructure"> sanitation infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20solutions" title=" sustainable solutions"> sustainable solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20accessibility" title=" water accessibility"> water accessibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189293/improving-water-and-sanitation-systems-in-rural-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1119</span> Assessment of Availability and Factors Associated with Improved Sanitation Facilities in Urban Kebeles of Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia in 2022</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meki%20%20Detamo">Meki Detamo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed"> Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access to improved sanitation facilities is crucial for promoting community sanitation worldwide. In Ethiopia, however, sanitation remains a major development challenge despite growing attention and efforts by governments and donors. This study aimed to assess the availability of improved sanitation facilities and associated factors in urban kebeles of Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia, in 2022. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 6 to 30, 2022, using a multi-stage sampling technique to select 508 households. Data was collected through structured and pre-tested questionnaires using face-to-face interviews and observations and analyzed using SPSS Version 23. The availability of improved sanitation facilities was found to be remarkably high at 98.2% (95% CI: 97.0, 99.2), with 60.8% of households having a handwashing facility in or around the latrine, 86.0% using soap and water, and 89.0% using an improved water source for drinking. Logistic regression analysis revealed that households with a family size of less than four, those who owned their own house, and those who had self-initiated latrine construction were significantly associated with the availability of improved sanitation facilities. The study recommends the implementation of continuous refreshment training to emphasize the benefits of improved sanitation facilities in the urban community and family planning. This study provides valuable insights into the high availability of improved sanitation facilities in urban areas of Ethiopia and can inform future efforts to improve community sanitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20facilities" title="sanitation facilities">sanitation facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=availability" title=" availability"> availability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved" title=" improved"> improved</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dire%20Dawa" title=" Dire Dawa"> Dire Dawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169762/assessment-of-availability-and-factors-associated-with-improved-sanitation-facilities-in-urban-kebeles-of-dire-dawa-city-eastern-ethiopia-in-2022" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1118</span> Spatially Referenced Checklist Model Dedicated to Professional Actors for a Good Evaluation and Management of Networks </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdessalam%20Hijab">Abdessalam Hijab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafida%20Boulekbache"> Hafida Boulekbache</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Henry"> Eric Henry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this article is to explain the use of geographic information system (GIS) and information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the real-time processing and analysis of data on the status of an urban sanitation network by integrating professional actors in sanitation for sustainable management in urban areas. Indeed, it is a smart geo-collaboration based on the complementarity of ICTs and GIS. This multi-actor reflection was built with the objective of contributing to the development of complementary solutions to the existing technologies to better protect the urban environment, with the help of a checklist with the spatial reference "E-Géo-LD" dedicated to the "professional/professional" actors in sanitation, for intelligent monitoring of liquid sanitation networks in urban areas. In addition, this research provides a good understanding and assimilation of liquid sanitation schemes in the "Lamkansa" sampling area of the city of Casablanca, and spatially evaluates these schemes. Downstream, it represents a guide to assess the environmental impacts of the liquid sanitation scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT" title="ICT">ICT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20checklist" title=" spatial checklist"> spatial checklist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20sanitation" title=" liquid sanitation"> liquid sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128808/spatially-referenced-checklist-model-dedicated-to-professional-actors-for-a-good-evaluation-and-management-of-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1117</span> Achieving the Status of Total Sanitation in the Rural Nepalese Context: A Case Study from Amarapuri, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%20Chandra%20Sah">Ram Chandra Sah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Few years back, naturally a very beautiful country Nepal was facing a lot of problems related to the practice of open defecation (having no toilet) by almost 98% people of the country. Now, the scenario is changed. Government of Nepal set the target of achieving the situation of basic level sanitation (toilets) facilities by 2017 AD for which the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan (SHMP) was brought in 2011 AD with the major beauty as institutional set up formation, local formal authority leadership, locally formulated strategic plan; partnership, harmonized and coordinated approach to working; no subsidy or support at a blanket level, community and local institutions or organizations mobilization approaches. Now, the Open Defecation Free (ODF) movement in the country is at a full swing. The Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan (SHMP) has clearly defined Total Sanitation which is accepted to be achieved if all the households of the related boundary have achieved the 6 indicators such as the access and regular use of toilet(s), regular use of soap and water at the critical moments, regular practice of use of food hygiene behavior, regular practice of use of water hygiene behavior including household level purification of locally available drinking water, maintenance of regular personal hygiene with household level waste management and the availability of the state of overall clean environment at the concerned level of boundary. Nepal has 3158 Village Development Committees (VDC's) in the rural areas. Amarapuri VDC was selected for the purpose of achieving Total Sanitation. Based on the SHMP; different methodologies such as updating of Village Water Sanitation and Hygiene Coordination Committee (V-WASH-CC), Total Sanitation team formation including one volunteer for each indicator, campaigning through settlement meetings, midterm evaluation which revealed the need of ward level 45 (5 for all 9 wards) additional volunteers, ward wise awareness creation with the help of the volunteers, informative notice boards and hoarding boards with related messages at important locations, management of separate waste disposal rings for decomposable and non-decomposable wastes, related messages dissemination through different types of local cultural programs, public toilets construction and management by community level; mobilization of local schools, offices and health posts; reward and recognition to contributors etc. were adopted