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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Crias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Breeding methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guard_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guard_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Guard behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guard_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History of domestication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_domestication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of domestication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Incan_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Incan_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pre-Incan cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Incan_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Inca Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Spanish Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Llama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(dier)" title="Lama (dier) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lama (dier)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لامة أهلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لامة أهلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovecharana" title="Ovecharana – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ovecharana" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawra" title="Qawra – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qawra" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(heyvan)" title="Lama (heyvan) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lama (heyvan)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لاما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80)" title="লামা (প্রাণী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লামা (প্রাণী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Лама (жывёла) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лама (жывёла)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Лама (животно) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лама (животно)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(bronneg)" title="Lama (bronneg) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lama (bronneg)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_krotk%C3%A1" title="Lama krotká – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lama krotká" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(pattedyr)" title="Lama (pattedyr) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lama (pattedyr)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(Kamel)" title="Lama (Kamel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lama (Kamel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%ADz%C3%AD_(%C3%ADiyis%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD)" title="Shádiʼááhdę́ę́ʼ tłʼízí (íiyisígíí) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhdę́ę́ʼ tłʼízí (íiyisígíí)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laama_(loom)" title="Laama (loom) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laama (loom)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamo" title="Lamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(animal)" title="Lama (animal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lama (animal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ma" title="Láma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Láma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="라마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB)" title="Լամա (կենդանի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լամա (կենդանի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81)" title="लामा (पशु) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लामा (पशु)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljama" title="Ljama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamao_(mamifero)" title="Lamao (mamifero) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lamao (mamifero)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamad%C3%BDr" title="Lamadýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lamadýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="למה מצויה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="למה מצויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(mnyama)" title="Lama (mnyama) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lama (mnyama)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratcol_(Lama_glama)" title="Pratcol (Lama glama) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Pratcol (Lama glama)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лама кадимки – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лама кадимки" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%88" title="ອູດແກະໃຫຍ່ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອູດແກະໃຫຍ່" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ma_(%C3%A1llat)" title="Láma (állat) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Láma (állat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0ma" title="Làma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Làma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ല്ലാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ല്ലാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80)" title="लामा (प्राणी) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लामा (प्राणी)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="لاما (نوع من الثدييات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاما (نوع من الثدييات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لاما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Лам гөрөөс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лам гөрөөс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လာမာကုလားအုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လာမာကုလားအုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(dier)" title="Lama (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lama (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E" title="リャマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リャマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laama" title="Laama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(animal)" title="Lama (animal) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lama (animal)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D3%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Лама (тӱрлык) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лама (тӱрлык)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لاما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لاما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_andyjska" title="Lama andyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lama andyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhama" title="Lhama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lhama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam%C4%83" title="Lamă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lamă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5)" title="Лама (животное) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лама (животное)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(Kam%C3%A4il)" title="Lama (Kamäil) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lama (Kamäil)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(zoolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Lama (zooluggìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lama (zooluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_krotk%C3%A1" title="Lama krotká – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lama krotká" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(%C5%BEival)" title="Lama (žival) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lama (žival)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljama" title="Ljama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laama" title="Laama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" title="Lama glama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lama glama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="இலாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama" title="Llama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Llama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C)" title="ยามา (สัตว์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยามา (สัตว์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_(hayvan)" title="Lama (hayvan) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lama (hayvan)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D3%A7%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80)" title="Лама (пӧйшур) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лама (пӧйшур)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Лама (тварина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лама (тварина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%C3%A0_kh%C3%B4ng_b%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bu" title="Lạc đà không bướu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạc đà không bướu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_lama" title="Blanc lama – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Blanc