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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> for outstanding discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or medicine. The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>'s 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, Medicine or Physiology, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>. <table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt='A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/220px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/330px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/440px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discoveries in physiology or medicine that led to benefit for humankind</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_Karolinska_Institutet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet">Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Reward(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">11 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First award</th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Final award</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Currently held by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/">nobelprize.org/medicine</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap" style="border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold;"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a> ·</td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners">2024</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint">· <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:2025_Nobel_Prize_winners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:2025 Nobel Prize winners (page does not exist)">2025</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, 10 December. As of 2024, 115 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 229 laureates, 216 men and 13 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist, <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a>, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a> therapy and the development of a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> against <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. The most recent Nobel prize was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2024, and has been awarded to Americans <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a>, for their discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The prize consists of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">a medal</a> along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">front side</a> of the medal displays the same profile of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal. Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a> in 1949 for the <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">prefrontal lobotomy</a>, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a> was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were awarded to his co-discoverer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schatz_(scientist)" title="Albert Schatz (scientist)">Albert Schatz</a> who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed because of an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nomination_and_selection">2 Nomination and selection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prizes">3 Prizes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Medals">3.1 Medals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Diplomas">3.2 Diplomas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Award_money">3.3 Award money</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ceremony_and_banquet">3.4 Ceremony and banquet</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Laureates">4 Laureates</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Time_factor_and_death">4.1 Time factor and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Controversial_inclusions_and_exclusions">4.2 Controversial inclusions and exclusions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Limits_on_number_of_awardees">4.3 Limits on number of awardees</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Years_without_awards">5 Years without awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Citations">7.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sources">7.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/330px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/440px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nobel was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own laboratories.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> was born on 21 October 1833 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, into a family of engineers.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz5-3">[3]</a> He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> is the most famous.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz11-4">[4]</a> He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>'s laboratory in Russia and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman237-238-5">[5]</a> In 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper. As it happened, it was Nobel's brother <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Nobel" title="Ludvig Nobel">Ludvig</a> who had died, but Nobel, unhappy with the content of the obituary and concerned that his legacy would reflect poorly on him, was inspired to change his will.<a href="#cite_note-Time-6">[6]</a> In his last will, Nobel requested that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or medicine, and literature.<a href="#cite_note-BBCHistory-7">[7]</a> Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died in 1896 at the age of 63.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Because his will was contested, it was not approved by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Storting</a> (Norwegian Parliament) until 26 April 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-9">[9]</a> After Nobel's death, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> was set up to manage the assets of the bequest.<a href="#cite_note-nobelfoundation-10">[10]</a> In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> were promulgated by Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz14-12">[12]</a> According to Nobel's will, the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> in Sweden, a medical school and research centre, is responsible for the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz112-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Nomination_and_selection">Nomination and selection</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomination and selection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MedicineNobelBack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/220px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="2282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/220px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/330px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/440px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The reverse side of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</figcaption></figure> It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a "discovery" and that it be of "greatest benefit on mankind".<a href="#cite_note-Lindsten-15">[15]</a> Per the provisions of the will, only select persons are eligible to nominate individuals for the award. These include members of academies around the world, professors of medicine in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Finland, as well as professors of selected universities and research institutions in other countries. Past Nobel laureates may also nominate.