Adversary-in-the-Middle: LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay, Sub-technique T1557.001 - Enterprise

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This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. </p><p>Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="Wikipedia LLMNR"><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="TechNet NetBIOS"><sup><a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span></p><p>Adversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through <a href="/techniques/T1040">Network Sniffing</a> and crack the hashes offline through <a href="/techniques/T1110">Brute Force</a> to obtain the plaintext passwords.</p><p>In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv1/v2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019."data-reference="byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying"><sup><a href="https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019."data-reference="Secure Ideas SMB Relay"><sup><a href="https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span> Additionally, adversaries may encapsulate the NTLMv1/v2 hashes into various protocols, such as LDAP, SMB, MSSQL and HTTP, to expand and use multiple services with the valid NTLM response.聽</p><p>Several tools may be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and <a href="/software/S0174">Responder</a>.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="GitHub NBNSpoof"><sup><a href="https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer"><sup><a href="https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="GitHub Responder"><sup><a href="https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1557.001 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1557">T1557</a> </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactics:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0006">Credential Access</a>, <a href="/tactics/TA0009">Collection</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Windows </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Contributors: </span>Andrew Allen, @whitehat_zero; Eric Kuehn, Secure Ideas; Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.4 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>11 February 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>25 October 2022 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1557.001" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1557/001/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1557.001" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1557/001/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0363"> S0363 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0363"> Empire </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0363">Empire</a> can use Inveigh to conduct name service poisoning for credential theft and associated relay attacks.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016."data-reference="Github PowerShell Empire"><sup><a href="https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-9') id="scite-ref-9-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Robertson, K. (2015, April 2). Inveigh: Windows PowerShell ADIDNS/LLMNR/mDNS/NBNS spoofer/man-in-the-middle tool. Retrieved March 11, 2019."data-reference="GitHub Inveigh"><sup><a href="https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Inveigh" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="8" aria-describedby="qtip-8">[9]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0357"> S0357 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0357"> Impacket </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0357">Impacket</a> modules like ntlmrelayx and smbrelayx can be used in conjunction with <a href="/techniques/T1040">Network Sniffing</a> and <a href="/techniques/T1557/001">LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay</a> to gather NetNTLM credentials for <a href="/techniques/T1110">Brute Force</a> or relay attacks that can gain code execution.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-10') id="scite-ref-10-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="SecureAuth. (n.d.). Retrieved January 15, 2019."data-reference="Impacket Tools"><sup><a href="https://www.secureauth.com/labs/open-source-tools/impacket" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="9" aria-describedby="qtip-9">[10]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0032"> G0032 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0032"> Lazarus Group </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0032">Lazarus Group</a> executed <a href="/software/S0174">Responder</a> using the command <code>[Responder file path] -i [IP address] -rPv</code> on a compromised host to harvest credentials and move laterally.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-11') id="scite-ref-11-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021."data-reference="Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/lazarus-threatneedle/100803/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="10" aria-describedby="qtip-10">[11]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0378"> S0378 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0378"> PoshC2 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0378">PoshC2</a> can use Inveigh to conduct name service poisoning for credential theft and associated relay attacks.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-12') id="scite-ref-12-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019."data-reference="GitHub PoshC2"><sup><a href="https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2_Python" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="11" aria-describedby="qtip-11">[12]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0192"> S0192 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0192"> Pupy </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0192">Pupy</a> can sniff plaintext network credentials and use NBNS Spoofing to poison name services.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-13') id="scite-ref-13-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018."data-reference="GitHub Pupy"><sup><a href="https://github.com/n1nj4sec/pupy" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="12" aria-describedby="qtip-12">[13]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0174"> S0174 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0174"> Responder </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0174">Responder</a> is used to poison name services to gather hashes and credentials from systems within a local network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="GitHub Responder"><sup><a href="https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0102"> G0102 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0102"> Wizard Spider </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0102">Wizard Spider</a> has used the Invoke-Inveigh PowerShell cmdlets, likely for name service poisoning.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-14') id="scite-ref-14-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020."data-reference="FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/10/kegtap-and-singlemalt-with-a-ransomware-chaser.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="13" aria-describedby="qtip-13">[14]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1042"> M1042 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1042"> Disable or Remove Feature or Program </a> </td> <td> <p>Disable LLMNR and NetBIOS in local computer security settings or by group policy if they are not needed within an environment. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-15') id="scite-ref-15-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Metcalf, S. (2016, October 21). Securing Windows Workstations: Developing a Secure Baseline. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline"><sup><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3299" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="14" aria-describedby="qtip-14">[15]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1037"> M1037 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1037"> Filter Network Traffic </a> </td> <td> <p>Use host-based security software to block LLMNR/NetBIOS traffic. Enabling SMB Signing can stop NTLMv2 relay attacks.