CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Philippines–United States relations - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"db404405-378d-485f-b08a-cde212b8f41a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Philippines–United_States_relations","wgTitle":"Philippines–United States relations","wgCurRevisionId":1257939764,"wgRevisionId":1257939764,"wgArticleId":15994099,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Tagalog-language sources (tl)","Articles with dead external links from June 2024","Use mdy dates from November 2023","Use Philippine English from January 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English", "Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Filipino-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2022","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles needing additional references from June 2024","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Philippines–United States relations","Bilateral relations of the Philippines","Bilateral relations of the United States","Relations of colonizer and former colony"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Philippines–United_States_relations","wgRelevantArticleId":15994099,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6361000","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg/1200px-Philippines_USA_Locator.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg/800px-Philippines_USA_Locator.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="353"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg/640px-Philippines_USA_Locator.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="283"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Philippines–United States relations - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Philippines–United_States_relations rootpage-Philippines–United_States_relations skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pivot_to_China_during_the_Duterte_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pivot_to_China_during_the_Duterte_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pivot to China during the Duterte administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pivot_to_China_during_the_Duterte_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_during_the_Marcos_Jr._administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_during_the_Marcos_Jr._administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Relations during the Marcos Jr. administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_during_the_Marcos_Jr._administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military agreements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_agreements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military agreements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bases_era_(1947–91)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bases_era_(1947–91)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bases era (1947–91)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bases_era_(1947–91)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting_Forces_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_Forces_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Visiting Forces Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_Forces_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_military_exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_military_exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Annual military exercises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_military_exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trade and investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diplomatic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippines–United States relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الفلبينية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الفلبينية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beziehungen_zwischen_den_Philippinen_und_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Beziehungen zwischen den Philippinen und den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beziehungen zwischen den Philippinen und den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Estados_Unidos-Filipinas" title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Amerika_Serikat_dengan_Filipina" title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יחסי ארצות הברית – הפיליפינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי ארצות הברית – הפיליפינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugn%C3%A1yang_Filip%C3%ADnu%E2%80%93Amerik%C3%A1nu" title="Ugnáyang Filipínu–Amerikánu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ugnáyang Filipínu–Amerikánu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Estados_Unidos_e_Filipinas" title="Relações entre Estados Unidos e Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Estados Unidos e Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американо-филиппинские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американо-филиппинские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E2%80%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="菲律賓—美國關係 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律賓—美國關係" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6361000#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&oldid=1257939764" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&id=1257939764&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhilippines%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhilippines%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relations_of_the_Philippines_and_the_United_States" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6361000" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Filipino–American relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_USA_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Philippines and USA"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Philippines and USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg/250px-Philippines_USA_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg/375px-Philippines_USA_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg/500px-Philippines_USA_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_Philippines,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of the Philippines, Washington, D.C.">Philippine Embassy, Washington, D.C.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Manila" title="Embassy of the United States, Manila">United States Embassy, Manila</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Philippines_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of the Philippines to the United States">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Jose_Manuel_Romualdez" title="Jose Manuel Romualdez">Jose Manuel Romualdez</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Philippines" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/MaryKay_Carlson" title="MaryKay Carlson">MaryKay Carlson</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20230501AS-1321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P20230501AS-1321.jpg/220px-P20230501AS-1321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P20230501AS-1321.jpg/330px-P20230501AS-1321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P20230501AS-1321.jpg/440px-P20230501AS-1321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> meeting with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, May 1, 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg/220px-Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg/330px-Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg/440px-Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Vice_President_Sara_Duterte_of_the_Philippines_in_Manila_-_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> meeting with Philippine Vice President <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Manila</a>, November 21, 2022</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Philippines–United States relations</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos</i>) are the bilateral and diplomatic relations of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. The relationship has been historically strong, described by some as a "<a href="/wiki/Special_relationship_(international_relations)" title="Special relationship (international relations)">special relationship</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a consequence of the Philippines' American <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonial</a> period between 1898 and 1946. Former Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, however, was supportive of a foreign policy less dependent on the United States, favoring one that prioritized closer <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">relations with China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Russia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the Philippines and the U.S. having a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">mutual defense treaty</a> dating from 1951 to the present. In 2014, the countries signed an <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">enhanced defense cooperation agreement</a> that began its first phase of implementation in 2019. </p><p>The Philippines is one of America's oldest Asian partners and a strategically <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally#Thailand,_Philippines_and_Singapore" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines' favorite nations in the world—90% of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> viewed the U.S. and 91% viewed <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> favorably in 2002;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90% viewed U.S. influence positively in 2011;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 85% viewed the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 92% viewed the U.S. favorably in 2015;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 94% had confidence in then-U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—making the Philippines one of the most <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This article discusses Philippine–American relations after <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">Philippine independence</a> from the United States in 1946, while the article <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a> describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> have a long and storied history with each other. Firstly, Filipinos are the oldest Asian ethnic group in the Americas. Filipino <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">sailors</a> were the first <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 around <a href="/wiki/Morro_Bay,_California" title="Morro Bay, California">Morro Bay, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first permanent settlement of Filipinos was in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a> in 1763;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the settlers there were called "Manilamen", and they served in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> during the closing stages of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, supporting the Americans against the British Empire. The American state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, due to it being a former Spanish territory, was even once called "<a href="/wiki/New_Philippines" title="New Philippines">New Philippines</a>", so named since the Spanish wanted to replicate the prosperity they achieved in the Philippines in that territory in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1898 <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> against Spain was inspired by the French and American revolutions. The United States eventually purchased the Philippines from Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, and afterwards the Americans invaded and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. </p><p>The United States federal government nearly considered selling <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for the brief interruption of the Japanese occupation between 1942 and 1945, the United States ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, after which, the Philippines was granted independence after being devastated by the Second World War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The US supported the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pivot_to_China_during_the_Duterte_administration">Pivot to China during the Duterte administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pivot to China during the Duterte administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_%283%29.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_%283%29.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_%283%29.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> meeting with Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Manila</a>, November 13, 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">President Rodrigo Duterte</a> formally assumed the office on June 30, 2016, US–Philippine relations began to sour. A drift between Duterte and then-US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> began when Obama expressed his concern over human rights issues on Duterte's "<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Drug War">War on Criminality and Drugs</a>". According to a statement issued by the White House, Obama commended the country for its "vibrant democracy", but also highlighted "enduring values" that underpinned their "longstanding ties", including "shared commitments to democracy, human rights and rule of law".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This intervention and President Duterte's choice of words while speaking about President Obama during a press conference, where he infamously called him "a son of a whore" resulted in a canceled meeting between the two leaders during the 2016 ASEAN summit held in Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few weeks later, Duterte suggested American special forces cease their operations in Mindanao and leave.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cited the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bud_Dajo" title="First Battle of Bud Dajo">killings of Muslim Filipinos</a> during a U.S. pacification campaign in the early 1900s, which he said were at the root of the long restiveness by minority Muslims in the largely Catholic nation's south.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an official visit to Vietnam on September 28, 2016, he explicitly expressed his desire to end the Philippines' joint military exercises with the United States. Duterte announced the upcoming scheduled war games would be the last under his term, while adding that he would continue to uphold the Philippines' treaties with the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, despite Duterte's shift of foreign policy towards China and away from the U.S., Filipinos still held low approval and trust in China relative to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnp2016-07-18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnp2016-07-18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On former president <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a>' resignation as special envoy to China, he stated that he didn't like Duterte's treatment of Obama.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duterte later said following the <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 U.S. presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a> that he would stop quarrels with the U.S. following President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump's</a> victory.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump had planned to continue to aid the country during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Did anything come from those plans during his now-finished presidency? (February 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, the United States ran the <a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">#ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a> to discredit the <a href="/wiki/Sinovac_Biotech" title="Sinovac Biotech">Sinovac</a> Chinese <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that it contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore <i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social media <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> for "China is the virus" in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign ran from 2020 to mid-2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project was <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics IT</a>, which received $493 million for its role.