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Earl Gower – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Leveson-Gower, 1. Earl Gower" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(1er_comte_Gower)" title="John Leveson-Gower (1er comte Gower) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Leveson-Gower (1er comte Gower)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower,_I_conte_Gower" title="John Leveson-Gower, I conte Gower – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Leveson-Gower, I conte Gower" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="جون ليفيسون جاور ايرل جاور الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ليفيسون جاور ايرل جاور الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A2_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A2%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="ジョン・ルーソン＝ゴア (初代ゴア伯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ルーソン＝ゴア (初代ゴア伯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(1._hrabia_Gower)" title="John Leveson-Gower (1. hrabia Gower) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Leveson-Gower (1. hrabia Gower)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD,_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Левесон-Гоуэр, Джон, 1-й граф Гоуэр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левесон-Гоуэр, Джон, 1-й граф Гоуэр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower,_1:e_earl_Gower" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English politician and peer (1694–1752)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl Gower</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnleveson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Johnleveson.jpg/220px-Johnleveson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Johnleveson.jpg/330px-Johnleveson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Johnleveson.jpg/440px-Johnleveson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1742–1743</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">The Lord Hervey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Cholmondeley" title="George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley">The Earl of Cholmondeley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Lord Privy Seal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1744–1754</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Cholmondeley" title="George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley">The Earl of Cholmondeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1694-08-10</span>)</span>10 August 1694<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1754<span style="display:none">(1754-12-25)</span> (aged 60)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Evelyn Pierrepont (m. 1712) <br /> Penelope Stonhouse (m. 1733) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Countess_of_Harold" title="Mary, Countess of Harold">Lady Mary Tufton</a> (m. 1736)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">14, including <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford" title="Gertrude Russell, Duchess of Bedford">Gertrude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leveson-Gower" title="Richard Leveson-Gower">Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leveson-Gower (Royal Navy officer)">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Baron_Gower" title="John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower">John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower</a> <br /> Lady Catherine Manners</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower</b>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> (10 August 1694 – 25 December 1754) was an English <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> politician and peer who twice served as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> from 1742 to 1743 and 1744 to 1754. Leveson-Gower also served in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, where he sat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as a leading member of the Tories, prior to switching his political affiliation and serving in various <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a>-led government ministries until his death in 1754. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> into the prominent <a href="/wiki/Leveson-Gower_family" title="Leveson-Gower family">Leveson-Gower family</a>, Leveson-Gower was educated at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. After his father died in 1709, he assumed his <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">peerage</a> as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Baron Gower</a> and before taking his seat in the House of Lords. Leveson-Gower proceeded to acquire a political power base consisting of four parliamentary boroughs under his <i>de facto</i> control: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)">Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lichfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Lichfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheadle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cheadle (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheadle</a>. </p><p>In 1742, Leveson-Gower started serving in the <a href="/wiki/Carteret_ministry" title="Carteret ministry">Carteret ministry</a> as Lord Privy Seal. Though he resigned the next year, in 1744 Leveson-Gower again served in the same position as part of the Whig-led <a href="/wiki/Broad_Bottom_ministry" title="Broad Bottom ministry">Broad Bottom ministry</a>. He soon became a devoted supporter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> and his brother the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>, he remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverians</a>, which led <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> to grant him the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Earl Gower</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747 British general election</a>, seven parliamentary constituencies which were under Leveson-Gower's control were contested by rival Tory candidates. Despite spending large sums of money from his vast financial estate, he only managed to retain two constituencies, Stafford and Lichfield. Leveson-Gower subsequently twice rejected calls to resign in 1751 and 1754, before dying in office on 25 December 1754 at his London townhouse. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Leveson-Gower was born on 10 August 1694 in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England into the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Leveson-Gower_family" title="Leveson-Gower family">Leveson-Gower family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was <a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Baron_Gower" title="John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower">John Leveson-Gower</a>, a politician who sat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> until he was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">English peerage</a> in 1703 as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Baron Gower</a>; he also served as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leveson-Gower's mother was Lady Catherine Manners, the eldest daughter of the <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_1st_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland">1st Duke of Rutland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leveson-Gower was educated at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> before graduating from <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a> after entering the college in 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his youth, though he was a <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> sympathiser, Leveson-Gower remained uninvolved in politics, being more interested in <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>. However, beginning in 1720 he turned his attention to political affairs, making efforts to bring <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">parliamentary</a> seats in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> under his control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1720s, Leveson-Gower had managed to secure a base of parliamentary support, which consisted of four constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)">Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lichfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Lichfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheadle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cheadle (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheadle</a> (he served as the town mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester" title="Cheadle, Greater Manchester">Cheadle</a> in 1721).