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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reader's context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reader's_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trajectory_hermeneutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trajectory_hermeneutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trajectory hermeneutics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trajectory_hermeneutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বাইবেলীয় ব্যাখ্যাশাস্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইবেলীয় ব্যাখ্যাশাস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%A8utica_b%C3%ADblica" title="Hermenèutica bíblica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hermenèutica bíblica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblische_Hermeneutik" title="Biblische Hermeneutik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biblische Hermeneutik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiblihermeneutika" title="Piiblihermeneutika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piiblihermeneutika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%A9utica_b%C3%ADblica" title="Hermenéutica bíblica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermenéutica bíblica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_hermene%C5%ADtiko" title="Biblia hermeneŭtiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblia hermeneŭtiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%A9neutique_biblique" title="Herméneutique biblique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herméneutique biblique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%84%9C%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D%ED%95%99" title="성서해석학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성서해석학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutika_Alkitab" title="Hermeneutika Alkitab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hermeneutika Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegese_biblic" title="Exegese biblic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Exegese biblic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_biblica" title="Ermeneutica biblica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ermeneutica biblica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneotikan%27_ny_Baiboly" title="Hermeneotikan' ny Baiboly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hermeneotikan' ny Baiboly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88" title="聖書解釈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖書解釈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutik_(Bibel)" title="Hermeneutik (Bibel) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hermeneutik (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutyka_biblijna" title="Hermeneutyka biblijna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hermeneutyka biblijna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermen%C3%AAutica_b%C3%ADblica" title="Hermenêutica bíblica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hermenêutica bíblica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Библейская герменевтика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библейская герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamatun_tulkinta" title="Raamatun tulkinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raamatun tulkinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelsyn" title="Bibelsyn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibelsyn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Біблійна герменевтика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біблійна герменевтика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Biblical hermeneutics</b> is the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">books of the Bible</a>. It is part of the broader field of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>, which involves the study of principles of interpretation, both theory and methodology, for all nonverbal and verbal communication forms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Talmudical_Hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudical Hermeneutics">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> biblical hermeneutics have some <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">overlap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">dialogue</a>, they have distinctly separate interpretative traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish">Jewish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jewish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional">Traditional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: approximately, מידות שהתורה נדרשת בהן) refers to Jewish methods for the investigation and determination of the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, as well as rules by which <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">Jewish law</a> could be established. One well-known summary of these principles appears in the <a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael">Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Methods by which the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> explores the meaning of scripture: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a></li> <li>the interpretation of certain words and letters and apparently superfluous or missing words or letters, and prefixes and suffixes</li> <li>the interpretation of those letters which, in certain words, are provided with points</li> <li>the interpretation of the letters in a word according to <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">their numerical value</a></li> <li>the interpretation of a word by <a href="/wiki/Notarikon" title="Notarikon">dividing it</a> into two or more words</li> <li>the interpretation of a word according to its consonantal form or according to its vocalization</li> <li>the interpretation of a word by transposing its letters or by changing its vowels</li> <li>the logical deduction of a <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i> from a Scriptural text or from another law</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The rabbis of the Talmud considered themselves to be the receivers and transmitters of an <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> as to the meaning of the scriptures. They considered this <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> to set forth the precise, original meanings of the words, revealed at the same time and by the same means as the original scriptures themselves. Interpretive methods listed above such as word play and letter counting were never used as logical proof of