lama" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama" title="Lama – West 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of wooly domesticated mammal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Llama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Llama (disambiguation)">Llama (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llamas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Llamas (disambiguation)">Llamas (disambiguation)</a>. For the language model, see <a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama (language model)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ilama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ilama (disambiguation)">Ilama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Llama </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Llamas,_Vernagt-Stausee,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llamas%2C_Vernagt-Stausee%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Llamas%2C_Vernagt-Stausee%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llamas%2C_Vernagt-Stausee%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Llamas%2C_Vernagt-Stausee%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llamas%2C_Vernagt-Stausee%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Llamas%2C_Vernagt-Stausee%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Domesticated <small></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lama" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)"><i>Lama</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>L. glama</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Lama glama</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png/220px-Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png/330px-Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png/440px-Lama_glama_Vicugna_pacos_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Domestic llama and alpaca range<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Camelus glama</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>llama</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈʎama]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈʝama]</a></span>) (<i><b>Lama glama</b></i>) is a domesticated <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> <a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camelid</a>, widely used as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meat animals">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Inca_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca empire">Andean cultures</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>. </p><p>Llamas are social animals and live with others as a <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> is soft and contains only a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llamas can learn simple tasks after a few repetitions. When using a pack, they can carry about 25 to 30% of their body weight for 8 to 13 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a> (5–8 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OK_State_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OK_State-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>llama</i> (in the past also spelled "lama" or "glama") was adopted by <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European settlers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people in Peru">native Peruvians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestors of llamas are thought to have originated on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> about 40 million years ago and subsequently migrated to South America about three million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a>. By the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice age</a> (10,000–12,000 years ago), camelids were extinct in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-OK_State_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OK_State-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, there were over seven million llamas and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> in South America. Some were imported to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> late in the 20th century; their descendants now number more than 158,000 llamas and 100,000 alpacas.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> mythology, llamas are important beings. The Heavenly Llama is said to drink water from the ocean and urinates as it rains.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonia2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonia2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Aymara <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, llamas will return to the water springs and <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> where they come from at the end of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonia2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonia2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg/220px-A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg/330px-A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg/440px-A_Quechua_girl_and_her_Llama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A traditionally dressed <a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechua</a> girl with a llama in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/220px-seek%3D2-Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm/Llama_in_ueno_zoo_-_2009_Aug.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Llama in captivity in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Lamoids, or llamas (as they are more generally known as a group), consist of the <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a> (<i>Vicugna vicugna</i>, prev. <i>Lama vicugna</i>), <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a> (<i>Lama guanicoe</i>), Suri <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huacaya_alpaca" title="Huacaya alpaca">Huacaya alpaca</a> (<i>Vicugna pacos</i>, prev. <i>Lama guanicoe pacos</i>), and the domestic llama (<i>Lama glama</i>). Guanacos and vicuñas live in the wild, while llamas and alpacas exist only as domesticated animals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although early writers compared llamas to <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, their similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> was soon recognized. They were included in the genus <i>Camelus</i> along with <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> in the <i>Systema Naturae</i> (<a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were, however, separated by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> in 1800 under the name of <i>lama</i> along with the <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITIS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis has confirmed that the guanaco is the wild ancestor of the llama, while the vicuña is the wild ancestor of the alpaca; the latter two were placed in the genus <i>Vicugna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wheeler_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheeler-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genera <i>Lama</i> and <i>Vicugna</i> are, with the two species of true camels, the sole existing representatives of a very distinct section of the <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> or even-toed ungulates, called <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a>, or "bump-footed", from the peculiar bumps on the soles of their feet. The Tylopoda consists of a single family, the Camelidae, and shares the <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">order</a> Artiodactyla with the <a href="/wiki/Suinae" title="Suinae">Suina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>), the Tragulina (<a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">chevrotains</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">hippos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a>, which belong to Artiodactyla from a <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a>, if not traditional, standpoint). The Tylopoda have more or less affinity to each of the sister <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>, standing in some respects in a middle position between them, sharing some characteristics from each, but in others showing special modifications not found in any of the other taxa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_llama_(2009-05-19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Domestic_llama_%282009-05-19%29.jpg/220px-Domestic_llama_%282009-05-19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Domestic_llama_%282009-05-19%29.jpg/330px-Domestic_llama_%282009-05-19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Domestic_llama_%282009-05-19%29.jpg/440px-Domestic_llama_%282009-05-19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A domestic llama</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th-century discoveries of a vast and previously unexpected extinct <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> fauna of North America, as interpreted by paleontologists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leidy" title="Joseph Leidy">Joseph