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019."data-reference="byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying"><sup><a href="https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019."data-reference="Secure Ideas SMB Relay"><sup><a href="https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-16') id="scite-ref-16-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft. (2008, September 10). Using SMB Packet Signing. Retrieved February 7, 2019."data-reference="Microsoft SMB Packet Signing"><sup><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/system-center/operations-manager-2005/cc180803(v=technet.10)" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="15" aria-describedby="qtip-15">[16]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1031"> M1031 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1031"> Network Intrusion Prevention </a> </td> <td> <p>Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that can identify traffic patterns indicative of AiTM activity can be used to mitigate activity at the network level.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1030"> M1030 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1030"> Network Segmentation </a> </td> <td> <p>Network segmentation can be used to isolate infrastructure components that do not require broad network access. This may mitigate, or at least alleviate, the scope of AiTM activity.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0029"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">DS0029</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">Network Traffic</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Content">Network Traffic Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datacomponent datasource" id="uses-DS0029-Network Traffic Flow"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Flow">Network Traffic Flow</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for network traffic originating from unknown/unexpected hardware devices. Local network traffic metadata (such as source MAC addressing) as well as usage of network management protocols such as DHCP may be helpful in identifying hardware.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0019"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0019">DS0019</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0019">Service</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0019/#Service%20Creation">Service Creation</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for newly constructed services/daemons through Windows event logs for event IDs 4697 and 7045. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019."data-reference="Secure Ideas SMB Relay"><sup><a href="https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span> Deploy an LLMNR/NBT-NS spoofing detection tool.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-17') id="scite-ref-17-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017."data-reference="GitHub Conveigh"><sup><a href="https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="16" aria-describedby="qtip-16">[17]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0024"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0024">DS0024</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0024">Windows Registry</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0024/#Windows%20Registry%20Key%20Modification">Windows Registry Key Modification</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows NT\DNSClient for changes to the "EnableMulticast" DWORD value. A value of "0" indicates LLMNR is disabled.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution" target="_blank"> Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx" target="_blank"> Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. 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Retrieved February 7, 2019. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof" target="_blank"> Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-6" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-6" href="https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response" target="_blank"> Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-7" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-7" href="https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder" target="_blank"> Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-8" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-8" href="https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire" target="_blank"> Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-9" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-9" href="https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Inveigh" target="_blank"> Robertson, K. (2015, April 2). Inveigh: Windows PowerShell ADIDNS/LLMNR/mDNS/NBNS spoofer/man-in-the-middle tool. Retrieved March 11, 2019. </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="col"> <ol start="10.0"> <li> <span id="scite-10" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-10" href="https://www.secureauth.com/labs/open-source-tools/impacket" target="_blank"> SecureAuth. (n.d.). Retrieved January 15, 2019. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-11" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-11" href="https://securelist.com/lazarus-threatneedle/100803/" target="_blank"> Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-12" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-12" href="https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2_Python" target="_blank"> Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-13" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-13" href="https://github.com/n1nj4sec/pupy" target="_blank"> Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-14" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-14" href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/10/kegtap-and-singlemalt-with-a-ransomware-chaser.html" target="_blank"> Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-15" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-15" href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3299" target="_blank"> Metcalf, S. (2016, October 21). Securing Windows Workstations: Developing a Secure Baseline. Retrieved November 17, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-16" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-16" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/system-center/operations-manager-2005/cc180803(v=technet.10)" target="_blank"> Microsoft. (2008, September 10). Using SMB Packet Signing. 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Retrieved November 17, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="overlay search" id="search-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="overlay-inner">  <div class="search-header"> <div class="search-input"> <input type="text" id="search-input" placeholder="search"> </div> <div class="search-icons"> <div class="search-parsing-icon spinner-border" style="display: none" id="search-parsing-icon"></div> <div class="close-search-icon" id="close-search-icon">×</div> </div> </div>  <div id="search-body" class="search-body"> <div class="results" id="search-results">  </div> <div id="load-more-results" class="load-more-results"> <button class="btn btn-default" id="load-more-results-button">load more results</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row flex-grow-0 flex-shrink-1">  <footer class="col footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row row-footer"> <div class="col-2 col-sm-2 col-md-2"> <div class="footer-center-responsive my-auto"> <a href="https://www.mitre.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="MITRE"> <img src="/theme/images/mitrelogowhiteontrans.gif" class="mitre-logo-wtrans"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 col-sm-2 footer-responsive-break"></div> <div class="footer-link-group"> <div class="row row-footer"> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/engage-with-attack/contact" class="footer-link">Contact Us</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/legal-and-branding/terms-of-use" class="footer-link">Terms of Use</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/legal-and-branding/privacy" class="footer-link">Privacy Policy</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/changelog.html" class="footer-link" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-html="true" title="ATT&CK content v16.1Website v4.2.1">Website Changelog</a></u> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <small class="px-3"> © 2015 - 2024, The MITRE Corporation. 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Adversary-in-the-Middle: LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay, Sub-technique T1557.001 - Enterprise | MITRE ATT&CK®