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Until 1977, all professors of Karolinska Institute together decided on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. That year, changes in Swedish law forced the institute to make public any documents pertaining to the Nobel Prize, and it was considered necessary to establish a legally independent body for the Prize work. Therefore, the Nobel Assembly was constituted, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institute. It elects the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> with five members who evaluate the nominees, the Secretary who is in charge of the organisation, and each year ten adjunct members to assist in the evaluation of candidates. In 1968, a provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz17-17">[17]</a> True to its mandate, the committee has chosen researchers working in the basic sciences over those who have made <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a> contributions. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing" title="Harvey Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a>, a pioneering American <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosurgeon">neurosurgeon</a> who identified <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>, was not awarded the prize, nor was <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, as his <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> lacks hypotheses that can be experimentally confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman238-18">[18]</a> The public expected <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a> to receive the prize for their development of the <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccines</a>, but instead the award went to <a href="/wiki/John_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="John Enders">John Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a> whose basic discovery that the polio virus could reproduce in monkey cells in laboratory preparations made the vaccines possible.<a href="#cite_note-bishop-19">[19]</a> Through the 1930s, there were frequent prize laureates in classical <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, but after that, the field began fragmenting into specialities. The last classical physiology laureates were <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> in 1963 for their findings regarding "unitary electrical events in the central and peripheral nervous system."<a href="#cite_note-Feldman239-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Prizes">Prizes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prizes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a>, a diploma bearing a <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a>, and a sum of money.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> These are awarded during the prize ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Concert_Hall" title="Stockholm Concert Hall">Stockholm Concert Hall</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medals">Medals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal#Physiology_and_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal § Physiology and Medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine,_Sweden,_1945,_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_(1881-1955)_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2624"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>'s 1945 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a> for Physiology and Medicine on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>, Edinburgh.</figcaption></figure> The Physiology and Medicine medal has a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in left profile on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-22">[22]</a> The medal was designed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lindberg" title="Erik Lindberg">Erik Lindberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-22">[22]</a> The reverse of the medal depicts the 'Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst'.<a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-23">[23]</a> It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts") an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 from book 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-23">[23]</a> A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." denoting the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> is also inscribed on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-23">[23]</a> Between 1902 and 2010 the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the <a href="/wiki/Myntverket" title="Myntverket">Myntverket</a>, the Swedish royal <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a>. In 2011 the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg" title="Kongsberg">Kongsberg</a>. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a> since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomas">Diplomas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. In the case of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, that is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute. Well-known artists and calligraphers from Sweden are commissioned to create it.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-24">[24]</a> The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and a citation as to why they received the prize.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Award_money">Award money</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Award money" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million),<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2-25">[25]</a> but in 2012, the amount was 8 million Swedish Krona, or US$1.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony_and_banquet">Ceremony and banquet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ceremony and banquet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.<a href="#cite_note-local-31">[31]</a> The Nobel Banquet is an extravagant affair with the menu, planned months ahead of time, kept secret until the day of the event. The Nobel Foundation chooses the menu after tasting and testing selections submitted by selected chefs of international repute. Currently, it is a three-course dinner, although it was originally six courses in 1901. Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to 16 guests. Sweden's royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Laureates">Laureates</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Laureates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/220px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="2717"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 317px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/220px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="317" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/330px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/440px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a> received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman242-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman242-33">[33]</a> Behring's discovery of <a href="/wiki/Serum_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum therapy">serum therapy</a> in the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines put "in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behring-35">[35]</a> In 1902, the award went to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> for his work on malaria, "by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> He identified the mosquito as the transmitter of malaria, and worked tirelessly on measures to prevent malaria worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The 1903 prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a>, the first Faroese laureate, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially <a href="/wiki/Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">lupus vulgaris</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">concentrated light radiation</a>, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He died within a year after receiving the prize at the age of 43.