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_during_the_Marcos_Jr._administration">Relations during the Marcos Jr. administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relations during the Marcos Jr. administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._(52268801734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._%2852268801734%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._%2852268801734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._%2852268801734%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._%2852268801734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._%2852268801734%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Philippine_President_Ferdinand_Romualdez_Marcos_Jr._%2852268801734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>American diplomats, led by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>, meet with Philippine officials, led by President <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, president since June 2022, appears to be attempting to normalize relations with the United States in part due to China's geostrategic rise and the need to cooperate on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Biden administration has said human rights will come first in America's dealings with the Philippines, responding to concerns with Marcos' and Duterte's human rights records.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_News_2022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, Marcos met with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_2022_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_2022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met with U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> and Second Gentleman <a href="/wiki/Doug_Emhoff" title="Doug Emhoff">Doug Emhoff</a> in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatad_2022_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatad_2022-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcos and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> met face-to-face on the sidelines of the 2022 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on September 23. During Marcos's working visit to the United States on September 18–24, top financial officials secured investment pledges of $4 billion and 100,000 jobs for the Philippines. Biden pledged to help the Philippines with energy and food security,<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_2022_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_2022-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_News_2022_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reiterating that message during the 40th and 41st <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summits</a> in Cambodia during the week of November 9–13, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-ASEAN_Statement_on_US_Partnership_2022_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASEAN_Statement_on_US_Partnership_2022-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick_2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2023, Marcos briefly met with Biden's Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> to finalize an agreement to add U.S.-accessible Philippine military bases to the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_News_2023_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_News_2023-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_2023_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman_2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 11, 2024, Marcos along with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Japanese Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Fumio Kishida</a> met with Biden in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, for a trilateral summit. President Marcos Jr. stated that the summit would include discussions on an agreement to maintain security and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. He further emphasized that the summit was mainly aimed at boosting economic ties between the three allies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2024, the Biden administration announced an additional $500 million of military aid to the Philippines, further bolstering the defense alliance between the two nations and in light of the Philippines grappling with aggressive actions by Chinese ships in the South China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_agreements">Military agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_Quirino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Truman_Quirino.jpg/220px-Truman_Quirino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Truman_Quirino.jpg/330px-Truman_Quirino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Truman_Quirino.jpg/440px-Truman_Quirino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2391" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> with <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, September 13, 1951</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos_with_the_Nixons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> with President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="First Spouse of the Philippines">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> during a state visit at the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a>, July 26, 1969</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_President_Corazon_Aquino_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> of the United States meeting with President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> of the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, September 17, 1986</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bases_era_(1947–91)"><span id="Bases_era_.281947.E2.80.9391.29"></span>Bases era (1947–91)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bases era (1947–91)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/US_Bases_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bases in the Philippines">US Bases in the Philippines</a></div> <p>A 1947 Military Bases Agreement<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave the United States a 99-year lease on a number of Philippine military and naval bases in which U.S. authorities had virtual territorial rights.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1951, a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">mutual defense treaty</a> (MDT) was signed between representatives of the Philippines and the United States. The overall accord contained eight articles and dictated that both nations would support each other if either the Philippines or the United States were to be attacked by an external party. An amendment to the bases agreement in 1966 reduced its 99-year term to 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1991-09-16_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1991-09-16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, after two years of negotiation, the bases agreement was renewed with some amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pursuant to the bases agreement, the United States maintained and operated major facilities at <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> until November 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay" title="U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay">Subic Bay Naval Complex</a> and several small subsidiary installations in the Philippines until November 1992. In July 1991, negotiators from the two countries reached an agreement on a draft treaty providing for the clean-up and turnover of Clark Air Base to the Philippine government in 1992, and for the lease of Subic Bay Naval Base by the U.S. for ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1991, operations at Clark had already been scaled back as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ended, with the last combat aircraft leaving in 1990 before the base was heavily damaged by the 1991 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected renewal of the bases agreement by a slim margin.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1991-09-16_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1991-09-16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty, and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it. The Anti-Bases Coalition, founded by senators <a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">Jose W. Diokno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Lorenzo Tañada">Lorenzo Tañada</a>, led the call to end American military presence in the country. At the time of the vote, the retired senator Tañada stood up on his wheelchair to rapturous applause shouting, "Mabuhay!" or "Long live the Philippines".<sup id="cite_ref-Acosta_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acosta-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>1991 Philippine Senate vote on US base renewal </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Voted to extend</th> <th>Voted against extending </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Heherson_Alvarez" title="Heherson Alvarez">Heherson Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Angara" title="Edgardo Angara">Edgardo Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptali_Gonzales" title="Neptali Gonzales">Neptali Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Herrera_(politician)" title="Ernesto Herrera (politician)">Ernesto Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Lina" title="Joey Lina">Joey Lina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Osme%C3%B1a" title="John Henry Osmeña">John Henry Osmeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Paterno" title="Vicente Paterno">Vicente Paterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santanina_Rasul" class="mw-redirect" title="Santanina Rasul">Santanina Rasul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Romulo" title="Alberto Romulo">Alberto Romulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos_Shahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia Ramos Shahani">Leticia Ramos Shahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamintal_Tamano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamintal Tamano">Mamintal Tamano</a></li></ol> </td> <td valign="top"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Butz_Aquino" title="Butz Aquino">Agapito Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona_Jr." title="Teofisto Guingona Jr.">Teofisto Guingona Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotero_Laurel" title="Sotero Laurel">Sotero Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Maceda" title="Ernesto Maceda">Ernesto Maceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_S._Mercado" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando S. Mercado">Orlando S. Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino Pimentel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Saguisag" title="Rene Saguisag">Rene Saguisag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigberto_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Wigberto Tañada">Wigberto Tañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ziga" title="Victor Ziga">Victor Ziga</a></li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite further efforts to salvage the situation, the two sides could not reach an agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal. That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule, with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24, 1992. On departure, the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines, including an airport and ship-repair facility. Agencies formed by the Philippine Government converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use, with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visiting_Forces_Agreement">Visiting Forces Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Visiting Forces Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Philippines–United States relations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement">Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg/220px-Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg/330px-Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg/440px-Estrada-Clinton_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> meeting with President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> in the Oval Office, July 27, 2000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_%26_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_hold_press_conference_2003-05-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/George_W._Bush_%26_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_hold_press_conference_2003-05-19.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_%26_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_hold_press_conference_2003-05-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/George_W._Bush_%26_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_hold_press_conference_2003-05-19.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_%26_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_hold_press_conference_2003-05-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/George_W._Bush_%26_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_hold_press_conference_2003-05-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> hold a joint press conference in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a>, May 19, 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>The post-U.S. bases era saw U.S.–Philippine relations improve and broaden, with a prominent focus on economic and commercial ties while maintaining the importance of the security dimension.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> U.S. investment continued to play an important role in the Philippine economy,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while a strong security relationship rested on the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States_%E2%80%93_Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States – Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a> (MDT) of 1951. In February 1998, U.S. and Philippine negotiators concluded the <a href="/wiki/RP-US_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement">Visiting Forces Agreement</a> (VFA), paving the way for increased military cooperation under the MDT. The agreement was approved by the Philippine Senate in May 1999 and entered into force on June 1, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the VFA, the U.S. conducted ship visits to Philippine ports and resumed large combined military exercises with Philippine forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Key events in the bilateral relationship included the July 4, 1996, declaration by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">President Ramos</a> of Philippine-American Friendship Day in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Philippine independence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramos visited the U.S. in April 1998, and then-<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">President Estrada</a> visited in July 2000. <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">President Arroyo</a> met with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President Bush</a> in an official working visit in November 2001 and made a state visit in Washington on May 19, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Bush made a state visit to the Philippines on October 18, 2003, during which he addressed a joint session of the Philippine Congress—the first American President to do so since <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Arroyo repeatedly stressed the close friendship between the Philippines and the U.S. and her desire to expand bilateral ties further.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both governments tried to revitalize and strengthen their partnership by working toward greater security, prosperity, and service to Filipinos and Americans alike.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Inaugurated into office on the same day as President Bush, President Arroyo lent strong support to the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on terrorism">Global War on Terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2003, the U.S. designated the Philippines as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, the Philippines joined the select group of countries to have ratified all 12 UN counterterrorism conventions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On February 7, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte officially ordered the termination of the VFA as a response to an accumulation of a series of "disrespectful acts" by a few US senators directed against the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 11, 2020, the Philippine government officially notified the U.S. that it would be terminating the VFA.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> called the move "unfortunate". President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> said "I don't really mind if they would like to do that", as he claimed, "it will save a lot of money".