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001149–150_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001149–150-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Leveson-Gower's father died in 1709, Leveson-Gower inherited his peerage and soon took his seat in the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, eventually emerging as a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson201557_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson201557-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1740, Leveson-Gower was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Lord Justice</a>; after the Tory-led <a href="/wiki/Walpole_ministry" title="Walpole ministry">Walpole ministry</a> collapsed in 1742, he was appointed to the position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey</a> and being the lone Tory politician to be promoted to such high office after the collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Great Britain">Privy Council of Great Britain</a> on 12 May 1742 by the <a href="/wiki/Carteret_ministry" title="Carteret ministry">Carteret ministry</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a>-dominated administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leveson-Gower's alliance with a rival political party, described by historians as "a move of considerable party political importance", soon collapsed as he resigned from his position on December 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001152_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001152-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was reappointed as Lord Privy Seal in 1744 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Bottom_ministry" title="Broad Bottom ministry">Broad Bottom ministry</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</a>, which stayed in power for a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a> broke out, Leveson-Gower personally assured <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a> of his loyalty, raising one of the fifteen new British military regiments formed to oppose the Jacobite invasion of England; in recognition of these actions, he was granted the titles of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Viscount Trentham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Earl Gower</a> by George II on 8 July 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates201512_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates201512-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Leveson-Gower's regiment proved unwilling to face any possibility of fighting, refusing to move beyond the nearest <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a> when his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Wrottesley,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet">Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet</a> raised a <a href="/wiki/Yeomanry" title="Yeomanry">Yeomanry</a> unit and joined them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates201512–13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates201512–13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1748, he was again appointed as a Lord Justice, being appointed again in 1750 and 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leveson-Gower's continuing support of a Whig-led ministry led to increasing backlash amongst his fellow Tories and English Jacobites, who perceived <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford</a> as having "corrupted" him; in a letter to the 4th Duke of Bedford, Leveson-Gower complained that he was being "persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and Jacobitism". In 1747, a protest by a group of English Jacobites at the Lichfield horse races forced Leveson-Gower to refrain from leaving his house for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite mounting levels of public and private criticism, he refused to resign from his position as Lord Privy Seal, an action which led English lexicographer and prominent Tory <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Dr. Samuel Johnson</a> to include Leveson-Gower in his seminal 1755 work <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> under the definition of <i><a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">renegado</a></i>, though this was later removed by Johnson's printer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001153_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson201571_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson201571-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1750s, Leveson-Gower had solidified his political loyalty to the Pelham brothers, joining a group of British parliamentarians (dominated by members of the Whig party) known as the "Pelhamites".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg/200px-1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg/300px-1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg/400px-1stMarquessOfStafford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1790</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747 British general election</a>, Leveson-Gower's parliamentary support base, which included seven constituencies in Staffordshire and Westminster, came under heavy threat by rival political candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001154–155_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001154–155-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he had succeeded to the position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Staffordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire">Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire</a> in 1742, which gave him a large advantage in determining the outcome of parliamentary elections, all seven constituencies were contested by Tory politicians with extensive backing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite suffering from gout, Leveson-Gower chose to defend his support base, focusing on the constituencies of Stafford and Lichfield; this was despite the fact that, as <a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">George Anson</a> noted in a letter to the 4th Duke of Bedford, "everything has been done that could be thought of against Lord Gower's interest". Leveson-Gower complained that he was being opposed in the elections "by... men that I have lived in the strictest friendship with the best part of my life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the results of the elections were announced, Leveson-Gower discovered that, despite his extensive campaigning efforts, he had lost five out of the seven constituencies of his support