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Dlaczego?</span></div><script type="module" src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/static/assets/1.32.78/Breadcrumbs.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.BZ4dlc_b.js"></script><div class="g-container"> <div class="left-column ods-g-cspan-6"><span data-article-start></span><article content-length="15545" content-paywall-length="13798" class="ods-article-lead" data-section="article-lead"><h1 class="ods-c-title__text"> Polacy chcą wciąż mieszkać w blokach z PRL-u. Dlaczego? </h1><div class="ods-c-authorship" data-section="author-top"> <div class="ods-c-authorship__row ods-c-authorship__row-simple"><a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/autorzy/amelia-sarnowska" class="ods-c-one_author ods-c-one_author--link"><div class="ods-c-one_avatar"> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/Ox8k9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy82YWVhYzA2Y2ViYTBmOWRlODVkMWY0Mzk2NTJhMmUyNy5qcGeRkwU6Ot4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="58" width="58" alt="Autor Amelia Sarnowska" loading="lazy" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> </div><span class="ods-c-one_author__name">Amelia Sarnowska</span></a></div> <div class="ods-c-authorship__row"> <div class="ods-c-date"><time class="ods-c-date-publication" datetime="2024-11-23T14:09:00+01:00">23 listopada 2024, 14:09</time></div> <div class="ods-c-share" data-section="share-top" data-omp-event-category="share-top-menu"> <button type="button" aria-label="Udostępnij" data-omp-event-name data-omp-event-url class="ods-c-button ods-c-button__small ods-c-button__outlined ods-c-share__button"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ods-c-button__icon ods-c-button__icon-text" data-icon="ShareNetwork_filled"> <use href="#ai:local:ShareNetwork_filled"></use> </svg><span>Udostępnij</span></button> <div class="ods-c-share__dropdown"> <span class="ods-c-share__title">Udostępnij przez</span> <ul class="ods-c-share__container"> <li class="ods-c-share__li"> <a class="ods-c-anchor ods-c-anchor__big ods-c-anchor__neutral" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/czy-sie-dziwie-ze-ludzie-chca-mieszkac-w-blokach-z-prl-u-zdecydowanie-nie/kql8qjz" target="_blank"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ods-c-anchor__icon ods-c-anchor__icon-text ods-c-anchor__primary" data-icon="Facebook_filled"> <use href="#ai:local:Facebook_filled"></use> </svg><span>Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class="ods-c-share__li"> <a class="ods-c-anchor ods-c-anchor__big ods-c-anchor__neutral" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=Polacy%20chc%C4%85%20wci%C4%85%C5%BC%20mieszka%C4%87%20w%20blokach%20z%20PRL-u.%20Dlaczego%3F%0D%0A%0D%0Ahttps://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/czy-sie-dziwie-ze-ludzie-chca-mieszkac-w-blokach-z-prl-u-zdecydowanie-nie/kql8qjz" target="_blank"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ods-c-anchor__icon ods-c-anchor__icon-text ods-c-anchor__primary" data-icon="TwitterX_filled"> <use href="#ai:local:TwitterX_filled"></use> </svg><span>X</span> </a> </li> <li class="ods-c-share__li"> <a class="ods-c-anchor ods-c-anchor__big ods-c-anchor__neutral" href="mailto:?subject=Przeczytaj%20artyku%C5%82%3A%20Polacy%20chc%C4%85%20wci%C4%85%C5%BC%20mieszka%C4%87%20w%20blokach%20z%20PRL-u.%20Dlaczego%3F&body=Polacy%20chc%C4%85%20wci%C4%85%C5%BC%20mieszka%C4%87%20w%20blokach%20z%20PRL-u.%20Dlaczego%3F%0D%0A%0D%0Ahttps://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/czy-sie-dziwie-ze-ludzie-chca-mieszkac-w-blokach-z-prl-u-zdecydowanie-nie/kql8qjz" target="_blank"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ods-c-anchor__icon ods-c-anchor__icon-text ods-c-anchor__primary" data-icon="EnvelopeSimple_filled"> <use href="#ai:local:EnvelopeSimple_filled"></use> </svg><span>E-mail</span> </a> </li> <li class="ods-c-share__li ods-c-share__copy-link" data-omp-event-category="share-top"> <button type="button" class="ods-c-anchor ods-c-anchor__big ods-c-anchor__neutral ods-c-share__copy-button" data-omp-event-name="Kopiuj link" data-omp-event-url=""><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ods-c-share__icon-copy ods-c-anchor__primary ods-c-anchor__icon" data-icon="Copy_filled"> <use href="#ai:local:Copy_filled"></use> </svg> <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="ods-c-share__icon-check ods-c-anchor__primary ods-c-anchor__icon" data-icon="CheckRegular_filled"> <use href="#ai:local:CheckRegular_filled"></use> </svg> <span class="ods-c-share__text">Kopiuj link</span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div><section class="ods-c-lead"> <p class="ods-c-lead-text"><strong>— Jeśli ktoś twierdzi, że dzisiaj buduje się już tak, że wszystko jest szczelne i po dwóch latach nie pojawi nam się grzyb, może się mocno zdziwić — przyznaje architekt Błażej Ciarkowski. W rozmowie z Onetem wskazuje na plusy i minusy budownictwa z czasów PRL-u, odnosi się także do współczesnej patodeweloperki. — Słysząc o architekturze PRL-u widzimy Bareję i kadry z jego filmów. A trzeba sobie w końcu jasno powiedzieć: w postrzeganiu tej architektury Bareja narobił naprawdę wiele złego — podkreśla.</strong></p> </section> <script type="module" src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/static/assets/1.32.78/Lead.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.BGHliVaI.js"></script><section class="ods-c-lead-image"> <div class="ods-c-lead-image__image-container"> <div class="ods-c-lead-image__image-wrapper"> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/gKdk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9lMGFiMTdjMzVhZmE3NGYxZGJjZWU3ZWMyNTlmNDdmYy5qcGeSlQPNATjNAqrNDXfNB5KTBc0EsM0Cdt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="500" width="940" srcset="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/2tlk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9lMGFiMTdjMzVhZmE3NGYxZGJjZWU3ZWMyNTlmNDdmYy5qcGeSlQPNATjNAqrNDXfNB5KTBc0DrM0B9N4AAqEwB6ExBA 940w" sizes="(min-width: 940px) 940px, 100vw" alt="Budowa z tzw. wielkiej płyty bloków mieszkalnych w paśmie Ursynów-Natolin, 1977 r." fetchpriority="high" decoding="sync" class="ods-c-image__img"> </div> <div class="ods-c-image-description ods-c-image-description--lead" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.44;"><span class="ods-c-image-description__text ods-c-image-description__text--lead" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.44;">Budowa z tzw. wielkiej płyty bloków mieszkalnych w paśmie Ursynów-Natolin, 1977 r.