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duterte would later backtrack and suspended the process of termination in June and November 2020 before officially restoring the agreement in June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_military_exercises">Annual military exercises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Annual military exercises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Philippines–United States relations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balikatan" title="Balikatan">Balikatan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_U.S._Marines_and_Philippine_marines_conduct_a_patrol..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Marines from the United States and the Philippines conducting a joint exercise</figcaption></figure> <p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Balikatan" title="Balikatan">Balikatan</a> ("shoulder-to-shoulder") bilateral military exercises contribute directly to the Philippine armed forces' efforts to root out <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a> terrorists and bring development to formerly terrorist-plagued areas, notably Basilan and Jolo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They include not only combined military training but also civil-military affairs and humanitarian projects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is the largest in the Pacific and the third-largest in the world, and a Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) was signed in November 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, law enforcement cooperation have reached new levels: U.S. and Philippine agencies have cooperated to bring charges against numerous terrorists, to implement the countries' extradition treaty, and to train thousands of Filipino law enforcement officers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is a Senior Law Enforcement Advisor helping the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> with its Transformation Program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a> programs support the Philippines' war on poverty as well as the government's reform agenda in critical areas, including anti-money laundering, rule of law, tax collection, and trade and investment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other USAID programs have bolstered the government's efforts to heal divisions in Philippine society through a focus on conflict resolution, livelihood enhancement for former combatants, and economic development in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a>, which are among the poorest areas in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Meanwhile, important programs continue in modern family planning, infectious disease control, environmental protection, rural electrification, and provision of basic services—as well as PL 480 food aid programs and others—which together totaled $211.3 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Millenium_Challenge_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenium Challenge Account">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a> granted $21 million to the Philippines for a threshold program addressing corruption in revenue administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nearly 400,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Providing government services to U.S. and other citizens, therefore, constitutes an important aspect of the bilateral relationship. Those services include veterans' affairs, social security, and consular operations. Benefits to Filipinos from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> totaled $297,389,415 in 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many people-to-people programs exist between the U.S. and the Philippines, including Fulbright, International Visitors, and Aquino Fellowship exchange programs, as well as the U.S. Peace Corps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-Benigno_Aquino_III_and_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> meeting with Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> in Manila, April 28, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Agreement on Enhanced Defense Cooperation</a> (EDCA), a framework agreement that raises the scope of the 1951 MDT, was signed on April 28, 2014. </p><p>The Preamble to the EDCA refers to the obligations of the Philippines and the United States, under both the Charter of the United Nations and the MDT, to settle international disputes by peaceful means, not to endanger international peace and security, and to refrain from the threat or use of force "in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations". </p><p>Importantly, the Preamble notes that both parties "share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines". The Preamble later concludes, "all United States access to and use of facilities and areas will be at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the Philippines Constitution and Philippine laws".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_and_investment">Trade and investment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade and investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Philippines–United States relations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/220px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/330px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/440px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1946 <a href="/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act" title="Bell Trade Act">Bell Trade Act</a> and its replacement, the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Laurel%E2%80%93Langley_Agreement" title="Laurel–Langley Agreement">Laurel–Langley Agreement</a> (which expired in 1974), linked the two countries closely together economically in the first decades of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedman2005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedman2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-way U.S. merchandise trade with the Philippines amounted to $17.3 billion in 2006 (U.S. Department of Commerce data).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Philippine Government data, 16% of the Philippines' imports in 2006 came from the U.S., and about 18% of its exports were bound for America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Philippines ranks as the 26th-largest export market and the 30th-largest supplier of the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Key exports to the U.S. are semiconductor devices and computer peripherals, automobile parts, electric machinery, textiles and garments, wheat and animal feeds, and coconut oil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to other goods, the Philippines imports raw and semi-processed materials for the manufacture of semiconductors, electronics and electrical machinery, transport equipment, and cereals and cereal preparations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The U.S. traditionally has been the Philippines' largest foreign investor, with about $6.6 billion in estimated investment as of end-2005 (U.S. Department of Commerce data).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the late 1980s, the Philippines has committed itself to reforms that encourage foreign investment as a basis for economic development, subject to certain guidelines and restrictions in specified areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under President Ramos, the Philippines expanded reforms, opening the power generation and telecommunications sectors to foreign investment, as well as securing ratification of the Uruguay Round agreement and membership in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As noted earlier, President Arroyo's administration has generally continued such reforms despite opposition from vested interests and "nationalist" blocs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A major obstacle has been and will continue to be constitutional restrictions on, among others, foreign ownership of land and public utilities, which limits maximum ownership to 40%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the last two decades, the relatively closed Philippine economy has been opened significantly by foreign exchange deregulation, foreign investment and banking liberalization, tariff and market barrier reduction, and foreign entry into the retail trade sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 opened opportunities for U.S. firms to participate in the power industry in the Philippines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Information and communications technologies, backroom operations such as call centers, and regional facilities or shared-service centers were probably likewise leading investment opportunities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the visit by President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> to Washington DC, on July 7, 2012, the US–Philippine Society was launched. This non-profit independent organization is tasked with generating awareness about the Philippines in the US. The last board meeting was conducted by the society on January 24, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2013030104_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2013030104-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2013 Special 301 Report, the Office of the United States Trade Representatives wrote "The United States looks to the Philippines to take important steps to address piracy over the internet, in particular with respect to notorious online markets".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that pressure from the United States contributed to the complaint filed by Philippine Association of the Record Industry against the torrent website <a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a>, resulting in its seizure by Philippine authorities on June 13, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2022, U.S. private equity firm <a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management" title="Cerberus Capital Management">Cerberus Capital Management</a>, together with Dutch shipbuilder consortium Agila, bought out the <a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Heavy_Industries_and_Construction_Philippines" title="Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Philippines">HHIC Philippines</a> facilities at <a href="/wiki/Redondo_Peninsula" title="Redondo Peninsula">Redondo Peninsula</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Subic Bay Naval Base">Subic Bay Naval Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maritime_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritime-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redux_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redux-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the shipyard was renamed as the Agila Subic Multi-Use Facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-ph-uae_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ph-uae-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a> began leasing the shipyard's northern section in May 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-makes_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American defense contractor <a href="/wiki/Vectrus" title="Vectrus">Vectrus</a> also moved in.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> pledged to increase cooperation with the Philippines on <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and food prices, and the Marcos Jr. administration secured pledges of 100,000 jobs and $4 billion in American private sector investments.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_News_2022_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. government officials headed by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> pledged increased aid and investment opportunities to the Philippines on renewable energy, <a href="/wiki/Technology-critical_element" title="Technology-critical element">critical minerals</a> supply, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and education, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starlink" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starlink">SpaceX Starlink</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>, and, in the first agreement of its kind, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> planning and American nuclear tech sales.<sup id="cite_ref-The_White_House_on_Philippine-bound_aid_2022_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_White_House_on_Philippine-bound_aid_2022-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_missions">Diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USManilaChancery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USManilaChancery.jpg/220px-USManilaChancery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USManilaChancery.jpg/330px-USManilaChancery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USManilaChancery.jpg/440px-USManilaChancery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_the_Philippines,_Washington,_D.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Embassy_of_the_Philippines%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-Embassy_of_the_Philippines%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Embassy_of_the_Philippines%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/330px-Embassy_of_the_Philippines%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Embassy_of_the_Philippines%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/440px-Embassy_of_the_Philippines%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Philippine Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. maintains an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and a consulate in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>. The American Business Center, which houses the Foreign Commercial Service and the Foreign Agricultural Service, is located in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>. The Philippine government maintains an embassy in Washington, D.C. as well as several consulates throughout the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_(Image_2_of_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg/220px-Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg/330px-Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg/440px-Balikatan_2019_-_Marines_participate_in_combined-arms_live_fire_at_CERAB_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Philippine Marine Corps</a> troops train together during <a href="/wiki/Balikatan" title="Balikatan">Balikatan</a> 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg/220px-Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg/330px-Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg/440px-Balikatan_2019_Combined_Arms_Live-Fire_Exercise_Image_9_of_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4379" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption>Task Force Regulars, headed by 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division and the 1st Brigade Combat Team, Philippine Army, completed a Combined Arms Live-Fire Exercise during Balikatan 2019 at Colonel Ernesto Ravina Air Base, Philippines, April 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_M._Campbell" title="Kurt M. Campbell">Kurt M. Campbell</a> had said in January 2011 that the United States will help boost the capacity of the Philippines to patrol their own waters, including the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1951 mutual-defense treaty was reaffirmed with the November 2011 Manila Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Greenert" title="Jonathan Greenert">Jonathan Greenert</a> suggested that LCS or surveillance aircraft may be deployed to the Philippines;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Philippines is considering the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "rotational deployments" will help replace some of the American presence in the area that was given up when the permanent American bases in the Philippines were closed under President Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 the Philippines and the United States conducted joint military exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, a U.S. military contingent of 600, including <a href="/wiki/Navy_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Seal">Navy Seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabees">Seabees</a> are stationed "indefinitely" in the Southern Philippines, in a declared <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatant</a> role to assist the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> in operations against the <a href="/wiki/Al-Quaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Quaida">al-Quaida</a>-linked <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> terrorist group primarily on the island of <a href="/wiki/Basilan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilan Island">Basilan</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> islands, in particular <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a>, a long-time stronghold of Abu Sayyaf.