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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciéncias_e_tecnicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sciéncias e tecnicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciéncias_e_tecnicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decès" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decès"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decès</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decès-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ans 1860</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 99 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1860" title="Anyos 1860 - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1860" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1860" title="عقد 1860 - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1860" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1860" title="عوام 1860 - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1860" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1860" title="عقد 1860 - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1860" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1860" title="Década de 1860 - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década de 1860" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-c%C4%B1_ill%C9%99r" title="1860-cı illər - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1860-cı illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an - balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%8F" title="1860-я - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1860-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%8F" title="1860-я - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1860-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1860-те - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1860-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1860" title="Bloavezhioù 1860 - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1860" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-e" title="1860-e - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1860-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1860" title="Dècada del 1860 - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1860" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1860 nièng-dâi - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1860 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E2%80%931869" title="1860–1869 - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1860–1869" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1860-мĕш çулсем - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1860-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860au" title="1860au - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1860au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%27erne" title="1860'erne - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1860'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860er" title="1860er - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1860er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1860" title="An 1860 - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1860" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-aj_jaroj" title="1860-aj jaroj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1860-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1860" title="Años 1860 - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1860" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860._aastad" title="1860. aastad - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1860. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860ko_hamarkada" title="1860ko hamarkada - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1860ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۶۰ (میلادی) - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۶۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-luku" title="1860-luku - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1860-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%C3%A1rini" title="1860-árini - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1860-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1860" title="Années 1860 - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1860" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1860" title="Ans 1860 - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1860" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860id%C3%AD" title="1860idí - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1860idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860an" title="1860an - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1860an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1860" title="Década de 1860 - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1860" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-60_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-60 של המאה ה-19 - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-60 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1860-as évek - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1860-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="1860-гӀа шераш - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1860-гӀа шераш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1860a" title="Yari 1860a - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1860a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861-1870" title="1861-1870 - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1861-1870" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1860" title="Anni 1860 - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1860" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1860-იანები - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1860-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1860년대 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1860년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1860-ӧд вояс - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1860-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1860" title="Anni 1860 - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1860" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1860" title="Anni 1860 - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1860" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_am%C5%BEiaus_7-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XIX amžiaus 7-as dešimtmetis - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIX amžiaus 7-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860._gadi" title="1860. gadi - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1860. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%D1%82" title="1860т - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1860т" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1860-ти - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1860-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८६० चे दशक - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८६० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1860 це иеть - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1860 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-1869" title="1860-1869 - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1860-1869" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%C3%A5ra" title="1860-åra - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1860-åra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%C3%A5rene" title="1860-årene - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1860-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1860" title="Annaées 1860 - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1860" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s - sotho septentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-lugu_vuvvet" title="1860-lugu vuvvet - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1860-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1860-тæ - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1860-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1860 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1860 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_60._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 60. XIX wieku - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 60. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1860" title="Década de 1860 - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1860" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_watakuna" title="1860 watakuna - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1860 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1860" title="Anii 1860 - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1860" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1860-е годы - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1860-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%81" title="1860-с - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1860-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860ini" title="1860ini - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1860ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-lohku" title="1860-lohku - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1860-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-e" title="1860-e - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1860-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/60._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="60. roky 19. storočia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="60. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860." title="1860. - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1860." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1860" title="Vitet 1860 - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1860" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B5" title="1860-е - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1860-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-talet" title="1860-talet - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1860-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1860" title="Miaka ya 1860 - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1860" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1860கள் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1860கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1860_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1860 (мелодӣ) - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1860 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1860" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1860 - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1860" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1860ýý - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1860ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%27lar" title="1860'lar - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1860'lar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1860-еллар - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1860-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1860-ті - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1860-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1860ء کی دہائی - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1860ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-lar" title="1860-lar - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1860-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1860" title="Thập niên 1860 - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1860" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1860" title="Anêyes 1860 - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1860" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_nga_dekada" title="1860 nga dekada - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1860 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1860-იანეფი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1860-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1860ער - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1860ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1860 nî-tāi - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1860 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 - 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.infobox{background:#f9f9f9;color:#000;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em;float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;width:22.5em;border:1px solid #c2c2c1;border-spacing:5px}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:super;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #c2c2c1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #e7e7e7}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output 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th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-text{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> <table class="infobox infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ACE1AF; font-size:17px; padding:3px;"><span style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Infotaula de decenni"><img alt="Infotaula de decenni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kalendaro.svg/17px-Kalendaro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kalendaro.svg/26px-Kalendaro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kalendaro.svg/34px-Kalendaro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span></span></span>Ans 1860</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:35%; background:#eeeeee;">Sègles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVIII" title="Sègle XVIII">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xviii</span></a> - <b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIX" title="Sègle XIX">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span></a></b> - <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XX" title="Sègle