the meaning or teaching of a scripture. Instead they were considered to be an <i>asmakhta</i>, a validation of a meaning that was already set by tradition or a <a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">homiletic</a> backing for rabbinic rulings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_source_criticism">Biblical source criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biblical source criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among non-<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>, there is growing interest in employing <a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">biblical source criticism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_hypothesis" title="Supplementary hypothesis">supplementary hypothesis</a>, for constructing modern Jewish theology,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the following objectives: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Reconciling modern morals with biblical passages that condone morally problematic acts, such as genocide and other collective punishment</li> <li>Rejecting or accepting folkways, social norms, and linguistic trends, picking and choosing as more fully informed Jews</li> <li>Learning lessons in spite of biblical underrepresentation, or outright exclusion, of particular modern phenomena<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>To at least some extent, this is an application of Talmudical hermeneutics to traditional source criticism of the competing Torah schools: <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">priestly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">deuteronomic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">one</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">two</a>, or more that are non-priestly and non-deuteronomic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian">Christian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are at least two different but related meanings in use today: </p><p>Firstly, in the older sense, 'biblical hermeneutics' may be understood as the theological principles of exegesis which is often synonymous with 'principles of biblical interpretation' or methodology of biblical exegesis. </p><p>Secondly, 'biblical hermeneutics' may be understood as the broader philosophy and linguistic underpinnings of interpretation. The question is posed: "How is understanding possible?" The rationale of this approach is that, while Scripture is "more than just an ordinary text", it is certainly "no less than an ordinary text". Scripture is in the first analysis "text" which human beings try to understand; in this sense, the principles of understanding any text apply to the Bible as well (regardless of whatever other additional, specifically theological principles are considered). </p><p>In this second sense, all aspects of philosophical and linguistic hermeneutics are considered to be applicable to the biblical texts, as well. There are examples of this in the links between 20th-century philosophy and Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a>'s hermeneutical approach was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, and in particular by the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>; and since the 1970s, the philosophical hermeneutics of <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> have had a wide-ranging influence on biblical hermeneutics as developed by a wide range of Christian theologians. The French-American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a> follows a similar trail.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denominational_differences">Denominational differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Denominational differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant">Protestant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protestant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biblical scholars have noted the diversity of interpretations by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and to a lesser extent by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>. In his foreword to <a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">R. C. Sproul</a>’s <i>Knowing Scripture</i>, <a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a> observes that Protestant theologians are in conflict about biblical interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate the diversity of biblical interpretations, William Yarchin<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pictures a shelf full of religious books saying different things but all claiming to be faithful interpretations of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ramm" title="Bernard Ramm">Bernard Ramm</a> observes that such diverse interpretations underlie the doctrinal variations in Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mid-19th century book on biblical interpretation observes that even those who believe the Bible to be the <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of God (Bible)">word of God</a> hold the most discordant views about fundamental doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the late <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, biblical hermeneutics was usually seen as a form of special hermeneutics (like legal hermeneutics); the status of scripture was thought to necessitate a particular form of understanding and interpretation. In the 19th century it became increasingly common to read scripture just like any other writing, although the different interpretations were often disputed. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> argued against a distinction between "general" and "special" hermeneutics, and for a general theory of hermeneutics applicable to all <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">texts</a>, including the Bible. Various methods of <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">higher criticism</a> sought to understand the Bible purely as a human, historical document. On the other hand, Evangelical Protestant author <a href="/wiki/Roy_B._Zuck" title="Roy B. Zuck">Roy B. Zuck</a> held that "no-one can fully comprehend the meaning of the scripture unless he is regenerate."