</span><span class="ods-c-image-description__source ods-c-image-description__source--lead" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.44;">Leszek Łożyński / PAP</span></div> </div> </section></article></div><aside class="right-column ods-g-cspan-2"><aside class="ods-ads__ad-space" data-identifier="right-column-lead" style="flex-grow:1"> <ad-floating-group data-configuration="{"on":true,"slotName":"right","lazyPercentage":"","floatingHeight":"","containerHeight":"","slotsNumber":"","expanding":false,"position":0}" class="ods-ads__floating-group" style="flex-grow:1"></ad-floating-group> <script type="module" src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/static/assets/1.32.78/FloatingGroupAd.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.D5AHUpfw.js"></script> </aside></aside> </div> </div> <ad-default data-configuration="{"slotName":"top","floating":true,"position":0}" class="ods-ads__ph ods-ads__ph--floating top" style="min-height:320px"></ad-default> <script type="module" src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/static/assets/1.32.78/DefaultAd.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.C-z9Xzrn.js"></script> <div class="main-content"> <div class="g-container"> <div class="left-column ods-g-cspan-6"><article content-length="15545" content-paywall-length="13798" class="ods-article-body" data-section="article-body"><div id="articlePremiumInfo"></div><h2 id="toc-w-postrzeganiu-architektury-prl-u-bareja-narobil-naprawde-wiele-zlego" class="ods-c-heading">"W postrzeganiu architektury PRL-u Bareja narobił naprawdę wiele złego"</h2><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Amelia Sarnowska: Zacznijmy od najprostszego pytania. Jakie pan ma pierwsze skojarzenia z architekturą doby PRL-u?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Błażej Ciarkowski:</strong> Proste pytania często okazują się najtrudniejsze (śmiech).</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Osiedle, bloki z wielkiej płyty — to moje pierwsze skojarzenia. Błoto i szarość. Jedenastokondygnacyjne szafy mieszkalne. Szare, bo jeszcze przed modernizacją. A wokół nich błoto, bo jeszcze nic nie wyrosło.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Podejrzewam, że nie tylko ja mam takie skojarzenia. Zastanówmy się jednak ile jest w nich prawdy. Proponuję, by każdy sobie teraz zadał pytanie, kiedy ostatnio na takim osiedlu był. Zakładam, że większość nie była tam po raz ostatni w latach 70., tylko pewnie najdalej parę tygodni temu.</p> <ad-default data-configuration="{"slotName":"left","position":0,"lazyPercentage":"","placeholderHiding":false,"floating":true}" class="ods-ads__ph ods-ads__ph--floating" style="min-height:321px"></ad-default> <ul class="ods-c-unordered-list"> <li class="ods-c-text-bullet ods-c-text-bullet--normal"> <span class="ods-c-text-bullet__text"><a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/palac-saski-i-przeniesienie-pomnika-smolenskiego-rozmowa-z-architektami-wxca/60mk5dw">Wielka rekonstrukcja, Pałac Saski i przeniesienie pomnika smoleńskiego. "Sądzimy, że to krok w dobrą stronę" [WYWIAD]</a></span> </li> </ul><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jak te osiedla wyglądają teraz? Między blokami jest dużo przestrzeni. Co więcej — ta przestrzeń jest zazieleniona. Czasem nawet ciężko odróżnić, gdzie zaczyna się osiedle, a kończy pobliski park.</p> <ad-default data-configuration="{"slotName":"flat-link1","position":0,"lazyPercentage":"","placeholderHiding":false,"floating":false}" class style></ad-default> <p class="ods-c-paragraph">I teraz proszę to zestawić z wrażeniami z ostatniej wizyty w zespole budynków wielorodzinnych, który powstał na przestrzeni ostatnich dziesięciu lat.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Jakieś drzewka się znajdą.</strong></p><div id="pianoInfo" data-section="article-bottom"></div> <div id="pianoOffer" style="display: block;" data-section="article-bottom"></div><div id="contentPremium" class="contentPremium" style="display: none"><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Może i się znajdą, ale to nie będą np. topole, które przewyższałyby wysokością sąsiednie bloki. Będą to karłowate klony czy wiśnie japońskie, które sięgają maksymalnie drugiego piętra.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Znajdziemy także trawniczek, może nawet i jakieś krzewy. Całość będzie jednak zdecydowanie mniej bujna i naturalna niż to, co mają dziś do zaoferowania osiedla z PRL-u. Co więcej: jeśli mowa o zespole budynków z parkingiem podziemnym, to z drzewami określonej wielkości możemy się w ogóle pożegnać. Na płycie stropu nad parkingiem wysokie drzewo przecież nie wyrośnie. Porządny jesion czy topola na takiej ilości gleby zwyczajnie się nie utrzyma.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Tymczasem zamiast dzisiejszych zielonych przestrzeni, słysząc o architekturze PRL-u mamy przed oczami jednak zupełnie inne obrazki. Widzimy Stanisława Bareję i kadry z jego filmów.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">A trzeba to sobie w końcu jasno powiedzieć, że w postrzeganiu architektury PRL-u Bareja narobił naprawdę wiele złego.</p><ul class="ods-c-unordered-list"> <li class="ods-c-text-bullet ods-c-text-bullet--normal"> <span class="ods-c-text-bullet__text"><a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/wiekszosc-swidermajerow-nalezala-do-zydow-dopoki-da-sie-mieszkac-sie-mieszka/1nhyc7n">"Żeby to się stały zabytki, należało wymordować właścicieli". Trudna historia świdermajerów [GALERIA]</a></span> </li> </ul><div class="ods-c-image__wrapper ods-c-image__img--in-article"><img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/I7xk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8zOTY1YTQxNDExNjg3NWQ0OGRmZmE0ZDk0ZmQyZjQxNy5qcGeRmgrNA6zNAhAKAAAAzK8AAN4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="940" width="940" alt="Budowa osiedla Ursynów-Natolin, 1977 r." loading="lazy" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-image__img--viewport-width"><div class="ods-c-image-description" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 1;"><span class="ods-c-image-description__text" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 1;">Budowa osiedla Ursynów-Natolin, 1977 r.</span><span class="ods-c-image-description__source" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 1;">Leszek Łożyński / PAP</span></div> </div><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Jak to padło w "Misiu", jest prawda czasów i prawda ekranu.</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Oczywiście, jest coś takiego jak konwencja komedii, ale jak poczytać komentarze w sieci, szybko można się zorientować, że w odbiorze wielu widzów to są niemal dokumenty.