for achieving 100 % coverage of each indicator. The VDC was in a very worse situation in 2010 with just 50, 30, 60, 60, 40, 30 percent coverage of the respective indicators and became the first VDC of the country declared with Total Sanitation. The expected result of 100 percent coverage of all the indicators was achieved in 2 years 10 months and 19 days. Experiences of Amarapuri were replicated successfully in different parts of the country and many VDC's have been declared with the achievement of Total Sanitation. Thus, Community Mobilized Total Sanitation Movement in Nepal has supported a lot for achieving a Total Sanitation situation of the country with a minimal cost and it is believed that the approach can be very useful for other developing or under developed countries of the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20mobilized" title="community mobilized">community mobilized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20defecation%20free" title=" open defecation free"> open defecation free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20and%20hygiene%20master%20plan" title=" sanitation and hygiene master plan"> sanitation and hygiene master plan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20sanitation" title=" total sanitation"> total sanitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45279/achieving-the-status-of-total-sanitation-in-the-rural-nepalese-context-a-case-study-from-amarapuri-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1116</span> Gender Responsiveness of Water, Sanitation Policies and Legal Frameworks at Makerere University</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harriet%20Kebirungi">Harriet Kebirungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majaliwa%20Jackson-Gilbert%20Mwanjalolo"> Majaliwa Jackson-Gilbert Mwanjalolo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Livingstone%20Luboobi"> S. Livingstone Luboobi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Joseph%20Kimwaga"> Richard Joseph Kimwaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Consolata%20Kabonesa"> Consolata Kabonesa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper assessed gender responsiveness of water and sanitation policies and legal frameworks at Makerere University, Uganda. The objectives of the study were to i) examine the gender responsiveness of water and sanitation related policies and frameworks implemented at Makerere University; and ii) assess the challenges faced by the University in customizing national water and sanitation policies and legal frameworks into University policies. A cross-sectional gender-focused study design was adopted. A checklist was developed to analyze national water and sanitation policies and legal frameworks and University based policies. In addition, primary data was obtained from Key informants at the Ministry of Water and Environment and Makerere University. A gender responsive five-step analytical framework was used to analyze the collected data. Key findings indicated that the policies did not adequately address issues of gender, water and sanitation and the policies were gender neutral consistently. The national policy formulation process was found to be gender blind and not backed by situation analysis of different stakeholders including higher education institutions like Universities. At Makerere University, due to lack of customized and gender responsive water and sanitation policy and implementation framework, there were gender differences and deficiencies in access to and utilization of water and sanitation facilities. The University should take advantage of existing expertise within them to customize existing national water policies and gender, and water and sanitation sub-sector strategy. This will help the University to design gender responsive, culturally acceptable and environmental friendly water and sanitation systems that provide adequate water and sanitation facilities that address the needs and interests of male and female students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makerere%20University" title=" Makerere University"> Makerere University</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policies" title=" policies"> policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70074/gender-responsiveness-of-water-sanitation-policies-and-legal-frameworks-at-makerere-university" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1115</span> Domestic Remittances, Household Enterprises, and Household Well-being in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul-Majeed%20Imoro">Abdul-Majeed Imoro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the interactive effect of domestic remittances and household enterprises on household well-being in Ghana. The study employs data drawn from the seventh wave of the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS 7) comprising 14,009 households located in 1,000 enumeration areas for the 2016/2017 period. This study employs the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique in estimating the interactive effect of domestic remittances and household enterprises on household well-being. The Linear Probability Model (LPM) is used to estimate the impact of domestic remittances on household enterprises. A Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) model is employed to solve endogeneity issues between the dependent variable and the explanatory variable. This study reveals the following findings: domestic remittances improve household well-being significantly. Also, there is a significant negative impact of domestic remittances on household enterprises. This implies that households that receive domestic remittances are less likely to engage in household enterprises. Finally, the 2SLS results show a significant and positive impact of the interaction between domestic remittances and household enterprises on household well-being. This study provides empirical evidence of why policymakers need to encourage households that receive domestic remittances to diversify their income sources and invest in other income-generating activities such as household enterprises. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20remittances" title="domestic remittances">domestic remittances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20enterprises" title=" household enterprises"> household enterprises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20well-being" title=" household well-being"> household well-being</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191629/domestic-remittances-household-enterprises-and-household-well-being-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">22</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1114</span> Water, Hygiene, and Sanitation in Senegal’s School Environment: A Study of the Performance of a Reed Bed Filter Installed at Gandiol School for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdou%20Khafor%20Ndiaye">Abdou Khafor Ndiaye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article examines clean water and sanitation in Saint-Louis region schools. It finds that 59% have clean water, with disparities between departments, urban/rural areas, and school types. Podor and Dagana lack water due to distance and costs. 