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal_standoff" title="Scarborough Shoal standoff">Scarborough Shoal standoff</a> with China and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly Islands dispute</a> has caused the Philippines to consider stronger military ties with the United States. In 2012, a senior Philippine defense official said that as long as they have prior clearance from the Philippine government, American troops, warships, and aircraft could once again use their former naval and air facilities of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay" title="U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay">Subic Bay Naval Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Foreign Secretary Albert del Rosario clarified that, due to constitutional constraints, establishment of a U.S. military facility could only be allowed if it would be under the control of the Philippine military.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal will reportedly include shared access to Philippines military but not civilian facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a 2013 visit to the Philippines, Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a> said that the main security issues that the U.S. was working with the Philippines were <a href="/wiki/Maritime_domain_awareness" title="Maritime domain awareness">maritime domain awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Cooperation_Agency" title="Defense Security Cooperation Agency">building up the capacities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Terror">counter terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2014, a ten-year pact called the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a> (EDCA)<sup id="cite_ref-Dizon_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dizon-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was signed between U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, allowing the United States to increase its military presence in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sison_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sison-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five bases were opened to U.S. troops beginning in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_US_Military_Assistance_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint US Military Assistance Group (page does not exist)">Joint US Military Assistance Group</a> (JUSMAG) handed over weapons to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Philippine Marine Corps</a>, including 300 <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M4 carbines</a>, 200 <a href="/wiki/Glock_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 21">Glock 21</a> pistols, 4 <a href="/wiki/M134D" class="mw-redirect" title="M134D">M134D</a> Gatling-style machine guns, and 100 <a href="/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher" title="M203 grenade launcher">M203 grenade launchers</a>, according to a statement made by the U.S. embassy in Manila on June 5. The JUSMAG also delivered 25 new <a href="/wiki/Combat_Rubber_Raiding_Craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Rubber Raiding Craft">Combat Rubber Raiding Craft</a> with outboard motors to PMC headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, where PMC commandant Major General Emmanuel Salamat formally accepted delivery of the weapons during a transfer ceremony on June 5. The equipment was delivered amidst the <a href="/wiki/Marawi_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marawi crisis">Marawi crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2019, then-U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> affirmed his country's commitments under the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) during a meeting with counterparts in the Philippines. Pompeo in a speech added, "as the South China Sea is part of the Pacific, any armed attack on Philippine forces, aircraft or public vessels will trigger mutual defense obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-jt20190302_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt20190302-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. assured that they will "back the Philippines" if confrontation between the Philippines and China occurs in the South China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-nwa20190302_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwa20190302-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move came after years of American reluctance to affirm commitments, which led to numerous Filipino politicians to push for review of the 68-year-old security pact between the Philippines and the U.S. The Filipino foreign affairs secretary welcomed the U.S. commitment, adding that there is "no need to review" the pact anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jt20190302_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt20190302-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nwa20190302_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwa20190302-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the Biden administration, represented by Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a>, and the Marcos administration finalized an agreement to allow the American military access to four additional Philippine military bases under EDCA.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_News_2023_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_News_2023-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_2023_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman_2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the governors of <a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a>—which together host three of the bases—expressed dismay at the agreement, stating they did not want their provinces to pay too much for the infrastructure improvements or become potential targets of Chinese nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">Americans in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Philippines" title="CIA activities in the Philippines">CIA activities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_coup_attempt" title="1989 Philippine coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balikatan" title="Balikatan">Balikatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement">Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps_(Philippines)" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)">Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airforce_Citizenship_Advancement_Training" title="Philippine Airforce Citizenship Advancement Training">Citizenship Advancement Training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalansBelmans1965" class="citation journal cs1">Salans, Carl F.; Belmans, Murray J. (August 1, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol40/iss3/5">"An Appraisal of the United States—Philippines' Special Relationship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Law_Review" title="Washington Law Review">Washington Law Review</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 447–476<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Law+Review&rft.atitle=An+Appraisal+of+the+United+States%E2%80%94Philippines%27+Special+Relationship&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447-476&rft.date=1965-08-01&rft.aulast=Salans&rft.aufirst=Carl+F.&rft.au=Belmans%2C+Murray+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.uw.edu%2Fwlr%2Fvol40%2Fiss3%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"US-Philippines: The End of a Special Relationship". <i>The World Today</i>. <b>31</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Today&rft.atitle=US-Philippines%3A+The+End+of+a+Special+Relationship&rft.volume=31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-philippines-idUSKCN12K0AS">"Duterte aligns Philippines with China, says U.S. has lost"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703000614/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-philippines-idUSKCN12K0AS">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Duterte+aligns+Philippines+with+China%2C+says+U.S.+has+lost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-philippines-idUSKCN12K0AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/173/">Opinion of the United States – Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711012236/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/173/">Archived</a> July 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/2/country/173/">Opinion of Americans – Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716043308/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/2/country/173/">Archived</a> July 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123070720/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf">"Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.worldpublicopinion.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldpublicopinion.org&rft.atitle=Views+of+US+Continue+to+Improve+in+2011+BBC+Country+Rating+Poll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpublicopinion.org%2Fpipa%2Fpdf%2Fmar11%2FBBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span>'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2014" class="citation news cs1">Santos, Matikas (April 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/102487/many-filipinos-love-us-survey">"85% of Filipinos love US – survey"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Philippines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618022015/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/102487/many-filipinos-love-us-survey">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=85%25+of+Filipinos+love+US+%E2%80%93+survey&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Matikas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F102487%2Fmany-filipinos-love-us-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/survey/17/">"Opinion of the United States"</a>. <i>Global Attitudes & Trends</i>. Pew Research Center. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815104337/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/survey/17/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Attitudes+%26+Trends&rft.atitle=Opinion+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F1%2Fsurvey%2F17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/6/survey/17/">"Confidence in the U.S. President"</a>. <i>Global Attitudes & Trends</i>. Pew Research Center. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211080600/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/6/survey/17/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Attitudes+%26+Trends&rft.atitle=Confidence+in+the+U.S.+President&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F6%2Fsurvey%2F17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/">Global Views of the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224240/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/">Archived</a> December 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Subramanian, Courtney (July 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/07/19/pakistan-is-no-fan-of-the-u-s-but-the-philippines-still-likes-us/">"Pakistan Is No Fan of the U.S., But the Philippines Still Likes Us"</a>. <i>Time</i>. United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318180204/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/07/19/pakistan-is-no-fan-of-the-u-s-but-the-philippines-still-likes-us/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Is+No+Fan+of+the+U.S.%2C+But+the+Philippines+Still+Likes+Us&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsfeed.time.com%2F2013%2F07%2F19%2Fpakistan-is-no-fan-of-the-u-s-but-the-philippines-still-likes-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoni_Ding2001" class="citation web cs1">Loni Ding (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/program1_1.html">"Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS"</a>. <i>NAATA</i>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516002553/http://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/program1_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Most people think of Asians as recent immigrants to the Americas, but the first Asians—Filipino sailors—settled in the bayous of Louisiana a decade before the Revolutionary War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAATA&rft.atitle=Part+1.+COOLIES%2C+SAILORS+AND+SETTLERS&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Loni+Ding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fancestorsintheamericas%2Fprogram1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonus2000" class="citation book cs1">Bonus, Rick (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kub5edzzP50C"><i>Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space</i></a>. Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kub5edzzP50C&pg=PA191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-779-7"><bdi>978-1-56639-779-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126001548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kub5edzzP50C">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locating+Filipino+Americans%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Space&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-779-7&rft.aulast=Bonus&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKub5edzzP50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morro-bay.com/historical/Philippine-plaque/text-of-plaque.htm">"Historic Site"</a>. Michael L. Baird. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624231335/http://morro-bay.com/historical/Philippine-plaque/text-of-plaque.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Site&rft.pub=Michael+L.+Baird&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorro-bay.com%2Fhistorical%2FPhilippine-plaque%2Ftext-of-plaque.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEloisa_Gomez_Borah1997" class="citation web cs1">Eloisa Gomez Borah (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208123432/http://personal.anderson.ucla.edu/eloisa.borah/chronology.pdf">"Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anderson School of Management</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.anderson.ucla.edu/eloisa.borah/chronology.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anderson+School+of+Management&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Filipinos+in+America+Pre-1989&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Eloisa+Gomez+Borah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.anderson.ucla.edu%2Feloisa.borah%2Fchronology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuadalupe_Curiel_Defossé2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guadalupe Curiel Defossé (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/tierra_incognita/04_03_capituloIII.pdf">"Tierra incógnita, tierra de misiones y presidios - El noreste novohispano según fray Juan Agustín Morfi, 1673-1779"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Históricas Digital</i>. Historia Novohispana (in Spanish). <b>98</b>. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: 110<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Se trata de Juan Antonio de la Peña, Derrotero de la expedición en la provincia de los Texas, Nuevo Reino de Filipinas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%B3ricas+Digital&rft.atitle=Tierra+inc%C3%B3gnita%2C+tierra+de+misiones+y+presidios+-+El+noreste+novohispano+seg%C3%BAn+fray+Juan+Agust%C3%ADn+Morfi%2C+1673-1779&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Guadalupe+Curiel+Defoss%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicas.unam.mx%2Fpublicaciones%2Fpublicadigital%2Flibros%2Ftierra_incognita%2F04_03_capituloIII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchimura2019" class="citation news cs1">Ichimura, Anri (September 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/mindanao-germany-americans-a1926-20190916">"How Mindanao Was Almost Sold to the Germans by the Americans"</a>. <i>Esquire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163648/https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/mindanao-germany-americans-a1926-20190916">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=How+Mindanao+Was+Almost+Sold+to+the+Germans+by+the+Americans&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft.aulast=Ichimura&rft.aufirst=Anri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fmindanao-germany-americans-a1926-20190916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v20/d260">https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v20/d260</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/17/readout-presidents-call-president-elect-rodrigo-duterte-philippines">"Readout of the President's Call with President-elect Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines"</a>. May 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009041616/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/17/readout-presidents-call-president-elect-rodrigo-duterte-philippines">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Readout+of+the+President%27s+Call+with+President-elect+Rodrigo+Duterte+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2016%2F05%2F17%2Freadout-presidents-call-president-elect-rodrigo-duterte-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayle2016" class="citation news cs1">Gayle, Damien (September 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/05/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-barack-obama-son-whore">"Barack Obama cancels meeting after Philippines president calls him 'son of a whore'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202115400/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/05/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-barack-obama-son-whore">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+cancels+meeting+after+Philippines+president+calls+him+%27son+of+a+whore%27&rft.date=2016-09-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Gayle&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fsep%2F05%2Fphilippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-barack-obama-son-whore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogato2016" class="citation web cs1">Mogato, Manuel (September 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/duterte-says-he-wants-us-special-forces-out-of-southern-philippines-idUSKCN11I0XR/">"Duterte says he wants U.S. special forces out of southern Philippines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725065543/https://www.reuters.com/article/world/duterte-says-he-wants-us-special-forces-out-of-southern-philippines-idUSKCN11I0XR/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Duterte+says+he+wants+U.S.