Leidy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_Vertebrate_Fossils_2013_k265_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida_Vertebrate_Fossils_2013_k265-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_camels_2021_m435_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_camels_2021_m435-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a>, aided understanding of the early history of this family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Llamas were not always confined to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>; abundant llama-like remains were found in <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> llamas were much larger than current forms. Some species remained in North America during the last ice ages. North American llamas are categorized as an extinct genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Hemiauchenia" title="Hemiauchenia">Hemiauchenia</a></i>. Llama-like animals would have been a common sight 25,000 years ago in modern-day <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kurten_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurten-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camelid lineage has a good fossil record. Camel-like animals have been traced back through early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> forms from the thoroughly differentiated, modern species. Their characteristics became more general, and they lost those that distinguished them as camelids; hence, they were classified as ancestral artiodactyls.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No fossils of these earlier forms have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, indicating that North America was the original home of camelids and that the ancestors of Old World <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> crossed over via the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering Land Bridge</a> from North America. The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> three million years ago allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a>, where they evolved further. Meanwhile, North American camelids <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">died out at the end of the Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/300px-Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/450px-Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/600px-Llama_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a llama</figcaption></figure> <p>A full-grown llama can reach a height of 1.7 to 1.8 m (5 ft 7 in to 5 ft 11 in) at the top of the head and can weigh between 130 and 272 kg (287 and 600 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At maturity, males can weigh 94.74 kg, while females can weigh 102.27 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At birth, a baby llama (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Cria" title="Cria">cria</a></i>) can weigh between 9 and 14 kg (20 and 31 lb). Llamas typically live for 15 to 25 years, with some individuals surviving 30 years or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Characteristics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Characteristics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Facts_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The following characteristics apply especially to llamas. <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">Dentition</a> of adults: incisors <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> canines <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">1</span></span>⁠</span>, premolars <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span>, molars <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span>; total 32. In the upper jaw, a compressed, sharp, pointed laniariform <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisor</a> near the hinder edge of the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a> is followed in the male at least by a moderate-sized, pointed, curved true <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine</a> in the anterior part of the maxilla.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolated canine-like <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolar</a> that follows in the camels is not present. The teeth of the molar series, which are in contact with each other, consist of two very small premolars (the first almost rudimentary) and three broad <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a>, generally constructed like those of <i>Camelus</i>. In the lower jaw, the three incisors are long, spatulate, and procumbent; the outer ones are the smallest. Next to these is a curved, suberect canine, followed after an interval by an isolated minute and often deciduous simple conical premolar; then a contiguous series of one premolar and three molars, which differ from those of <i>Camelus</i> in having a small accessory column at the anterior outer edge. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llama_with_numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Llama_with_numbers.svg/300px-Llama_with_numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Llama_with_numbers.svg/450px-Llama_with_numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Llama_with_numbers.svg/600px-Llama_with_numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Names of llama body parts: <b>1</b> ears – <b>2</b> poll – <b>3</b> withers – <b>4</b> back – <b>5</b> hip – <b>6</b> croup – <b>7</b> base of tail – <b>8</b> tail – <b>9</b> buttock – <b>10</b> hock – <b>11</b> metatarsal gland – <b>12</b> heel – <b>13</b> cannon bone – <b>14</b> gaskin – <b>15</b> stifle joint – <b>16</b> flank – <b>17</b> barrel – <b>18</b> elbow – <b>19</b> pastern – <b>20</b> fetlock – <b>21</b> Knee – <b>22</b> Chest – <b>23</b> point of shoulder – <b>24</b> shoulder – <b>25</b> throat – <b>26</b> cheek or jowl – <b>27</b> muzzle</figcaption></figure> <p>The skull generally resembles that of <i>Camelus</i>, with a larger brain cavity and orbits and less-developed <a href="/wiki/Cranial_ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial ridges">cranial ridges</a> due to its smaller size. The nasal bones are shorter and broader and are joined by the premaxilla. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">Vertebrae</a>: </p> <ul><li>cervical 7,</li> <li>dorsal 12,</li> <li>lumbar 7,</li> <li>sacral 4,</li> <li>caudal 15 to 20.</li></ul> <p>The ears are rather long and slightly curved inward, characteristically known as "banana" shaped. There is no dorsal hump. The feet are narrow, the toes being more separated than in the camels, each having a distinct plantar pad. The tail is short, and the fiber is long, woolly, and soft. </p><p>In essential structural characteristics, as well as in general appearance and habits, all the animals of this genus very closely resemble each other, so whether they should be considered as belonging to one, two, or more species is a matter of controversy among <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalists</a>. </p><p>The question is complicated by the circumstances of most individuals who have come under observation, either in a completely or partially domesticated state. Many are also descended from ancestors previously domesticated, a state that tends to produce a certain amount of variation from the original type. The four forms commonly distinguished by the inhabitants of South America are recognized as distinct species, though there are difficulties in defining their distinctive characteristics. </p><p>These are: </p> <ul><li>the llama, <i>Lama glama</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, <i>Vicugna pacos</i> (Linnaeus);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> <i>huanaco</i>), <i>Lama guanicoe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Philipp_Ludwig_Statius_M%C3%BCller" title="Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller">Müller</a>); and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a>, <i>Vicugna vicugna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Molina" title="Juan Ignacio Molina">Molina</a>)</li></ul> <p>The llama and alpaca are only known in the domestic state and are variable in size and of many colors, often white, brown, or piebald. Some are grey or black. The guanaco and vicuña are wild. The guanaco is endangered; it has a nearly uniform light-brown color, passing into white below. </p><p>The guanaco and vicuña certainly differ: The vicuña is more petite, more slender in its proportions, and has a shorter head than the guanaco. </p><p>The vicuña lives in <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herds</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tierra_helada" title="Tierra helada">bleak and elevated parts of the mountain range</a> bordering the <a href="/wiki/Janca" title="Janca">region of perpetual snow</a>, amidst rocks and precipices, occurring in various suitable localities throughout <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and as far south as the middle of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. Its manners very much resemble those of the <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> of the European <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>; it is as vigilant, wild, and timid. </p><p>Vicuña fiber is extremely delicate and soft and highly valued for weaving, but the quantity that each animal