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic">Catholic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_theology_of_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic theology of Scripture">Roman Catholic theology of Scripture</a></div> <p>The Catholic Church asserts the capital importance of biblical interpretation, and Catholic scholars recognize some diversity in the Bible. This allows for an openness of interpretation as long as it stays within the Catholic Church's theological tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Verbum_Domini" title="Verbum Domini">Verbum Domini</a></i> encourages the "faith-filled interpretation of Sacred Scripture" that has been "practiced from antiquity within the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Church’s Tradition</a> ... (and) recognizes the historical value of the biblical tradition. ... (It) seeks to discover the living meaning of the Sacred Scriptures for the lives of believers today while not ignoring the human mediation of the inspired text and its literary genres...(Christianity) perceives in the words the Word himself, the Logos who displays his mystery through this complexity and the reality of human history."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early text dealing with wildly divergent interpretations of important biblical passages is <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (c. 180) whose <a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a> has that the <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinians</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>by transferring passages, and dressing them up anew, and making one thing out of another, they succeed in deluding many through their wicked art in adapting the oracles of the Lord to their opinions. Their manner of acting is just as if one, when a beautiful image of a king has been constructed by some skilful artist out of precious jewels, should then take this likeness of the man all to pieces, then rearrange the gems, and so fit them together as to make them into the form of a dog or of a fox (even that but poorly executed); and then maintain and declare that this was the beautiful image of the king which the skilful artist constructed...<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Against Heresies, Chapter 8</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Irenaeus' prescription for this was that hermeneutics must at least accord with received apostolic tradition, specifically an early creed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the Church, having received this preaching and this faith, although scattered throughout the whole world, yet, as if occupying but one house, carefully preserves it. She also believes these points just as if she had but one soul, and one and the same heart, and she proclaims them, and teaches them, and hands them down, with perfect harmony, as if she possessed only one mouth. For, although the languages of the world are dissimilar, yet the import of the tradition is one and the same. .<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Against Heresies, Chapter 10</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, the Catholic Church is the official custodian and interpreter of the Bible. Therefore, Catholicism's teaching concerning the Sacred Scriptures and their genuine sense must be the supreme guide of the commentator. The Catholic commentator is bound to adhere to the interpretation of texts which the Church has defined either expressly or implicitly. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> are of supreme authority whenever they all interpret in one and the same manner any text of the Bible, as pertaining to the doctrine of faith or morals; for their unanimity clearly evinces that such interpretation has come down from the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> as a matter of Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic humanist scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> emphasized the role of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> as the foundation of hermeneutics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox">Orthodox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Special:EditPage/Biblical hermeneutics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Orthodox hermeneutic principles include </p> <ul><li>Everything pertaining to the Scriptures must be understood Christologically</li> <li>Understanding of the Scripture comes with living its contents</li> <li>We must have humility when approaching Scripture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layers_of_meaning">Layers of meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Layers of meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian biblical hermeneutics considers the original medium<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as what language says, supposes, does not say, and implies. David L. Barr states there are three obstacles that stand in the way of correctly interpreting the biblical writings: we speak a different language, we live approximately two millennia later, and we bring different expectations to the text.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Barr suggests that we approach the reading of the Bible with significantly different literary expectations than those in reading other forms of literature and writing. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Vern_Poythress" title="Vern Poythress">Vern Poythress</a>, there are three general concepts to understand about any passage of Scripture. First, the original time and context, which includes the personal perspective of the writer, the normative perspective of the text, and the situational perspective of the original audience. Second, it is necessary to understand the transmission of Scripture includes contemplating the message being sent through the text, taking into account the concerns of individual writers/translators as well as its broader role in the unraveling narrative of history. Finally, Poythress instructs interpreters to understand Scripture as "what God is saying now" to the individual as well as to the modern church.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry A. Virkler argues that there are several types of analysis needed to identify what the <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intent" title="Authorial intent">author intended</a> to communicate in the biblical passage:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Lexical-syntactical analysis</b>: This step looks at the words used and the way the words are used. Different order of the sentence, the punctuation, the tense of the verse are all aspects that are looked at in the lexical syntactical method. Here, lexicons and grammar aids can help in extracting meaning from the text.</li> <li><b>Historical/cultural analysis</b>: The history and culture surrounding the authors is important to understand to aid in interpretation. For instance, understanding the Jewish sects of the Palestine and the government that ruled Palestine in New Testament times increases understanding of Scripture. And, understanding the connotations of positions such as the High Priest and that of the tax collector helps us know what others thought of the people holding these positions.