+special+forces+out+of+southern+Philippines&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.aulast=Mogato&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fduterte-says-he-wants-us-special-forces-out-of-southern-philippines-idUSKCN11I0XR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/09/13/duterte-wants-us-forces-out-southern-philippines.html">"Duterte Wants Us Forces Out Of Southern Philippines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>. September 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002082431/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/09/13/duterte-wants-us-forces-out-southern-philippines.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Duterte+Wants+Us+Forces+Out+Of+Southern+Philippines&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2F09%2F13%2Fduterte-wants-us-forces-out-southern-philippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/583128/news/nation/duterte-announces-end-to-military-exercises-with-us#sthash.jhZwFfGY.dpuf">"TO APPEASE CHINA: Duterte announces end to military exercises with US"</a>. September 28, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109002839/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/583128/news/nation/duterte-announces-end-to-military-exercises-with-us#sthash.jhZwFfGY.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TO+APPEASE+CHINA%3A+Duterte+announces+end+to+military+exercises+with+US&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F583128%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fduterte-announces-end-to-military-exercises-with-us%23sthash.jhZwFfGY.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnp2016-07-18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnnp2016-07-18_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313064630/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/18/poor-trust-rating-to-china.html">"Filipinos give 'poor' trust rating to China – SWS poll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. October 18, 2016 [July 18, 2016]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/18/poor-trust-rating-to-china.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Filipinos+give+%27poor%27+trust+rating+to+China+%E2%80%93+SWS+poll&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F18%2Fpoor-trust-rating-to-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/148483/duterte-on-ramos-hes-a-graduate-of-west-point-i-am-just-a-local-boy">"Duterte on Ramos: He's a graduate of West Point, I am just a local boy | Global News"</a>. <i>globalnation.inquirer.net</i>. November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515085433/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/148483/duterte-on-ramos-hes-a-graduate-of-west-point-i-am-just-a-local-boy">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalnation.inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Duterte+on+Ramos%3A+He%27s+a+graduate+of+West+Point%2C+I+am+just+a+local+boy+%26%23124%3B+Global+News&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F148483%2Fduterte-on-ramos-hes-a-graduate-of-west-point-i-am-just-a-local-boy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13412N">"Philippines' Duterte says to stop quarrels with U.S. After Trump win"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. November 9, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130721/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13412N">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Philippines%27+Duterte+says+to+stop+quarrels+with+U.S.+After+Trump+win&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKBN13412N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (November 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/world/asia/trump-duterte-philippines.html">"Trump Lauds 'Great Relationship' with Duterte in Manila"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326153213/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/world/asia/trump-duterte-philippines.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Lauds+%27Great+Relationship%27+with+Duterte+in+Manila&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Julie+Hirschfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F13%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftrump-duterte-philippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingSchechtman2024" class="citation news cs1">Bing, Chris; Schechtman, Joel (June 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/">"Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Ran+Secret+Anti-Vax+Campaign+to+Undermine+China+during+Pandemic&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft.aulast=Bing&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Schechtman%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Finvestigates%2Fspecial-report%2Fusa-covid-propaganda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValente2022" class="citation news cs1">Valente, Catherine (September 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/09/21/news/national/marcos-eyes-stronger-ties-with-us/1859253">"Marcos eyes stronger ties with US"</a>. <i>The Manila Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Marcos+eyes+stronger+ties+with+US&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Valente&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2022%2F09%2F21%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmarcos-eyes-stronger-ties-with-us%2F1859253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_News_2022-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_News_2022_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_News_2022_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_News_2022_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomezCalupitan2022" class="citation web cs1">Gomez, Jim; Calupitan, Joeal (October 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/marcos-jr-reaffirms-us-ties-100-days-presidency-91153263">"Marcos Jr. reaffirms US ties in first 100 days of presidency"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Marcos+Jr.+reaffirms+US+ties+in+first+100+days+of+presidency&rft.date=2022-10-07&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Calupitan%2C+Joeal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fmarcos-jr-reaffirms-us-ties-100-days-presidency-91153263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2022" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (August 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/06/world/asia/blinken-philippines-us-asia-tensions.html">"In the Philippines, Blinken Vows to Strengthen Military Ties"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Philippines%2C+Blinken+Vows+to+Strengthen+Military+Ties&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fblinken-philippines-us-asia-tensions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today_2022-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_2022_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/nation/2022/08/06/blinken-meets-phillipines-president-marcos/10256588002/">"Blinken meets with Phillipine's [<i>sic</i>] President Marcos"</a>. <i>USA TODAY - Breaking News and Latest News Today</i>. August 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY+-+Breaking+News+and+Latest+News+Today&rft.atitle=Blinken+meets+with+Phillipine%27s%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+President+Marcos&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2022%2F08%2F06%2Fblinken-meets-phillipines-president-marcos%2F10256588002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatad_2022-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatad_2022_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatad2022" class="citation web cs1">Tatad, Francisco S. (November 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/11/21/opinion/columns/what-bbm-can-tell-vp-harris/1867130">"What BBM can tell VP Harris"</a>. <i>The Manila Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=What+BBM+can+tell+VP+Harris&rft.date=2022-11-21&rft.aulast=Tatad&rft.aufirst=Francisco+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2022%2F11%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fwhat-bbm-can-tell-vp-harris%2F1867130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News_2022-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_2022_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/joe-biden-ferdinand-marcos-jr-philippines-rcna49083">"Biden seeks closer ties with Philippines after 'rocky' past"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Biden+seeks+closer+ties+with+Philippines+after+%27rocky%27+past&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fjoe-biden-ferdinand-marcos-jr-philippines-rcna49083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASEAN_Statement_on_US_Partnership_2022-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASEAN_Statement_on_US_Partnership_2022_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asean.org/asean-u-s-leaders-statement-on-the-establishment-of-the-asean-u-s-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-2/">"ASEAN-U.S. Leaders' Statement on the Establishment of the ASEAN-U.S. Comprehensive Strategic Partnership"</a>. <i>ASEAN Official Site</i>. November 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Official+Site&rft.atitle=ASEAN-U.S.+Leaders%27+Statement+on+the+Establishment+of+the+ASEAN-U.S.+Comprehensive+Strategic+Partnership&rft.date=2022-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasean.org%2Fasean-u-s-leaders-statement-on-the-establishment-of-the-asean-u-s-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurlantzick_2022-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2022_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlantzick2022" class="citation web cs1">Kurlantzick, Joshua (November 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/article/reflections-asean-summit-and-asean-us-summit-cambodia">"Reflections on the ASEAN Summit and the ASEAN-U.S. Summit in Cambodia"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+ASEAN+Summit+and+the+ASEAN-U.S.+Summit+in+Cambodia&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.aulast=Kurlantzick&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Farticle%2Freflections-asean-summit-and-asean-us-summit-cambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_News_2023-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_News_2023_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_News_2023_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomezKnickmeyer2023" class="citation web cs1">Gomez, Jim; Knickmeyer, Ellen (February 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-politics-united-states-government-ferdinand-marcos-jr-lloyd-austin-149f981290f849c62a684bea5d0d276b">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A big deal': US, Philippines tighten military ties"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=%27A+big+deal%27%3A+US%2C+Philippines+tighten+military+ties&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Knickmeyer%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftaiwan-politics-united-states-government-ferdinand-marcos-jr-lloyd-austin-149f981290f849c62a684bea5d0d276b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman_2023-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_2023_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_2023_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2023" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Derek (February 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/21/philippines-marcos-bongbong-china-japan-us-alliance-indo-pacific-geopolitics/">"The Philippines Is America's New Star Ally in Asia"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+Is+America%27s+New+Star+Ally+in+Asia&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F02%2F21%2Fphilippines-marcos-bongbong-china-japan-us-alliance-indo-pacific-geopolitics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411043820/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-president-says-trilateral-summit-with-us-japan-include-south-china-2024-04-10/">"Philippines president says summit with U.S., Japan to include South China Sea cooperation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-president-says-trilateral-summit-with-us-japan-include-south-china-2024-04-10/">the original</a> on April 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Philippines+president+says+summit+with+U.S.%2C+Japan+to+include+South+China+Sea+cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fphilippines-president-says-trilateral-summit-with-us-japan-include-south-china-2024-04-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2024" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (July 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/world/asia/us-philippines-military-aid-china.html">"U.S. Pledges $500 Million in New Military Aid to the Philippines, as China Asserts Sea Claims"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Pledges+%24500+Million+in+New+Military+Aid+to+the+Philippines%2C+as+China+Asserts+Sea+Claims&rft.date=2024-07-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F07%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fus-philippines-military-aid-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-ph-ust000011-0055.pdf">"Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines Concerning Military Bases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Library of Congress. March 14, 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212010914/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-ph-ust000011-0055.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+between+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+Concerning+Military+Bases&rft.pub=United+States+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1947-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fus-treaties%2Fbevans%2Fb-ph-ust000011-0055.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-early-republic#ref387410">"Philippines : The Early Republic"</a>. britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144620/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-early-republic#ref387410">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+%3A+The+Early+Republic&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPhilippines%2FThe-early-republic%23ref387410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1991-09-16-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1991-09-16_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1991-09-16_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine-senate-votes-to-reject-us-base-renewal.html">"PHILIPPINE SENATE VOTES TO REJECT U.S. BASE RENEWAL"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 16, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319152855/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine-senate-votes-to-reject-us-base-renewal.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PHILIPPINE+SENATE+VOTES+TO+REJECT+U.S.+BASE+RENEWAL&rft.date=1991-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F16%2Fworld%2Fphilippine-senate-votes-to-reject-us-base-renewal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2010" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Dylan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERde5HJQo0cC"><i>Suspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0un2XY17VkC&dq=bases+agreement+renew&pg=PA892">892</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5349-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-5349-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419120655/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERde5HJQo0cC">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suspended+Apocalypse%3A+White+Supremacy%2C+Genocide%2C+and+the+Filipino+Condition&rft.pages=892&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5349-2&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERde5HJQo0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogin1991" class="citation news cs1">Drogin, Bob (November 27, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-27-mn-209-story.html">"After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225214542/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-27/news/mn-209_1_clark-air-base">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=After+89+Years%2C+U.S.