70% have sanitation, but rural schools lack it due to low investment. Podor and Dagana suffer the most. Many sanitation facilities need renovation. Wastewater treatment is effective, reducing pollutants and nitrogen, but adjustments are needed for nitrates. Treated water meets Senegalese standards and can be used for irrigation but needs monitoring for strict standards. In conclusion, the wastewater system is good for regions with limited water. Meeting stricter European standards and monitoring for health and environmental standards are needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title="water">water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constructed%20wetland" title=" constructed wetland"> constructed wetland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hygiene" title=" hygiene"> hygiene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173574/water-hygiene-and-sanitation-in-senegals-school-environment-a-study-of-the-performance-of-a-reed-bed-filter-installed-at-gandiol-school-for-wastewater-treatment-and-reuse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1113</span> Quantitative Evaluation on Community Perceptions of Sanitation and Hygiene in Rural Guatemala </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akudo%20Ejelonu">Akudo Ejelonu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Willig"> Sarah Willig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Anthony%20%20Sauder"> J. Anthony Sauder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heather%20Murphy"> Heather Murphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frances%20Shofer"> Frances Shofer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The high prevalence of diarrheal diseases in the village of Tzununá, Guatemala is linked to lack of sanitation facilities and handwashing practices. Diarrheal diseases are preventable and improved access to latrines, hygiene education and clean water may improve sanitation by reducing the spread of disease. Objective: Between May 2015-January 2017, the University of Pennsylvania Chapter of Engineers Without Border (PennEWB) and local partners designed an intervention to reduce diarrheal disease by building pour flush latrines in 50 individual households and providing education on the importance of handwashing practice. Design/Methods: Through convenient sampling, we surveyed 45 households to evaluate the community’s knowledge of diarrheal disease, handwashing practices, and maintenance of the latrines. Results: 92% of the study participants experienced decrease of new cases of diarrheal disease after receiving a latrine. Only 11% washed their hands after defecating in the latrine. There was gap in understanding the health outcome of latrine sanitation and handwashing education. The respondents did not connect the reduction of diarrheal disease with latrine use and maintenance. Instead, they associated their motivation for latrine use with aesthetics, proximity to their home, ease and comfort, and reduction of shame. We recommend that PennEWB adopt UNICEF or WHO education on hand washing practice. Conclusion: Social interaction and social pressure drove the household use of latrines. The latrines are being valued and cleaned. The education that the residents received did not target norms and behaviors. Latrines could be used to create a new social norm that supports behavioral change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrheal%20disease" title="diarrheal disease">diarrheal disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latrine" title=" latrine"> latrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20defecation" title=" open defecation"> open defecation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20and%20hygiene" title=" sanitation and hygiene"> sanitation and hygiene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91524/quantitative-evaluation-on-community-perceptions-of-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-rural-guatemala" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1112</span> Strategic Thinking to Change Behavior and Improve Sanitation in Jodipan and Kesatrian, Malang, East Java, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prasanti%20Widyasih%20Sarli">Prasanti Widyasih Sarli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prayatni%20Soewondo"> Prayatni Soewondo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Greater access to sanitation in developing countries is urgent. However even though sanitation is crucial, overall budget for sanitation is limited. With this budget limitation, it is important to (1) allocate resources strategically to maximize impact and (2) take into account communal agency to potentially be a source for sanitation improvements. The Jodipan and Kesatrian Project in Malang, Indonesia is an interesting alternative for solving the sanitation problem in which resources were allocated strategically and communal agency was also observed. Although the projects initial goal was only to improve visually the situation in the slums, it became a new tourist destination, and the economic benefit that came with it had an effect also on the change of behavior of the residents and the government towards sanitation. It also grew from only including the Kesatrian Village to expanding to the Jodipan Village in the course of less than a year. To investigate the success of this project, in this paper a descriptive model will be used and data will be drawn from intensive interviews with the initiators of the project, residents affected by the project and government officials. In this research it is argued that three points mark the success of the project: (1) the strategic initial impact due to choice of location, (2) the influx of tourists that triggered behavioral change among residents and, (3) the direct economic impact which ensured its sustainability and growth by gaining government officials support and attention for more public spending in the area for slum development and sanitation improvement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behaviour%20change" title="behaviour change">behaviour change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slum" title=" slum"> slum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20thinking" title=" strategic thinking"> strategic thinking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64796/strategic-thinking-to-change-behavior-and-improve-sanitation-in-jodipan-and-kesatrian-malang-east-java-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1111</span> Water Supply and Utility Management to Address Urban Sanitation Issues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akshaya%20P.">Akshaya P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyanjali%20Prabhkaran"> Priyanjali Prabhkaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the formulation of strategies to develop a comprehensive model of city level water utility management to addressing urban sanitation issues. The water is prime life sustaining natural resources and nature’s gifts to all living beings on the earth multiple urban sanitation issues are addressed in the supply of water in a city. Many of these urban sanitation issues are linked to population expansion and economic inequity. Increased usage of water and the development caused water scarcity. The lack of water supply results increases the chance of unhygienic situations in the cities. In this study, the urban sanitation issues are identified with respect to water supply and utility management. The study compared based on their best practices and initiatives. From this, best practices and initiatives identify suitable sustainable measures to address water supply issues in the city level. The paper concludes with the listed provision that should be considered suitable measures for water supply and utility management in city level to address the urban sanitation issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title="water">water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benchmarking%20water%20supply" title=" benchmarking water supply"> benchmarking water supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply%20networks" title=" water supply networks"> water supply networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply%20management" title=" water