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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="حركة الضباط الأحرار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الضباط الأحرار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_zabitl%C9%99r_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1_(Misir)" title="Azad zabitlər hərəkatı (Misir) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azad zabitlər hərəkatı (Misir)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Движение на свободните офицери (Египет) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Движение на свободните офицери (Египет)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_d%27Oficials_Lliures" title="Moviment d'Oficials Lliures – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment d'Oficials Lliures" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewegung_der_Freien_Offiziere_(%C3%84gypten)" title="Bewegung der Freien Offiziere (Ägypten) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bewegung der Freien Offiziere (Ägypten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_de_Oficiales_Libres" title="Movimiento de Oficiales Libres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento de Oficiales Libres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1)" title="خیزش افسران آزاد (مصر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خیزش افسران آزاد (مصر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_des_officiers_libres" title="Mouvement des officiers libres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement des officiers libres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%9E%A5%EA%B5%90%EB%8B%A8" title="자유장교단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유장교단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokret_slobodnih_%C4%8Dasnika_(Egipat)" title="Pokret slobodnih časnika (Egipat) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pokret slobodnih časnika (Egipat)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Perwira_Bebas_(Mesir)" title="Gerakan Perwira Bebas (Mesir) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Perwira Bebas (Mesir)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufficiali_Liberi" title="Ufficiali Liberi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ufficiali Liberi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabad_Tisztek_Mozgalma" title="Szabad Tisztek Mozgalma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabad Tisztek Mozgalma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="الظباط الاحرار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الظباط الاحرار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Officieren" title="Vrije Officieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrije Officieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B0%86%E6%A0%A1%E5%9B%A3" title="自由将校団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由将校団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_frie_offiserer" title="De frie offiserer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De frie offiserer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolni_Oficerowie_(Egipt)" title="Wolni Oficerowie (Egipt) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolni Oficerowie (Egipt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_dos_Oficiais_Livres" title="Movimento dos Oficiais Livres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento dos Oficiais Livres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Движение свободных офицеров (Египет) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение свободных офицеров (Египет)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Покрет слободних официра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Покрет слободних официра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaat_upseerit" title="Vapaat upseerit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaat upseerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCr_Subaylar_Hareketi" title="Hür Subaylar Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hür Subaylar Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Рух вільних офіцерів (Єгипет) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух вільних офіцерів (Єгипет)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%8D%E5%AE%98" title="自由軍官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由軍官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q781607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement (Egypt)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military group that launched the 1952 Egyptian Revolution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Free Officers Movement (Egypt)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">حركة الضباط الأحرار</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt_(1952%E2%80%931958).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The flag of the Egyptian Revolution and Egypt (1953–1958)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1949–1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">1952 Egyptian Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Mohamed Naguib</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abdel Latif Boghdadi</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Mohieddin" title="Zakaria Mohieddin">Zakaria Mohieddin</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Egypt" title="Category:Military of Egypt">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.3em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces"><span style="whith:Crimson;">Egyptian Armed Forces</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg/70px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg/105px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg/140px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef; color:Black;"> Administration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Defense (Egypt)">Ministry of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Military_Production_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Military Production (Egypt)">Ministry of Military Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef; color:Black;"> Service branches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Navy" title="Egyptian Navy">Egyptian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Defense_Forces" title="Egyptian Air Defense Forces">Egyptian Air Defense Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef; color:Black;"> Armies and Military Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Military_Region_(Egypt)" title="Western Military Region (Egypt)">Western Military Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Military_Region_(Egypt)" title="Northern Military Region (Egypt)">Northern Military Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_Region_(Egypt)" title="Southern Military Region (Egypt)">Southern Military Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Region_(Egypt)" title="Central Military Region (Egypt)">Central Military Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Command_of_the_area_east_of_the_canal_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Command of the area east of the canal (Egypt)">East Military Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Egypt)" title="Second Army (Egypt)">Second Field Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Egypt)" title="Third Army (Egypt)">Third Field Army</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef; color:Black;"> Special Forces</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ka_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ka Forces">Egyptian Thunderbolt Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_777" title="Unit 777">Unit 777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_999" title="Unit 999">Unit 999</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef; color:Black;"> Ranks of the Egyptian Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Army ranks">Army officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Force ranks">Air Force officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Navy_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Navy ranks">Navy officers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef; color:Black;"> History of the Egyptian military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military of ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Egypt" title="List of wars involving Egypt">List of wars involving Egypt</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_military" title="Template:Egyptian military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_military" title="Template talk:Egyptian military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Officers,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eight men in dressed in military uniform, posing in a room around a rectangular table. All the men, except for third and fifth persons from the left are seated. The third and fifth person from the left are standing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Free_Officers%2C_1953.jpg/220px-Free_Officers%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Free_Officers%2C_1953.jpg/330px-Free_Officers%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Free_Officers%2C_1953.jpg/440px-Free_Officers%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>The Free Officers after toppling the monarchy, 1953. Counterclockwise: <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Mohieddin" title="Zakaria Mohieddin">Zakaria Mohyeddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abdel Latif Boghdadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamel_el-Din_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamel el-Din Hussein">Kamal Eddine Hessien</a> (standing), Nasser (seated), <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Naguib">Mohamed Naguib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Seddik_(revolutionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Youssef Seddik (revolutionary)">Youssef Sedeek</a> and Ahmad Shawki</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Free Officers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حركة الضباط الأحرار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥarakat al-dubbāṭ al-ʾaḥrār</i></span>) were a group of revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalist</a> officers in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> that instigated the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a>. Initially started as a small <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian military">rebellion military</a> cell under Abdel Moneim Abdel Raouf, which included <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, Hussein Hamouda, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mohieddin" title="Khaled Mohieddin">Khaled Mohieddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_el-Din_Hussein" title="Kamal el-Din Hussein">Kamal el-Din Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Nasr" title="Salah Nasr">Salah Nasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a>, and Saad Tawfik, it operated as a clandestine movement of junior officers who were veterans of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Palestine War</a> of 1948-1949 as well as earlier nationalist uprisings in Egypt in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nationally respected <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab-Israeli War</a> veteran <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Mohamed Naguib</a> joined the Free Officers in 1949. Naguib's hero status, and influence within the army, granted the movement credibility, both within the military and the public at large. He became the official leader of the Free Officers during the turmoil leading up the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">revolution</a> that toppled <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> in 1952. The Movement was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Egypt)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> after the overthrow of Farouk that was later succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg/220px-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg/330px-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg/440px-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Front row from left: <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abdel Latif Boghdadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Mohamed Naguib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Salem" title="Salah Salem">Salah Salem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Mohamed Anwar Sadat</a>. Back row from left: <a href="/wiki/Hussein_el-Shafei" title="Hussein el-Shafei">Hussein el-Shafei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mohieddin" title="Khaled Mohieddin">Khaled Mohieddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Salem" title="Gamal Salem">Gamal Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_el-Din_Hussein" title="Kamal el-Din Hussein">Kamal el-Din Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ibrahim" title="Hassan Ibrahim">Hassan Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Mohieddin" title="Zakaria Mohieddin">Zakaria Mohieddin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Officers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Free_Officers.jpg/220px-Free_Officers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Free_Officers.jpg/330px-Free_Officers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Free_Officers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abdel Latif Boghdadi</a> (left) <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (center left) <a href="/wiki/Salah_Salem" title="Salah Salem">Salah Salem</a> (center right) <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> affected national economies around the globe, including those of Egypt and Sudan. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> began removing institutions for economic development after some positive advancement became evident. This encouraged many political groups to organize against the politicians who dominated the parliamentary politics of the time. Workers had become accustomed to development efforts which were meant to stabilize the economies of the region. These state-led initiatives set the standard for what the people expected of their government, including the regulation of imports, industrial investment, commodity distribution, production supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelvin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelvin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politicians and government bodies were forced to respond to the demands of groups who were directly affected by the initiative changes and withdrawals. Some of these groups included military officers. While the first military coups began in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in the late 1940s, it was the Free Officers coup in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the revolution of 1952 that would have the greatest impact, and encourage later movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelvin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelvin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members were not from the wealthy elite, but rather the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, young workers, government officials and junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement, which began and spread throughout the 1940s, came to fruition with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. Nasser, who commanded the loyalty and respect of the other members, formed a coordinating committee (1949), which he was later asked to lead (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coming from a modest background, he represented the group's majority: the hard-working middle class. The Free Officers consisted of urban dwellers and educated militants with a lower-middle-class upbringing. Nasser was a war hero who rose quickly in military rank to colonel. He, like many others, dedicated his time and energy to reversing the corruption seen on the part of the government throughout the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> by restoring a democracy. He saw the problem of domestic passivity towards <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> as being as much a problem as imperialism itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelvin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelvin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Free Officers strengthened a "new" middle class. Due to this dedication to change, the Free Officers referred to their group and its entirety as simply a "movement." Later however, it would become a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. The Free Officers Committee enlisted General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Naguib">Muhammad Naguib</a> as a public figurehead in preparation for the successful coup of 23 July 1952. The men who had constituted themselves as the Committee of the Free Officers Movement and led the 1952 Revolution were Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (1917–70), Major <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a> (1919–67), Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Anwar_El-Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar El-Sadat">Anwar El-Sadat</a> (1918–81), Major <a href="/wiki/Salah_Salem" title="Salah Salem">Salah Salem</a> (1920–62), Major <a href="/wiki/Kamal_el-Din_Hussein" title="Kamal el-Din Hussein">Kamal el-Din Hussein</a> (1921–99), Wing Commander <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Salem" title="Gamal Salem">Gamal Salem</a> (1918–2001), Squadron Leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ibrahim" title="Hassan Ibrahim">Hassan Ibrahim</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1917–90), Major <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mohieddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Mohieddin">Khalid Mohieddin</a> (1922–2018), and Wing Commander <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abdel Latif Boghdadi</a> (1917–99); Major <a href="/wiki/Hussein_el-Shafei" title="Hussein el-Shafei">Hussein el-Shafei</a> (1918–2005) and Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Mohieddin" title="Zakaria Mohieddin">Zakaria Mohieddin</a> (1918–2012) joined the committee later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, in his autobiography "In Search of an Identity," described how the Free Officers movement attempted to defect to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> in advance of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Battle of El Alamein">Battle of El Alamein</a>. The Free Officers took aerial photographs of British positions and sent this intelligence along with a letter offering allegiance to Axis in a British warplane headed to <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> in El Alamein. "The general feeling in Egypt was against the British and, naturally, in favor of their enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was stifled when the Germans failed to recognize the sign of friendship and shot down the British warplane, a <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Gladiator</a>, killing the pilot. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It was agreed that one of us would be sent to El Alamein to tell <a href="/wiki/Rommel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> we were honest Egyptians who had an organization within the army; that, “like you,” we were fighting against the British; that we were prepared to recruit an entire army to fight “on your side,” and to provide him with photographs showing the lines and positions of the British forces in Egypt; and that we would take it upon ourselves not to let one British soldier leave Cairo, in return for granting Egypt complete independence so that she would not be given to Italy or fall under German domination, and so that no one whatsoever would interfere in her affairs, internal or external. <br /> These were the terms of the treaty dictated by me and flown to El Alamein on board the aircraft piloted by Ahmed Saudi Hussein. The film and the draft treaty were put into a bag and given to Saudi to fly to Rommel in Alamein. That day Hassan Ibrahim’s aircraft was scheduled to be on alert; he gave it to Saudi, who flew it as though on a regular patrol but headed for El Alamein. It was, naturally, British made, a “Gladiator.” So, although Saudi gave a signal of friendship, the Germans shot it down and Ahmed Saudi was killed. When it came to be known that the aircraft was lost, Hassan Ibrahim was tried and his promotion delayed, but nobody detected any planning behind the incident."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Free Officers continued to try to contact the Germans, and found a pair of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Eppler" title="Johannes Eppler">German spies</a> who gave Sadat a broken German radio transmitter. However, Sadat, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">German spies</a>, and other Free Officers were caught by the British and imprisoned for treason. Sadat was stripped of rank. The Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Battle of Alamein</a> put the question to rest and Sadat and other imprisoned Free Officers were granted leniency.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasser returned from his mission in Sudan in 1943 and assumed control over the Free Officers organization while Sadat was in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise">Rise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, while operating covertly within the military, the Free Officers formulated a six-point plan to direct their administration following the coup. The program called for the overthrow of British rule in Egypt, the elimination of Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, the end of the political control of Egypt's government by foreign capital, the establishment of social justice, the formation of a strong national army and the creation of a healthy democratic society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continued agitation within Egypt as a result of British control led to a series of skirmishes in which British military outposts were attacked. During 1950–52, Arab <i><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen" title="Fedayeen">fedayeen</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> Zone engaged in guerilla operations against British forces. The pro-British Egyptian government in Cairo issued a public warning to <i>fedayeen</i> not to continue their activities. Despite this, attacks were made against the British garrison and the Egyptians who worked with them. At this point, Egyptian nationalist groups were divided and disorganised. The military was the only area that still held some sort of organised mission, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">revolution of 1952</a>. The revolutionaries publicised the need for reform and social justice, marched on <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and forced <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> to abdicate his throne. The revolution led to the end of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British control over Egypt</a>, which had begun in 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelvin_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelvin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar movements were organised by other groups of junior officers seeking to mimic the Free Officers' ascent to power. In Iraq, a faction of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi nationalist">Iraqi nationalist</a> officers, who referred to themselves as the "Free Officers", <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">toppled</a> the pro-British <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal II of Iraq">Faisal II</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said and Faisal, Nasser's chief regional rivals at the time, were both killed during the coup. In 1963 some of the same officers aligned themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> and overthrew the government of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>, who was killed by the organizers of the coup. </p><p>In Syria a coalition of Arab nationalist officers, including <a href="/wiki/Nasserist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasserist">Nasserists</a>, Ba'athists and independents, <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">toppled</a> the secessionist government of <a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">Nazim al-Qudsi</a> in 1963 and vowed to restore the union with Egypt in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (1958–1961). In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> during the 1960s the <a href="/wiki/Talal_bin_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Talal bin Abdul Aziz">Prince Talal</a> invoked a similar idea, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Princes_Movement" title="Free Princes Movement">Free Princes Movement</a>, in an unsuccessful effort to overthrow his country's conservative monarchy. He was exiled to Egypt as a result and was given asylum by Nasser. </p><p>Then <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> used a similar group to overthrow the Libyan <a href="/wiki/King_Idris" class="mw-redirect" title="King Idris">King Idris</a> in 1969. </p><p>The anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a> led by the Free Officers is commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Day_(Egypt)" title="Revolution Day (Egypt)">Revolution Day</a>, an annual <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Egypt">public holiday in Egypt</a> on 23 July. </p><p>The name was consciously assumed by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_and_Civilians_Movement" title="Free Officers and Civilians Movement">Free Officers and Civilians Movement</a>, led by Brigadier-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_al-Salihi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Najib al-Salihi (page does not exist)">Najib al-Salihi</a> who opposed Saddam Hussein. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of some of the major officers of the movement: </p> <ul><li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Naguib">Muhammad Naguib</a> (Border Guards)</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Seddik_(revolutionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Youssef Seddik (revolutionary)">Youssef Seddik</a> (Infantry)</li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (Infantry)</li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Anwar_El-Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar El-Sadat">Anwar El-Sadat</a> (Military Communication)</li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Mohieddin" title="Zakaria Mohieddin">Zakaria Mohieddin</a> (Infantry)</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Hakim_Amer" title="Abdel Hakim Amer">Abdel Hakim Amer</a> (Infantry)</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Salah_Salem" title="Salah Salem">Salah Salem</a> (Artillery)</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Kamal_el-Din_Hussein" title="Kamal el-Din Hussein">Kamal el-Din Hussein</a> (Artillery)</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mohieddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Mohieddin">Khalid Mohieddin</a> (Armoured Corps)</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al_Shafei" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Al Shafei">Hussein Al Shafei</a> (Armoured Corps)</li> <li>General Ali Elbana</li> <li>Major Hamdy Ebeid</li> <li>Captain Abdel Moneim Abdel Raouf (Air force)</li> <li>Wing Commander <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Salem" title="Gamal Salem">Gamal Salem</a> (Air force)</li> <li>Wing Commander <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abd al-Latif al-Boghdadi</a> (Air force)</li> <li>Squadron Leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ibrahim" title="Hassan Ibrahim">Hassan Ibrahim</a> (Air force)</li> <li>Amin Shaker (Military Communication)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhour_Ahmed_Mashhour" title="Mashhour Ahmed Mashhour">Mashhour Ahmed Mashhour</a></li> <li>Aly Mansour (Air Force)</li> <li>Mounier Shash (Artillery)</li> <li>Major General Mohamed Uthman (Infantry)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council">Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Egypt">History of Modern Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Libya)">Free Officers Movement (Libya)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussein Mohamed Ahmed Hamouda, Asrār Ḥarakat aḍ-Ḍubbāṭ al-ʾAḥrār wa l-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn, al-Zahrā' al-i'lām al-'arabī (1994), Chapter 6, section 4: see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9434122">http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9434122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbou-El-Fadl2018" class="citation cs2">Abou-El-Fadl, Reem, ed. 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Retrieved 20 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sadat_31" class="citation book cs1">Sadat, Anwar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti0000sada_t9m7/page/28/mode/2up"><i>In Search of Identity: An Autobiography</i></a> (First English ed.). New York, New York: Harper & Row. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090705-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090705-3"><bdi>0-06-090705-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Identity%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-06-090705-3&rft.aulast=Sadat&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofidenti0000sada_t9m7%2Fpage%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Officers+movement+%28Egypt%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sadat_21" class="citation book cs1">Sadat, Anwar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti0000sada_t9m7/page/28/mode/2up"><i>In Search of Identity: An Autobiography</i></a> (First English ed.). New York, New York: Harper & Row. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090705-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090705-3"><bdi>0-06-090705-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Identity%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-06-090705-3&rft.aulast=Sadat&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofidenti0000sada_t9m7%2Fpage%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Officers+movement+%28Egypt%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBunton2016" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L.; Bunton (2016). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i> (6th ed.). Routledge. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Bunton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Officers+movement+%28Egypt%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBunton2018" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William; Bunton (2018). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i> (6th ed.). Routledge. p. 310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Bunton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Officers+movement+%28Egypt%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/echo/egypt1952b.htm">Armed Conflicts events Data: Egypt Coup 1952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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