+Lowers+Flag+at+Clark+Air+Base&rft.date=1991-11-27&rft.aulast=Drogin&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-11-27-mn-209-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder1991" class="citation news cs1">Broder, John M. (July 18, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-18-mn-3381-story.html">"U.S. Reaches Accord With Manila, Will Leave Clark Air Base : Philippines: Volcano causes abandonment of field. But Americans will keep Subic Naval Base for 10 years"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225205959/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/mn-3381_1_clark-air-base">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Reaches+Accord+With+Manila%2C+Will+Leave+Clark+Air+Base+%3A+Philippines%3A+Volcano+causes+abandonment+of+field.+But+Americans+will+keep+Subic+Naval+Base+for+10+years.&rft.date=1991-07-18&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-07-18-mn-3381-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogin1991" class="citation news cs1">Drogin, Bob (November 27, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-27-mn-209-story.html">"After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225214542/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-27/news/mn-209_1_clark-air-base">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=After+89+Years%2C+U.S.+Lowers+Flag+at+Clark+Air+Base&rft.date=1991-11-27&rft.aulast=Drogin&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-11-27-mn-209-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acosta-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acosta_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarylink.org.ph/revdetails.asp?rev=62">Acosta, Abraham Rey Montecillo. "Super Lolo", <i>A Review of The Odyssey of Lorenzo M. Tañada by Agnes G. Bailen</i>, UP Press, 1998 (note: Agnes Bailen was a former UP Department of Political Science senior lecturer); "Book Reviews", the Philippine Collegian, November 23, 1998; and LibraryLink.org, 2004</a>, retrieved on: July 9, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.R._No._1386982000" class="citation cs2">G.R. No. 138698 (October 10, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726065348/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2000/oct2000/138570.htm#_ednref9"><i>Jovito R. Salonga, Wigberto Tañada, Zenaida Quezon Avenceña, Rolando Simbulan, Pablito V. Sanidad, Ma. Socorro I. Diokno, Agapito A. Aquino, Joker P. Arroyo, Francisco C. Rivera Jr., Rene A.V. Saguisag, Kilosbayan, Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc. (MABINI), petitioners, v. The Executive Secretary, The Secretary of Foreign Affairs, The Secretary of National Defense, Senate President Marcelo B. Fernan, Senator Blas F. Ople, Senator Rodolfo G. Biazon, and all other persons acting under their control, supervision, direction, and instruction in relation to the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), Respondents</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chanrobles.com/cralaw/2000octoberdecisions.php?id=1169">the original</a> on July 26, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jovito+R.+Salonga%2C+Wigberto+Ta%C3%B1ada%2C+Zenaida+Quezon+Avence%C3%B1a%2C+Rolando+Simbulan%2C+Pablito+V.+Sanidad%2C+Ma.+Socorro+I.+Diokno%2C+Agapito+A.+Aquino%2C+Joker+P.+Arroyo%2C+Francisco+C.+Rivera+Jr.%2C+Rene+A.V.+Saguisag%2C+Kilosbayan%2C+Movement+of+Attorneys+for+Brotherhood%2C+Integrity+and+Nationalism%2C+Inc.+%28MABINI%29%2C+petitioners%2C+v.+The+Executive+Secretary%2C+The+Secretary+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+The+Secretary+of+National+Defense%2C+Senate+President+Marcelo+B.+Fernan%2C+Senator+Blas+F.+Ople%2C+Senator+Rodolfo+G.+Biazon%2C+and+all+other+persons+acting+under+their+control%2C+supervision%2C+direction%2C+and+instruction+in+relation+to+the+Visiting+Forces+Agreement+%28VFA%29%2C+Respondents&rft.date=2000-10-10&rft.au=G.R.+No.+138698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchanrobles.com%2Fcralaw%2F2000octoberdecisions.php%3Fid%3D1169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresidential_Proclamation_No._8111996" class="citation cs2">Presidential Proclamation No. 811 (June 17, 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725072517/https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1996/pdf/proc_811_1996.pdf"><i>Declaring Thrusday, July 4 1996, as a special day throughout the country</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1996/pdf/proc_811_1996.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 25, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Declaring+Thrusday%2C+July+4+1996%2C+as+a+special+day+throughout+the+country&rft.date=1996-06-17&rft.au=Presidential+Proclamation+No.+811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawphil.net%2Fexecutive%2Fproc%2Fproc1996%2Fpdf%2Fproc_811_1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/philippines">"Visits By Foreign Leaders of Philippines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523030452/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/philippines">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Visits+By+Foreign+Leaders+of+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fvisits%2Fphilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2003" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Maura (October 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417001818/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2003-10-19-0310190179-story.html">"Bush speeds through Manila"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2003-10-19-0310190179-story.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Bush+speeds+through+Manila&rft.date=2003-10-19&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Maura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2003-10-19-0310190179-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanlaoi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Banlaoi, Rommel C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798598">"The Role of Philippine—American Relations in the Global Campaign Against Terrorism: Implications for Regional Security"</a>. <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 294–295. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0129-797X">0129-797X</a> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Philippine%E2%80%94American+Relations+in+the+Global+Campaign+Against+Terrorism%3A+Implications+for+Regional+Security&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=294-295&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0129-797X&rft.aulast=Banlaoi&rft.aufirst=Rommel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25798598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/10/20/03-26528/designation-of-the-philippines-as-a-major-non--nato-ally">"Designation of the Philippines as a Major Non- NATO Ally"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. October 20, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328184857/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/10/20/03-26528/designation-of-the-philippines-as-a-major-non--nato-ally">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Designation+of+the+Philippines+as+a+Major+Non-+NATO+Ally&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2003%2F10%2F20%2F03-26528%2Fdesignation-of-the-philippines-as-a-major-non--nato-ally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/02/07/duterte-determined-to-scrap-vfa">"Duterte determined to scrap VFA"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin+News&rft.atitle=Duterte+determined+to+scrap+VFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mb.com.ph%2F2020%2F02%2F07%2Fduterte-determined-to-scrap-vfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnation.inquirer.net/185186/fwd-breaking-philippines-officially-terminates-vfa-with-us">"BREAKING: Philippines officially terminates VFA with US"</a>. <i>The Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. February 11, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212164658/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/185186/fwd-breaking-philippines-officially-terminates-vfa-with-us">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=BREAKING%3A+Philippines+officially+terminates+VFA+with+US&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F185186%2Ffwd-breaking-philippines-officially-terminates-vfa-with-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickrell" class="citation web cs1">Pickrell, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-says-he-doesnt-mind-if-philippines-ends-military-pact-2020-2">"Trump says he doesn't mind that a key Pacific ally is tearing up a military pact with the US, a move the Pentagon called 'unfortunate'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Trump+says+he+doesn%27t+mind+that+a+key+Pacific+ally+is+tearing+up+a+military+pact+with+the+US%2C+a+move+the+Pentagon+called+%27unfortunate%27&rft.aulast=Pickrell&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftrump-says-he-doesnt-mind-if-philippines-ends-military-pact-2020-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/duterte-s-back-down-us-forces-philippines">"Duterte's back-down on US forces in Philippines | Lowy Institute"</a>. <i>www.lowyinstitute.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Duterte%27s+back-down+on+US+forces+in+Philippines+%7C+Lowy+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fduterte-s-back-down-us-forces-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2014/04/29/document-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement/">"Document: Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement between the Philippines and the United States | GOVPH"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i>. April 29, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603102333/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2014/04/29/document-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Document%3A+Enhanced+Defense+Cooperation+Agreement+between+the+Philippines+and+the+United+States+%7C+GOVPH&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2014%2F04%2F29%2Fdocument-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedman2005-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hedman2005_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedman2005" class="citation book cs1">Hedman, Eva-Lotta (November 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIYn9_ZMMesC"><i>In the Name of Civil Society: From Free Election Movements to People Power in the Philippines</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824829216" title="Special:BookSources/9780824829216"><bdi>9780824829216</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161104/https://books.google.com/books?id=CIYn9_ZMMesC">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+Civil+Society%3A+From+Free+Election+Movements+to+People+Power+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft.isbn=9780824829216&rft.aulast=Hedman&rft.aufirst=Eva-Lotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIYn9_ZMMesC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2013030104-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref2013030104_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investvine.com/top-us-firms-meet-to-analyse-philippines/">"Top US firms meet to analyse Philippines"</a>. Investvine.com. March 1, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302174620/http://investvine.com/top-us-firms-meet-to-analyse-philippines/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+US+firms+meet+to+analyse+Philippines&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestvine.com%2Ftop-us-firms-meet-to-analyse-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/05012013%202013%20Special%20301%20Report.pdf">2013 Special 301 Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322230656/https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/05012013%202013%20Special%20301%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> March 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of the United States Trade Representative.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torrentfreak.com/kickasstorrents-domain-seized-after-music-industry-complaint-130614/">"KickassTorrents Domain Seized After Music Industry Complaint - TorrentFreak"</a>. June 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618004500/http://torrentfreak.com/kickasstorrents-domain-seized-after-music-industry-complaint-130614/">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KickassTorrents+Domain+Seized+After+Music+Industry+Complaint+-+TorrentFreak&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fkickasstorrents-domain-seized-after-music-industry-complaint-130614%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maritime-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maritime_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maritime-executive.com/article/former-hanjin-subic-bay-shipyard-in-philippines-being-sold-to-cerberus">"Former Hanjin Subic Bay Shipyard in Philippines Being Sold to Cerberus"</a>. <i>The Maritime Executive</i>. March 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Executive&rft.atitle=Former+Hanjin+Subic+Bay+Shipyard+in+Philippines+Being+Sold+to+Cerberus&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fformer-hanjin-subic-bay-shipyard-in-philippines-being-sold-to-cerberus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/07/cerberus-agila-taking-over-hanjin-subic-shipbuilding-facility/">"Cerberus-Agila taking over Hanjin Subic shipbuilding facility"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i>. March 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Cerberus-Agila+taking+over+Hanjin+Subic+shipbuilding+facility&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmb.com.ph%2F2022%2F03%2F07%2Fcerberus-agila-taking-over-hanjin-subic-shipbuilding-facility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redux-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redux_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpeño2022" class="citation news cs1">Empeño, Henry (September 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/09/17/subic-redux/">"Subic redux"</a>. <i>BusinessMirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Subic+redux&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft.aulast=Empe%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2022%2F09%2F17%2Fsubic-redux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ph-uae-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ph-uae_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadriquela2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fadriquela, Jerome (August 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/31/22/ph-uae-defense-industry-at-ship-building-partnership-pinag-aaralan">"PH-UAE defense industry at ship building partnership pinag-aaralan"</a>. <i>TFC News</i> (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TFC+News&rft.atitle=PH-UAE+defense+industry+at+ship+building+partnership+pinag-aaralan&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Fadriquela&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F08%2F31%2F22%2Fph-uae-defense-industry-at-ship-building-partnership-pinag-aaralan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-makes-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-makes_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangosing2022" class="citation news cs1">Mangosing, Frances (May 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1602734/navy-makes-strategic-move-to-subic-shipyard-facing-wps">"Navy makes strategic move to Subic shipyard facing WPS"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Navy+makes+strategic+move+to+Subic+shipyard+facing+WPS&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Mangosing&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1602734%2Fnavy-makes-strategic-move-to-subic-shipyard-facing-wps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerdejo2022" class="citation news cs1">Verdejo, Genivi (June 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/01/business/maritime/sbma-sees-agila-subics-takeoff/1845703/">"SBMA sees Agila Subic's takeoff"</a>. <i>The Manila Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=SBMA+sees+Agila+Subic%27s+takeoff&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=Verdejo&rft.aufirst=Genivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2022%2F06%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Fmaritime%2Fsbma-sees-agila-subics-takeoff%2F1845703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106050214/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/4/22/Cerberus-conclusion-agreements-Hanjin-shipyard-Subic-Bay.html">"US-based Cerberus acquires Hanjin shipyard in Subic Bay"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. April 22, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/4/22/Cerberus-conclusion-agreements-Hanjin-shipyard-Subic-Bay.html">the original</a> on November 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=US-based+Cerberus+acquires+Hanjin+shipyard+in+Subic+Bay&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F4%2F22%2FCerberus-conclusion-agreements-Hanjin-shipyard-Subic-Bay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/11/34dad3ba3fae-us-military-poised-to-return-to-subic-bay-counter-chinas-presence.html">"U.S. military poised to return to Subic Bay, counter China's presence"</a>. <i>Kyodo News</i>. November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyodo+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+military+poised+to+return+to+Subic+Bay%2C+counter+China%27s+presence&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F34dad3ba3fae-us-military-poised-to-return-to-subic-bay-counter-chinas-presence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_White_House_on_Philippine-bound_aid_2022-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_White_House_on_Philippine-bound_aid_2022_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_White_House2022" class="citation web cs1">The White House (November 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/11/20/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-launches-new-initiatives-to-strengthen-u-s-philippines-alliance/">"FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance"</a>. <i>The White House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=FACT+SHEET%3A+Vice+President+Harris+Launches+New+Initiatives+to+Strengthen+U.S.