supply management"> water supply management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153591/water-supply-and-utility-management-to-address-urban-sanitation-issues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1110</span> Provision of Basic Water and Sanitation Services in South Africa through the Municipal Infrastructure Grant Programme</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elkington%20Sibusiso%20Mnguni">Elkington Sibusiso Mnguni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although South Africa has made good progress in providing basic water and sanitation services to its citizens, there is still a large section of the population that has no access to these services. This paper reviews the performance of the government’s municipal infrastructure grant programme in providing basic water and sanitation services which are part of the constitutional requirements to the citizens. The method used to gather data and information was a desk top study which sought to review the progress made in rolling out the programme. The successes and challenges were highlighted and possible solutions were identified that can accelerate the elimination of the remaining backlogs and improve the level of service to the citizens. Currently, approximately 6.5 million citizens are without access to basic water services and approximately 10 million are without access to basic sanitation services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grant" title="grant">grant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20infrastructure" title=" municipal infrastructure"> municipal infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services" title=" services"> services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129314/provision-of-basic-water-and-sanitation-services-in-south-africa-through-the-municipal-infrastructure-grant-programme" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1109</span> Investigating the Factors Affecting the Household Accounting of People in Bangkeaw Samutsongkhram</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khajeerat%20Phumpurk">Khajeerat Phumpurk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to study the knowledge, attitude toward household accounting of people in Bangkeaw Samutsongkhram. The sample use in this study was the people in tambol bangkeao Mueang Samut songkhram province. The Sample size for 100 household by using the accidental sampling and data collection was a questionnaire. Statistical analysis for frequency, percentage, mean, minimum, maximum value and standard deviation. It was found that the most of the respondent are farmers for 63.4. Most of them are male, with average of age 49.54 years. The education is vocational. The average household income is 60,873.74 per year. The respondent has the debt with the bank for 64.4 percent. The greatest influence to do the household accounting of farmers is the bank expertise. All the advice about doing household accounts get it from the staff of the bank for agriculture and agricultural cooperatives. The farmers for 57.3 do household accounting during the night time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangkeaw%20Samutsongkhram" title="Bangkeaw Samutsongkhram">Bangkeaw Samutsongkhram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20accounting" title=" household accounting"> household accounting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sufficiency%20economy" title=" sufficiency economy"> sufficiency economy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62876/investigating-the-factors-affecting-the-household-accounting-of-people-in-bangkeaw-samutsongkhram" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62876.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1108</span> Rural Sanitation in India: Special Context in the State of Odisa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monalisha%20Ghosh">Monalisha Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asit%20Mohanty"> Asit Mohanty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lack of sanitation increases living costs, decreases spend on education and nutrition, lowers income earning potential, and threatens safety and welfare. This is especially true for rural India. Only 32% of rural households have their own toilets and that less than half of Indian households have a toilet at home. Of the estimated billion people in the world who defecate in the open, more than half reside in rural India. It is empirically established that poor sanitation leads to high infant mortality rate and low income generation in rural India. In India, 1,600 children die every day before reaching their fifth birthday and 24% of girls drop out of school as the lack of basic sanitation. Above all, lack of sanitation is not a symptom of poverty but a major contributing factor. According to census 2011, 67.3% of the rural households in the country still did not have access to sanitation facilities. India’s sanitation deficit leads to losses worth roughly 6% of its gross domestic product (GDP) according to World Bank estimates by raising the disease burden in the country. The dropout rate for girl child is thirty percent in schools in rural areas because of lack of sanitation facilities for girl students. The productivity loss per skilled labors during a year is calculated at Rs.44, 160 in Odisha. The performance of the state of Odisha has not been satisfactory in improving sanitation facilities. The biggest challenge is triggering behavior change in vast section of rural population regarding need to use toilets. Another major challenge is funding and implementation for improvement of sanitation facility. In an environment of constrained economic resources, Public Private Partnership in form of performance based management or maintenance contract will be all the more relevant to improve the sanitation status in rural sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20sanitation" title="rural sanitation">rural sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mortality%20rate" title=" infant mortality rate"> infant mortality rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granger%20causality" title=" granger causality"> granger causality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pooled%20OLS%0D%0Amethod%20test%20public%20private%20partnership" title=" pooled OLS method test public private partnership"> pooled OLS method test public private partnership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22585/rural-sanitation-in-india-special-context-in-the-state-of-odisa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1107</span> An Investigation on the Need to Provide Environmental Sanitation Facilities to Informal Settlement in Shagari Low-Cost Katsina State for Sustainable Built Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullahi%20Mannir%20Rawayau">Abdullahi Mannir Rawayau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper identifies the problems that have aided the decoy to adequate basic infrastructural amenities, sub-standard housing, over-crowding, poor ventilation in homes and work places, sanitation, and non-compliance with building bye-laws and regulation. The paper also asserts the efficient disposal of solid and liquid waste is one of the challenges in the informal areas due to threats on the environment and public health. Sanitation services in the informal settlements have been found to be much lower compared to the average for unban. Bearing in mind a factor which prevents sustainable sanitation in informal areas which include low incomes, insecure tenure, low education levels, difficulty topography and transitory populations, and this study aim to identify effective strategies for achieving sustainable sanitation with