<a href="#cite_note-finsen-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>, whose work Nobel admired and supported, received the prize in 1904 for his work on the physiology of <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/220px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/220px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/330px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/440px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (right) were awarded (with <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>) for their discoveries concerning animal behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1973-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> Subsequently, those selecting the recipients have exercised wide latitude in determining what falls under the umbrella of Physiology or Medicine. The awarding of the prize in 1973 to <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> for their observations of animal behavioural patterns could be considered a prize in the <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioural sciences</a> rather than medicine or physiology.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz112-14">[14]</a> Tinbergen expressed surprise in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech at "the unconventional decision of the Nobel Foundation to award this year's prize 'for Physiology or Medicine' to three men who had until recently been regarded as 'mere animal watchers'".<a href="#cite_note-Tinbergen-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg/170px-Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg/170px-Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg/255px-Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> was the first woman to be awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</figcaption></figure> Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit">[update]</a>, eight Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> through <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messengers</a>. 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a><a href="#cite_note-nervesignaling-45">[45]</a> and 13 have been awarded for contributions in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Intermediary metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 195 individuals through 2009.<a href="#cite_note-factsmedprize-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48">[48]</a> Thirteen women have received the prize: <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> (1947), <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn">Elizabeth H. Blackburn</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> (2023).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Only one woman, Barbara McClintock, has received an unshared prize in this category, for the discovery of genetic <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">transposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factsmedprize-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a>, Lucas Pu, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a> were awarded the prize in 2007 for the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">gene targeting</a> procedure (a type of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a>) for introducing <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a> in mice, employing <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cells</a> through the development of the <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansson-52">[52]</a> In 2009, the Nobel Prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> of the United States for discovering the process by which <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> are protected by <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a> (regions of repetitive <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> at the ends of chromosomes) and the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wade-53">[53]</a> Rita Levi-Montalcini, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologist</a>, who together with colleague <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Cohen (doctor)">Stanley Cohen</a>, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">Nerve growth factor (NGF)</a>, was the first Nobel laureate to reach the 100th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48">[48]</a> There have been 38 times when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to a single individual, 31 times when it was shared by two, and 33 times there were three laureates (the maximum allowed). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_factor_and_death">Time factor and death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Time factor and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMSt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/170px-RMSt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="614"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/170px-RMSt.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/255px-RMSt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/340px-RMSt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> was an inadvertent posthumous recipient of the Prize.</figcaption></figure> Because of the length of time that may pass before the significance of a discovery becomes apparent, some prizes are awarded many years after the initial discovery. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> made her discoveries in 1944, before the structure of the DNA molecule was known; she was not awarded the prize until 1983. Similarly, in 1916 <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyton Rous">Peyton Rous</a> discovered the role of tumor viruses in chickens, but was not awarded the prize until 50 years later, in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz114-54">[54]</a> Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Greider">Carol Greider</a>'s research leading to the prize was conducted over 20 years before. She noted that the passage of time is an advantage in the medical sciences, as it may take many years for the significance of a discovery to become apparent.<a href="#cite_note-Dreifus-55">[55]</a> In 2011, Canadian immunologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> was awarded the prize; however, unbeknownst to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement. The committee decided that since the prize was awarded "in good faith," it would be allowed to stand. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_inclusions_and_exclusions">Controversial inclusions and exclusions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversial inclusions and exclusions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversies</a></div> Some of the awards have been controversial. The person who was deserving of the 1923 prize for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> as a central hormone for controlling diabetes (awarded only a year after its discovery)<a href="#cite_note-Judson291-56">[56]</a> has been heatedly debated. It was shared between <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a>; this infuriated Banting who regarded Macleod's involvement as minimal. Macleod was the department head at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> but otherwise was not directly involved in the findings. Banting thought his laboratory partner <a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a>, who had shared in the laboratory work of discovery, should have shared the prize with him as well. In fairness, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod on his part felt the biochemist <a href="/wiki/James_Collip" title="James Collip">James Collip</a>, who joined the laboratory team later, deserved to be included in the award and shared his prize money with him.