XX">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:35%; background:#eeeeee;">Decennis</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830">1830</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ans_1840" title="Ans 1840">1840</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">1850</a> - <b>1860</b> - <a href="/wiki/Ans_1870" title="Ans 1870">1870</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ans_1880" title="Ans 1880">1880</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890">1890</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1860</b> : intrada en aplicacion d'una reforma regardant la proprietat <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricòla</a>. Son objectiu èra de reprendre lo contraròtle dei tenenements tenguts per lo clergat, premier proprietari dau país. A la fin de l'annada, lo negus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewodros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewodros II (la pagina existís pas)">Tewodros II</a> deguèt reprimir una insureccion dins lo nòrd. Pasmens, aquò foguèt solament lo començament d'una multiplicacion dei revòutas entraïnadas per l'aumentacion deis <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%B2st" title="Impòst">impòsts</a> necessaris per sostenir la modernizacion d'<a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a>. <br /> <b>1860</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>, reconquista de la <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a>, perduda en <a href="/wiki/1858" class="mw-redirect" title="1858">1858</a>, per lo govèrn liberau de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benito Juárez (la pagina existís pas)">Benito Juárez</a>. Pasmens, l'insureccion conservatritz contunièt dins divèrsei províncias sostenguda per la Glèisa. De mai, lei liberaus deguèron faciar la question de l'important deute public mexican. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg/220px-Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg/330px-Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg/440px-Looting_of_the_Yuan_Ming_Yuan_by_Anglo_French_forces_in_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Pilhatge dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_d%27Estiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais d'Estiu (la pagina existís pas)">Palais d'Estiu</a> deis emperaires per lei Francobritanics.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_de_l%27%C3%B2pi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segonda Guèrra de l'òpi (la pagina existís pas)">Segonda Guèrra de l'òpi</a>.</div> <p><b>1860</b> : conquista de <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Pequin" title="Pequin">Pequin</a> per lei Francobritanics que poguèron pilhar lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_d%27Estiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais d'Estiu (la pagina existís pas)">Palais d'Estiu</a> deis emperaires. Après aquelei desfachas, lo govèrn chinés deguèt acceptar de signar la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convencion_de_Pequin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convencion de Pequin (la pagina existís pas)">Convencion de Pequin</a> qu'agravèt lei clausas dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tractat_de_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tractat de Tianjin (la pagina existís pas)">tractat de Tianjin</a>. Lei ponchs principaus de la convencion èran la reconóissança dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tractat_de_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tractat de Tianjin (la pagina existís pas)">tractat de Tianjin</a>, la dubertura de Tianjin coma pòrt comerciau, la cession de la peninsula de Kowloon ai Britanics per aumentar la superficia de sa colonia de Hong Kong, la libertat de culte per lei crestians chinés, lo pagament d'una indemnitat importanta e la cession ai Rus de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manch%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchória (la pagina existís pas)">Manchória</a> Exteriora e dau krai d'Ussuri. <br /> <b>1860</b> : per demòstrar sa poissança novèla, <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> mandèt un <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a> de guèrra modèrne, amb una ambaissada, ais <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a>. Pasmens, lo viatge foguèt trebolat per l'<a href="/wiki/Assassinat" title="Assassinat">assassinat</a> a l'exterior dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast%C3%A8u_d%27Edo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castèu d'Edo (la pagina existís pas)">castèu d'Edo</a> d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii_Naosuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ii Naosuke (la pagina existís pas)">Ii Naosuke</a>, conselhier que menava leis afaires dau país dempuei <a href="/wiki/1858" class="mw-redirect" title="1858">1858</a> e partisan important de la modernizacion de <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a>. Aquò entraïnèt una crisi e lei conselhiers dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shogun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shogun (la pagina existís pas)">shogun</a>, un enfant de 14 ans, deguèron acceptar un raprochament ambé l'emperaire per gardar lo poder. <br /> <b>1861</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Prússia">Prússia</a>, mòrt de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Guilh%C3%A8m_IV_de_Pr%C3%BAssia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Guilhèm IV de Prússia (la pagina existís pas)">Frederic Guilhèm IV</a> que foguèt remplaçat per <a href="/wiki/Guilh%C3%A8m_Ier_d%27Alemanha" title="Guilhèm Ier d'Alemanha">Guilhèm I<sup>èr</sup></a>. <br /> </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Mexic" title="Guèrra de Mexic">Guèrra de Mexic</a>.</div> <p><b>1861</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>, en fàcia dei dificultats financieras de l'<a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estat</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberau</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benito Juárez (la pagina existís pas)">Benito Juárez</a>, totjorn menaçat per l'insureccion conservatritz començada en <a href="/wiki/1858" class="mw-redirect" title="1858">1858</a>, deguèt arrestar son remborsament dau deute public dau país. A la fin de l'annada, aquò entraïnèt una intervencion militara dau <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> que decidèron de faire pression sus lo govèrn per l'obligir de contuniar sei pagaments. Lo pòrt estrategic de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veracruz (la pagina existís pas)">Veracruz</a> foguèt ansin aisament ocupat per leis Europèus. Pasmens, la <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> de <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> aviá tanben una autra idèa : formar un Empèri de Mexic estable, conservador e catolic per equilibrar la poissança <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a> sus lo <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>. Aquò