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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/225px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/300px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Circuit mode<br /><span class="nobold">(constant bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">TDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">Spatial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OAM</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing<br /><span class="nobold">(variable bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access#Dynamic_TDMA" title="Time-division multiple access">Dynamic TDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_frequency-division-multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-carrier frequency-division-multiplex">SC-FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_spread_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-carrier spread spectrum">MC-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">Medium access control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template talk:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Orbital angular momentum multiplexing</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> method for <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> signals carried on <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Light_orbital_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Light orbital angular momentum">orbital angular momentum</a> (OAM) of the electromagnetic waves to distinguish between the different orthogonal signals.<sup id="cite_ref-Extremetech-2012-06-25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extremetech-2012-06-25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OAM is one of two forms of <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_of_light" title="Angular momentum of light">angular momentum of light</a>; it is distinct from, and should not be confused with, <a href="/wiki/Light_spin_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Light spin angular momentum">light spin angular momentum</a>. The latter offers only two <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum states</a>, corresponding to the two states of <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circular polarization</a>, and can be demonstrated to be equivalent to a combination of <a href="/wiki/Polarization_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization multiplexing">polarization multiplexing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phase_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase shift">phase shifting</a>. OAM on the other hand relies on an extended beam of light, and the higher quantum degrees of freedom which come with the extension. OAM multiplexing can thus access a potentially unbounded set of states, and as such offer a much larger number of channels, subject only to the constraint of real-world optics. The constraint has been clarified in terms of independent scattering channels or the degrees of freedom of scattered fields through angular-spectral analysis, in conjunction with a rigorous Green function method. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degrees of freedom limit is universal for arbitrary spatial-mode multiplexing, which is launched by a planar electromagnetic device, such as antenna, metasurface, etc., with a predefined physical aperture. </p><p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, although OAM multiplexing promises very significant improvements in bandwidth when used in concert with other existing modulation and multiplexing schemes, it is still an experimental technique, and has so far only been demonstrated in the laboratory. Following the early claim that OAM exploits a new quantum mode of information propagation, the technique has become controversial, with numerous studies suggesting it can be modelled as a purely classical phenomenon by regarding it as a particular form of tightly modulated MIMO multiplexing strategy, obeying classical information theoretic bounds. </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, new evidence from radio telescope observations suggests that radio-frequency orbital angular momentum may have been observed in natural phenomena on astronomical scales, a phenomenon which is still under investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-OAM_MNRASL2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAM_MNRASL2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OAM multiplexing was demonstrated using light beams in free space as early as 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, research into OAM has proceeded in two areas: radio frequency and optical transmission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_frequency">Radio frequency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radio frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_experiments">Terrestrial experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terrestrial experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An experiment in 2011 demonstrated OAM multiplexing of two incoherent radio signals over a distance of 442 m.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that OAM does not improve on what can be achieved with conventional linear-momentum based RF systems which already use <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, since theoretical work suggests that, at radio frequencies, conventional MIMO techniques can be shown to duplicate many of the linear-momentum properties of OAM-carrying radio beam, leaving little or no extra performance gain.<sup id="cite_ref-TAP_2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAP_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2012, there were reports of disagreement about the basic theoretical concept of OAM multiplexing at radio frequencies between the research groups of Tamburini and Thide, and many different camps of communications engineers and physicists, with some declaring their belief that OAM multiplexing was just an implementation of <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, and others holding to their assertion that OAM multiplexing is a distinct, experimentally confirmed phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, a group of researchers described an implementation of a communication link over 8 <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">millimetre-wave</a> channels multiplexed using a combination of OAM and polarization-mode multiplexing to achieve an aggregate bandwidth of 32 Gbit/s over a distance of 2.5 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results agree well with predictions about severely limited distances made by Edfors et al.<sup id="cite_ref-TAP_2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAP_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrial interest for long-distance microwave OAM multiplexing seems to have been diminishing since 2015, when some of the original promoters of OAM-based communication at radio frequencies (including <a href="/wiki/Siae_Microelettronica" title="Siae Microelettronica">Siae Microelettronica</a>) have published a theoretical investigation<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that there is no real gain beyond traditional <a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">spatial multiplexing</a> in terms of capacity and overall antenna occupation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_astronomy">Radio astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, a letter published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i> presented evidence that OAM radio signals had been received from the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/M87*_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="M87* black hole">M87* black hole</a>, over 50 million <a href="/wiki/Light-years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-years">light-years</a> distant, suggesting that orbital angular momentum information can propagate over astronomical distances.