-Philippines+Alliance&rft.date=2022-11-20&rft.au=The+White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2022%2F11%2F20%2Ffact-sheet-vice-president-harris-launches-new-initiatives-to-strengthen-u-s-philippines-alliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jgOJ_NsO2oNUIHP-TlhtifUk6Kvw?docId=CNG.7bfcfd891f40aa72354703f627bc22bc.2f1">"U.S. Pledges Help For Philippine Navy"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>AFP</i>, January 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505212957/http://manila.usembassy.gov/manila_declaration.html">"Clinton on Manila Declaration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Manila" title="Embassy of the United States, Manila">Embassy of the United States, Manila</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manila.usembassy.gov/manila_declaration.html">the original</a> on May 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clinton+on+Manila+Declaration&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+United+States%2C+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanila.usembassy.gov%2Fmanila_declaration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414083047/http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/asia/Clinton-On-Manila-Declaration-134826743.html">"Clinton On Manila Declaration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. November 30, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/asia/Clinton-On-Manila-Declaration-134826743.html">the original</a> on April 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Clinton+On+Manila+Declaration&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fpolicy%2Feditorials%2Fasia%2FClinton-On-Manila-Declaration-134826743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121222445/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE7BF0GS20111216">"U.S. Navy may station ships in Singapore, Philippines."</a> <i>Reuters</i>, December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/245980/news/nation/phl-studying-us-offer-to-deploy-spy-planes-mdash-gazmin?ref=secitem">"PHL studying US offer to deploy spy planes — Gazmin."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318000039/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/245980/news/nation/phl-studying-us-offer-to-deploy-spy-planes-mdash-gazmin?ref=secitem">Archived</a> March 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>GMA Network</i>, January 27, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisgerber, Marcus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130121100853/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120531/DEFREG02/305310012/U-S-Will-Lean-Technology-Asia-Pacific-Pivot-Continues-Panetta?odyssey=nav">head "U.S. Will Lean on Technology As Asia-Pacific Pivot Continues: Panetta."</a> <i>Defense News</i>, May 10, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2012" class="citation news cs1">Whaley, Floyd (April 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/world/asia/philippines-role-may-grow-as-us-adjusts-asia-strategy.html">"Philippines Role May Grow as U.S. Adjusts Asia Strategy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161103/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/world/asia/philippines-role-may-grow-as-us-adjusts-asia-strategy.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philippines+Role+May+Grow+as+U.S.+Adjusts+Asia+Strategy&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-role-may-grow-as-us-adjusts-asia-strategy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn2010" class="citation book cs1">Vaughn, Bruce (November 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fc3rC5zWOHQC"><i>Terrorism in Southeast Asia</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437925685" title="Special:BookSources/9781437925685"><bdi>9781437925685</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815080332/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fc3rC5zWOHQC">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=9781437925685&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFc3rC5zWOHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/814109/us-troops-can-use-clark-subic-bases">US troops can use Clark, Subic bases</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111175925/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/814109/us-troops-can-use-clark-subic-bases">Archived</a> January 11, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philippine Star, June 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/72031/welcome-more-us-troops-del-rosario">"Welcome more US troops–Del Rosario."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415124613/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/72031/welcome-more-us-troops-del-rosario">Archived</a> April 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 14, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeck2014" class="citation web cs1">Keck, Zachary (March 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/us-philippines-reach-deal-on-greater-us-military-access/">"US-Philippines Reach Deal on US Military Access"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315074850/http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/us-philippines-reach-deal-on-greater-us-military-access/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=US-Philippines+Reach+Deal+on+US+Military+Access&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.aulast=Keck&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fus-philippines-reach-deal-on-greater-us-military-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation web cs1">Pike, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/03/mil-130319-afps07.htm">"Carter: U.S., Philippines Enjoy 'Longstanding' Alliance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161104/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/03/mil-130319-afps07.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carter%3A+U.S.%2C+Philippines+Enjoy+%27Longstanding%27+Alliance&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Fnews%2F2013%2F03%2Fmil-130319-afps07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dizon-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dizon_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizon2014" class="citation news cs1">Dizon, Nikko (April 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/102028/defense-accord-with-us-a-security-cover-for-ph">"Defense accord with US a 'security cover' for PH"</a>. <i>The Philippine Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423152652/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/102028/defense-accord-with-us-a-security-cover-for-ph">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Defense+accord+with+US+a+%27security+cover%27+for+PH&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.aulast=Dizon&rft.aufirst=Nikko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F102028%2Fdefense-accord-with-us-a-security-cover-for-ph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uspolitics.einnews.com/pr_news/202201436/fact-sheet-united-states-philippines-bilateral-relations">"FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations"</a>. <i>Press release – White House</i>. Office of the Press Secretary. April 28, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003308/http://uspolitics.einnews.com/pr_news/202201436/fact-sheet-united-states-philippines-bilateral-relations">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+release+%E2%80%93+White+House&rft.atitle=FACT+SHEET%3A+United+States-Philippines+Bilateral+Relations&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuspolitics.einnews.com%2Fpr_news%2F202201436%2Ffact-sheet-united-states-philippines-bilateral-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2014" class="citation news cs1">Lowe, Aya (April 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/philippines/military-bases-at-centre-of-philippines-us-relationship">"Military bases at centre of Philippines-US relationship"</a>. <i>The National</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429210443/http://www.thenational.ae/world/philippines/military-bases-at-centre-of-philippines-us-relationship">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Military+bases+at+centre+of+Philippines-US+relationship&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Aya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fphilippines%2Fmilitary-bases-at-centre-of-philippines-us-relationship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sison-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sison_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSison2014" class="citation news cs1">Sison, Jose (April 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/04/us-philippines-how-strategic-pa-201442871034598657.html">"US and Philippines: How strategic is the partnership?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430031826/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/04/us-philippines-how-strategic-pa-201442871034598657.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=US+and+Philippines%3A+How+strategic+is+the+partnership%3F&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.aulast=Sison&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F04%2Fus-philippines-how-strategic-pa-201442871034598657.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2014" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Colin (April 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/10791579/Philippines-to-sign-security-pact-with-US.html">"Philippines to sign security pact with US"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430072121/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/10791579/Philippines-to-sign-security-pact-with-US.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Philippines+to+sign+security+pact+with+US&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fphilippines%2F10791579%2FPhilippines-to-sign-security-pact-with-US.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322070210/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/03/19/edca-bases-philippines-us.html">"U.S., Philippines announce five military bases for EDCA"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. March 19, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/03/19/edca-bases-philippines-us.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Philippines+announce+five+military+bases+for+EDCA&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F19%2Fedca-bases-philippines-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/article/71136/us-delivers-m4-carbines-m203-grenade-launchers-to-philippines-for-counter-terrorism-operations">"US delivers M4 carbines, M203 grenade launchers to Philippines for counter-terrorism operations"</a>. <i>Janes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605174648/http://www.janes.com/article/71136/us-delivers-m4-carbines-m203-grenade-launchers-to-philippines-for-counter-terrorism-operations">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Janes.com&rft.atitle=US+delivers+M4+carbines%2C+M203+grenade+launchers+to+Philippines+for+counter-terrorism+operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Farticle%2F71136%2Fus-delivers-m4-carbines-m203-grenade-launchers-to-philippines-for-counter-terrorism-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jt20190302-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jt20190302_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jt20190302_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/02/asia-pacific/back-south-china-sea-u-s-assures-philippines/">"We have your back in South China Sea, U.S. Assures Philippines"</a>. <i>The Japan Times Online</i>. March 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303124349/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/02/asia-pacific/back-south-china-sea-u-s-assures-philippines/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=We+have+your+back+in+South+China+Sea%2C+U.S.+Assures+Philippines&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2Fasia-pacific%2Fback-south-china-sea-u-s-assures-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nwa20190302-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nwa20190302_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwa20190302_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2019/mar/02/u-s-tells-philippines-we-have-your-back/">"U.S. Tells Philippines, 'We have your back'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. March 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303153630/https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2019/mar/02/u-s-tells-philippines-we-have-your-back/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Tells+Philippines%2C+%27We+have+your+back%27&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwaonline.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fmar%2F02%2Fu-s-tells-philippines-we-have-your-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/02/1898020/us-vows-defend-philippines-scs-attack">"US vows to defend Philippines in SCS attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippine STAR">The Philippine STAR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302143631/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/02/1898020/us-vows-defend-philippines-scs-attack">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+STAR&rft.atitle=US+vows+to+defend+Philippines+in+SCS+attack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2F1898020%2Fus-vows-defend-philippines-scs-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/224729-mike-pompeo-visit-philippines-gets-timely-assurance-from-oldest-ally">"In Pompeo visit, Philippines gets timely assurance from oldest ally"</a>. March 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303114641/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/224729-mike-pompeo-visit-philippines-gets-timely-assurance-from-oldest-ally">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Pompeo+visit%2C+Philippines+gets+timely+assurance+from+oldest+ally&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Fin-depth%2F224729-mike-pompeo-visit-philippines-gets-timely-assurance-from-oldest-ally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeElemia2023" class="citation web cs1">Wee, Sui-Lee; Elemia, Camille (February 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/20/world/asia/philippines-china-us.html">"With an Eye on China, Philippines Moves Closer to U.S. Interests"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+an+Eye+on+China%2C+Philippines+Moves+Closer+to+U.S.+Interests&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft.aulast=Wee&rft.aufirst=Sui-Lee&rft.au=Elemia%2C+Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-china-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brands, H.W. <i>Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines</i> (Oxford UP, 1992), a major scholarly survey</li> <li>Brody, David. <i>Visualizing American empire: Orientalism and imperialism in the Philippines\</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CVaxuyXEpZoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Visualizing+American+Empire:+Orientalism+and+Imperialism+in+the+Philippines,%22+by+David+Brody.&ots=2bPDzzBvNH&sig=YDHG9blqxzXT9gwE0TwGQegc_jI">online</a>.</li> <li>Capozzola, Christopher. <i>Bound by War: How the United States and the Philippines Built America's First Pacific Century</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hvqsDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=Bound+by+War:+How+the+United+States+and+the+Philippines+Built+America%27s+First+Pacific+Century.