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">A filmy Barei nie są dokumentem. Oczywiście, przedstawiają jakiś wycinek rzeczywistości, zebranie określonych patologii, które w ówczesnym budownictwie się zdarzały — natomiast jeśli chcemy wierzyć, że w obecnym budownictwie patologie się nie zdarzają, będzie to optymizm graniczący z głupotą.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jeśli ktoś twierdzi, że dzisiaj buduje się już tak, że wszystko jest szczelne i po dwóch latach nie pojawi nam się grzyb, może się mocno zdziwić.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jeszcze co do Barei: może nie tyle sam Bareja narobił tu szkody. Winy należałoby jednak szukać po stronie tych, co uwierzyli, że "Alternatywy 4" to niemal serial dokumentalny.</p><div class="ods-c-image__wrapper ods-c-image__img--in-article"><img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/3M6k9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9kOTA4Mjk3YjBiNzMyODIwMjYyNDNhNWI4ZGRhM2JjZS5qcGeSlQMAAM0DIGSVAs0DrADCw94AAqEwB6ExBA" height="100" width="800" loading="lazy" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-image__img--viewport-width"><div class="ods-c-image-description" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.125;"><span class="ods-c-image-description__source ods-c-image-description__source--very-low" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.125;">Onet</span></div> </div><h2 id="toc-presja-w-bialych-rekawiczkach" class="ods-c-heading">Presja w białych rękawiczkach</h2><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Zostawiając na razie na boku Bareja i drzewka, które też muszą mieć czas, by urosnąć — czego współcześni architekci mogliby się uczyć od największych architektów PRL-u?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Podobnie jak na otwarciu, jest to bardzo trudne pytanie (śmiech). To były inne okoliczności, inne warunki. Inna sytuacja. Inne możliwości mieli architekci, którzy jeśli wciąż żyją, to mają dziś już po 90 lat, a inne ludzie, którzy kończyli ze mną studia.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Trudno, żeby współcześni architekci podpatrywali np. pracę Danuty Olędzkiej, która projektowała pierwsze dwa falowce na gdańskim Przymorzu. Niby teraz warunki są inne i można więcej, ale jak się na tym głębiej zastanowić — czy obecnie naprawdę mamy większe możliwości? Nie byłbym taki pewien. Bo zamiast normatywów państwowych jest np. zdolność kredytowa przyszłych kupujących. Dobrze podsumował to Zbigniew Maćków, przedstawiciel średniego pokolenia, architekt z Wrocławia — który w filmie "Bloki" skomentował: wtedy był normatyw, teraz jest zdolność kredytowa. I tak jest. Najwięcej jest dziś mieszkań 45-48 m kw., bo na tyle Polaka stać, jeśli potem ma mu się udać spłacić kredyt przez 30 lat.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Czy młodzi architekci mogą się czegoś uczyć? Po rozmowach z kilkudziesięcioma projektantami, którzy byli aktywni w czasach PRL-u od lat 40. do czasów przełomu, mam wrażenie, że — wbrew pozorom — oni byli gotowi bardziej obstawać przy swoim.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Co pan przez to rozumie?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Rzeczywistość jest inna, ale presja, której musi sprostać architekt, nie zniknęła — z tym, że owa presja jest uśmiechnięta albo w białych rękawiczkach.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Żaden partyjny kacyk nie podjeżdża już czarną wołgą, by powiedzieć: macie mi to zaprojektować tak i tak. Dziś to jest jeden czy drugi deweloper, a czasem nawet i sam architekt, który uprzedza określone życzenia, robiąc rzeczy, które moim zdaniem zadziać się nie powinny.</p><ul class="ods-c-unordered-list"> <li class="ods-c-text-bullet ods-c-text-bullet--normal"> <span class="ods-c-text-bullet__text"><a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/fragmenty-ksiazek/po-tysiacach-lat-na-wygnaniu-wrocili-na-jalowa-ziemie-zamienili-eden-w-pustynie/2smwn0w">Tak powstawał Tel Awiw. Miasto z "piany fali i chmur" to mit [FRAGMENT KSIĄŻKI]</a></span> </li> </ul><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>To znaczy jakie?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jak choćby flipping, dość popularny ostatnio termin. Ktoś projektuje podział 40-metrowego mieszkania na trzy mikrokawalerki.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Ktoś to wszystko musi od strony projektowej przygotowywać. Ktoś na projekcie oznacza pokój jako "garderobę" tylko po to, żeby móc w nim zamieścić dwupokojowe mieszkanie z oknami wychodzącymi tylko na północ. A przecież jeśli okna są tylko na północ, to powinna być to kawalerka.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Pojawia się argument: no tak, jeśli ja tego nie zrobię, i tak zrobi to ktoś inny.</p><div class="ods-c-image__wrapper ods-c-image__img--in-article"><img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/lbpk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8wOGUxNWRhZjNmZDg3MGJjZGFjYTEwZDY2NGFlNWFjNi5qcGeRmgrNA6zNAhAKAAAAzK8AAN4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="529" width="940" alt="Gdańsk 1972. Osiedle mieszkaniowe Przymorze Wielkie w trakcie budowy" loading="lazy" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-image__img--viewport-width"><div class="ods-c-image-description" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.5627659574468085;"><span class="ods-c-image-description__text" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.5627659574468085;">Gdańsk 1972. Osiedle mieszkaniowe Przymorze Wielkie w trakcie budowy</span><span class="ods-c-image-description__source" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.5627659574468085;">Janusz Uklejewski / PAP</span></div> </div><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>W ten sposób łatwo się ze wszystkiego wytłumaczyć.</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">W ten sposób w branży architekci sami podcinają dziś gałęzie, na których siedzą.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Bo jeśli są tacy, którzy specjalizują się już głównie w znalezieniu odpowiedniej działki dla inwestora, a potem umieszczeniu na niej maksymalnej ilości mieszkań, to jest to praca, którą bardzo łatwo będzie zastąpić przy odpowiednim wykorzystaniu algorytmów i sztucznej inteligencji.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Mam wrażenie, że jako branża nie tylko brniemy, ale wręcz pędzimy w nie do końca właściwą stronę.</p><h2 id="toc-nie-mozemy-sobie-teraz-pozwolic-na-luksus-budowania-takich-mieszkan-jak-w-prl-u" class="ods-c-heading">"Nie możemy sobie teraz pozwolić na luksus budowania takich mieszkań jak w PRL-u"</h2><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Wróćmy do grzechów współczesnych projektów i osiedli. Jakie pana najbardziej uwierają?