<a href="#cite_note-Judson291-56">[56]</a> Some maintain that <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Paulescu" title="Nicolae Paulescu">Nicolae Paulescu</a>, a Romanian professor of physiology at the <a href="/wiki/Carol_Davila_University_of_Medicine_and_Pharmacy" title="Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy">University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest</a>, was the first to isolate insulin, in 1916, although his pancrein was an impure aqueous extract unfit for human treatment similar to the one used previously by Israel Kleiner.<a href="#cite_note-J._Nutrition_92-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrjs-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrps-59">[59]</a> When Banting published the paper that brought him the Nobel,<a href="#cite_note-nrks-60">[60]</a> Paulescu already held a patent for his discovery (10 April 1922, patent no. 6254 (8322) "Pancreina şi procedeul fabricaţiei ei"/"Pancrein and the process of making it", from the Romanian Ministry of Industry and Trade).<a href="#cite_note-nrms-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrns-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrqs-63">[63]</a> The Spanish neurophysiologist Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) was the first to describe arterial <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreceptors">chemoreceptors</a> and circumscribe them to the carotid body for the respiratory reflexes in 1926–1928. For many experts, this direct disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal deserved to share the Nobel Prize 1938 with the awarded Corneille Heymans, but at that time Spain was immersed in the Spanish Civil War and it seems that the Nobel Board even doubted if he was alive or not, being at the front since almost the beginning of the conflict. Heymans himself recognised the merits of De Castro for the Nobel Prize in different occasions, including a famous talk in Montevideo (Uruguay).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th,_2008-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/220px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/220px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/330px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/440px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Scandal and controversy resulted from the 2008 award to <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">HPV</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> for discovering <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1949, despite protests from the medical establishment, the Portuguese neurologist <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a> received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_leucotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefrontal leucotomy">prefrontal leucotomy</a>, which he promoted by declaring the procedure's success just 10 days postoperative. Due largely to the publicity surrounding the award, it was prescribed without regard for modern <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a>. Favourable results were reported by such publications as <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. It is estimated that around 40,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States before the procedure's popularity faded.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, was subjected to the procedure by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">their father</a>; it incapacitated her to the extent that she needed to be institutionalised for the rest of her life.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman287-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The 1952 prize, awarded solely to <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a> for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>, omitted the recognition some felt due to his co-discoverer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schatz_(scientist)" title="Albert Schatz (scientist)">Albert Schatz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pharmj-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-69">[69]</a> There was litigation brought by Schatz against Waksman over the details and credit of the streptomycin discovery; Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with Waksman, Schatz was to be officially recognised as a co-discoverer of streptomycin as concerned patent rights. He is not a Nobel Prize laureate.<a href="#cite_note-pharmj-68">[68]</a> The 1962 Prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a>—for their work on <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> structure and properties—did not recognise contributing work from others, such as <a href="/wiki/Alec_Stokes" title="Alec Stokes">Alec Stokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilson" title="Herbert Wilson">Herbert Wilson</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> (whose key DNA <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">x-ray crystallography</a> work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three)<a href="#cite_note-franklin-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] contributed directly to the ability of Watson and Crick to solve the structure of the DNA molecule. Avery died in 1955, Franklin died in 1958 and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Posthumous_nominations" title="Nobel Prize">posthumous nominations</a> for the Nobel Prize are not permitted. Files of Nobel Prize nominations show Franklin was not nominated when she was alive.<a href="#cite_note-Fredholm-71">[71]</a> As a result of Watson's misrepresentations of Franklin and her role in the discovery of the double helix in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix">The Double Helix</a>, Franklin has come to be portrayed as a classic victim of sexism in science.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Chargaff, for his part, was not quiet about his exclusion from the prize, bitterly writing to other scientists about his disillusionment regarding the field of molecular biology.<a href="#cite_note-nytimesnobel-74">[74]</a> The 2008 award went to <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> in recognition of his discovery that <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV) can cause <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> for discovering the <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Whether <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> or Luc Montagnier deserved more credit for the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS has been a matter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo#HIV/AIDS_research" title="Robert Gallo">considerable controversy</a>. As it was, Gallo was left out and not awarded a prize.<a href="#cite_note-science_nobel-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Additionally, there was a scandal when it was learned that Harald zur Hausen was being investigated for having a financial interest in vaccines for the cervical cancer that HPV can cause. <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines could benefit financially from the prize, had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web. According to Times Online, two senior figures in the selection process that chose zur Hausen also had strong links with AstraZeneca.