produces is small. Alpacas are primarily descended from wild vicuña ancestors. In contrast, domesticated llamas are descended primarily from wild guanaco ancestors, although a considerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> between the two species has occurred. </p><p>Differential characteristics between llamas and alpacas include the llama's larger size, longer head, and curved ears. Alpaca fiber is generally more expensive but not always more valuable. Alpacas tend to have a more consistent color throughout the body. The most apparent visual difference between llamas and <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> is that camels have a humps and llamas do not. </p><p>Llamas are not <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do have a complex three-compartment stomach that allows them to digest lower quality, high cellulose foods. The stomach compartments allow for fermentation of tricky foodstuffs, followed by regurgitation and re-chewing. <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a> (cows, sheep, goats) have <i>four</i> compartments, whereas llamas have only three stomach compartments: the rumen, omasum, and abomasum. </p><p> In addition, the llama (and other camelids) have an extremely long and complex large intestine (colon). The large intestine's role in digestion is to reabsorb water, vitamins, and electrolytes from <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> passing through it. The length of the llama's colon allows it to survive on much less water than other animals. This is a major advantage in arid climates where they live.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:946px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Llamas,_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_(La_Paz_-_Bolivia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A herd of llamas grazing by the side of the road in the Bolivian Andes. The species is fully domesticated."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Llamas%2C_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_%28La_Paz_-_Bolivia%29.jpg/938px-Llamas%2C_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_%28La_Paz_-_Bolivia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="938" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Llamas%2C_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_%28La_Paz_-_Bolivia%29.jpg/1407px-Llamas%2C_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_%28La_Paz_-_Bolivia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Llamas%2C_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_%28La_Paz_-_Bolivia%29.jpg/1876px-Llamas%2C_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_%28La_Paz_-_Bolivia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Llamas,_Laguna_Milluni_y_Nevado_Huayna_Potos%C3%AD_(La_Paz_-_Bolivia).jpg" title="File:Llamas, Laguna Milluni y Nevado Huayna Potosí (La Paz - Bolivia).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A herd of llamas grazing by the side of the road in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Bolivia)" title="Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia)">Bolivian Andes</a>. The species is fully domesticated.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/220px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/330px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/440px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Dam and her <a href="/wiki/Cria" title="Cria">cria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>, Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa, Bolivia</figcaption></figure> <p>Llamas have an unusual reproductive cycle for a large animal. Female llamas are <a href="/wiki/Induced_ovulation_(animals)" title="Induced ovulation (animals)">induced ovulators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through mating, the female releases an egg and is often fertilized on the first attempt. Female llamas do not go into estrus ("heat").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like humans, llama males and females mature sexually at different rates. Females reach puberty at about 12 months old; males do not become sexually mature until around three years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating">Mating</h3></div> <p>Llamas mate in a kush (lying down) position, similar to big cats and canines, which is unusual in a large animal. They mate for an extended time (20–45 minutes), also unusual in a large animal.<sup id="cite_ref-CebraAnderson2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CebraAnderson2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gestation">Gestation</h3></div> <p>The gestation period of a llama is 11.5 months (350 days). Dams (female llamas) do not lick off their babies, as they have an attached tongue that does not reach outside of the mouth more than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>13 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch). Rather, they will nuzzle and hum to their newborns.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crias">Crias</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cria" title="Cria">cria</a> (from Spanish for "baby") is the name for a baby llama, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a>. Crias are typically born with all the herd's females gathering to protect against the male llamas and potential predators. Llamas give birth standing. Birth is usually quick and problem-free, over in less than 30 minutes. Most births occur between 8 am and noon, during the warmer daylight hours. This may increase cria survival by reducing fatalities due to <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> during cold Andean nights. This birthing pattern is considered a continuation of the birthing patterns observed in the wild. Their crias are up and standing, walking, and attempting to suckle within the first hour after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crias are partially fed with llama milk that is lower in fat and salt and higher in phosphorus and calcium than cow or goat milk. A female llama will only produce about 60 millilitres (2 US fluid ounces) of milk at a time when she gives milk, so the cria must frequently suckle to receive the nutrients it requires.<sup id="cite_ref-VETMED_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VETMED-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_methods">Breeding methods</h3></div> <p>In <b>harem mating</b>, the male is left with females most of the year. </p><p>For <b>field mating</b>, a female is turned into a field with a male llama and left there for some time. This is the easiest method in terms of labor but the least useful in predicting a likely birth date. An ultrasound test can be performed, and together with the exposure dates, a better idea of when the cria is expected can be determined. </p><p><b>Hand mating</b> is the most efficient method, but it requires the most work on the part of the human involved. A male and female llama are put into the same pen, and mating is monitored. They are then separated and re-mated every other day until one refuses the mating. Usually, one can get in two matings using this method, though some stud males routinely refuse to mate a female more than once. The separation presumably helps to keep the sperm count high for each mating and also helps to keep the condition of the female llama's reproductive tract more sound. If the mating is unsuccessful within two to three weeks, the female is mated again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Llama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_Llama.jpg/220px-Black_Llama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_Llama.jpg/330px-Black_Llama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_Llama.jpg/440px-Black_Llama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A black llama</figcaption></figure> <p>Options for feeding llamas are quite wide; various commercial and farm-based feeds are available. The major determining factors include feed cost, availability, nutrient balance and energy density required. Young, actively growing llamas require a greater concentration of nutrients than mature animals because of their smaller digestive tract capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Estimated daily requirements<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2010)">clarification needed</span></a> (what units?)</i>]</sup> of bromegrass hay, alfalfa hay and corn silage on an as-fed and 100% dry matter basis for llamas from 22 to 550 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Body weight<br /> (lb) </th> <th colspan="2">Bromegrass </th> <th colspan="2">Alfalfa </th> <th colspan="2">Corn silage </th></tr> <tr> <th>(as fed) </th> <th>(dry matter) </th> <th>(as fed) </th> <th>(dry matter) </th> <th>(as fed) </th> <th>(dry matter) </th></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>88 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>165 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>275 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>385 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>495 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>15.8 </td> <td>4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>550 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>4.