specific reference to the informal settlement. Using the Shanghai Low-Cost as a case study. The primary data collected was through observation and interview method. Similarly, the secondary data used for the study was collected through literature reviews from extent studies with specific reference to informal settlement. A number of strategies towards achieving sustainable sanitation in the study were identified here in classified into three (3):- Advocacy and capacity building, infrastructural provision and institutionalization of systems and processes. The paper concludes with the premise on the need to build alliances between the government and stakeholders concerned with sanitation provision through the creation of sanitation and employ adaptable technology. Provision of sanitation facilities in public areas and to establish a statutory body for timely response to sanitation waste management in Katsina. It is imperative to check and prevent further decay for harmonious living and sustainable development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=built%20environment" title="built environment">built environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facilities" title=" facilities"> facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement" title=" settlement"> settlement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54241/an-investigation-on-the-need-to-provide-environmental-sanitation-facilities-to-informal-settlement-in-shagari-low-cost-katsina-state-for-sustainable-built-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1106</span> Financial Literacy as an Important Skill for Household Financial Decision Making</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rimac%20Smiljanic%20Ana">Rimac Smiljanic Ana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pepur%20Sandra"> Pepur Sandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bulog%20Ivana"> Bulog Ivana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Financial decision-making in the household is not simple, and it demands that the decision-maker has proper knowledge and skills. Usually, high uncertainty, risk, and stress surround household financial decision-making since it is extremely important and critical for household wealth accumulation and for the well-being of all household members. Generally, skilful people tend to have higher confidence in certain tasks they perform, and they achieve better results. Therefore, in the household context, the possession of certain skills by the ones who make financial decisions for the household is of particular importance. This paper addresses financial literacy as an important skill for household decision-making. Apart from financial literacy, the paper also considers other factors, such as employment, education, and age, as significant for household financial decision-making. The analysis is based on quantitative individual-level survey data. The data collection was conducted during January and February 2021 in Croatia through an online survey. To reach a wide variety of participants, the snowball sampling method was used. The result revealed interesting and somewhat puzzling results. Our results point to the importance of financial literacy skills for household decision-making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skill" title="skill">skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20literacy" title=" financial literacy"> financial literacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision-making" title=" decision-making"> decision-making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20financijal%20decision%20making" title=" household financijal decision making"> household financijal decision making</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166489/financial-literacy-as-an-important-skill-for-household-financial-decision-making" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1105</span> A Study of Food Safety Perception of Undergraduate Students in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Y.%20Shih">K. Y. Shih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Lin"> H. M. Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Y.%20Lee"> S. Y. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20L.%20Hong"> T. L. Hong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently a number of food safety scandals have been on the news. In view of the fact that in Taiwan the majority of undergraduate college students reside in the dorms and dine out, the problem of restaurant sanitation is of utmost importance in their lives. The purpose of this study is to analyze students' dining habit and their perception of food safety. Four universities in the city of Tainan were randomly selected, and from each selected university a class was then chosen to receive 50 questionnaires. The total of 200 questionnaires yielded 144 usable returns. Students were asked to respond to questions, and each question was graded on a scale from 1 to 5 according to the importance. There were 32 questions ranging over various aspects: cleanliness of surroundings, washroom, food sanitation, serving temperature, kitchen sanitation, and service personnel cleanliness. It is found that the food sanitation received the highest score, while the service personnel ranked the lowest. An incidental finding is that the students tend to dine out in groups and as such their choice of restaurants are mostly dictated by consensus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20safety" title="food safety">food safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restaurant" title=" restaurant"> restaurant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20perception" title=" risk perception"> risk perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83814/a-study-of-food-safety-perception-of-undergraduate-students-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1104</span> Mural Exhibition as a Promotive Strategy to Proper Hygiene and Sanitation Practices among Children: A Case Study from Urban Slum Schools in Nairobi, Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulaziz%20Kikanga">Abdulaziz Kikanga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kellen%20Muchira"> Kellen Muchira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Styvers%20Kathuni"> Styvers Kathuni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Saitoti"> Paul Saitoti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Provision of adequate levels of water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools is a strategic objective in achieving universal primary education among children in low and middle-income countries. However, lack of proper sanitation and hygiene practices in schools, especially those in informal settlement has resulted to an increased rate of school absenteeism thereby affecting the education and health outcomes of the children in those setting. Intervention or Response: Catholic Relief Services in Kenya supports five schools in informal settlements of Nairobi by painting of key hygiene messages on school walls to promote proper hygiene and sanitation practices among the school children. The mural exhibitions depict the essence of proper hygiene practices, proper latrine use, and hand washing after visiting the latrine. The artwork is context specific and its aimed at improving the uptake of proper hygiene and sanitation practices among the school children. Review of project related documents was conducted including interviews with the school children. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the qualitative information generated. Results and Lessons Learnt: 12 school children have interviewed on proper hygiene and sanitation practices and the exercise revealed that painted murals were the best communication platforms for creating awareness on proper sanitation on issues relating to water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools. The painting mural provided a strong knowledge base for the formation of healthy habits in both the school and informal settlement. In addition, these sanitation messages on the school walls empower the children to share these practices with their siblings, parents, and other family members thereby acting as agents of change to proper hygiene and sanitation in those informal settlements. The findings revealed that by adopting proper sanitation and hygiene practices, there has been a reduction of school absenteeism due to a decrease in disease related to inadequate sanitation and hygiene in schools. Conclusion: The adoption of proper sanitation in schools entails more than just a painted mural wall. Insights revealed that to have a lasting sanitation and hygiene intervention, there is a need to invest in effective hygiene educational programming that encourages the formation of proper hygiene habits and promotes changes in behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education%20outcomes" title="education outcomes">education outcomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=informal%20settlement" title=" informal settlement"> informal settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mural%20exhibition" title=" mural exhibition"> mural exhibition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20hygiene%20and%20sanitation" title=" school hygiene and sanitation"> school hygiene and sanitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79917/mural-exhibition-as-a-promotive-strategy-to-proper-hygiene-and-sanitation-practices-among-children-a-case-study-from-urban-slum-schools-in-nairobi-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1103</span> Changing Pattern and Trend of Head of Household in India: Evidence from Various Rounds of National Family Health Survey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moslem%20Hossain">Moslem Hossain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukesh%20Kumar"> Mukesh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20Das"> K. C. Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Household headship is the crucial decision-maker as well as the economic provider of the household. In Indian society, household heads occupied by men from the pre-colonial period. This study attempt to examine the changes in household headship in India. Methods: The study used univariate and multivariate analysis to examine the trends and patterns of different characteristics of the household head using the various rounds of national family health survey data. Results: The female household head is gradually increasing; on the other hand, the male-dominant is decreasing over the four national family and health surveys. The mean age of the household head is higher in rural areas than urban India. Only ten percentage of Households are higher educated, and 83 percent of the male household head has a low standard of living. The mean family size of the household has a decreasing trend in both the urban and rural areas during the study period. Conclusions: The result indicates that women's autonomy is increasing and leading to inclusive growth, which introduced in the eleven five year plan, especially focuses on the woman and young people in the country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20head" title="household head">household head</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20family%20health%20survey" title=" national family health survey"> national family health survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20age" title=" mean age"> mean age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20family%20size" title=" mean family size"> mean family size</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122910/changing-pattern-and-trend-of-head-of-household-in-india-evidence-from-various-rounds-of-national-family-health-survey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1102</span> Leading with Skill Development: A Collaborative and Community Based Approach to Ending Open Defecation in Rural India via Computerized Technical Vocational Education and Training</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srividya%20Sheshadri">Srividya Sheshadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Coley"> Christopher Coley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roa.%20R.%20Bhavani"> Roa. R. Bhavani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> India currently accounts for 60 percent of the open defecation that is practiced globally. While research in the domain of sanitation development makes it apparent that girls and women living in rural India are disproportionately affected, interventions to address this dilemma are lacking. An important but relatively unexplored connection with poor sanitation is that women living in rural India are not only the largest marginalized group without access to adequate sanitation facilities, they also represent a majority of India’s unskilled workers. By training women to build their own toilets, through an approach that has demonstrated success in empowering marginalized communities through technical and vocational education and training (TVET), a collaborative dynamic emerges that can engage entire communities in the movement towards total sanitation. Designed and implemented by Amrita University, this technology-enhanced, community-based approach to skill development, known as Amrita computerized Vocational Education and Training (or Amrita cVET), has begun to show promise in addressing the struggle to end open defecation, and raise sanitation awareness, as well as strengthen personal and community development among women living in rural India. While Amrita cVET project, known as Women Empowerment: Sanitation, is currently in implementation in seven states throughout India, this paper will discuss early stages of the intervention in rural villages within the Indian states of: Karnataka and Goa, where previous sanitation efforts have failed to take hold. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20based%20development" title="community based development">community based development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empowerment%20studies" title=" empowerment studies"> empowerment studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20in%20India" title=" sanitation in India"> sanitation in India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computerized%20vocational%20training" title=" computerized vocational training"> computerized vocational training</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34710/leading-with-skill-development-a-collaborative-and-community-based-approach-to-ending-open-defecation-in-rural-india-via-computerized-technical-vocational-education-and-training" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34710.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1101</span> Reviewing Performance Assessment Frameworks for Urban Sanitation Services in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaurav%20Vaidya">Gaurav Vaidya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20R.