</li> <li><b>Contextual analysis</b>: A verse out of context can often be taken to mean something completely different from the intention. This method focuses on the importance of looking at the context of a verse in its chapter, book and even biblical context.</li> <li><b>Theological analysis</b>: It is often said that a single verse usually doesn't make a theology. This is because Scripture often touches on issues in several books. For instance, gifts of the Spirit are spoken about in Romans, Ephesians and 1 Corinthians. To take a verse from Corinthians without taking into account other passages that deal with the same topic can cause a poor interpretation.</li> <li><b>Special literary analysis</b>: There are several special literary aspects to look at, but the overarching theme is that each genre of Scripture has a different set of rules that applies to it. Of the genres found in Scripture, there are: narratives, histories, prophecies, apocalyptic writings, poetry, psalms and letters. In these, there are differing levels of allegory, figurative language, metaphors, similes and literal language. For instance, the apocalyptic writings and poetry have more figurative and allegorical language than does the narrative or historical writing. These must be addressed, and the genre recognized to gain a full understanding of the intended meaning.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>However, Poythress argues that the study of the Bible must acknowledge three dimension: God as the speaker, the Bible as His speech, and the people to whom He speaks. But to do this, biblical hermeneutics needs to unravel the layers of meaning found within the "speaker, discourse, and hearer".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, such as <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hendricks" title="Howard Hendricks">Howard Hendricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Swindoll" title="Chuck Swindoll">Chuck Swindoll</a>, this can be as simple as taking three steps: observing the text, interpreting the text, and applying the text to one's life.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reader's_context"><span id="Reader.27s_context"></span>Reader's context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reader's context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American biblical hermeneutics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American biblical hermeneutics</a></div> <p>There is a recognition that the context of the reader has a relationship with one's approach to the Bible. In part, this is related to the presuppositions every reader comes to the Bible, no matter how objective they may try to be.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_L._Wimbush" title="Vincent L. Wimbush">Vincent L. Wimbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_F._Segovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando F. Segovia">Fernando F. Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._S._Sugirtharajah" title="R. S. Sugirtharajah">R. S. Sugirtharajah</a>, Mary Ann Tolbert, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">Miguel A. De La Torre</a> have argued that the dominant readings of the Bible are influenced by Eurocentric presuppositions, which have produced racially inflected understandings of Christianity and Christian theology. As a corrective, some have spoken of prioritizing social location,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in terms of minority populations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often draws on <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_biblical_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial biblical criticism">postcolonial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberative</a> methods for re-readings the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars see this as too extreme and based on mainline liberal concerns. In contrast, Asian American evangelicals have established a research group within the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Biblical_Research" title="Institute for Biblical Research">Institute for Biblical Research</a> to develop an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Esau_McCaulley" title="Esau McCaulley">Esau McCaulley</a> argues that everyone comes to Scripture with different life experiences and cultures which help to point out the blind spots in each other's reading.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of the focus on Black political liberation, McCaulley wants to recover a "Black ecclesial interpretation" coming out of the experience of the African American church.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trajectory_hermeneutics">Trajectory hermeneutics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trajectory hermeneutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trajectory hermeneutics or redemptive-movement hermeneutics is a hermeneutical approach that seeks to locate varying 'voices' in the text and to view these voices as a progressive trajectory through history (or at least through the biblical witness); often a trajectory that progresses through to the present day. The contemporary reader of Scripture is in some way envisaged by the biblical text as standing in continuity with a developing theme therein. The reader, then, is left to discern this trajectory and appropriate it accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_J._Webb" title="William J. Webb">William J. Webb</a>, employing trajectory hermeneutics, shows how the moral commands of the Old and New Testaments were a significant improvement over the surrounding cultural values and practices. Webb identifies 18 different ways in which God dealt with his people moving against the current of popular cultural values. While for Webb the use of this hermeneutic moves to highlight the progressive liberation of women and slaves from oppressive male/bourgeois dominance, the prohibition of homosexual acts consistently moves in a more conservative manner than that of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman">Graeco-Roman</a> societies. While Paul does not explicitly state that slavery should be abolished, the trajectory seen in Scripture is a progressive liberation of slaves. When this is extended to modern times, it implies that the biblical witness supports the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a>. The progressive <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">liberation of women</a> from oppressive patriarchalism, traced from Genesis and Exodus through to Paul's own acknowledgement of women as 'co-workers' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+16:3&version=nlt">Rom. 16:3</a>), sets a precedent that when applied to modern times suggests that women ought to have the same rights and roles afforded to men. Historically, the biblical witness has become progressively more stringent in its views of homosexual practice and the implications of this are not commented upon by Webb.