&ots=Atk3NxjJ35&sig=xHIVeDSuNmmdEZsBQODioAIVIZ4">online</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=55577">online scholarly review of this book</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullather1994" class="citation book cs1">Cullather, Nick (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtj94zEWL_8C"><i>Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States-Philippines relations, 1942–1960</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2280-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2280-3"><bdi>0-8047-2280-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illusions+of+influence%3A+the+political+economy+of+United+States-Philippines+relations%2C+1942%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8047-2280-3&rft.aulast=Cullather&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtj94zEWL_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Castro, Renato Cruz. "Territorial Disputes, Realpolitik, and Alliance Transformation: The Case of Twenty-first Century Philippine-US Security Relations." <i>Issues & Studies</i> 49.1 (2013).</li> <li>De Castro, Renato Cruz. "Weakness and gambits in Philippine foreign policy in the twenty-first century." <i>Pacific Affairs</i> 83.4 (2010): 697–717. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/35663161/S3.pdf">online</a>; covers 2001–2010</li> <li>Golay, Frank H., ed.. <i>Face of Empire: United States-Philippine Relations, 1898-1946</i> (Prentice Hall, 1966)</li> <li>Hawkins, Michael C. <i>Making Moros: imperial historicism and American military rule in the Philippines' Muslim South</i> (Northern Illinois University Press, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0pz5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=.+Making+Moros:+Imperial+Historicism+and+American+Military+Rule+in+the+Philippines%27+Muslim+South.&ots=fcTadVPIzG&sig=7TRaMAemhnfypfiCY0B9BDiYIaw">online</a>.</li> <li>Hong, Jane. "Manila Prepares for Independence: Filipina/o Campaigns for US Citizenship and the Reorienting of American Ethnic Histories." <i>Journal of American Ethnic History</i> 38.1 (2018): 5-33.</li> <li>Kih, Jiyun. "Capability building and alliance cohesion: comparing the US-Japan and US-Philippines alliances." <i>Australian Journal of International Affairs</i> 74.4 (2020): 355–376.</li> <li>Kramer, Paul A. <i>The blood of government: Race, empire, the United States, and the Philippines</i> (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=+Paul+Kramer%E2%80%99s+2006+Blood+of+Government:+Race,+Empire,+the+United+States,+and+the+Philippines,+&ots=aEo25dcP8S&sig=mEPddb6IBfAEv-WmO3T_iRaJrpE">online</a>.</li> <li>Lasquety-Reyes, Jeremiah A. "American Education in the Philippines and Filipino Values." <i>Southeast Asian Education in Modern History</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp. 194–209.</li> <li>Laurie, Clayton D. "The Philippine Scouts: America’s Colonial Army, 1899-1913." <i>Philippine Studies</i> 37#2 (1989), pp. 174–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634583">online</a></li> <li>McCoy, Alfred W. <i>Policing America’s empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state</i> (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QYj6WUGsRuEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Policing+America%E2%80%99s+Empire:+The+United+States,+the+Philippines,+and+the+Rise+of+the+Surveillance+State,&ots=Qn0kkhbzYO&sig=W9w7cyRWAYm-Yz2cOshVZYN8fTc">online</a>.</li> <li>McKenna, Rebecca Tinio. <i>American imperial pastoral: The architecture of US colonialism in the Philippines</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2019).</li> <li>May, Glenn Anthony. "The Unfathomable Other: Historical Studies of US–Philippine Relations." in <i> Pacific Passage: The Study of American-East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century</i> (1996): 279-312' in-depth summary of scholarly studies and historiography.</li> <li>Nagano, Yoshiko. <i>State and Finance in the Philippines, 1898-1941: The Mismanagement of an American Colony</i> (NUS Press, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5PJkCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=State+and+Finance+in+the+Philippines,+1898-1941:+The+Mismanagement+of+an+American+Colony.&ots=0U3LUClWAc&sig=DJrxkb4RxtwBAuFIUdkoexmDFIw">online</a>.</li> <li>Paik, Susan J., Shirlie Mae Mamaril Choe, and Matthew A. Witenstein. "Filipinos in the US: Historical, social, and educational experiences." <i>Social and Education History</i> 5.2 (2016): 133–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3170/317046062002.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Steinbock-Pratt, Sarah. <i>Educating the Empire: American Teachers and Contested Colonization in the Philippines</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lrSQDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=%27%27Educating+the+Empire:+American+Teachers+and+Contested+Colonization+in+the+Philippines%27%27&ots=V3jndaM_i9&sig=Bg99RERclqQndV3y9In4GUtNCtQ">online</a></li> <li>Yeo, Andrew. "Challenging US military presence in the Philippines." <i>South Atlantic Quarterly</i> 111.4 (2012): 857–864; focus on 1991 expulsion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1724237">https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1724237</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm#relations"><i>U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bilateral+Relations+Fact+Sheets&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2794.htm%23relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relations_of_the_Philippines_and_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Relations of the Philippines and the United States">Relations of the Philippines and the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Philippines–United States relations</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Philippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Philippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippines1946" class="citation book cs1">Philippines (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyDEHAAACAAJ"><i>Treaty of General Relations and Protocol with the Republic of the Philippines: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines, Signed at Manila on July 4, 1946</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+General+Relations+and+Protocol+with+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines%3A+Message+from+the+President+of+the+United+States+Transmitting+the+Treaty+of+General+Relations+and+Protocol+Between+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines%2C+Signed+at+Manila+on+July+4%2C+1946&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfyDEHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/philippines">History recognition, diplomatic and consular relations : Philippines</a>, Office of the Historian, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Foreign relations of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Egypt–Philippines relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Philippines relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Libya–Philippines relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Morocco–Philippines relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Nigeria–Philippines relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Philippines–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Philippines–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coat of arms of the Philippines"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/62px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/93px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/124px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Argentina–Philippines relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Brazil–Philippines relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Canada–Philippines relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Chile–Philippines relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia-Philippines_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia-Philippines relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Cuba–Philippines relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Mexico–Philippines relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Peru–Philippines relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Philippines–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Armenia–Philippines relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Bahrain–Philippines relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Bangladesh–Philippines relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Brunei–Philippines relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Cambodia–Philippines relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Hong Kong–Philippines relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="East Timor–Philippines relations">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Indonesia–Philippines relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iraq–Philippines relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Israel–Philippines relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Japan–Philippines relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Kuwait–Philippines relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Laos–Philippines relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Malaysia–Philippines relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Mongolia–Philippines relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Myanmar–Philippines relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="North Korea–Philippines relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Oman–Philippines relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Pakistan–Philippines relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Palestine–Philippines relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Philippines–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Philippines–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Philippines–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Philippines–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Philippines–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Philippines–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Philippines–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Philippines–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Philippines–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Austria–Philippines relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Belgium–Philippines relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Croatia–Philippines relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Czech Republic–Philippines relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Denmark–Philippines relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="France–Philippines relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Germany–Philippines relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Greece–Philippines relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Holy See–Philippines relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iceland–Philippines relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Ireland–Philippines relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Italy–Philippines relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Netherlands–Philippines relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Norway–Philippines relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Philippines–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Philippines–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Philippines–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Philippines–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Philippines–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Philippines–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Philippines–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Australia–Philippines relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Nauru–Philippines relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="New Zealand–Philippines relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Palau–Philippines relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–Philippines relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–South Vietnam relations">South Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Philippines–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Philippines–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_United_Nations" title="Philippines and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">US–Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Australia_Status_of_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–Australia Status of Visiting Forces Agreement">Philippines–Australia SOVFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement">Philippines–US Visiting Forces Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty" title="Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty">Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA-Philippines Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ambassadors of the Philippines">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines">Diplomatic missions of the Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Philippines">in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_the_Philippines" title="List of diplomatic visits to the Philippines">List of diplomatic visits to the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">Overseas Filipinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Timor–United States relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential<br />doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines–United_States_relations&oldid=1257939764">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines–United_States_relations&oldid=1257939764</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Philippines–United States relations">Philippines–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Bilateral relations of the Philippines">Bilateral relations of the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Bilateral relations of the United States">Bilateral relations of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Relations_of_colonizer_and_former_colony" title="Category:Relations of colonizer and former colony">Relations of colonizer and former colony</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2024">Articles with dead external links from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Tagalog-language_sources_(tl)" title="Category:CS1 Tagalog-language sources (tl)">CS1 Tagalog-language sources (tl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2023">Use mdy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Philippine_English_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use Philippine English from January 2023">Use Philippine English from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Philippine_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English">All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Filipino-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Filipino-language text">Articles containing Filipino-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2024">Articles needing additional references from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_United_States_Department_of_State_Background_Notes" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 09:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59bbd5969d-h6rhg","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.449","walltime":"1.733","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13993,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":494073,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26311,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":350577,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1471.848 1 -total"," 35.40% 521.101 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.61% 259.183 33 Template:Citation_needed"," 15.33% 225.704 36 Template:Fix"," 11.58% 170.411 44 Template:Cite_web"," 8.32% 122.519 1 Template:Langx"," 7.95% 117.075 29 Template:Cite_news"," 7.85% 115.487 9 Template:Navbox"," 6.73% 99.054 1 Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines"," 6.51% 95.747 1 Template:Infobox_bilateral_relations"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.878","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18033926,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-r694d","timestamp":"20241128193830","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Philippines\u2013United States relations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6361000","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6361000","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-02-28T01:51:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T09:33:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Philippines_USA_Locator.svg","headline":"bilateral relations between Philippines and United States"}</script> </body> </html>