%20Mandal"> N. R. Mandal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> UN Summit, 2000 had resolved to provide access to sanitation to whole humanity as part of ‘Millennium Development Goals -2015’. However, more than one third of world’s population still did not have the access to basic sanitation facilities by 2015. Therefore, it will be a gigantic challenge to achieve goal-6 of ‘UN Sustainable Development Goal’ to ensure availability and sustainable management of sanitation for all by the year 2030. Countries attempt to find out own ways of meeting this challenge of providing access to safe sanitation and as part of monitoring the actions have prepared varied types of ‘performance assessment frameworks (PAF)’. India introduced Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) in 2010 to set targets and achieve the goals of NUSP. Further, a method of reviewing performance was introduced as ‘Swachh Sarvekshan’ (Cleanliness Surveys) in 2016 and in 2017 guidelines for the same was revised. This study, as a first step, reviews the documents in use in India with a conclusion that the frameworks adopted are based on target setting, financial allocation and performance in achieving the targets set. However, it does not focus upon sanitation needs holistically i.e., areas and aspects not targeted through projects are not covered in the performance assessment. In this context, as a second step, this study reviews literature available on performance assessment frameworks for urban sanitation in selected other countries and compares the same with that in India. The outcome of the comparative review resulted in identification of unaddressed aspects as well as inadequacy of parameters in Indian context. Thirdly, in an attempt to restructure the performance assessment process and develop an index in urban sanitation, researches done in other urban services such as health and education were studied focusing on methods of measuring under-performance. As a fourth step, a tentative modified framework is suggested with the help of understanding drawn from above for urban sanitation using stages of Urban Sanitation Service Chain Management (SSCM) and modified set of parameters drawn from the literature review in the first and second steps. This paper reviews existing literature on SSCM procedures, Performance Index in sanitation and other urban services and identifies a tentative list of parameters and a framework for measuring under-performance in sanitation services. This may aid in preparation of a Service Delivery Under-performance Index (SDUI) in future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title="assessment">assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services" title=" services"> services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86818/reviewing-performance-assessment-frameworks-for-urban-sanitation-services-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1100</span> The Problem of Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Small Island Towns: The Case of Foundiougne in Senegal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%20Hadji%20Mamadou%20Sonko">El Hadji Mamadou Sonko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ndiogou%20Sankhare"> Ndiogou Sankhare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ma%C3%AFmouna%20Lo"> Maïmouna Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20Birane%20Gning"> Jean Birane Gning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheikh%20Diop"> Cheikh Diop</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Senegal, access to water, hygiene, and sanitation in small island towns is a particular problem, which is still poorly understood by the public authorities and development aid actors. The main objective of this study carried out in the Municipality of Foundiougne is to contribute to the knowledge of the problems related to the supply of drinking water, access to sanitation, and hygiene in small island towns in Senegal. The methodology adopted consisted of a literature review and quantitative surveys of a sample of 100 households in the Municipality. Semi-structured interviews using interview guides and informal interviews were also conducted with mechanical and manual emptiers, municipal authorities, public toilet managers, and neighbourhood leaders. Direct observation with photography was also used. The results show that, with regard to access to drinking water, 35% of households have unimproved water services, 46% have a limited level of service, and 19% have a basic level of service. Regarding sanitation, 77% of households are considered to have access to basic sanitation services, compared to 23% with limited sanitation services. However, these figures hide the dysfunctions of the sanitation system. Indeed, manual emptying is practiced exclusively by 4% of households, while 17% of households combine it with mechanical emptying. In addition, domestic wastewater is mainly evacuated outside the sanitation facilities, and all the sludge extracted from the pits is discharged directly into the environment without treatment. As a matter of fact, the surveys showed that 52% of households do not have access to a basic level of hygiene-related to handwashing when leaving the toilet. These results show that there is real work to be done at the level of small urban centres if we want to achieve MDG 6. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foundiougne" title="Foundiougne">Foundiougne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Senegal" title=" Senegal"> Senegal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20island" title=" small island"> small island</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20town" title=" small town"> small town</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-sanitation" title=" water-sanitation"> water-sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hygiene" title=" hygiene"> hygiene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149588/the-problem-of-access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-small-island-towns-the-case-of-foundiougne-in-senegal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1099</span> Impact of Social Stress on Mental Health: A Study on Sanitation Workers of India and Social Work</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhat%20Nigar">Farhat Nigar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Social stress is stress which arises from one's relationships with others and from the social environment. When a person finds that they are not capable of coping with a situation, stress arises. Sanitation workers faces a lot of discrimination from the society which leads to stress and have severe impact on their mental health. Sanitation workers face lot of work pressure which sometimes leads to mental health problems, but there is lack of proper data of sanitation workers dealing with mental health problems which is a big obstacle before evolving policies for the welfare of sewage and septic tank workers which needs attention. The objective of the study is to find out the effect of social stress on the mental health of sanitation workers and to explore the scope of social work in coping with mental health problems of workers. This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 100 sanitation workers of Aligarh city through convenience sampling. Data were collected from respondents by schedule and interview method. Most of the respondents said that they don’t enjoy equal status in society and at the workplace as well which leads to stress. Many of them said that social stress leads to poor performance in the workplace. Some of the workers feel depressed when their work is not appreciated and recognized in society. Majority of respondents has stress in financial and employment-related difficulties. Thus it can be said that social stress has several impacts on mental health which leads to poor performance, lack of confidence, and motivation which sometimes leads to depression. Social work can play a very important and challenging role in overcoming these difficulties by providing education, motivation and guiding them and by making them aware of their rights and duties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title="discrimination">discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health" title=" health"> health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20workers" title=" sanitation