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg/220px-Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg/330px-Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg/440px-Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A pack llama in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Llamas that are well-socialized and trained to halter and lead after <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaning</a> are very friendly and pleasant to be around. They are extremely curious, and most will approach people easily. However, <a href="/wiki/Berserk_llama_syndrome" title="Berserk llama syndrome">llamas that are bottle-fed</a> or over-socialized and over-handled as youth will become extremely difficult to handle when mature, when they will begin to treat humans as they treat each other, which is characterized by bouts of spitting, kicking and neck wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Llamas are now utilized as certified therapy animals in nursing homes and hospitals. <a href="/wiki/Rojo_the_Llama" title="Rojo the Llama">Rojo the Llama</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> was certified in 2008. The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> says animal-assisted therapy can reduce pain, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. This type of therapy is growing in popularity, and several organizations throughout the United States participate. <sup id="cite_ref-CNN_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When correctly reared, llamas spitting at a human is a rare thing. Llamas are very social herd animals, however, and sometimes spit at each other to discipline lower-ranked llamas. A llama's social rank in a herd is never static. They can always move up or down the social ladder by picking small fights. This is usually done between males to see which will become dominant. Their fights are visually dramatic, characterized by spitting, ramming each other with their chests, neck wrestling, and kicking, mainly to knock the other off balance. The females are usually only seen spitting to control other herd members. One may determine how agitated the llama is by the materials in the spit. The more irritated the llama is, the further back into each of the three stomach compartments it will try to draw materials from for its spit. </p><p>While the social structure might constantly change, they live as a family and care for each other. If one notices a strange noise or feels threatened, an alarm call - a loud, shrill sound that rhythmically rises and falls - is sent out, and all others become alert. They will often hum to each other as a form of communication. </p><p>The llama's groaning noises or going "mwa" (/mwaʰ/) is often a sign of fear or anger. Unhappy or agitated llamas will lay their ears back, while ears being perked upwards is a sign of happiness or curiosity. </p><p>An "orgle" is the mating sound of a llama or alpaca, made by the sexually aroused male. The sound is reminiscent of gargling but with a more forceful, buzzing edge. Males begin the sound when they become aroused and continue throughout <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guard_behavior">Guard behavior</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guard_llama" title="Guard llama">Guard llama</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg/224px-Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg/337px-Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg/448px-Guard_llama_and_flock-enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>A llama guarding a flock of sheep at a farm in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Using llamas as livestock guards in North America began in the early 1980s, and some sheep producers have used llamas successfully since then. Some would even use them to guard their smaller cousins, the alpaca.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used most commonly in the western regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where larger predators, such as coyotes and feral dogs, are prevalent. Typically, a single gelding (castrated male) is used. </p><p>Research suggests using multiple guard llamas is not as effective as one. Multiple males tend to bond with one another rather than with the livestock and may ignore the flock. A gelded male of two years of age bonds closely with its new charges and is instinctively very effective in preventing predation. Some llamas bond more quickly to sheep or goats if introduced just before <a href="/wiki/Lambing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambing">lambing</a>. Many sheep and goat producers indicate a special bond quickly develops between lambs and their guard llama, and the llama is particularly protective of the lambs. </p><p>Using llamas as guards has reduced the losses to predators for many producers. The value of the livestock saved each year exceeds a llama's purchase cost and annual maintenance. Although not every llama is suited to the job, most are a viable, nonlethal alternative for reducing predation, requiring no training and little care.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber">Fiber</h2></div> <p>Llamas have a fine undercoat, which can be used for <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garments" class="mw-redirect" title="Garments">garments</a>. The coarser outer guard hair is used for rugs, wall hangings, and lead ropes. The fiber comes in many colors, ranging from white or grey to reddish-brown, brown, dark brown, and black. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg/220px-Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg/330px-Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg/440px-Handspun_llama_yarn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Handspun llama yarn from <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Average diameter of some of the finest, natural fibers<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Animal </th> <th>Fiber diameter<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Suri</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11–13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Merino#Wool_qualities" title="Merino">Merino sheep</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12–20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora wool</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_goat" title="Cashmere goat">Cashmere goat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere wool</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15–19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak fiber</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15–19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16–25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16–18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Llama (Tapada) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">Chinchilla</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25–45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huacaya_alpaca#Fibre" title="Huacaya alpaca">Huacaya alpaca</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Llama (Ccara) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30–40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2></div> <p>Doctors and researchers have determined that llamas possess antibodies that are well-suited to treat certain diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have been studying the way llamas might contribute to the fight against coronaviruses, including MERS and SARS-CoV-2 (which causes <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_domestication">History of domestication</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg/220px-Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg/330px-Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg/440px-Lombards_Museum_005_bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Another Moche sculpture, dated to 100–300 AD (Early Intermediate Period) from the Lombards Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg/220px-Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg/330px-Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg/440px-Chancay_-_Llama_Effigy_-_Walters_20092049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This sculpture, originating from the Chancay Valley and adjacent Chillón Drainage region (Late Intermediate Period), captures the llama's natural inquisitiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walters Art Museum.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Incan_cultures">Pre-Incan cultures</h3></div> <p>Scholar Alex Chepstow-Lusty has argued that the switch from a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> lifestyle to widespread <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> was only possible because of the use of llama <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> people frequently placed llamas and their parts in the burials of important people as offerings or provisions for the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moche of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> depicted llamas quite realistically in their ceramics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca_Empire">Inca Empire</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, llamas were the only beasts of burden, and many of the people dominated by the Inca had long traditions of llama herding. For the Inca nobility, the llama was symbolic, and llama figures were often buried with the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Inca_Culture_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inca_Culture-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South America, llamas are still used as beasts of burden, as well as for the production of <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Other_Culture_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other_Culture-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Urcuchillay" title="Urcuchillay">Urcuchillay</a> was depicted in the form of a multicolored llama.