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Ja w ogóle bym nie mówił o nich jako o osiedlach. Oczywiście, stosowane jest określenie "osiedla deweloperskie" — natomiast jeśli spojrzymy na to, czym były modernistyczne, przedwojenne osiedla czy potem te z czasów PRL-u, to jednak należałoby dziś mówić raczej o zespołach budynków mieszkalnych.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Pamiętajmy, że takie miejsca powinny spełniać podstawowe funkcje życiowe mieszkańców: w obrębie 15-minutowego spaceru powinny znajdować się szkoła, przychodnia, przedszkole, żłobek, jakieś usługi i sklepy.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">A jeśli w tym momencie na warszawskim Wilanowie miasto musi odkupić działkę, żeby wybudować szkołę, to znaczy, że ta idea osiedla jako zespołu zapewniającego nie tylko dach nad głową, ale też te inne podstawowe potrzeby, nie jest zrealizowana. Dlatego trudno o blokach, które stawia sobie jeden czy drugi deweloper, mówić dziś w kontekście myślenia holistycznego, całościowego.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>W takim razie jak o nich mówić?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jako o wycinkach. Tu mamy kawałek gruntu, stoją cztery budynki, tam drugi deweloper postawi zaraz dwa kolejne na długiej działce, więc nie będzie między nimi połączenia drogowego... I wychodzi nam z tego straszny chaos przestrzenny. Trudno o tym mówić jako o osiedlu.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Wracając do grzechów — nie chciałbym wrzucać do jednego worka absolutnie wszystkiego, co w ostatnich latach powstało, ale chyba takim największym grzechem byłoby myślenie fragmentaryczne. I tutaj nawet stanąłbym w obronie części architektów, bo to nie jest wyłącznie ich wina. Ktoś przecież wydaje takie, a nie inne warunki zabudowy. I stwarza określone ramy dla inwestycji.</p><ul class="ods-c-unordered-list"> <li class="ods-c-text-bullet ods-c-text-bullet--normal"> <span class="ods-c-text-bullet__text"><a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/fragmenty-ksiazek/andres-barba-zycie-guastavina-i-guastavina-fragment-ksiazki/lfvxtqy">Uzna się ich za budowniczych Nowego Jorku. Potem zostaną zapomniani [FRAGMENT KSIĄŻKI]</a></span> </li> </ul><div class="ods-c-image__wrapper ods-c-image__img--in-article"><img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/o-Rk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9hNzVmOTJmNDc5OTBkZGU0YjVkOTBjMzNhYzVkMDM3Mi5qcGeRlQLNA6wAwsPeAAKhMAehMQQ" height="637" width="940" alt="Warszawa 1976 r. Budowa osiedla mieszkaniowego Natolin w dzielnicy Ursynów" loading="lazy" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-image__img--viewport-width"><div class="ods-c-image-description" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.6776595744680851;"><span class="ods-c-image-description__text" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.6776595744680851;">Warszawa 1976 r. Budowa osiedla mieszkaniowego Natolin w dzielnicy Ursynów</span><span class="ods-c-image-description__source" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.6776595744680851;">Marian Sokołowski / PAP</span></div> </div><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Jeden z bohaterów pana książki "Słowo architekta" przyznaje wprost: "Nie możemy sobie teraz pozwolić na luksus budowania takich mieszkań jak w PRL-u". </strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">To wypowiedź kuluarowa (śmiech).</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jeden ze starszych kolegów w ten sposób zgrabnie podsumował dyskusję, jaką mieliśmy w siedzibie Izby Architektów w Łodzi. A to akurat człowiek, który działał i w okresie PRL-u, i w latach 90. — i jest jedną z ostatnich osób, które posądzałbym o sentyment do czasów Gierka.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Jeśli to nie wyraz sentymentu, to czego?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Mógł mieć na myśli chociażby kwestię rozplanowania budynków wielorodzinnych.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Weźmy na przykład bardzo lubiany dziś model, chyba już dominujący, tzw. aneksu kuchennego. Z jednej strony fajnie, bo robimy obiad i mamy kontakt z resztą rodziny. Z drugiej strony to oszczędność powierzchni, bo zamiast robić salon na 16 m kw. i kuchnię na 9 m kw., możemy mieć cały kompleks na 25 m kw. Trochę inaczej też to wygląda. Lepiej się też kojarzy.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Innym przykładem niech będzie rozmieszczenie mieszkań względem stron świata. Za PRL-u starano się projektować je tak, by miały one okna na przestrzał, na dwie strony, wschód i zachód. Możliwość przewietrzenia takiego mieszkania była dla projektantów bardzo istotna. Poza tym ekspozycja na wschód i zachód zapewniała optymalne nasłonecznienie.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jak spojrzeć z lotu ptaka na taki blok mieszkalny, będzie on czymś w rodzaju wąskiej, płaskiej deski. Te bloki często były dość niskie, z niewielką liczbą pięter.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Byle nie więcej niż cztery, bo wtedy konieczna byłaby już winda.</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Tak, a jeśli więcej, to już od razu dziesięć pięter. Wtedy winda była opłacalna. Wróćmy jednak do współczesności. Jeśli spojrzymy z lotu ptaka na któryś ze współczesnych zespołów mieszkaniowych, to te bloki na rzucie nabrały masy. Nie tworzą już linii — są raczej prostokątem zbliżonym do kwadratu. Co powoduje, że możemy co prawda mieć mieszkanie narożne, ale o mieszkaniu z oknami na przestrzał i o idealnym przewietrzeniu można zapomnieć.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Sam jestem zwolennikiem modernistycznego, przedwojennego myślenia, zgodnie z którym dość płytki, najlepiej zorientowany na osi wschód-zachód blok jest rozwiązaniem prawie że optymalnym.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Kolejna kwestia: okna. Gdy spojrzymy na bloki z lat 60. czy 70., to te okna są horyzontalne. Jak spojrzymy na mieszkaniówkę z ostatnich lat, będą to głównie okna pionowe. Z czym to się wiąże? Jeśli mamy okno pionowe, pokój możemy zrobić węższy i głębszy. Niby wszystko się w nim zgadza, proporcja powierzchni okna do powierzchni podłogi, i tak dalej.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>W czym więc rzecz?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">To, że nam się zgadzają cyferki, wcale nie oznacza, że otrzymujemy takie same warunki. Bo niby jest to pokój, ale jednak trochę tramwaj.