marquèt lo començament de la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Mexic" title="Guèrra de Mexic">Guèrra de Mexic</a> (1861-<a href="/wiki/1867" class="mw-redirect" title="1867">1867</a>). <br /> <b>1861</b> : mòrt de l'emperaire Xianfeng lo 22 d'aost. Foguèt remplaçat lo 11 de novembre per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongzhi (la pagina existís pas)">Tongzhi</a>. Amb la fin de la guèrra còntra leis Europèus, lei fòrças Qing poguèron tornar atacar lei Taiping que foguèt batuts a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anging (la pagina existís pas)">Anging</a>. <br /> <b>1861</b> : multiplicacion deis incidents entre <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japonés</a> e estrangiers. D'efèct, la dubertura dau país au comèrci internacionau aviá entraïnat una crisi amb una aumentacion dau <a href="/wiki/Caumatge" title="Caumatge">caumatge</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/Inflacion" title="Inflacion">inflacion</a> e la falhida de plusors marchands. En particular, una delegacion <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanica</a> foguèt atacada a <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2quio" title="Tòquio">Edo</a> entraïnant la mòrt de dos diplomatas. Lei poissanças occidentalas decidèron d'organizar de represalhas per mòstrar sa fòrça. De mai, per <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> e <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a>, aquò èra l'occasion de remplaçar l'influéncia deis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a>, afeblits per la guèrra civila (→ <a href="/wiki/1863" class="mw-redirect" title="1863">1863</a>). <br /> <b>1861-1862</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> de la rèina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranavalona_I%C3%A8ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranavalona Ièra (la pagina existís pas)">Ranavalona I<sup>èra</sup></a> que foguèt remplaçada per son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radama_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radama II (la pagina existís pas)">Radama II</a>. Abandonèt la politica conservatritz de sa maire au profiech d'una politica de modernizacion e de dubertura de l'illa ais influéncias estrangieras. Per aquò, decidiguèt de l'adopcion d'un programa de modernizacion accelerada dau país per lo novèu rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radama_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radama II (la pagina existís pas)">Radama II</a> amb l'abolicion de la <a href="/wiki/Pena_de_m%C3%B2rt" title="Pena de mòrt">pena de mòrt</a>, l'abolicion dei <a href="/wiki/Corvada" title="Corvada">corvadas</a>, la reduccion dau <a href="/wiki/Conscripcion" title="Conscripcion">servici militar</a>, la liberacion de presoniers estremats dins lo corrent dau rèine de sa maire ò la dubertura de l'illa ais Europèus. Aquò suscitèt tant l'estrambòrd que la maufisança au sen de la populacion e de l'<a href="/wiki/Aristocracia" title="Aristocracia">aristocracia</a> (→ <a href="/wiki/1863" class="mw-redirect" title="1863">1863</a>). Dins certanei regions, d'afrontaments aguèron luòc entre lei dos camps. <br /> <b>1861-1865</b> : insureccion de <a href="/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha">Polonha</a> còntra <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Maugrat quauquei succès iniciaus, lei Polonés foguèron finalament batuts a partir de <a href="/wiki/1864" class="mw-redirect" title="1864">1864</a>. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/0/0b/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png/220px-Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/0/0b/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png/330px-Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/0/0b/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png/440px-Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession_-_Formacion_de_la_Confederacion.png 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Formacion de la Confederacion durant la secession de <a href="/wiki/1861" class="mw-redirect" title="1861">1861</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession" class="mw-redirect" title="Guèrra de Secession">Guèrra de Secession</a>.</div> <p><b>1861-1865</b> : après l'eleccion d'<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, lei tensions a prepaus dau <a href="/wiki/Proteccionisme" title="Proteccionisme">proteccionisme</a> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclavatge</a> entre leis Estats dau Nòrd e dau Sud deis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a> menèron a una temptativa de secession de part deis Estats dau Sud que fondèron leis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Confederats_d%27America" title="Estats Confederats d'America">Estats Confederats d'America</a>. En despiech de sa superioritat numerica e industria, lo Nòrd aguèt de dificultats considerablas per sometre lei rebèls que capitulèron en <a href="/wiki/1865" class="mw-redirect" title="1865">1865</a> après de combats fòrça violents. Aperaquí un milion de personas foguèron tuats durant la guèrra. Politicament, lo Nòrd poguèt desenant impausar una politica en acòrdi amb seis interès <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economics</a> sensa se preocupar dei besonhs de l'elèit dau Sud. Una autra consequéncia dau conflicte foguèt l'abolicion de l'<a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclavatge</a> ais <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a>. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:BattleofPuebla2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BattleofPuebla2.jpg/220px-BattleofPuebla2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BattleofPuebla2.jpg/330px-BattleofPuebla2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/BattleofPuebla2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">Pintura</a> representant la premiera batalha de Puebla e la revirada de l'assaut francés.