<a href="#cite_note-AstraZeneca-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limits_on_number_of_awardees">Limits on number of awardees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Limits on number of awardees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The provision that restricts the maximum number of nominees to three for any one prize, introduced in 1968, has caused considerable controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz17-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz61-79">[79]</a> From the 1950s onward, there has been an increasing trend to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to more than one person. There were 59 people who received the prize in the first 50 years of the last century, while 113 individuals received it between 1951 and 2000. This increase could be attributed to the rise of the international scientific community after World War II, resulting in more persons being responsible for the discovery, and nominated for, a particular prize. Also, current biomedical research is more often carried out by teams rather than by scientists working alone, making it unlikely that any one scientist, or even a few, is primarily responsible for a discovery;<a href="#cite_note-bishop-19">[19]</a> this has meant that a prize nomination that would have to include more than three contributors is automatically excluded from consideration.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz114-54">[54]</a> Also, deserving contributors may not be nominated at all because the restriction results in a cut-off point of three nominees per prize, leading to controversial exclusions.<a href="#cite_note-Lindsten-15">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Years_without_awards">Years without awards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Years without awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Most of these occurred during either <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) or <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945).<a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48">[48]</a> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> forbade <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a> from accepting his prize.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz23-80">[80]</a> He was later able to receive the diploma and medal but not the money.<a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards" title="List of medicine awards">List of medicine awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/">"The Nobel Prize amounts"</a>. The Nobel Prize. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+amounts&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fabout%2Fthe-nobel-prize-amounts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2024&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2024%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz5-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz5_3-0">^</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz11-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz11_4-0">^</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman237-238-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman237-238_5-0">^</a> <a href="#Feldman">Feldman</a>, pp. 237–238 </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103153942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html">"The Worst and the Brightest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html">the original</a> on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Worst+and+the+Brightest&rft.date=2000-10-16&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C998209%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCHistory-7"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCHistory_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">"History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902104414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures%3A+Alfred+Nobel+%281833%E2%80%931896%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fnobel_alfred.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohlman1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sohlman" title="Ragnar Sohlman">Sohlman, Ragnar</a> (1983). The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes (First ed.). The Nobel Foundation. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30990-3"><bdi>978-0-370-30990-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+The+Story+Behind+the+Nobel+Prizes&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-370-30990-3&rft.aulast=Sohlman&rft.aufirst=Ragnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz13-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz13_9-0">^</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelfoundation-10"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelfoundation_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701202001/http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/index.html">"The Nobel Foundation"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 July 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobelfoundation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-thelocal1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-thelocal1_11-0">^</a> AFP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/">"Alfred Nobel's last will and testament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009110708/http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/">Archived</a> 9 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz14-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz14_12-0">^</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html">"Nobel Prize History"</a>. Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426043912/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+History&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft.date=1999-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fspot%2Fnobel-prize-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz112-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz112_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz112_14-1">b</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsten-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsten_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsten_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstenNils_Ringertz" class="citation web cs1">Lindsten, Jan; Nils Ringertz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine%2C+1901%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.aulast=Lindsten&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Nils+Ringertz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Farticles%2Flindsten-ringertz-rev%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation_Books_National_Council_of_Science2005" class="citation book cs1">Foundation Books National Council of Science (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_K2RaFgFPCUC">Nobel Prize Winners in Pictures</a>. Foundation Books. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7596-245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7596-245-3"><bdi>978-81-7596-245-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620115338/https://books.google.com/books?id=_K2RaFgFPCUC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Winners+in+Pictures&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Foundation+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7596-245-3&rft.au=Foundation+Books+National+Council+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_K2RaFgFPCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz17-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz17_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz17_17-1">b</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman238-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman238_18-0">^</a> <a href="#Feldman">Feldman</a>, p. 