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Troll" title="Carl Troll">Carl Troll</a> has argued that the large numbers of llamas found in the southern Peruvian highlands were an essential factor in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gade2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gade2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth considering the maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the most significant distribution of <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> and llamas in Pre-Hispanic America.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The link between the Andean <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puna_grassland" title="Puna grassland">puna</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo" title="Páramo">páramo</a>, llama <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> and the Inca state is a matter of research.<sup id="cite_ref-Gade1996_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gade1996-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Empire">Spanish Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg/220px-Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg/330px-Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>The first image of llamas in Europe, 1553</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main uses for llamas at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a> was to bring down ore from the mines in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory de Bolivar estimated that in his day, as many as 300,000 were employed in the <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> of produce from the <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> mines alone, but since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, the importance of the llama as a beast of burden has greatly diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Molina" title="Juan Ignacio Molina">Juan Ignacio Molina</a>, the Dutch captain <a href="/wiki/Joris_van_Spilbergen" title="Joris van Spilbergen">Joris van Spilbergen</a> observed the use of <a href="/wiki/Chilihueque" title="Chilihueque">hueques</a> (possibly a llama type) by native <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mocha_Island" title="Mocha Island">Mocha Island</a> as <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plow animals</a> in 1614.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chile <a href="/wiki/Chilihueque" title="Chilihueque">hueque</a>, populations declined towards extinction in the 16th and 17th century being replaced by European livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-bona_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bona-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The causes of its extinction are not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-bona_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bona-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is known that the introduction of sheep caused some competition among both domestic species.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anecdotal evidence of the mid-17th century shows that both species coexisted and suggests that there were many more sheep than hueques.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline of hueques reached a point in the late 18th century when only the Mapuche from <a href="/wiki/Mariquina,_Chile" title="Mariquina, Chile">Mariquina</a> and Huequén next to <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> raised the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>Llamas were first imported into the US in the late 1800s as zoo exhibits. Restrictions on importation of livestock from South America due to <a href="/wiki/Hoof_and_mouth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoof and mouth disease">hoof and mouth disease</a>, combined with lack of commercial interest, resulted in the number of llamas staying low until the late 20th century. In the 1970s, interest in llamas as livestock began to grow, and the number of llamas increased as farmers bred and produced an increasing number of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the price and number of llamas in the US climbed rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. With little market for llama fiber or meat in the US and the value of guard llamas limited, the primary value in llamas was in breeding more animals, a classic sign of a <a href="/wiki/Speculative_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative bubble">speculative bubble</a> in agriculture. By 2002, there were almost 145,000 llamas in the US, according to the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a>, and animals sold for as much as $220,000. However, the lack of any end market for the animals resulted in a crash in both llama prices and the number of llamas; the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> further dried up investment capital, and the number of llamas in the US began to decline as fewer animals were bred and older animals died of old age. By 2017, the number of llamas in the US had dropped below 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar speculative bubble was experienced with the closely related <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, which burst shortly after the llama bubble.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>Being an important animal and long-standing cultural icon in South America, Llamas gained in recent history cultural prominence in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakild_2020_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakild_2020-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the videogame company <a href="/wiki/Maxis" title="Maxis">Maxis</a> has used Llamas extensively as elements in their games,<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2000_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2000-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the widely popular game series <a href="/wiki/The_Sims" title="The Sims">The Sims</a>, Llamas being the national symbol of the country the broader series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sim_video_games" title="List of Sim video games">Sim</a> games are set in. The online video game <a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">piñata</a> llamas as loot containers, which contain various in-game resources.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the programming language <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> with its so-called <a href="/wiki/Llama_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Llama book">Llama book</a> has been associated with Llamas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg/32px-Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg/48px-Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg/64px-Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Andes" title="Portal:Andes">Andes portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cama_(animal)" title="Cama (animal)">Cama</a>, a hybrid between a llama and a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse" title="Grass Mud Horse">Grass Mud Horse</a>, a parody originating from Mainland China in 2009 that features the alpaca and llama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_llama" title="Guard llama">Guard llama</a>, llamas used as livestock guardians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamoid">Lamoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_hiking" title="Llama hiking">Llama hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llamero" title="Llamero">Llamero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llamanaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Llamanaco">Llamanaco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Groove" title="The Emperor's New Groove">The Emperor's New Groove</a>,</i> a 2000 animated <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> film where an <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Incan</a> emperor gets turned into a llama.