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Takich drobnych niuansów można znaleźć naprawdę sporo. Dorzucę jeszcze jeden cytat, który w książce się nie znalazł. Jeden z moich rozmówców, urodzony w latach 40. prof. Konrad Kucza-Kuczyński, napisał książkę "Zawód architekt" — i tam jest bardzo ładny fragment, który lata temu wywarł na mnie duże wrażenie. Profesor kategorycznie stawia w nim sprawę odpowiedzialności zawodowej architektów. Kucza-Kuczyński zwrócił mianowicie uwagę, że to, że jakiś parametr jest minimalny, nie oznacza, że jest on optymalny.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">To się wydaje oczywiste, prawda? A spójrzmy, jak to się ma chociażby do upychania mieszkaniówki na działce. Współcześnie idzie się w takich projektach po minimum. Mój były szef w biurze projektów zwykł mówić, że to takie "po łyżce od butów". Upychanie tak, by wszystko było na granicy limitów.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jeśli chcielibyśmy zaprojektować cokolwiek tak, by móc mówić o komforcie, limity nie powinny być tak wyżyłowane. Budynki powinny znajdować się dalej od siebie, niż wskazują dolne limity. Pokoje powinny mieć inne propocje. I może nie należałoby robić bardzo długiego korytarza w mieszkaniu tylko po to, by udało się sprzedać 2 m kw. więcej i jak najwięcej na kliencie zarobić.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Co prawda od kilkunastu lat nie narysowałem ani kreski, ale to wszystko są przykłady z własnych doświadczeń.</p><ul class="ods-c-unordered-list"> <li class="ods-c-text-bullet ods-c-text-bullet--normal"> <span class="ods-c-text-bullet__text"><a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wiadomosci/nietypowy-przewodnik-po-wenecji-odkryj-to-miasto-zupelnie-na-nowo/xr37p32">Nietypowy przewodnik po Wenecji. Odkryj to miasto zupełnie na nowo</a></span> </li> </ul><h2 id="toc-nie-wszystko-da-sie-dzis-opisac-liczbami-trzeba-ludzkiego-podejscia" class="ods-c-heading">Nie wszystko da się dziś opisać liczbami. "Trzeba ludzkiego podejścia"</h2><div class="ods-c-image__wrapper ods-c-image__img--in-article"><img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/1bwk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8wNmMyZmFiNjY4NjQ1ZTMwYWI3OTc2YWNiZmFmNDgwZC5qcGeRlQLNA6wAwsPeAAKhMAehMQQ" height="721" width="940" alt="Kraków, 1989 r. Plac Centralny i aleja Róż w dzielnicy Nowa Huta" loading="lazy" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-image__img--viewport-width"><div class="ods-c-image-description" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.7670212765957447;"><span class="ods-c-image-description__text" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.7670212765957447;">Kraków, 1989 r. Plac Centralny i aleja Róż w dzielnicy Nowa Huta</span><span class="ods-c-image-description__source" data-astro-cid-h2nqjkkm style="--aspectRatio: 0.7670212765957447;">Jerzy Ochoński / PAP</span></div> </div><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Mieszkałam wiele lat w Krakowie w sąsiedztwie nowych osiedli. Czasami naprawdę człowiek się zastanawia, co skłania ludzi do tego, by kupowali dziś — i to</strong> <strong>za niemałe pieniądze — nowe mieszkania w takim ścisku.</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Z jednej strony tak, ale z drugiej, jaką ci ludzie mają alternatywę?</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jeśli chodzi o nowe budownictwo, to świetnych, super pozytywnych przykładów chyba aż tak dużo nie znajdziemy. Procentowo nie będzie to dobrze wyglądało. Wspomniała pani o ścisku — odwołam się znów do filmu "Bloki", o którym już była mowa.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Jeśli chodzi o odległości, to architekt czy planista z czasów PRL-u powiedziałby, że musi to być co najmniej tyle a tyle metrów, by to miało sens — a potem człowiek, który sprzedaje dziś nowe mieszkania, mówi nam, że "tu mamy dużą odległość 12 m między oknami dwóch budynków". Gdy oglądałem ten film ze studentami, sala wybuchnęła po tym zdaniu śmiechem. A to przecież wcale nie jest śmieszne.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Same suche liczby może i pozwalają realizować dziś zapisy i warunki przedstawione w miejscowym planie zagospodarowania czy warunki zabudowy — ale w praktyce nie podnoszą komfortu naszego życia.</p><ul class="ods-c-unordered-list"> <li class="ods-c-text-bullet ods-c-text-bullet--normal"> <span class="ods-c-text-bullet__text"><a href="https://www.onet.pl/informacje/ciekawyblog/osiedla-z-prl-kontra-patodeweloperka-to-uwazano-za-niezbedne/r90cftk,30bc1058">Osiedla z PRL kontra patodeweloperka. To uważano za niezbędne</a></span> </li> </ul><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Weźmy powierzchnię biologicznie czynną w obrębie działki. W miastach znaczna część tej powierzchni w obrębie zespołu kilku nowych, tak zwanych apartamentowców, urządzona jest nad instalacjami, takimi jak wodociągi, gazociągi czy światłowody. I powiedzmy to sobie otwarcie: za wiele zieleni tam nie wyrośnie. Do tego dochodzą trawniki wzdłuż drogi, które mają po pół metra szerokości. Przy obecnej pogodzie trawnik szeroki na 50 cm ma naprawdę małe szanse na przeżycie. Do tego często zostaje po prostu zadeptany.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Kolejna rzecz: według przepisów teren biologicznie czynny — to teren o nawierzchni urządzonej w sposób zapewniający naturalną wegetację roślin. Czyli możemy odpowiednio przygotować podłoże, na nim ułożyć geokratę i zasiać trawę. I mamy wspaniały biologicznie czynny parking. Jaka jest skuteczność tego typu rozwiązań możemy się przekonać naocznie na osiedlach i podwórkach.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Ale co z tego, skoro nam się będzie na papierze zgadzało, że określony procent powierzchni działki pozostanie biologicznie czynny?</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Jakie stąd wnioski?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Że nie wszystko da się opisać liczbami.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Dlatego gdzieś w tym wszystkim trzeba odwoływać się do czegoś, co nazwałbym właśnie odpowiedzialnością zawodową. Albo inaczej: po prostu ludzkim podejściem.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph"><strong>Czy dziwi się pan, kiedy słyszy, że ludzie wolą dziś mieszkać w blokach PRL-owskich?</strong></p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Czy się dziwię? Nie. Zdecydowanie nie.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Dochodzi do tego też jeszcze jedna bardzo ważna kwestia: gdzie zlokalizowane są te nowe zespoły mieszkalne? Często są to obrzeża miast. Dochodzi więc kwestia komunikacji. Stare osiedla są na tym tle o wiele lepiej skomunikowane. Z jednej strony dlatego, że tak zostały zaplanowane, z drugiej dlatego, że zdążyły "obrosnąć" drogami i komunikacją zbiorową.