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFergusonDavid_F_WrightJ._I._Packer1988" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Sinclair B; David F Wright; J. I. Packer (1988). <i>New Dictionary of Theology</i>. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1400-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1400-0"><bdi>0-8308-1400-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8308-1400-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Sinclair+B&rft.au=David+F+Wright&rft.au=J.+I.+Packer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.shulcloud.com/3205/uploads/Documents/Why-should-a-Jew-or-anyone-read-the-Bible.pdf">"Why should a Jew or anyone read the Bible?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>images.shulcloud.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.shulcloud.com&rft.atitle=Why+should+a+Jew+or+anyone+read+the+Bible%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.shulcloud.com%2F3205%2Fuploads%2FDocuments%2FWhy-should-a-Jew-or-anyone-read-the-Bible.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28655/discussions/3194699/cfp-biblical-scholarship-modern-jewish-hermeneutic-special-issue">"CFP: Biblical Scholarship as a Modern Jewish Hermeneutic (Special issue of Zeramim: An Online Journal of Applied Jewish Thought, III:3) | H-Judaic | H-Net"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CFP%3A+Biblical+Scholarship+as+a+Modern+Jewish+Hermeneutic+%28Special+issue+of+Zeramim%3A+An+Online+Journal+of+Applied+Jewish+Thought%2C+III%3A3%29+%26%23124%3B+H-Judaic+%26%23124%3B+H-Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F28655%2Fdiscussions%2F3194699%2Fcfp-biblical-scholarship-modern-jewish-hermeneutic-special-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeramim.org/past-issues/volume-iii-issue-1-fall-2018-5779-2/a-biblical-challenge-can-an-academic-approach-aimed-at-best-explanation-of-the-biblical-text-be-imported-into-the-synagogue-sermon-world-of-interpretation/">"A Biblical Challenge: Can an Academic Approach Aimed at 'Best Explanation' of the Biblical Text be Imported into the Synagogue-Sermon World of 'Interpretation?' - Richard L. Claman"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Biblical+Challenge%3A+Can+an+Academic+Approach+Aimed+at+%27Best+Explanation%27+of+the+Biblical+Text+be+Imported+into+the+Synagogue-Sermon+World+of+%27Interpretation%3F%27+-+Richard+L.+Claman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeramim.org%2Fpast-issues%2Fvolume-iii-issue-1-fall-2018-5779-2%2Fa-biblical-challenge-can-an-academic-approach-aimed-at-best-explanation-of-the-biblical-text-be-imported-into-the-synagogue-sermon-world-of-interpretation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeramim.org/past-issues/volume-iii-issue-3-spring-summer-2019-5779/contemporary-jewish-theology-in-light-of-divergent-biblical-views-on-revelations-content-david-frankel/">"Contemporary Jewish Theology in Light of Divergent Biblical Views on Revelation's Content - David Frankel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Jewish+Theology+in+Light+of+Divergent+Biblical+Views+on+Revelation%27s+Content+-+David+Frankel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeramim.org%2Fpast-issues%2Fvolume-iii-issue-3-spring-summer-2019-5779%2Fcontemporary-jewish-theology-in-light-of-divergent-biblical-views-on-revelations-content-david-frankel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel" class="citation web cs1">Frankel, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/male-homosexual-intercourse-is-prohibited-in-one-part-of-the-torah">"Male Homosexual Intercourse Is Prohibited – In One Part of the Torah"</a>. <i>thetorah.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetorah.com&rft.atitle=Male+Homosexual+Intercourse+Is+Prohibited+%E2%80%93+In+One+Part+of+the+Torah&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fmale-homosexual-intercourse-is-prohibited-in-one-part-of-the-torah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2005" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Simon (2005). <i>Resurrecting Interpretation</i>. Bristol Baptist College: University of Bristol.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrecting+Interpretation&rft.place=Bristol+Baptist+College&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. C. Sproul, <i>Knowing Scripture</i> (Rev. ed., InterVarsity Press, 2009), 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085500/http://www.apu.edu/honors/faculty/byarchin/">"William Yarchin - Azusa Pacific University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apu.edu/honors/faculty/byarchin/">the original</a> on 2014-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Yarchin+-+Azusa+Pacific+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apu.edu%2Fhonors%2Ffaculty%2Fbyarchin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Yarchin, <i>History of Biblical Interpretation: a Reader</i> (Hendrickson, 2004), xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Ramm, <i>Protestant Biblical Interpretation:A Textbook of Hermeneutics, 3rd rev ed</i> (Baker Academic, 1980), 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Interpretation of the Bible</i> (Boston; Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, 1844), 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Williams, <i>Receiving the Bible in Faith: Historical and Theological Exegesis</i> (CUA Press, 2004), 6-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy B. Zuck, <i>Basic Bible Interpretation</i> (David C. Cook, 1991), 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Williamson, <i>Catholic Principles for Interpreting Scripture: A Study of the Pontifical Biblical Commission’s “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church”</i> (Gregorian Biblical BookShop, 2001), 23, 121, 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XVI2010" class="citation web cs1">Benedict XVI (30 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi_exh_20100930_verbum-domini.html">"Verbum Domini: Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation on the Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church"</a>. <i>Libreria Editrice Vaticana</i>. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.atitle=Verbum+Domini%3A+Post-Synodal+Apostolic+Exhortation+on+the+Word+of+God+in+the+Life+and+Mission+of+the+Church&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.au=Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fapost_exhortations%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_exh_20100930_verbum-domini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus" class="citation web cs1">Irenaeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103108.htm">"Against Heresies"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Against+Heresies&rft.au=Irenaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103108.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus" class="citation web cs1">Irenaeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103110.htm">"Against Heresies"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Against+Heresies&rft.au=Irenaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103110.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05692b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biblical Exegesis"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Hermeneutics+of+Linguistic+Praxis&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E542-%3C%2Fspan%3E572&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171063858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2863366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2863366&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2863366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalperformancecriticism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45:wire-conference&catid=3:newsflash">"Biblical Performance Criticism"</a>. <i>www.biblicalperformancecriticism.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biblicalperformancecriticism.org&rft.atitle=Biblical+Performance+Criticism&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalperformancecriticism.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D45%3Awire-conference%26catid%3D3%3Anewsflash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Testament Story, Wadsworth Publishing, 1995, pg. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoythress1999" class="citation book cs1">Poythress, Vern S. (1999). <i>God Centered Biblical Interpretation</i>. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Centered+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.place=Phillipsburg%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=P%26R+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Poythress&rft.aufirst=Vern+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry A Virkler, <i>Hermeneutics: Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation</i> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoythress1999" class="citation book cs1">Poythress, Vern S. (1999). <i>God Centered Biblical Interpretation</i>. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Centered+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.place=Phillipsburg%2C+NJ&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=P%26R+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Poythress&rft.aufirst=Vern+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricksHendricks2007" class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Howard G.; Hendricks, William D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4swUk5FUpEC"><i>Living By the Book: The Art and Science of Reading the Bible</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-7954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-7954-9"><bdi>978-0-8024-7954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+By+the+Book%3A+The+Art+and+Science+of+Reading+the+Bible&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-7954-9&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Howard+G.&rft.au=Hendricks%2C+William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4swUk5FUpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinBlombergHubbard2004" class="citation book cs1">Klein, William W.; Blomberg, Craig L.; Hubbard, Robert L. 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Thomas Nelson. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-7481-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-7481-9"><bdi>978-1-4185-7481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Biblical+Interpretation%3A+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-7481-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Blomberg%2C+Craig+L.&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Robert+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJuBQCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegoviaTolbert" class="citation book cs1">Segovia, Fernando F.; Tolbert, Mary Ann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDXzHAb7zoUC"><i>Reading from this Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in the United States</i></a>. Vol. 1. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0787-7"><bdi>978-1-4514-0787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+from+this+Place%3A+Social+Location+and+Biblical+Interpretation+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0787-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDXzHAb7zoUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegoviaTolbert1995" class="citation book cs1">Segovia, Fernando F.; Tolbert, Mary Ann, eds. 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Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2812-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2812-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-2812-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+from+this+Place%3A+Social+Location+and+Biblical+Interpretation+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2812-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6nYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/publications/article.aspx?articleId=400">"The Blackening Of The Bible: The Aims of African American Biblical Scholarship"</a>. <i>Society of Biblical Literature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chalice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-4254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-4254-8"><bdi>978-0-8272-4254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+Being%2C+Ways+of+Reading%3A+Asian+American+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8272-4254-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4BjFngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugirtharajah2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._S._Sugirtharajah" title="R. S. 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De La Torre">De La Torre, Miguel A.