base; the two he had retained, Stafford and Lichfield, were due in Henry Pelham's opinion "almost entirely to the Whigs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155–156_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155–156-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wisker, the "considerable" cost of campaigning during the general election sapped a significant portion of Leveson-Gower's financial estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1751, Leveson-Gower refused to join his third son <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville</a> (by now a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">member of parliament</a>) and the 4th Duke of Bedford in resigning from their positions as a show of support to <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich</a>, who had been dismissed from his position as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> by the 1st Duke of Newcastle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Henry Pelham died in March 1754, leading to the Broad Bottom ministry's collapse, he again refused to resign from his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 December 1754, he died at his <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> townhouse at 6 <a href="/wiki/Brook_Street,_London" title="Brook Street, London">Upper Brook Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, Leveson-Gower's titles were inherited by Granville, while his position as Lord Privy Seal was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death was recorded in a letter written by English writer, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">bluestocking</a> and artist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Delany" title="Mary Delany">Mary Delany</a> on December 28, who noted, as per mourning customs, that women who mourned Leveson-Gower's passing wore only grey or white clothing for a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelany2011261_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelany2011261-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estates">Estates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Estates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leveson-Gower inherited <a href="/wiki/Trentham_Estate" title="Trentham Estate">Trentham Estate</a> after his father's death. In 1730, he erected Trentham Hall, an <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a>, on the property, basing it on the design of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham House</a>. His son Granville would later substantially alter it based on designs supplied by architect <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland_(architect)" title="Henry Holland (architect)">Henry Holland</a> from 1775 to 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003432_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003432-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyatt20152_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyatt20152-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further altered from 1833 to 1842 by <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Duke_of_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland">George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland</a>, who employed Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a> to carry out the renovations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyatt20153_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyatt20153-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leveson-Gower's political career was supported by his vast personal estate, which partially consisted of investments in Britain's rapidly growing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_production" title="Industrial production">industrial production</a> sector and ownership of <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> in eight other estates, including those of fellow British peers <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Pulteney,_1st_Earl_of_Bath" title="William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath">William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath</a>. However, the sizeable costs of electoral campaigning combined with family expenses took a heavy toll on his estate, and by Leveson-Gower's death in 1754, he owed outstanding debts to the tune of £37,861 along with roughly £36,000 in <a href="/wiki/Abatement_of_debts_and_legacies" title="Abatement of debts and legacies">legacies</a> (equivalent to £6,900,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of his life, Leveson-Gower married thrice. On 13 March 1712, he married Lady Evelyn Pierrepont, the third daughter of <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_1st_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull</a>. She died on 26 June 1727, weeks after the birth of their twelfth child:<sup id="cite_ref-debrett1825_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debrett1825-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hon. John (27 November 1712 – 15 July 1723)</li> <li>Hon. Catharine (bapt. 15 March 1714), died as infant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford" title="Gertrude Russell, Duchess of Bedford">Lady Gertrude</a> (1715–1794), married the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">4th Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li>Hon. William (17 February 1716 – 14 April 1739)</li> <li>Lady Mary (30 October 1718 – 1 May 1778), married Rev. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Wrottesley,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet">Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Hon. Granville</a> (1721–1803), succeeded as 2nd Earl Gower; served as Lord Privy Seal (1755–1757).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2010_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would go on to be granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Marquess of Stafford</a> in 1786 by King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and serve as a leading Tory politician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2008_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hon. Jane (died May 1737)</li> <li>Lady Frances (12 August 1720 – 26 June 1788), married <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Sackville" title="Lord John Sackville">Lord John Sackville</a></li> <li>Lady Elizabeth (20 January 1723 – 28 April 1784) married <a href="/wiki/John_Waldegrave,_3rd_Earl_Waldegrave" title="John Waldegrave, 3rd Earl Waldegrave">John Waldegrave, 3rd Earl Waldegrave</a></li> <li>Lady Evelyn (26 January 1725 – 14 April 1763), married firstly in 1744 <a href="/wiki/John_FitzPatrick,_1st_Earl_of_Upper_Ossory" title="John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory">John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory</a>; married secondly in 1759 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Vernon_(MP)" title="Richard Vernon (MP)">Richard Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leveson-Gower" title="Richard Leveson-Gower">Hon. Richard</a> (1726–1753), MP for Lichfield</li> <li>Hon. Diana (31 May 1727 – 9 October 1727), died as infant</li></ul> <p>After her death, Leveson-Gower remarried on 31 October 1733 to Penelope Stonhouse, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Stonhouse,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Stonhouse, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Stonhouse, 3rd Baronet</a> and widow of Sir Henry Atkins, Baronet (1707–1728). Through her daughter by her first husband, she was the grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Ligonier" title="Penelope Ligonier">Penelope Ligonier</a>. They had one daughter, but his wife died soon after on 19 August 1734, aged 27.