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href="//cs.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostra"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cs"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom kanál Wikipedie." href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Posledn%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kostra rootpage-Kostra skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Přeskočit na obsah</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hlavní menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hlavní menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hlavní menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigace </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" title="Navštívit Hlavní stranu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hlavní strana</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Obsah" title="Místo, kde najdete pomoc"><span>Nápověda</span></a></li><li id="n-helpdesk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pot%C5%99ebuji_pomoc" title="Pokud si nevíte rady, zeptejte se ostatních"><span>Potřebuji pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Nejlep%C5%A1%C3%AD_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky" title="Přehled článků, které jsou považovány za nejlepší na české Wikipedii"><span>Nejlepší články</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:N%C3%A1hodn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Přejít na náhodně vybranou stránku [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Náhodný článek</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Posledn%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny" title="Seznam posledních změn na této wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Poslední změny</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Port%C3%A1l_Wikipedie" title="O projektu, jak můžete pomoci, kde hledat"><span>Komunitní portál</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pod_l%C3%ADpou" title="Hlavní diskusní fórum"><span>Pod lípou</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cs.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Wikipedie: Otevřená encyklopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cs.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Hled%C3%A1n%C3%AD" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hledání</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Hledat na Wikipedii" aria-label="Hledat na Wikipedii" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciální:Hledání"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hledat</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobní nástroje"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Změnit vzhled velikosti písma, šířky stránky a barvy" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vzhled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vzhled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs" class=""><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Kostra" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Kostra" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Přihlášení</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Další možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobní nástroje" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobní nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uživatelské menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs"><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Kostra" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Kostra" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Cytoskelet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytoskelet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Cytoskelet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytoskelet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroskelet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroskelet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hydroskelet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroskelet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exoskelet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoskelet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exoskelet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoskelet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endoskelet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endoskelet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Endoskelet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Endoskelet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Endoskelet</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Endoskelet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Houby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Houby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ostnokožci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostnokožci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ostnokožci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostnokožci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strunatci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strunatci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Strunatci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strunatci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obratlovci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obratlovci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Obratlovci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obratlovci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kostra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 129 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escleto" title="Escleto – aragonština" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escleto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkek_ukwuuk" title="Nkek ukwuuk – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nkek ukwuuk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कंकाल – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कंकाल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="هيكل (أحياء) – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكل (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܓܪܘܡܬܐ – aramejština" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܓܪܘܡܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="কংকাল – ásámština" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কংকাল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ásámština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_oseu" title="Sistema oseu – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema oseu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ایسکلت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکلت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99" title="Һөлдә – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөлдә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шкілет – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкілет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шкілет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкілет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="কঙ্কাল – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কঙ্কাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeledenn" title="Skeledenn – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skeledenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostur" title="Kostur – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kostur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Араг яһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Араг яһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquelet" title="Esquelet – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esquelet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئێسکبەند – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسکبەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Шăмшак – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăмшак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgerbwd" title="Sgerbwd – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgerbwd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ανθρώπινο ερειστικό σύστημα – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινο ερειστικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Skeleton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleto" title="Skeleto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skeleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleto" title="Esqueleto – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esqueleto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezurdura" title="Hezurdura – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezurdura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="استخوان‌بندی – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استخوان‌بندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuranko" title="Luuranko – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luuranko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuv%C3%A4rk" title="Luuvärk – võruština" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Luuvärk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squelette" title="Squelette – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Squelette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – fríština (západní)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fríština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatlach" title="Creatlach – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Creatlach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sk%C3%A9l%C3%A8t" title="Èskélèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Èskélèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleto" title="Esqueleto – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esqueleto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કંકાલતંત્ર – gudžarátština" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કંકાલતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarátština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%93" title="שלד – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कंकाल – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंकाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaancha" title="Dhaancha – hindština (Fidži)" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaancha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindština (Fidži)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostur" title="Kostur – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kostur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8m_eskeletik" title="Sistèm eskeletik – haitština" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sistèm eskeletik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csontv%C3%A1z" title="Csontváz – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csontváz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%84" title="Կմախք – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կմախք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleto" title="Skeleto – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Skeleto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangka" title="Rangka – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rangka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurog" title="Rurog – ilokánština" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rurog" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="ТӀехкий гом – inguština" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ТӀехкий гом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleto" title="Skeleto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skeleto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinagrind" title="Beinagrind – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beinagrind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheletro_(anatomia)" title="Scheletro (anatomia) – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scheletro (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="骨格 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelitan" title="Skelitan – jamajská kreolština" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Skelitan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamajská kreolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_skeletal" title="Sistem skeletal – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sistem skeletal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩონჩხი – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩონჩხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%C9%94_s%CA%8And%CA%8A" title="Mɔɔ sʊndʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔɔ sʊndʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Қаңқа – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаңқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಸ್ತಿಪಂಜರ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಸ್ತಿಪಂಜರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%BC%88%EB%8C%80" title="뼈대 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뼈대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%DA%88%D8%AC%DB%81%D9%95_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%86%D9%9A%D8%B2" title="أڈجہٕ کرٛنٚز – kašmírština" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="أڈجہٕ کرٛنٚز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmírština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C3%BBt" title="Kakût – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kakût" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf_eskern" title="Korf eskern – kornština" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korf eskern" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceletus" title="Sceletus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sceletus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraemsel" title="Geraemsel – limburština" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geraemsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griau%C4%8Diai" title="Griaučiai – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Griaučiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelets" title="Skelets – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skelets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шотсь – mokšanština" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шотсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokšanština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karana_(taolana)" title="Karana (taolana) – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karana (taolana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Костур – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Костур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="അസ്ഥികൂടം – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസ്ഥികൂടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangka" title="Rangka – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rangka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="အရိုးစု – barmština" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရိုးစု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquiztetl" title="Miquiztetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Miquiztetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – dolnoněmčina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoněmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF" title="क्वँय्कालि – névárština" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्वँय्कालि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="névárština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelett" title="Skjelett – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjelett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelett" title="Skjelett – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjelett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stchelette" title="Stchelette – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Stchelette" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleta" title="Esqueleta – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esqueleta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkoo" title="Donkoo – oromština" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Donkoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3" title="କଙ୍କାଳ – urijština" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଙ୍କାଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="urijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਿੰਜਰ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੰਜਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanse" title="Kalanse – papangau" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kalanse" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="papangau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkielet_(anatomia)" title="Szkielet (anatomia) – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkielet (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7" title="ہڈیاں دا ڈھانچا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہڈیاں دا ڈھانچا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%89%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="هډوانه – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هډوانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleto" title="Esqueleto – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esqueleto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqru" title="Saqru – kečuánština" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saqru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelet" title="Schelet – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Schelet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="अस्थिपञ्जरः – sanskrt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अस्थिपञ्जरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дьардьама – jakutština" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьардьама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_(%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D)" title="ᱰᱷᱟᱰᱨᱟ (ᱡᱟᱝ) – santálština" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱰᱷᱟᱰᱨᱟ (ᱡᱟᱝ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DA%8F%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ھڏائون سرشتو – sindhština" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھڏائون سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostur" title="Kostur – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kostur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3ssa" title="Taɣssa – tašelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taɣssa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tašelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD" title="සැකිල්ල – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැකිල්ල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skeleton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporn%C3%A1_s%C3%BAstava" title="Oporná sústava – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oporná sústava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okostje" title="Okostje – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Okostje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalfoof" title="Qalfoof – somálština" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qalfoof" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleti" title="Skeleti – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skeleti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Скелетни систем – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скелетни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiunzi_cha_mifupa" title="Kiunzi cha mifupa – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiunzi cha mifupa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வன்கூடு – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வன்கூடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E2%80%8D%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಸ‍್ಥಿ ಪಂಜರ – tuluština" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಸ‍್ಥಿ ಪಂಜರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tuluština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="అస్థిపంజరం – telugština" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అస్థిపంజరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="โครงกระดูก – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงกระดูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalansay" title="Kalansay – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalansay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skelet" title="İskelet – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskelet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="استخوان بندی – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استخوان بندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Bộ xương – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ xương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomem" title="Bomem – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bomem" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabera" title="Kalabera – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalabera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="骨骼系统 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骨骼系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%98" title="סקעלעט – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקעלעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="骨骼系統 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨骼系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Kut hē-thóng – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kut hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="骨骼 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="骨骼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kostra"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kostra"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/Kostra" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/Kostra" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_str%C3%A1nky" title="Seznam všech speciálních stránek [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciální stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&oldid=24427836" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=Kostra&id=24427836&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKostra"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKostra"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kostra"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kostra&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7881" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote noprint">Tento článek je o biologickém významu slova <b>kostra</b>. O kostře lidského těla se dočtete v článku <b><a href="/wiki/Kostra_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostra člověka">kostra člověka</a></b>. Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce <a href="/wiki/Kostra_(rozcestn%C3%ADk)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kostra (rozcestník)">Kostra (rozcestník)</a>.