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1862</b> : revirada d'una premiera ofensiva <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> destinada a ocupar <a href="/wiki/Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. <br /> <b>1862</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">Republica Populara de China</a>, organizacion d'una armada novèla gràcias au sostèn britanic dins la region de <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> per luchar còntra lei Taiping e protegir lo pòrt, important ponch d'intrada dau comèrci occidentau. En genier e febrier, aquela fòrça capitèt de blocar una ofensiva taiping. <br /> <b>1862</b> : darrier trajècte conegut d'un naviri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negrier_(naviri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negrier (naviri) (la pagina existís pas)">negrier</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a>. <br /> <b>1863</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, assassinat dau rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radama_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radama II (la pagina existís pas)">Radama II</a> per un complòt dirigit per lo Premier Ministre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainivoninahitriniony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainivoninahitriniony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainivoninahitriniony</a>, inquiet après la cession de la partida septentrionala de l'illa a un aventurier francés. Foguèt remplaçat per una nivèça de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranavalona_I%C3%A8ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranavalona Ièra (la pagina existís pas)">Ranavalona I<sup>èra</sup></a> dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasoherina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasoherina (la pagina existís pas)">Rasoherina</a>. Dins l'illa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainivoninahitriniony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainivoninahitriniony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainivoninahitriniony</a> ordonèt de restaurar l'òrdre (→ <a href="/wiki/1864" class="mw-redirect" title="1864">1864</a>). <br /> <b>1863</b> : importanta victòria chinesa còntra la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev%C3%B2uta_Nian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revòuta Nian (la pagina existís pas)">Revòuta Nian</a> amb la mòrt de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Lexing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Lexing (la pagina existís pas)">Zhang Lexing</a>, cap de l'insureccion. <br /> <b>1863-1866</b> : presa de <a href="/wiki/Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> per lei <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">Francés</a>. Pasmens, trobèron ges de sostèn locau per estabilizar la situacion maugrat lo coronament de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_I%C3%A8r_de_Mexic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Ièr de Mexic (la pagina existís pas)">Maximilian de Habsborg</a> coma emperaire de <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>. Fin finala, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> decidèt de retirar sei tropas. Pasmens, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_I%C3%A8r_de_Mexic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Ièr de Mexic (la pagina existís pas)">Maximilian</a> refusèt d'abdicar. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg/220px-ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg/330px-ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg/440px-ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Gravadura representant la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Shimonoseki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Shimonoseki (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Shimonoseki</a> entre Estatsunidencs e Japonés.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1864</b> : succession de demonstracions de fòrça lòng dau litorau <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">nipon</a> per lei flòtas estatsunidenca, francesa e britanica. <br /> <b>1864</b> : lassat d'esperar una respònsa britanica a una prepausicion d'aliança, lo negus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewodros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewodros II (la pagina existís pas)">Tewodros II</a> ordonèt d'arrestar divèrseis Europèus presents sus son territòri entraïnant una crisi diplomatica grèva. <br /> <b>1864</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, vengut fòrça impopular per la violéncia de sa politica de restauracion de l'òrdre après l'assassinat dau rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radama_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radama II (la pagina existís pas)">Radama II</a>, lo Premier Ministre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainivoninahitriniony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainivoninahitriniony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainivoninahitriniony</a> foguèt obligat de laissar son pòste de comandant de l'armada a son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainilaiarivony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainilaiarivony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainilaiarivony</a> (→ <a href="/wiki/1865" class="mw-redirect" title="1865">1865</a>). <br /> <b>1864</b> : après un lòng sètge, lei tropas <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing">Qing</a> capitèron de reconquistar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanquin (la pagina existís pas)">Nanquin</a>, capitala de la <a href="/wiki/Rev%C3%B2uta_Taiping" title="Revòuta Taiping">Revòuta Taiping</a>. 100 000 personas i foguèron tuadas per rompre definitivament lo movement. Dins aquò, una partida dei subrevivents de l'armada taiping jonhèt tanben la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev%C3%B2uta_dei_Nian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revòuta dei Nian (la pagina existís pas)">Revòuta dei Nian</a> que sei fòrças conoguèron un redreiçament important de sei capacitats dins lo corrent de l'annada. Li permetèt en particular de reformar son <a href="/wiki/Infantari%C3%A1" title="Infantariá">infantariá</a> anientada per leis ofensivas menadas leis annadas precedentas per l'armada imperiala. <br /> <b>1865</b> : après d'aumentacions importantas deis <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%B2st" title="Impòst">impòsts</a>, insureccion generalizada d'<a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> amb de declaracions d'<a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasta (la pagina existís pas)">Lasta</a>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigre_(prov%C3%ADncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigre (província (la pagina existís pas)">Tigre</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choa (la pagina existís pas)">Choa</a>. <br /> <b>1865</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainivoninahitriniony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainivoninahitriniony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainivoninahitriniony</a> deguèt abandonar la direccion dau <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a> de l'illa après la descubèrta de sa participacion a un complòt còntra la rèina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasoherina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasoherina (la pagina existís pas)">Rasoherina</a> en febrier. Son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainilaiarivony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainilaiarivony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainilaiarivony</a> li succediguèt e venguèt lo marit de la rèina. Après aqueu succès, la rèina mandèt d'ambaissadas en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> e au <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a>. Lo 30 de junh, signèt un acòrd amb <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> permetent ais ciutadans britanics d'aquistar e d'arrendar de tèrras sus l'illa. Signèt tanben un tractat de patz amb <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> e un acòrd comerciau amb leis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a> limitant lo comèrci deis armas e dau bestiau. <br /> <b>1865</b> : dins lo nòrd, una grèva desfacha còntra leis insurgents Nian decidèt lo govèrn chinés de formar una armada equipada d'<a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">armas de fuòc</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Canon" title="Canon">canons</a> modèrnes. <br /> </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Austroprussiana" title="Guèrra Austroprussiana">Guèrra Austroprussiana</a>.