<sup id="cite_ref-debrett1825_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debrett1825-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hon. Penelope (bapt. 17 May 1734 – 3 April 1743), died in childhood</li></ul> <p>Leveson-Gower's third and last wife was <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Countess_of_Harold" title="Mary, Countess of Harold">Mary, Countess of Harold</a> (<i>née</i> Lady Mary Tufton), whom he married on 16 May 1736. They had three sons and a daughter, with only one son surviving to adulthood:<sup id="cite_ref-debrett1825_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debrett1825-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hon. Catherine (bapt. 4 May 1737 – 26 February 1742), died in childhood</li> <li>Hon. Thomas (bapt. 20 August 1738 – 3 December 1743), died in childhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leveson-Gower (Royal Navy officer)">John Leveson-Gower</a> (1740–1792); served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and participated in several <a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">naval battles</a> with the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> before entering Parliament and sitting in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> until his death in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Countess of Gower survived his death and died on 9 February 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001148_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWisker2004">Wisker 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2008_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWisker2008">Wisker 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001149–150-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001149–150_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson201557-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson201557_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson2015">Hudson 2015</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning2008">Browning 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001152-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001152_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates201512-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates201512_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOates2015">Oates 2015</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates201512–13-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates201512–13_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOates2015">Oates 2015</a>, p. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001153-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001153_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson201571-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson201571_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson2015">Hudson 2015</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001154–155-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001154–155_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155–156-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruickshanks2001155–156_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruickshanks2001">Cruickshanks 2001</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2008_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowe2008">Lowe 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2010_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2010_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannon2010">Cannon 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelany2011261-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelany2011261_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelany2011">Delany 2011</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003432-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003432_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyatt20152-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyatt20152_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyatt2015">Myatt 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyatt20153-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyatt20153_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyatt2015">Myatt 2015</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debrett1825-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debrett1825_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debrett1825_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debrett1825_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLs3tV5CZgoC&pg=RA1-PA65"><i>Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland</i></a>. Rivington. 1825. p. 65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Peerage+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Rivington&rft.date=1825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLs3tV5CZgoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisker2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisker2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWisker2006">Wisker 2006</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Browning, Reed (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13116">"Hervey, John, second Baron Hervey of Ickworth (1696–1743)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13116">10.1093/ref:odnb/13116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hervey%2C+John%2C+second+Baron+Hervey+of+Ickworth+%281696%E2%80%931743%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13116&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-13116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cannon, John (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26118">"Spencer, Charles, third duke of Marlborough (1706–1758)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26118">10.1093/ref:odnb/26118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spencer%2C+Charles%2C+third+duke+of+Marlborough+%281706%E2%80%931758%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26118&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-26118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruickshanks2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eveline_Cruickshanks" title="Eveline Cruickshanks">Cruickshanks, Eveline</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/J._C._D._Clark" title="J. C. D. Clark">Clark, J. C. D.</a>; Erskine-Hill, Howard (eds.). <i>Samuel Johnson in Historical Context</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2305-2269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2305-2269-5"><bdi>978-0-2305-2269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Johnson+in+Historical+Context&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-2305-2269-5&rft.aulast=Cruickshanks&rft.aufirst=Eveline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Delany" title="Mary Delany">Delany, Mary</a> (2011) [1861]. <i>Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany: With Interesting Reminiscences of King George the Third and Queen Charlotte</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1080-3837-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1080-3837-9"><bdi>978-1-1080-3837-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+and+Correspondence+of+Mary+Granville%2C+Mrs+Delany%3A+With+Interesting+Reminiscences+of+King+George+the+Third+and+Queen+Charlotte&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-1080-3837-9&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2015" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Nicolas (2015). <i>A Political Biography of Samuel