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Czy tak stanie się w przyszłości z nowymi zespołami mieszkalnymi? Nie wiem. Czy się zazielenieją? Tu bym powątpiewał, bo zwyczajnie najczęściej nie ma na to przestrzeni.</p><p class="ods-c-paragraph">Gdybym sam miał wybierać, nie miałbym wątpliwości. 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To otworzyło sprawę"" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <symbol id="ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall" viewBox="0 0 61 16"><g fill="none"><path fill="url(#radial_5547_10944)" d="M0 0h61v16H0z"/><path fill="#fff" d="M56.154 5.875a1.86 1.86 0 0 0-1.358-.542A2.09 2.09 0 0 0 53.153 6l-.142-.123a1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.586-.395 2 2 0 0 0-.771-.148 2.09 2.09 0 0 0-1.644.668v-.52h-1.16v5.038h1.325V7.267a1.21 1.21 0 0 1 1.087-.698.95.95 0 0 1 .73.284c.172.204.26.466.247.733v2.934h1.326V7.425q0-.236-.038-.47a1.2 1.2 0 0 1 .877-.386.916.916 0 0 1 .976 1.017v2.934h1.326V7.425a2.17 2.17 0 0 0-.552-1.55m-11.482-.403v2.934a.916.916 0 0 0 .976 1.017 1.21 1.21 0 0 0 1.087-.698V5.472h1.327v5.038h-1.16v-.52a2.09 2.09 0 0 1-1.644.669 1.86 1.86 0 0 1-1.358-.543 2.17 2.17 0 0 1-.554-1.55V5.473zm-5.003.403a1.86 1.86 0 0 0-1.358-.542A2.09 2.09 0 0 0 36.667 6l-.14-.123a1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.587-.395c-.245-.1-.507-.15-.772-.148a2.09 2.09 0 0 0-1.643.668v-.52h-1.16v5.038h1.325V7.267a1.21 1.21 0 0 1 1.087-.698.95.95 0 0 1 .73.284c.172.204.26.466.246.733v2.934h1.326V7.425q0-.236-.038-.47a1.2 1.2 0 0 1 .878-.386.916.916 0 0 1 .976 1.017v2.934h1.326V7.425a2.17 2.17 0 0 0-.552-1.55M29.1 10.67a2.665 2.665 0 1 1-.1-5.327 2.553 2.553 0 0 1 2.553 2.664q0 .27-.05.534v.014h-3.776a1.3 1.3 0 0 0 1.393.91 1.4 1.4 0 0 0 1.056-.43l1.088.606A2.55 2.55 0 0 1 29.1 10.67m1.124-3.151A1.2 1.2 0 0 0 29 6.539a1.24 1.24 0 0 0-1.293.98zM20.035 5.347a1.86 1.86 0 0 0-1.503.757v-.629h-1.2v6.69h1.296v-2.14a1.8 1.8 0 0 0 1.41.624 2.38 2.38 0 0 0 1.721-.742 2.83 2.83 0 0 0 0-3.814 2.38 2.38 0 0 0-1.724-.746m1.143 2.65a1.328 1.328 0 0 1-1.365 1.439 1.39 1.39 0 0 1-1.188-.69V7.248a1.39 1.39 0 0 1 1.188-.69A1.33 1.33 0 0 1 21.177 8zm5.38-2.501a2.8 2.8 0 0 0-.843-.149 1.64 1.64 0 0 0-1.354.824v-.697h-1.232v5.049h1.295V7.23a1.32 1.32 0 0 1 1.403-.643h.01l.003-.009a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 .727-1.059l.014-.014zm15.208-2.464a.837.837 0 1 1 0 1.673.837.837 0 0 1 0-1.673m-.635 2.457h1.27v5.02h-1.27z"/><path fill="#FFD200" d="M10.136 13.272a5.136 5.136 0 1 0 0-10.272 5.136 5.136 0 0 0 0 10.272"/><defs><radialGradient id="radial_5547_10944" cx="0" cy="0" r="1" gradientTransform="matrix(193.614 0 0 156.161 30.5 0)" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop offset="0" stop-color="#0478BF"/><stop offset=".019" stop-color="#0773BA"/><stop offset=".13" stop-color="#1753A2"/><stop offset=".25" stop-color="#294293"/><stop offset=".616" stop-color="#070938"/><stop offset="1" stop-color="#19083C"/></radialGradient></defs></g></symbol><use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Prawdziwa historia "Dziewczyny z igłą". "W piecu znaleźli kości. To otworzyło sprawę" </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><script type="module" src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/static/assets/1.32.78/CardWrapper.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.DxQIMN8N.js"></script><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/kobiety-za-nim-szalaly-gdy-boleslaw-lesmian-gonil-za-kochanka-poznal-przyszla-zone/4bxz8b9" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="a32c92cb-1a4c-4ad9-920e-963792eaba99" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/-iBk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8zZjlmYzEzM2VkMzFlZWU4YTY0NDc5ODdlODQ1MWFiMS5qcGeSlQMAAM0KjM0F7pMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Kobiety szalały za "chrabąszczem". Gdy gonił za kochanką, poznał przyszłą żonę" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Kobiety szalały za "chrabąszczem". Gdy gonił za kochanką, poznał przyszłą żonę </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/twardoch-jestem-ojcem-i-to-jest-dla-mnie-wazniejsze-niz-jakakolwiek-wojna/hw04r9y" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="a417e4dd-570e-42de-b5b2-9f0792a31121" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/GGUk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy80YmNhZGRhOGFmMmMyNWU3NWEwYjM2NTY5OTE2NDdiOS5qcGeSlQMAzQlizRWAzQwYkwXNASzMqt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="170" width="300" alt="Szczepan Twardoch: pierwowzorami moich postaci są jeszcze żywi ludzie, którym dobrze życzę" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Szczepan Twardoch: pierwowzorami moich postaci są jeszcze żywi ludzie, którym dobrze życzę </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector>Materiał promocyjny</span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/michal-fajbusiewicz-moja-basie-prawdopodobnie-zamordowano-wywiad/gplx9e3" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="7c85732e-5f35-443b-9bf9-60ba3265111e" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/7iBk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9iYjM0MjAyMWU1NWYwOWNlZjcxNzM5ODI1MWJlOTg5YS5qcGeSlQMAas0Go80DvJMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Michał Fajbusiewicz: moją Basię prawdopodobnie zamordowano [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Michał Fajbusiewicz: moją Basię prawdopodobnie zamordowano [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/iwona-bielska-role-dla-kobiet-w-moim-wieku-to-glownie-toksyczne-matki/l6e3mty" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="abd650d4-c8e0-4a4e-b718-abf48d847838" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/Bowk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9mZmFhNDVjODE3YmNhYzExMDVkZGE4ZTk0ZDM1M2IwMy5qcGeSlQMAzNDNB9DNBGWTBc0BLMyq3gACoTAHoTEE" height="170" width="300" alt="Iwona Bielska: Nie myślę teraz o umieraniu. Coś tam jeszcze muszę zrobić. Albo nie, już nic nie muszę. Chcę" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Iwona Bielska: Nie myślę teraz o umieraniu. Coś tam jeszcze muszę zrobić. Albo nie, już nic nie muszę. Chcę </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/angelina-jolie-jako-callas-wielki-pomnik-czy-tylko-powielanie-stereotypow/c8k85ly" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="a1e7a5a3-7cd2-4e6d-876b-8d86a053f9ec" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/8y-k9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy81OTgwOGMzZDNkZDM4YzMzZWUxYmU5YjAzODYyNGI4ZC5qcGeSlQMAc80EsM0Co5MFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Angelina