</a> (2002). <i>Reading the Bible from the Margins</i>. Orbis Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Bible+from+the+Margins&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=De+La+Torre&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngLee2020" class="citation web cs1">Eng, Milton; Lee, Max (21 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibr-bbr.org/annual-meeting/research-groups/asian-american-biblical-interpretation-evangelical-voices">"Asian-American Biblical Interpretation: Evangelical Voices"</a>. <i>Institute for Biblical Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Asian-American+Biblical+Interpretation%3A+Evangelical+Voices&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.aulast=Eng&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft.au=Lee%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibr-bbr.org%2Fannual-meeting%2Fresearch-groups%2Fasian-american-biblical-interpretation-evangelical-voices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2020" class="citation web cs1">McBride, Shannon (6 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redeemer.ca/resound/finding-hope/">"Finding Hope: Reading Scripture as a Person of Colour"</a>. <i>Redeemer University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redeemer+University&rft.atitle=Finding+Hope%3A+Reading+Scripture+as+a+Person+of+Colour&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redeemer.ca%2Fresound%2Ffinding-hope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaulley2020" class="citation book cs1">McCaulley, Esau (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtLZDwAAQBAJ"><i>Reading While Black: African American Biblical Interpretation as an Exercise in Hope</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. pp. 168, <span class="nowrap">176–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5487-5"><bdi>978-0-8308-5487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+While+Black%3A+African+American+Biblical+Interpretation+as+an+Exercise+in+Hope&rft.pages=168%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-5487-5&rft.aulast=McCaulley&rft.aufirst=Esau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtLZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Brown2010" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Brown (July–September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231045103/http://www.faith.edu/seminary/faithpulpit.php?article=.%2Ffaithpulpit%2F2010_07-09">"Redemptive-Movement Hermeneutic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Faith_Baptist_Bible_College_and_Theological_Seminary" title="Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary">Faith Baptist Theological Seminary</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faith.edu/seminary/faithpulpit.php?article=./faithpulpit/2010_07-09">the original</a> on 2010-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redemptive-Movement+Hermeneutic&rft.pub=Faith+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2010-07%2F2010-09&rft.au=Douglas+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faith.edu%2Fseminary%2Ffaithpulpit.php%3Farticle%3D.%2Ffaithpulpit%2F2010_07-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._W._KleinC._L._BlombergR._L._Hubbard,_Jr.2004" class="citation book cs1">W. W. Klein; C. L. Blomberg; R. L. Hubbard, Jr. (2004). <i>Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, Rev. ed</i>. Nashville: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)" title="Thomas Nelson (publisher)">Thomas Nelson</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">497–</span>498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0785252258" title="Special:BookSources/0785252258"><bdi>0785252258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Biblical+Interpretation%2C+Rev.+ed&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E497-%3C%2Fspan%3E498&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0785252258&rft.au=W.+W.+Klein&rft.au=C.+L.+Blomberg&rft.au=R.+L.+Hubbard%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._A._VirklerK._Gerber_Ayayo2007" class="citation book cs1">H. A. Virkler; K. Gerber Ayayo (2007). <i>Hermeneutics: Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation, 2nd ed</i>. Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Publishing Group</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3138-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3138-0"><bdi>978-0-8010-3138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics%3A+Principles+and+Processes+of+Biblical+Interpretation%2C+2nd+ed&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3138-0&rft.au=H.+A.+Virkler&rft.au=K.+Gerber+Ayayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Webb" title="William J. Webb">Webb, William J.</a> (2001). <i>Slaves, Women and Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84227-186-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84227-186-5"><bdi>1-84227-186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves%2C+Women+and+Homosexuals%3A+Exploring+the+Hermeneutics+of+Cultural+Analysis&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84227-186-5&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+hermeneutics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_hermeneutics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph A. Fitzmyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roland_E._Murphy" title="Roland E. Murphy">Roland E. Murphy</a>, eds. (1990). <i>The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</i>. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0">0-13-614934-0</a>. See especially: “Modern Criticism” and “Hermeneutics” (pp. 1113-1165).</li> <li>Duvall, J. Scott, and J. Daniel Hays. <i>Grasping God's Word: A Hands on Approach to Reading, Interpreting, and Applying the Bible.</i> Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2001.</li> <li>Kaiser, Walter C., and Moises Silva. <i>An Introduction to Biblical Hermeneutics: The Search for Meaning.</i>Rev. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yung_Suk_Kim" title="Yung Suk Kim">Kim, Yung Suk.</a> <i>Biblical Interpretation: Theory, Process, and Criteria</i> 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-646-6">978-1-61097-646-6</a></li> <li>Osborne, Grant R. <i>The Hermeneutical Spiral: A Comprehensive Introduction to Biblical Interpretation</i>. Second edition. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2006.</li> <li>Tate, W. Randolph. <i>Biblical Interpretation: An Integrated Approach.</i> Rev. ed. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1997.</li> <li>Thistleton, Anthony. <i>New Horizons in Hermeneutics</i>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_punishment_in_the_Torah" title="Crime and punishment in the Torah">Crime and punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">Capital crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_events" title="List of Hebrew Bible events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a 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