Johnson</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3173-2344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3173-2344-0"><bdi>978-1-3173-2344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Biography+of+Samuel+Johnson&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3173-2344-0&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lowe, William C. (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16541">"Gower, Granville Leveson-, first marquess of Stafford (1721–1803)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16541">10.1093/ref:odnb/16541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gower%2C+Granville+Leveson-%2C+first+marquess+of+Stafford+%281721%E2%80%931803%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16541&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-16541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyatt2015" class="citation book cs1">Myatt, Alan (2015). <i>Trentham Through Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4703-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4703-6"><bdi>978-1-4456-4703-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trentham+Through+Time&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4703-6&rft.aulast=Myatt&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates2015" class="citation book cs1">Oates, Jonathan D. (2015). <i>The Jacobite Campaigns: The British State at War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32332-7"><bdi>978-1-317-32332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Campaigns%3A+The+British+State+at+War&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32332-7&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisker2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wisker, Richard (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16546">"Gower, John Leveson-, first Earl Gower (1694–1754)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16546">10.1093/ref:odnb/16546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gower%2C+John+Leveson-%2C+first+Earl+Gower+%281694%E2%80%931754%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16546&rft.aulast=Wisker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-16546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisker2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wisker, Richard (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16545">"Gower, John Leveson-, first Baron Gower (1675–1709)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16545">10.1093/ref:odnb/16545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gower%2C+John+Leveson-%2C+first+Baron+Gower+%281675%E2%80%931709%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16545&rft.aulast=Wisker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-16545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisker2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wisker, Richard (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16547">"Gower, John Leveson- (1740–1792)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16547">10.1093/ref:odnb/16547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gower%2C+John+Leveson-+%281740%E2%80%931792%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16547&rft.aulast=Wisker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-16547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation book cs1">White, William (2003) [1851]. <i>History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire</i>. Midlands Historical Data. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9045-6721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9045-6721-9"><bdi>978-1-9045-6721-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Gazetteer+and+Directory+of+Staffordshire&rft.pub=Midlands+Historical+Data&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-9045-6721-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Leveson-Gower%2C+1st+Earl+Gower" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">The Lord Hervey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1742–1743 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Cholmondeley" title="George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley">The Earl of Cholmondeley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Cholmondeley" title="George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley">The Earl of Cholmondeley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1744–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shirley,_3rd_Earl_Ferrers" title="Henry Shirley, 3rd Earl Ferrers">The Earl Ferrers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Staffordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire">Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire</a> </b><br />1742–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">The Earl Gower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shirley,_3rd_Earl_Ferrers" title="Henry Shirley, 3rd Earl Ferrers">The Earl Ferrers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Staffordshire" title="Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire">Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire</a> </b><br />1742–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">The Earl Gower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Earl Gower</a> </b><br />1746–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville Leveson-Gower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Viscount Trentham</a> </b><br />1746–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville Leveson-Gower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Baron_Gower" title="John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower">John Leveson-Gower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Baron Gower</a> </b><br />1709–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville Leveson-Gower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Baron_Gower" title="John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower">John Leveson-Gower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Duke of Sutherland">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Sittersham)<b> </b><br />1709–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Granville Leveson-Gower</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&oldid=1255474885">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Gower&oldid=1255474885</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1694_births" title="Category:1694 births">1694 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1754_deaths" title="Category:1754 deaths">1754 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_English_politicians" title="Category:18th-century English politicians">18th-century English politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earls_in_the_Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain">Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leveson-Gower_family" title="Category:Leveson-Gower family">Leveson-Gower family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lord-lieutenants_of_Staffordshire" title="Category:Lord-lieutenants of Staffordshire">Lord-lieutenants of Staffordshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lords_Privy_Seal" title="Category:Lords Privy Seal">Lords Privy Seal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain">Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Adams%27_Grammar_School" title="Category:People educated at Adams' Grammar School">People educated at Adams' Grammar School</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2022">Use dmy dates from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2022" title="Category:Use British English from June 2022">Use British English from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 03:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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