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-bishop-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2004" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, J. Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJqgBtk58akC">How to Win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01625-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01625-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608161624/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJqgBtk58akC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Win+the+Nobel+Prize%3A+An+Unexpected+Life+in+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01625-5&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJqgBtk58akC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman239-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman239_20-0">^</a> <a href="#Feldman">Feldman</a>, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Rivers2009" class="citation web cs1">Tom Rivers (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/europe/2009-Nobel-Laureates-Receive-Their-Honors-78989292.html">"2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors"</a>. 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Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602002958/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/finsen-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1903+Niels+Ryberg+Finsen+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Ffinsen-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1904+Ivan+Pavlov&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1904%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1973-43"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1973_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708192529/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. 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Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619102046/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/nerve_signaling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prizes+in+Nerve+Signaling&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Fnerve_signaling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">"The Nobel Prize Awarders"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Awarders&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Farticles%2Flindsten-ringertz-rev%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factsmedprize-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factsmedprize_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsmedprize_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/shortfacts.html">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010741/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/shortfacts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Fshortfacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prizefacts-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202025710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html">"Nobel Prize Facts"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 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Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528112058/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Nobel+Laureates&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Flists%2Fwomen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock-50"><a href="#cite_ref-McClintock_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608225942/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/mcclintock.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock"</a>. 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Nature. 421 (6921): 407–408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..407M">2003Natur.421..407M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01399">10.1038/nature01399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12540909">12540909</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4428347">4428347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+double+helix+and+the+%27wronged+heroine%27&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6921&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4428347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12540909&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..407M&rft.au=Brenda+Maddox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature01399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesnobel-74"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimesnobel_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson,_Horace2003" class="citation news cs1">Judson, Horace (20 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E4DE123EF933A15753C1A9659C8B63">"No Nobel Prize for Whining"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No+Nobel+Prize+for+Whining&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft.au=Judson%2C+Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fsec%3Dhealth%26res%3D9C02E4DE123EF933A15753C1A9659C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809235758/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2008+Harald+zur+Hausen%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise+Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi%2C+Luc+Montagnier&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-science_nobel-76"><a href="#cite_ref-science_nobel_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenEnserink2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen J, Enserink M (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.322.5899.174">"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. HIV, HPV researchers honoured, but one scientist is left out"</a>. Science. 322 (5899): 174–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.322.5899.174">10.1126/science.322.5899.174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845715">18845715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206582472">206582472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine.+HIV%2C+HPV+researchers+honoured%2C+but+one+scientist+is+left+out&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=5899&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206582472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18845715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.322.5899.174&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Enserink%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.322.5899.174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnserinkJon_Cohen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Enserink, Martin; Jon Cohen (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212065201/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/10/06-01.html">"Nobel Prize Surprise"</a>. Science Now. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/10/06-01.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Now&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+Surprise&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.aulast=Enserink&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Jon+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fsciencenow%2F2008%2F10%2F06-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstraZeneca-78"><a href="#cite_ref-AstraZeneca_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharter2008" class="citation news cs1">Charter, David (19 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219181143/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5367941.ece">"AstraZeneca row as corruption claims engulf Nobel prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5367941.ece">the original</a> on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=AstraZeneca+row+as+corruption+claims+engulf+Nobel+prize&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft.aulast=Charter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle5367941.