<sup id="cite_ref-OAM_MNRASL2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAM_MNRASL2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical">Optical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Optical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OAM multiplexing has been trialled in the optical domain. In 2012, researchers demonstrated OAM-multiplexed optical transmission speeds of up to 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Tbits/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbits/s">Tbits/s</a> using 8 distinct OAM channels in a single beam of light, but only over a very short free-space path of roughly one metre.<sup id="cite_ref-Extremetech-2012-06-25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extremetech-2012-06-25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work is ongoing on applying OAM techniques to long-range practical <a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">free-space optical communication</a> links.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OAM multiplexing can not be implemented in the existing long-haul optical fiber systems, since these systems are based on <a href="/wiki/Single-mode_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-mode fiber">single-mode fibers</a>, which inherently do not support OAM states of light. Instead, few-mode or multi-mode fibers need to be used. Additional problem for OAM multiplexing implementation is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Mode_coupling" title="Mode coupling">mode coupling</a> that is present in conventional fibers,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cause changes in the spin angular momentum of modes under normal conditions and changes in orbital angular momentum when fibers are bent or stressed. Because of this mode instability, direct-detection OAM multiplexing has not yet been realized in <a href="/wiki/Long-haul_communications" title="Long-haul communications">long-haul communications</a>. In 2012, transmission of OAM states with 97% purity after 20 meters over special fibers was demonstrated by researchers at Boston University.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later experiments have shown stable propagation of these modes over distances of 50 meters,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further improvements of this distance are the subject of ongoing work. Other ongoing research on making OAM multiplexing work over future <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fibre-optic transmission systems</a> includes the possibility of using similar techniques to those used to compensate mode rotation in optical <a href="/wiki/Polarization_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization multiplexing">polarization multiplexing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alternative to direct-detection OAM multiplexing is a computationally complex coherent-detection with (<a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>) <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> (DSP) approach, that can be used to achieve long-haul communication,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where strong mode coupling is suggested to be beneficial for coherent-detection-based systems.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning, people achieve OAM multiplexing by employing several phase plates or spatial light modulators. An on-chip OAM multiplexer was then an interest of research. In 2012, a paper by Tiehui Su and et al. demonstrated an integrated OAM multiplexer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different solutions for integrated OAM multiplexer were demonstrated like Xinlun Cai with his paper in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Jan Markus Baumann and et al. designed a chip for OAM multiplexing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_demonstration_in_optical-fiber_system">Practical demonstration in optical-fiber system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Practical demonstration in optical-fiber system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A paper by Bozinovic et al. published in <i>Science</i> in 2013 claims the successful demonstration of an OAM-multiplexed fiber-optic transmission system over a 1.1 km test path.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bozinovic2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozinovic2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test system was capable of using up to 4 different OAM channels simultaneously, using a fiber with a "vortex" refractive-index profile. They also demonstrated combined OAM and WDM using the same apparatus, but using only two OAM modes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozinovic2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozinovic2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A paper by Kasper Ingerslev et al. published in Optics Express in 2018 demonstrates a MIMO-free transmission of 12 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes over a 1.2 km air-core fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WDM compatibility of the system is shown by using 60, 25 GHz spaced WDM channels with 10 GBaud QPSK signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_demonstration_in_conventional_optical-fiber_systems">Practical demonstration in conventional optical-fiber systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Practical demonstration in conventional optical-fiber systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, articles by G. Milione et al. and H. Huang et al. claimed the first successful demonstration of an OAM-multiplexed fiber-optic transmission system over a 5 km of conventional optical fiber,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OAM20151_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAM20151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OAM20152_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAM20152-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., an optical fiber having a circular core and a graded index profile. In contrast to the work of Bozinovic et al., which used a custom optical fiber that had a "vortex" refractive-index profile, the work by G. Milione et al. and H. Huang et al. showed that OAM multiplexing could be used in commercially available optical fibers by using digital <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> post-processing to correct for mode mixing within the fiber. This method is sensitive to changes in the system that change the mixing of the modes during propagation, such as changes in the bending of the fiber, and requires substantial computation resources to scale up to larger numbers of independent modes, but shows great promise. </p><p>In 2018 Zengji Yue, Haoran Ren, Shibiao Wei, Jiao Lin & Min Gu<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a> miniaturised this technology, shrinking it from the size of a large dinner table to a small chip which could be integrated into communications networks. This chip could, they predict, increase the capacity of fibre-optic cables by at least 100-fold and likely higher as the technology is further developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_of_light" title="Angular momentum of light">Angular momentum of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_vortex" title="Optical vortex">Optical vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">Vorticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">Wavelength-division multiplexing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Extremetech-2012-06-25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Extremetech-2012-06-25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Extremetech-2012-06-25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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