</div> <div class="noprint ambox labelced labelced-page labelced-page-type-content ambox-content plainlinks"> <div class="labelced_message"><div class="labelced_image ambox-image mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/48px-Broom_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/72px-Broom_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/96px-Broom_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="labelced_message_inner"> <div class="labelced_message_headline ambox-text">Tento článek potřebuje úpravy.</div> <div class="labelced_message_text hide-when-compact ambox-text">Můžete Wikipedii pomoci tím, že ho <span class="editlink plainlinks" style=""><a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit">vylepšíte</a></span>. Jak by měly články vypadat, popisují stránky <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Vzhled_a_styl" title="Wikipedie:Vzhled a styl">Vzhled a styl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Encyklopedick%C3%BD_styl" title="Wikipedie:Encyklopedický styl">Encyklopedický styl</a> a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pr%C5%AFvodce_(odkazy)" title="Wikipedie:Průvodce (odkazy)">Odkazy</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg/220px-Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg/330px-Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg/440px-Tyranosaurus_rex_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>vnitřní kostra – <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kostra</b> (někdy také <b>skelet</b> z <a href="/wiki/%C5%98e%C4%8Dtina" title="Řečtina">řec.</a> <i>skeletos – vysušené tělo, mumie</i>) je součást těla, která tvoří podpůrnou strukturu organizmu a poskytuje ochranu orgánům. Lidská kostra se skládá ze srostlých a volných kostí, které jsou spojeny a zpevněny vazy, šlachami, svaly a chrupavkami. V zásadě je možné ji rozdělit na dva druhy: <a href="/wiki/Vn%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD_kostra" title="Vnější kostra">vnější kostra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exoskelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoskelet">exoskelet</a>) tvoří pevný vnější obal organismu a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vnit%C5%99n%C3%AD_kostra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vnitřní kostra (stránka neexistuje)">vnitřní kostra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoskelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoskelet (stránka neexistuje)">endoskelet</a>) je oporná soustava jednotlivých <a href="/wiki/Kost" title="Kost">kostí</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kloub" title="Kloub">kloubů</a> uvnitř <a href="/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus">organismu</a>. </p><p>V přeneseném významu se pojem může používat i v technice jako <a href="/wiki/Nosn%C3%A1_konstrukce" title="Nosná konstrukce">nosná konstrukce</a> strojů či budov. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cytoskelet">Cytoskelet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Cytoskelet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Cytoskelet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:FluorescentCells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/220px-FluorescentCells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/330px-FluorescentCells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/440px-FluorescentCells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Buňky endotelu pod mikroskopem. Mikrotubuly jsou vyznačeny zeleně, aktinové filamenty červeně a buněčná jádra modře.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">Cytoskelet</a> (řec. <i>kytos</i> – buňka) slouží k ochraně a k formování tvaru buněk. Kromě toho se díky němu mohou buňky pohybovat a přijímat látky a signály z vnějšího prostředí, což umožňuje vzájemnou komunikaci jednotlivých buněk. Skládá se z dlouhých <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymerů</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADlkovina" title="Bílkovina">proteinů</a>, které prostupují buňkou všemi směry. Buňky je mohou dle potřeby spotřebovávat či znovu vytvářet. U <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">eukaryot</a> jsou rozlišovány tři druhy: <a href="/wiki/Aktinov%C3%A9_filamenty" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinové filamenty">aktinové filamenty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikrotubul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrotubul">mikrotubuly</a> a <a href="/wiki/Intermedi%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_filamenty" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediální filamenty">intermediální filamenty</a>. Filamenty u <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">prokaryot</a> jsou podobné těm u <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">eukaryot</a>, ale liší se strukturou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydroskelet">Hydroskelet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Hydroskelet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Hydroskelet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroskelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydroskelet (stránka neexistuje)">Hydroskelet</a> je nejjednodušší forma skeletu. Vyskytuje se především u některých druhů <a href="/wiki/Bezobratl%C3%AD" title="Bezobratlí">bezobratlých</a>. Povrchové svaly stlačují vodnaté vnitřní prostředí daného organizmu. Protože je voda jen těžko stlačitélná, je tato forma poměrně stabilní. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exoskelet">Exoskelet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Exoskelet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Exoskelet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Ant_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg/220px-Ant_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg/330px-Ant_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg/440px-Ant_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Hlava mravence</figcaption></figure> <p>Jiné druhy živočichů, především <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clenovci" title="Členovci">členovci</a> (Arthropoda), v tomto případě především <a href="/wiki/Hmyz" title="Hmyz">hmyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klep%C3%ADtkatci" title="Klepítkatci">klepítkatci</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%BD%C5%A1i" title="Korýši">korýši</a> vyvinuli pro svou ochranu vnější kostru. Protože vnější kostra umožňuje jen omezený růst živočicha, dochází ke <a href="/wiki/Svl%C3%A9k%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Svlékání">svlékání</a> a skokovému růstu. Exoskelet je tvořen <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinem</a>, sloučeninami <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1pn%C3%ADk" title="Vápník">vápníku</a> nebo <a href="/wiki/K%C5%99emi%C4%8Ditany" title="Křemičitany">křemičitany</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vn%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD_kostra" title="Vnější kostra">Vnější kostra</a> hmyzu neslouží jen jako ochrana, ale také jako opora pro svalové úpony nebo citlivý orgán ke komunikaci s vnějším prostředím. Skládá se z několika vrstev se čtyřmi funkčně rozdílnými oblastmi: <a href="/wiki/Epikutikula" class="mw-redirect" title="Epikutikula">epikutikula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokutikula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokutikula (stránka neexistuje)">protokutikula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poko%C5%BEka_(%C5%BEivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9)" title="Pokožka (živočichové)">epidermis</a> a basal lamina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endoskelet">Endoskelet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Endoskelet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Endoskelet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoskelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoskelet (stránka neexistuje)">endoskelet</a> je označována opěrná soustava organizmů, která se nachází uvnitř jejich těla jako u <a href="/wiki/Obratlovci" title="Obratlovci">obratlovců</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostnoko%C5%BEci" title="Ostnokožci">ostnokožců</a> či hub (porifera). Endoskelet dává tělu pevnost a stabilitu a umožňuje volný pohyb. Během vývoje vzniká endoskelet u obratlovců a ostnokožců z <a href="/wiki/Mezoderm" title="Mezoderm">mezodermu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houby">Houby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Houby" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Houby"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg/220px-MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg/330px-MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg/440px-MicroscopicSpiculesfromPachastrellidSponge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Houby (porifera)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kostra hub se skládá z mikroskopických vápníkových či křemičitanových <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiculae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiculae (stránka neexistuje)">spiculae</a></i>. U některých druhů je součástí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spongi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spongi (stránka neexistuje)">spongin</a>. Spiculae jsou tvořeny <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sklerocyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sklerocyt (stránka neexistuje)">sklerocyty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostnokožci"><span id="Ostnoko.C5.BEci"></span>Ostnokožci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Ostnokožci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Ostnokožci"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kostra ostnokožců, ke kterým patří i mořské hvězdice, se skládá z vápníku a zanedbatelného podílu oxidu hořečnatého. Kostra je těsně pod vnější kůží. Ze sklerocytů vystavěná struktura je porézní, a proto současně pevná i lehká. Růst může do všech směrů a i ztracené části bez problémů dorůstají. Klouby, které spojují jednotlivé části kostry, jsou ovládány svaly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strunatci">Strunatci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Strunatci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Strunatci"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kostra obratlovců a ostnokožců se skládá z pevných součástí, kterými je pohybováno díky soustavě svalů. U lidí a všeobecně u obratlovců jsou tyto součásti označovány jako kosti. Důležitou součástí jsou <a href="/wiki/Chrupavka" title="Chrupavka">chrupavky</a>, které se u savců nacházejí převážně v kloubech. U některých druhů, například paryb, ke kterým patří žraloci, je kostra složena jen z chrupavčité tkáně. </p><p>Kosti se skládají z <a href="/wiki/Osteocyt" title="Osteocyt">osteocytů</a> (kostních buněk), které kolem sebe vystavují <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolagenovou</a> strukturu, do které jsou umístěny anorganické součásti jako <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyapatit">hydroxyapatit</a> (Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>OH). Chrupavky se naproti tomu skládají z <a href="/wiki/Chondrocyt" title="Chondrocyt">chondrocytů</a> (chrupavčitých buněk) které kolem sebe vytvářejí vodné prostředí z glykoproteinů apod. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obratlovci">Obratlovci</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Obratlovci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Obratlovci"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote">Související informace naleznete také v článcích <a href="/wiki/Kost" title="Kost">kost</a> a <a href="/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A1_kostra" title="Lidská kostra">lidská kostra</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg/220px-BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg/330px-BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg/440px-BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Kostra <a href="/wiki/Kytovci" title="Kytovci">kytovce</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kostry jednotlivých druhů obratlovců mají mnoho společného, přesto se liší podle prostředí, ve kterém daní jedinci žijí a podle nároků. Rozdíly a podobnostmi se zabývá <a href="/wiki/Srovn%C3%A1vac%C3%AD_anatomie" title="Srovnávací anatomie">srovnávací anatomie</a>. </p><p>Kostra <a href="/wiki/Ryby" title="Ryby">ryb</a> se skládá buď z chrupavek (<a href="/wiki/Paryby" title="Paryby">paryby</a>) nebo kostí. Hlavní znak ryb, ploutve, jsou vyztuženy kostmi napojenými na jednotlivé pletence (u párových ploutví) nebo na páteř (u nepárových). Kostra létajících <a href="/wiki/Pt%C3%A1ci" title="Ptáci">ptáků</a> (a také savců) musí přenášet velké namáhání, a je proto silně vyvinutá a těžká. Tvoří 14 až 20 % hmotnosti těla oproti pozemním obratlovcům, u nichž je tento podíl obvykle 10 až 15 %. Některé kosti ptáků jsou duté. Dutý profil (trubka) umožňuje větší zátěž než plný profil (tyč) o stejné hmotnosti. </p><p>Také kostra savců má specifické vlastnosti. Kostra dospělého člověka se skládá zhruba z 200 kostí (přesný počet se u jednotlivých jedinců liší). Skládá se z <a href="/wiki/Lebka" title="Lebka">lebky</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1te%C5%99" title="Páteř">páteře</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrudn%C3%ADk" title="Hrudník">hrudníku</a>, horních a dolních končetin. Trvá několik let, než je vývoj lidské kostry dokončen. Ačkoliv <a href="/wiki/Kost_pa%C5%BEn%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Kost pažní">kost pažní</a> (<i>humerus</i>) je již u novorozenců dokonale osifikovaná, celá kostra je plně vyvinuta až kolem věku 20 let . U <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%99sk%C3%BD_savec" title="Mořský savec">mořských savců</a> se kvůli lepšímu pohybu ve vodě přměnily přední končetiny v ploutve. Zadní končetiny buď úplně zanikly, nebo se změnily v ocasní ploutev. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duncan J. E. Murdock (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12614">The 'biomineralization toolkit' and the origin of animal skeletons.</a> <i>Biological Reviews.</i> doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12614">https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12614</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostra&action=edit&section=11" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Skeletons" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Skeletons">kostra</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-wiktionary"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="411" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text"><span class="sisterproject_text_prefix">Slovníkové heslo </span><span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/kostra" class="extiw" title="wikt:kostra">kostra</a></span><span class="sisterproject_text_suffix"> ve Wikislovníku</span></span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output 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<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psh.techlib.cz/skos/PSH664">664</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Francouzská národní knihovna">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942223c">cb11942223c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942223c">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133111-4">4133111-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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