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel W. Gade, Nature and culture in the Andes, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEveline" class="citation web cs1">Eveline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yanantin-alpaca.com/is-alpaca-wool-hypoallergenic-lanolin-free/">"Is Alpaca Wool Hypoallergenic? (Lanolin Free)"</a>. <i>Yanantin Alpaca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yanantin+Alpaca&rft.atitle=Is+Alpaca+Wool+Hypoallergenic%3F+%28Lanolin+Free%29&rft.au=Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yanantin-alpaca.com%2Fis-alpaca-wool-hypoallergenic-lanolin-free%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OK_State-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OK_State_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OK_State_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/llama/">"Llama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University" title="Oklahoma State University">Oklahoma State University</a>. 25 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Llama&rft.pub=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansi.okstate.edu%2Fbreeds%2Fother%2Fllama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, "<i>llama</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_Central_Llama_Association2009" class="citation web cs1">South Central Llama Association (22 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scla.us/llamafacts.html">"Llama Facts 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Llama+Facts+2&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.au=South+Central+Llama+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scla.us%2Fllamafacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonia2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sonia2015_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonia2015_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontecino_Aguirre2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montecino Aguirre, Sonia (2015). 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Dodd, Mead & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wondersofllamas00perr/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-07460-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-07460-X"><bdi>0-396-07460-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+of+Llamas&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-396-07460-X&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwondersofllamas00perr%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_E._Fowler1998" class="citation book cs1">Murray E. Fowler (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zb9zbY-JfBUC"><i>Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hoping+Llamas+Will+Become+Coronavirus+Heroes&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F06%2Fscience%2Fllama-coronavirus-antibodies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/llama-antibodies-covid-19">"Here's How Llamas Could Help Scientists Get Closer to Stopping the Coronavirus Pandemic"</a>. <i>Health.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health.com&rft.atitle=Here%27s+How+Llamas+Could+Help+Scientists+Get+Closer+to+Stopping+the+Coronavirus+Pandemic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.com%2Fcondition%2Finfectious-diseases%2Fcoronavirus%2Fllama-antibodies-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew_Cantor2020" class="citation web cs1">Mathew Cantor (17 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/16/llama-coronavirus-antibodies-study-benefits">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Llamas are the real unicorns': why they could be our secret weapon against coronavirus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Llamas+are+the+real+unicorns%27%3A+why+they+could+be+our+secret+weapon+against+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-05-17&rft.au=Mathew+Cantor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F16%2Fllama-coronavirus-antibodies-study-benefits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/80204">"Llama Effigy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Llama+Effigy&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F80204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anning, Caroline. (22 May 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13439093">BBC News – Inca success in Peruvian Andes 'thanks to llama dung'</a>. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved on 21 August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berrin, Katherine & <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>. <i>The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01802-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01802-2">0-500-01802-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inca_Culture-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inca_Culture_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907054938/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/inca/inca_culture_4.html">"Little Llamas"</a>. <i>Inca culture</i>. 10 October 2006. 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The People of America. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17677-0"><bdi>978-0-631-17677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Inca+Pantheon&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=The+People+of+America&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17677-0&rft.aulast=D%27Altroy&rft.aufirst=Terence+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincasthepeopleso00tere%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gade2016-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gade2016_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGade2016" class="citation book cs1">Gade, Daniel (2016). 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Llamas"</a>. <i>PBS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Guns%2C+Germs+%26+Steel.+The+story+of+...+Llamas&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft.au=Jared+Diamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgunsgermssteel%2Fvariables%2Fllamas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Bautista_Ignacio_Molina1808" class="citation book cs1">Juan Bautista Ignacio Molina (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4oIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA15"><i>The geographical, natural and civil history of Chili, tr. by an American gentleman</i></a>. Vol. II. pp. 15–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geographical%2C+natural+and+civil+history+of+Chili%2C+tr.+by+an+American+gentleman&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=1808&rft.au=Juan+Bautista+Ignacio+Molina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4oIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bona-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bona_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bona_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonacic1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonacic, Cristián (1991). "Características biológicas y productivas de los camélidos sudamericanos". <i>Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias</i> (in Spanish). <b>6</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5354%2F0716-260x.1991.4642">10.5354/0716-260x.1991.4642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avances+en+Ciencias+Veterinarias&rft.atitle=Caracter%C3%ADsticas+biol%C3%B3gicas+y+productivas+de+los+cam%C3%A9lidos+sudamericanos&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5354%2F0716-260x.1991.4642&rft.aulast=Bonacic&rft.aufirst=Cristi%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrejónCisternasAraneda2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-078X2004000400009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">"Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile"</a> [Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Chilena_de_Historia_Natural" title="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural">Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>77</b> (4): 661–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-078X2004000400009">10.4067/S0716-078X2004000400009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural&rft.atitle=Efectos+ambientales+de+la+colonizaci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+desde+el+r%C3%ADo+Maull%C3%ADn+al+archipi%C3%A9lago+de+Chilo%C3%A9%2C+sur+de+Chile&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=661-677&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0716-078X2004000400009&rft.aulast=Torrej%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Cisternas%2C+Marco&rft.au=Araneda%2C+Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS0716-078X2004000400009%26script%3Dsci_arttext%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llama-llama.com/text/history-na.html">"History of Llamas North America"</a>. <i>Buckhorn Llama Co</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buckhorn+Llama+Co.&rft.atitle=History+of+Llamas+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llama-llama.com%2Ftext%2Fhistory-na.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCausland2019" class="citation news cs1">McCausland, Phil (14 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/llamas-disappearing-across-united-states-n994181">"Agriculture census finds that llamas are disappearing. What happened?"</a>. <i>NBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Agriculture+census+finds+that+llamas+are+disappearing.