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz61-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz61_79-0">^</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz23-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz23_80-0">^</a> <a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1983" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Peter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C">The Nobel Prize</a>. Springwood Books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8"><bdi>978-0-86254-111-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608122245/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springwood+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86254-111-8&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNnZKHxQpO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Feldman" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Burton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C">The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige</a>. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9"><bdi>978-1-55970-592-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926111502/https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+prize%3A+a+history+of+genius%2C+controversy%2C+and+prestige&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-592-9&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnckeeTICn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Levinovitz" class="citation book cs1">Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC">The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">Imperial College Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8"><bdi>978-981-02-4664-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828070030/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press+and+World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4664-8&rft.aulast=Levinovitz&rft.aufirst=Agneta+Wallin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSg5mRJiukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2008" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqFnARWKeKUC&q=Nobel+prize">The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize: Advice for Young Scientists</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13897-0"><bdi>978-0-231-13897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Winning+the+Nobel+Prize%3A+Advice+for+Young+Scientists&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13897-0&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqFnARWKeKUC%26q%3DNobel%2Bprize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leroy" class="citation book cs1">Leroy, Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC">A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4"><bdi>978-0-8247-0876-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+Nobel+Prizes+recipients%3A+chemistry%2C+physics%2C+and+medicine&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0876-4&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DjwaFWE4fYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifkindFreeman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rifkind, David; Freeman, Geraldine L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wdy3b9VUkC">The Nobel Prize winning discoveries in infectious diseases</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369353-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369353-2"><bdi>978-0-12-369353-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+winning+discoveries+in+infectious+diseases&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-369353-2&rft.aulast=Rifkind&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Geraldine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3wdy3b9VUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_de_Fisiolox%C3%ADa_o_Medicina" title="Premiu Nobel de Fisioloxía o Medicina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premiu Nobel de Fisioloxía o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziologiya_v%C9%99_ya_tibb_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_%22Nobel%22_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title="Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Seng-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk_I-ha%CC%8Dk_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па фізіялогіі і медыцыне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нобелеўская прэмія па фізіялогіі і медыцыне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нобэлеўская прэмія па фізыялёгіі ці мэдыцыне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нобэлеўская прэмія па фізыялёгіі ці мэдыцыне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физиология или медицина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нобелова награда за физиология или медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priz_Nobel_ar_Fiziologiezh_pe_ar_Medisinerezh" title="Priz Nobel ar Fiziologiezh pe ar Medisinerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priz Nobel ar Fiziologiezh pe ar Medisinerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_o_Medicina" title="Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziologii_a_l%C3%A9ka%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Nobelova cena za fyziologii a lékařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nobelova cena za fyziologii a lékařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwobr_Nobel_mewn_Ffisioleg_neu_Feddygaeth" title="Gwobr Nobel mewn Ffisioleg neu Feddygaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwobr Nobel mewn Ffisioleg neu Feddygaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल चिकित्साशास्त्र पुरस्कार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नोबेल चिकित्साशास्त्र पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_f%C3%BCsioloogia-_v%C3%B5i_meditsiiniauhind" title="Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσιολογίας και Ιατρικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσιολογίας και Ιατρικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_en_Fisiolog%C3%ADa_o_Medicina" title="Premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_fiziologio_a%C5%AD_medicino" title="Nobel-premio pri fiziologio aŭ medicino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobel-premio pri fiziologio aŭ medicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی یا پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی یا پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriis_foar_de_Fysiology_of_Gen%C3%AAskunde" title="Nobelpriis foar de Fysiology of Genêskunde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nobelpriis foar de Fysiology of Genêskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_na_Fiseola%C3%ADochta_n%C3%B3_an_Leighis" title="Duais Nobel na Fiseolaíochta nó an Leighis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duais Nobel na Fiseolaíochta nó an Leighis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_ann_an_Leigheas" title="Duais Nobel ann an Leigheas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duais Nobel ann an Leigheas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Fisiolox%C3%ADa_ou_Medicina" title="Premio Nobel de Fisioloxía ou Medicina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premio Nobel de Fisioloxía ou Medicina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%C2%B7%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 생리학·의학상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 