workers"> sanitation workers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107992/impact-of-social-stress-on-mental-health-a-study-on-sanitation-workers-of-india-and-social-work" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1098</span> Assessment of the Work-Related Stress and Associated Factors among Sanitation Workers in Public Hospitals during COVID-19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zerubabel%20Mihret">Zerubabel Mihret</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Work-related stress is a pattern of reactions to work demands unmatched by worker’s knowledge, skills, or abilities. Healthcare institutions are considered high-risk and intensive work areas for work-related stress. However, there is the nonexistence of clear and strong data about the magnitude of work-related stress on sanitation workers in hospitals in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of work-related stress among sanitation workers in public hospitals during COVID-19 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022 among 494 sanitation workers who were selected from 4 hospitals. HSE (Health and Safety Executive of UK) standard data collection tool was used, and an interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data using KOBO collect application. The collected data were cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Both binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify important factors having an association with work-related stress. Variables with p-value ≤ 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. A statistically significant level was declared at a p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: This study revealed that the magnitude of work-related stress among sanitation workers was 49.2% (95% CI 45-54). Significant proportions (72.7%) of sanitation workers were dissatisfied with their current job. Sex, age, experience, and chewing khat were significantly associated with work-related stress. Conclusion: Work-related stress is significantly high among sanitation workers. Sex, age, experience, and chewing khat were identified as factors associated with work-related stress. Intervention program focusing on the prevention and control of stress is desired by hospitals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work-related%20stress" title="work-related stress">work-related stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20workers" title=" sanitation workers"> sanitation workers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Likert%20scale" title=" Likert scale"> Likert scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20hospitals" title=" public hospitals"> public hospitals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164353/assessment-of-the-work-related-stress-and-associated-factors-among-sanitation-workers-in-public-hospitals-during-covid-19-addis-ababa-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1097</span> Consumption Insurance against the Chronic Illness: Evidence from Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuthapoom%20Thanakijborisut">Yuthapoom Thanakijborisut </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper studies consumption insurance against the chronic illness in Thailand. The study estimates the impact of household consumption in the chronic illness on consumption growth. Chronic illness is the health care costs of a person or a household’s decision in treatment for the long term; the causes and effects of the household’s ability for smooth consumption. The chronic illnesses are measured in health status when at least one member within the household faces the chronic illness. The data used is from the Household Social Economic Panel Survey conducted during 2007 and 2012. The survey collected data from approximately 6,000 households from every province, both inside and outside municipal areas in Thailand. The study estimates the change in household consumption by using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model. The result shows that the members within the household facing the chronic illness would reduce the consumption by around 4%. This case indicates that consumption insurance in Thailand is quite sufficient against chronic illness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumption%20insurance" title="consumption insurance">consumption insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20illness" title=" chronic illness"> chronic illness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20care" title=" health care"> health care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55581/consumption-insurance-against-the-chronic-illness-evidence-from-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55581.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1096</span> The Pitfalls of Empowerment Initiatives in India: Overcoming Male Resistance to Women Empowerment Through Community Outreach, TVET, and Improved Sanitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Coley">Christopher Coley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srividya%20Sheshadri"> Srividya Sheshadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rao%20R.%20Bhavani"> Rao R. Bhavani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Empowering marginalized populations, especially women, with greater economic, social, and other leadership roles has been shown to have a profound effect on entire communities. There are discernible links between sustainable development, poverty reduction, and skill training for empowerment; however, one of the major challenges with implementing empowerment programs is to establish an understanding within the community that investing in women’s education carries the potential of high return for everyone. Effective strategies that can both empower women, and overcome the complex social issues normally faced, need to be developed and shared across stakeholders. Amrita University’s AMMACHI Labs, a research lab engaged in women empowerment through Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET), has launched a new initiative, WE: Sanitation, a project aiming to train women to build their own toilets and promote healthy sanitation practices in rural villages across India. While in some cases, the community has come together and toilets are being built, there has been resistance by the community, especially men, in many places. This paper will explore the experiences of field workers and the initial results of the WE: Sanitation project, including observations on the trends of community dynamics, raise important questions for the direction of development work in general, and especially for sanitation projects in rural India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community-based%20development" title="community-based development">community-based development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20dynamics" title=" gender dynamics"> gender dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20sanitation" title=" Indian sanitation"> Indian sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20empowerment" title=" women empowerment"> women empowerment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TVET" title=" TVET"> TVET</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34671/the-pitfalls-of-empowerment-initiatives-in-india-overcoming-male-resistance-to-women-empowerment-through-community-outreach-tvet-and-improved-sanitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20sanitation&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20sanitation&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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