+What+happened%3F&rft.date=2019-04-14&rft.aulast=McCausland&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fllamas-disappearing-across-united-states-n994181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCima2015" class="citation web cs1">Cima, Rosie (14 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://priceonomics.com/when-the-great-alpaca-bubble-burst/">"When the Great Alpaca Bubble Burst"</a>. <i>Priceonomics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priceonomics&rft.atitle=When+the+Great+Alpaca+Bubble+Burst&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft.aulast=Cima&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpriceonomics.com%2Fwhen-the-great-alpaca-bubble-burst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2014" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, Kaitlin Bell (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernfarmer.com/2014/11/alpaca-industry-matures-growing-pains/">"Alpacas: Lovable Lawnmowers No More"</a>. <i>Modern Farmer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Farmer&rft.atitle=Alpacas%3A+Lovable+Lawnmowers+No+More&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Kaitlin+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodernfarmer.com%2F2014%2F11%2Falpaca-industry-matures-growing-pains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakild_2020-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wakild_2020_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakild2020" class="citation web cs1">Wakild, Emily (18 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/llamas-are-having-a-moment-in-the-us-but-theyve-been-icons-in-south-america-for-millennia-138790">"Llamas are having a moment in the US, but they've been icons in South America for millennia"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Llamas+are+having+a+moment+in+the+US%2C+but+they%27ve+been+icons+in+South+America+for+millennia&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.aulast=Wakild&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fllamas-are-having-a-moment-in-the-us-but-theyve-been-icons-in-south-america-for-millennia-138790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_2000-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2000_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/1/wright.chat/">"Will Wright on creating 'The Sims' and 'SimCity' - November 30, 2000"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 30 November 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Will+Wright+on+creating+%27The+Sims%27+and+%27SimCity%27+-+November+30%2C+2000&rft.date=2000-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fchat%2Ftranscripts%2F2000%2F12%2F1%2Fwright.chat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epicgames.com/help/en-US/fortnite-c5719335176219/save-the-world-c5719367703579/what-are-loot-llamas-a5720280645147">"What are Loot Llamas?"</a>. <i>Epic Games</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epic+Games&rft.atitle=What+are+Loot+Llamas%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicgames.com%2Fhelp%2Fen-US%2Ffortnite-c5719335176219%2Fsave-the-world-c5719367703579%2Fwhat-are-loot-llamas-a5720280645147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/llama" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:llama">llama</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lama glama">Lama glama</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" class="extiw" title="commons:Lama glama"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Llama</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Llama"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Llama">"Llama" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Llama&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030063729/http://www.llamapaedia.com/gifs/orgle.aiff">"Llamapaedia Orgle Sound"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llamapaedia.com/gifs/orgle.aiff">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(AIFF)</span> on 30 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Llamapaedia+Orgle+Sound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llamapaedia.com%2Fgifs%2Forgle.aiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012212903/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/22395/llamas-and-alpacas-close-up">Llamas Close Up</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life magazine</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Llama"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Llama">"Llama" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Llama&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALlama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Lamini">South American camelids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilihueque" title="Chilihueque">Chilihueque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cama_(animal)" title="Cama (animal)">Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_camel" title="Hybrid camel">Bukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarizo" title="Huarizo">Huarizo</a></li></ul> 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title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fiber">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Working_animals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Working_animals" title="Template:Working animals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Working_animals" title="Template talk:Working animals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Working_animals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Working animals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Working_animals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draught_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught dog">Draught dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_working_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Military working dog">Military working dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dog">Service dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">Guide horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">Pack horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_pony" title="Pit pony">Pit pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_horse" title="Riding horse">Riding horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">Human uses of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_vertebrates" title="Domestication of vertebrates">Domestication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_animal" title="Military animal">Military animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lama glama</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42569" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q42569">Q42569</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lama_glama" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lama glama">Lama glama</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=153475">153475</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3RYF2">3RYF2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/309018">309018</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LMAAGL">LMAAGL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5220190">5220190</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/121026">121026</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10228663">10228663</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=625028">625028</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006385">1006385</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200117">14200117</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020975296">NHMSYS0020975296</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9844">9844</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/00d82233-8f35-446b-b013-08f3802d1b14">00d82233-8f35-446b-b013-08f3802d1b14</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/84267/">84267</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=986973">986973</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=145832">145832</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=8923">8923</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Camelus glama</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27064352" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27064352">Q27064352</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9632566">9632566</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/AB15F689-6270-4554-AD09-D17BD05E5BE8">AB15F689-6270-4554-AD09-D17BD05E5BE8</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42569#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4166491-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85077837">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lama (espèce)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12348880d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lama (espèce)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12348880d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576988">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533596305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646476">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llama&oldid=1254214653">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llama&oldid=1254214653</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domesticated_animals" title="Category:Domesticated animals">Domesticated animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Llamas" title="Category:Llamas">Llamas</a></li><li><a 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