생리학·의학상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բժշկության կամ ֆիզիոլոգիայի Նոբելյան մրցանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժշկության կամ ֆիզիոլոգիայի Նոբելյան մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शरीरक्रिया विज्ञान या चिकित्सा में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शरीरक्रिया विज्ञान या चिकित्सा में नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_nrite_Nobel_na_Physiologi_ma_%E1%BB%8D_b%E1%BB%A5_Medisin" title="Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisiologi_atau_Kedokteran" title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_pro_Physiologia_o_Medicina" title="Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3belsver%C3%B0launin_%C3%AD_l%C3%ADfe%C3%B0lis-_og_l%C3%A6knisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í lífeðlis- og læknisfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í lífeðlis- og læknisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Premio Nobel per la medicina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Nobel per la medicina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="פרס נובל לפיזיולוגיה או לרפואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס נובל לפיזיולוגיה או לרפואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემია ფიზიოლოგიასა და მედიცინაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემია ფიზიოლოგიასა და მედიცინაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Физиология немесе медицина саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физиология немесе медицина саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel_ya_Tiba" title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Nobelianum_physiologiae_et_medicinae" title="Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_fiziolo%C4%A3ij%C4%81_vai_medic%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija fizioloģijā vai medicīnā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmija fizioloģijā vai medicīnā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Physiologie_oder_Medezin" title="Nobelpräis fir Physiologie oder Medezin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nobelpräis fir Physiologie oder Medezin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Nobelio_fiziologijos_ir_medicinos_premija" title="Sąrašas:Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziol%C3%B3giai_%C3%A9s_orvostudom%C3%A1nyi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामे नोबेल पुरस्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामे नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физиологија или медицина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нобелова награда за физиологија или медицина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="جايزة نوبل فى الفيسيولوجيا او الطب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جايزة نوبل فى الفيسيولوجيا او الطب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل طبابت جایزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوبل طبابت جایزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8,_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Физиологи, анагаах ухааны салбарын Нобелийн шагнал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Физиологи, анагаах ухааны салбарын Нобелийн шагнал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामा नोबेल पुरस्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामा नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%BB%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%B3%9E" title="ノーベル生理学・医学賞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーベル生理学・医学賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i medisin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nobelprisen i medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziologiya_va_tibbiyot_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti" title="Fiziologiya va tibbiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fiziologiya va tibbiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸਰੀਰ ਜਾਂ ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰੀਰ ਜਾਂ ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries_f%C3%B6r_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Nobelpries för Physiologie oder Medizin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nobelpries för Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizjologii_lub_medycyny" title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" title="Prémio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prémio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_fiziologie_sau_medicin%C4%83" title="Premiul Nobel pentru fiziologie sau medicină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Nobel pentru fiziologie sau medicină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Su%C3%B1ay_Hampi_Yachaypi" title="Nobel Suñay Hampi Yachaypi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nobel Suñay Hampi Yachaypi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нобелевская премия по физиологии или медицине – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобелевская премия по физиологии или медицине" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Мэдиссиинэҕэ уонна физиологияҕа Нобель бириэмийэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэдиссиинэҕэ уонна физиологияҕа Нобель бириэмийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87mimi_Nobel_p%C3%ABr_Fiziologji_dhe_Mjek%C3%ABsi" title="Çmimi Nobel për Fiziologji dhe Mjekësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çmimi Nobel për Fiziologji dhe Mjekësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_p%C3%A2_midicina" title="Premiu Nobel pâ midicina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Premiu Nobel pâ midicina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologijo_ali_medicino" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo ali medicino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo ali medicino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە زانستی ئەرکی ئەندام و پزیشکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە زانستی ئەرکی ئەندام و پزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Нобелова награда за физиологију или медицину – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нобелова награда за физиологију или медицину" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மருத்துவம் அல்லது உடலியங்கியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்துவம் அல்லது உடலியங்கியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraz_n_Nopel_i_tsenwurit_ne%C9%A3_tasnujjya" title="Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Физиология һәм медицина өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Физиология һәм медицина өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาสรีรวิทยาหรือการแพทย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาสรีรวิทยาหรือการแพทย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нобелівська премія з фізіології або медицини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нобелівська премія з фізіології або медицини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="نوبېل مېدىتسىنا مۇكاپاتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نوبېل مېدىتسىنا مۇكاپاتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel_Sinh_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ho%E1%BA%B7c_Y_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Giải Nobel Sinh lý học hoặc Y học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giải Nobel Sinh lý học hoặc Y học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80b%C3%B9n_Nobel_f%C3%BAn_%C3%8Cw%C3%B2s%C3%A0n" title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel fún Ìwòsàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel fún Ìwòsàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" 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