Jolie jako Maria Callas. Wielki pomnik czy tylko powielanie stereotypów? [RECENZJA]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Angelina Jolie jako Maria Callas. Wielki pomnik czy tylko powielanie stereotypów? [RECENZJA] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div></div><div class="ods-c-aside-bottom__feeds" data-section="bottom-feed-26"><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/kazimiera-szczuka-w-pierwszym-wywiadzie-od-lat-chcesz-mnie-spowiadac/1031pct" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="14e84e4d-6970-4a96-b0c2-cd4dd273256e" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/z0nk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8wZTdiOTRjOTBhNzFiNGY3NTU4YzRhZjk0N2E0YzQ4MC5qcGeSlQMAzM_NB9DNBGWTBc0BLMyq3gACoTAHoTEE" height="170" width="300" alt="Kazimiera Szczuka: chcesz mnie teraz spowiadać? [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Kazimiera Szczuka: chcesz mnie teraz spowiadać? [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/angelina-jolie-powraca-przez-ostatnie-10-lat-bylam-w-mrocznym-miejscu-wywiad/nwly50k" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="81ddd8c4-cc30-439f-bac1-729e194ba58e" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/J9Yk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9mYzdhNzQ5NTE1YjQyMGZhZmZkMWZjNDIzN2JiODk4ZC5qcGeSlQMAzKXNFHTNC4STBc0BLMyq3gACoTAHoTEE" height="170" width="300" alt="Angelina Jolie powraca na wielki ekran. "Przez ostatnie 10 lat byłam w mrocznym miejscu" [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Angelina Jolie powraca na wielki ekran. "Przez ostatnie 10 lat byłam w mrocznym miejscu" [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/20-lat-temu-dostal-oscara-za-role-w-pianiscie-czy-teraz-powtorzy-swoj-sukces/4ybls24" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="079c50e8-543d-48ba-8921-4b23779d33dd" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/dZck9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8xZGViMThhYWUwYjlhZmZiNjE1NjU2ZTBhZTJhMTUyMy5qcGeSlQMAXc0LuM0GmJMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Wzruszająca rola Adriena Brody'ego w "Brutaliście". "To, że mogłem zagrać tę rolę, to prawdziwy cud" [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Wzruszająca rola Adriena Brody'ego w "Brutaliście". "To, że mogłem zagrać tę rolę, to prawdziwy cud" [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/wielki-sukces-kasi-sawczuk-zagrala-w-miedzynarodowej-produkcji-z-monica-bellucci/0cwm3gd" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="2745e1e3-a0a5-4577-899a-4d8feab48c3e" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/L1yk9lCaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy85M2Q4OWNjYTJmNzE4YTQ1ZmRjN2YyOWUwY2FhZjQ2ZS5qcGVnkpUDzMF8zQUbzQLfkwXNASzMqt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="170" width="300" alt="Wielki sukces Kasi Sawczuk. Zagrała w międzynarodowej produkcji z Monicą Bellucci" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Wielki sukces Kasi Sawczuk. Zagrała w międzynarodowej produkcji z Monicą Bellucci </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/ostatnia-wyprawa-wandy-rutkiewicz-mowiono-ze-w-jej-oczach-widac-smierc/ylvsq9r" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="c0b76f2a-dcba-456a-baee-86221aa6e719" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/Ulbk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy80MWZkZTMxZjBjZDk2NTVhMzM0NGQyZGRkYWFmNDYyYy5qcGeSlQMvzQKbzQy2zQcmkwXNASzMqt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="170" width="300" alt="Karawana do śmierci. Ostatnia wyprawa Wandy Rutkiewicz" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Karawana do śmierci. Ostatnia wyprawa Wandy Rutkiewicz </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/chodz-na-kulture-bo-w-weekend-nie-warto-sie-nudzic/c6vy6wx" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="8b7181d1-7b59-416e-a7d7-d6df9eec1376" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/98ak9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy82N2JmMWQxZTUyZDVhMTA0YTNkYjg1NjdjMDRhNzY4OC5wbmeSlQMAAM0Clc0Bc5MFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Chodź na kulturę, bo w weekend nie warto się nudzić" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Chodź na kulturę, bo w weekend nie warto się nudzić </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div></div><div class="ods-c-aside-bottom__feeds" data-section="bottom-feed-27"><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/slawomira-lozinska-wszystko-jest-o-tym-ze-mnie-los-nie-oszczedzal-wywiad/xqmz8eq" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="e58ef10b-2639-47cd-9dcb-0242467bcaf2" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/NLEk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy80OWRkMmYwYTdkN2Q4YjgwODE2NWU4Njc1NzA1YTc0MS5qcGeSlQMAe80PoM0IypMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Sławomira Łozińska: wszystko jest o tym, że mnie los nie oszczędzał [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Sławomira Łozińska: wszystko jest o tym, że mnie los nie oszczędzał [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/te-sekrety-gwiazdy-chcialy-utrzymac-w-tajemnicy-wyszly-na-jaw-dopiero-po-ich-smierci/6ecxbxp" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="2c1ce021-2b0d-461c-8dd0-81f9b515d528" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/HCIk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8yM2UyODEzYTA3Zjc5ZWY5NDE4M2Q5ZGU1MmU1NmYwZC5wbmeSlQMAAM0GKM0DdpMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Prawdę znało niewielu. Tajemnice gwiazd poznaliśmy dopiero po ich śmierci" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="24" height="24" class="ods-c-card__type-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-icon="Camera_filled"> <symbol id="ai:local:Camera_filled" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M20.125 6.02h-3.77l-1.76-1.76a2.34 2.34 0 0 0-1.64-.68h-1.9a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-1.64.68l-1.76 1.76h-3.77c-1.3 0-2.34 1.04-2.34 2.32v9.75c0 1.28 1.04 2.33 2.33 2.33h16.25c1.28 0 2.33-1.04 2.33-2.33V8.34c0-1.28-1.04-2.33-2.33-2.33zm-8.13 11.29a4.51 4.51 0 0 1-4.5-4.5 4.51 4.51 0 0 1 4.5-4.5 4.51 4.51 0 0 1 4.5 4.5 4.51 4.51 0 0 1-4.5 4.5"/></symbol><use href="#ai:local:Camera_filled"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Prawdę znało niewielu. Tajemnice gwiazd poznaliśmy dopiero po ich śmierci </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/wywiad-z-magda-gessler-nie-lubie-sie-zatrzymywac-bo-zycie-jest-zbyt-piekne/y5vx742" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="b5b0bef5-e378-4dc6-ad33-50ce23e8f54f" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/VeOk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9hNWU4NmRmZDVjZjE3ZDM3YmIyYTUyZmU4NWVhNDNhNy5qcGeSlQPNA9DNAuDNFIHNC4mTBc0BLMyq3gACoTAHoTEE" height="170" width="300" alt="Magda Gessler: nie lubię się zatrzymywać, bo życie jest zbyt piękne [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Magda Gessler: nie lubię się zatrzymywać, bo życie jest zbyt piękne [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/rocznica-smierci-kapuscinskiego-o-tym-gdzie-jest-zona-dowiadywala-sie-z-depesz/pr9f7v3" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="e5d1e1d1-0453-40c9-8a99-1470e74b21ed" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/MSqk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy82NmU1NDViYjA4Njg4MzRjMmYwMWQ1YjY5MDhlZTRkZS5qcGeSlQMAzQh3zRRPzQtskwXNASzMqt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="170" width="300" alt="Kapuścińskiego "hajcowało" rozmawianie z ludźmi. Jego zdolność słuchania Innego przeszła do legendy" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Kapuścińskiego "hajcowało" rozmawianie z ludźmi. Jego zdolność słuchania Innego przeszła do legendy </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/75-lat-temu-zmarl-george-orwell-co-wiemy-o-autorze-roku-1984/vjlemmg" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="414926c0-88eb-4cee-89ae-3fbf854b204e" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/BdXk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8xYmQ3ZjYwMDcxYzgwMzNmZTI5NTE0MzYzYzA3ZTQ1Ny5qcGeSlQMAzQGPzQkCzQUSkwXNASzMqt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="170" width="300" alt="10 zbliżeń na George'a Orwella" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> 10 zbliżeń na George'a Orwella </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/fenomen-elona-muska-amerykanie-powinni-byc-przerazeni-my-tez-wywiad/8w1pre6" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="507e992b-8c05-4019-a9c6-fa8b73fd4dd3" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/A2Zk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9kZDdlMTE2YWNkYWY1OWRkOGVlYTI2NjE4YWQ3ODgyYy5qcGeSlQMAzQFBzR4_zREFkwXNASzMqt4AAqEwB6ExBA" height="170" width="300" alt="Fenomen Elona Muska? Wpływy, jakich nie miał nikt. "Amerykanie powinni być przerażeni. My też" [WYWIAD]" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Fenomen Elona Muska? Wpływy, jakich nie miał nikt. "Amerykanie powinni być przerażeni. My też" [WYWIAD] </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div></div><div class="ods-c-aside-bottom__feeds ods-c-aside-bottom__feeds--one-row" data-section="bottom-feed-28"><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/aniela-wyrwiczowna-miala-tylko-23-lata-zabojca-mial-na-jej-punkcie-obsesje/j7f4psg" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="730d059a-c6be-46a6-83c0-f900f3514843" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/YfRk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy9iMGY3M2MzMGIwZWQ5NTE1ZGIwYmEzZWJhZTM5MWM1Mi5wbmeSlQMAAM0HgM0EOJMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt=""Prześladował ją uczuciem", w końcu zabił. Zapomniana tragedia młodej aktorki" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> "Prześladował ją uczuciem", w końcu zabił. Zapomniana tragedia młodej aktorki </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/swit-ameryki-na-netflix-oto-co-jest-prawda-w-najbrutalniejszym-serialu-roku/zke70bc" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="9087b724-9602-4ec8-b9fb-e5fb07a6bd07" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/_Lzk9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8yNTVlOTdkN2U0NjY3ZTM3YWY4MzkwYmVjMDEzNjNhZS5qcGeSlQMAQ80OEM0H6ZMFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt="Co jest prawdą w "najbrutalniejszym serialu roku"? "Mormoni przysięgli sobie, że nie dadzą się powtórnie wygnać"" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> <svg width="61" height="16" viewBox="0 0 61 16" class="ods-c-card__premium-icon" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector data-icon="LabelPremiumSmall"> <use href="#ai:local:LabelPremiumSmall"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> Co jest prawdą w "najbrutalniejszym serialu roku"? "Mormoni przysięgli sobie, że nie dadzą się powtórnie wygnać" </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div><div> <div class="ods-c-card ods-c-cards_300x300"> <span class="ods-c-card__promo-material" data-lps-hide="true" data-template-selector></span> <a href="https://kultura.onet.pl/wywiady-i-artykuly/david-lynch-nie-zyje-historia-prawdziwa-serialowej-laura-palmer-z-twin-peaks/bwn6qxr" class="ods-c-card__link" data-lps-url data-uuid-ui="10577e88-a1af-4277-851e-cf6164176679" data-astro-prefetch="viewport"> <div class="ods-c-card__image-container" data-lps-img-container> <img src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/1/mt-k9lBaHR0cHM6Ly9vY2RuLmV1L3B1bHNjbXMvTURBXy8wMjhjYzUwZmEzNzYyYjFkMjllOTI1ZTRlYWVlNGU4OC5wbmeSlQMAAM0Ch80Ba5MFzQEszKreAAKhMAehMQQ" height="170" width="300" alt=""Nie chodź nocą do lasu". Zwłok "prawdziwej" Laury Palmer nie rozpoznał nawet ojciec" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="ods-c-image__img ods-c-card__image ods-c-image__img--placeholder"> </div> <div class="ods-c-card__description"> <span class="ods-c-card__category" data-lps-label></span> <h3 class="ods-c-card__title" data-lps-title> "Nie chodź nocą do lasu". Zwłok "prawdziwej" Laury Palmer nie rozpoznał nawet ojciec </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div></div></aside-bottom-feeds-component></aside><script type="module" src="https://cdn.kultura.onet.pl/static/assets/1.32.78/AsideBottom.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.ngRL8GVJ.js"></script></div><aside class="right-column ods-g-cspan-2"><aside class="ods-ads__ad-space" data-identifier="right-column-bottom" style="flex-grow:1"> <ad-floating-group data-configuration="{"on":true,"slotName":"right3","lazyPercentage":"","floatingHeight":1500,"containerHeight":"","slotsNumber":"","expanding":false}" class="ods-ads__floating-group" style="flex-grow:1"></ad-floating-group> </aside></aside> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="ods-c-footer" data-section="footer"> <div class="ods-c-footer__section ods-c-footer__section--first"> <div class="ods-c-footer__section__wrapper"> <div class="ods-c-footer__logo"> <a class="ods-c-footer__link" href="/" aria-label="Strona Główna"> <img 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