</div> <p><b>1866</b> : guèrra entre <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Prússia">Prússia</a> (aliada amb <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a>) e <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria">Àustria</a>. La causa prefonda dau conflicte èra liada a la lucha entre lei dos estats per la primautat en <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>. La guèrra s'acabèt per una victòria prussiana. <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria">Àustria</a> deguèt cedir <a href="/wiki/Ven%C3%A8cia" title="Venècia">Venècia</a> ais Italians e abandonar son esfèra d'influéncia en <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>. <br /> <b>1866</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a>, organizacion de divèrsei campanhas per sometre leis insurgents dei regions de <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Godjam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godjam (la pagina existís pas)">Godjam</a>. Pasmens, aquò entraïnèt la desercion de milièrs de soudats maucontents dei reformas militaras dau negus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewodros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewodros II (la pagina existís pas)">Tewodros II</a>, especialament dau renfòrçament de la disciplina. D'autra part, dins lo corrent de l'annada, <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> respondèt a la prepausicion d'aliança de <a href="/wiki/1863" class="mw-redirect" title="1863">1863</a>. En cambi de la liberacion dei presoniers europèus capturats en <a href="/wiki/1864" class="mw-redirect" title="1864">1864</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a> prometeguèt de mandar una ajuda militara. Pasmens, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewodros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewodros II (la pagina existís pas)">Tewodros II</a> jutjèt lei prepausicions d'ajuda insufisentas e refusèt. De mai, aviá plus lo contraròtle de la rota de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massaua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massaua (la pagina existís pas)">Massaua</a> onte lei Britanicas demandavan la liberacion dei presoniers. <br /> <b>1866-1868</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a>, l'armada imperiala capitèt de rompre la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev%C3%B2uta_Nian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revòuta Nian (la pagina existís pas)">Revòuta Nian</a>. <br /> <b>1867</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>, captura e execucion de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_I%C3%A8r_de_Mexic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Ièr de Mexic (la pagina existís pas)">Maximilian</a> per lei <a href="/wiki/Republica" title="Republica">republicans</a>. Aquò marquèt la revirada definitiva dau projècte de <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> de crear dins la region un estat <a href="/wiki/Catolicisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Catolicisme">catolic</a> estable capable d'equilibrar la poissança estatsunidenca. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/220px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/330px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/440px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>Premiera edicion dau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_Capitau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo Capitau (la pagina existís pas)">Capitau</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxisme</a>.</div> <p><b>1867</b> : publicacion de la premiera partida dau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_Capitau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo Capitau (la pagina existís pas)">Capitau</a></i> dau <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosòf</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemand</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (<a href="/wiki/1818" class="mw-redirect" title="1818">1818</a>-<a href="/wiki/1883" class="mw-redirect" title="1883">1883</a>). Marx i presentèt lo foncionament de la produccion <a href="/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme">capitalista</a>, especialament lei rapòrts de produccion e de cambi que ne son lei caracteristicas. En particular, lo tòm I expausèt lei nocions d'accumulacion e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maivalen%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maivalença (la pagina existís pas)">maivalença</a>. Considerat coma un deis obratges pus importants de la pensada <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">marxista</a>, aqueu libre a totjorn una influéncia considerabla sus la pensada modèrna. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Magdala_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magdala_burning.jpg/220px-Magdala_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magdala_burning.jpg/330px-Magdala_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magdala_burning.jpg/440px-Magdala_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Representacion britanica de l'<a href="/wiki/Incendi" title="Incendi">incendi</a> de la fortalesa de Megdala.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1868</b> : expedicion punitiva <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanica</a> de sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Napier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Napier (la pagina existís pas)">Robert Napier</a> (32 000 òmes) còntra <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> après una lònga crisi diplomatica. Lo negus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewodros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewodros II (la pagina existís pas)">Tewodros II</a>, acceptèt de liberar lei presoniers europèus capturats en <a href="/wiki/1864" class="mw-redirect" title="1864">1864</a>, enjòc oficiau de l'expedicion, mai refusèt de se sometre a <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a>. En plaça, se suicidiguèt lo 13 d'abriu e lei Britanics deguèron se contentar dau pilhatge de la fortalesa de Megdala. Après aqueu succès parciau, lo còrs expedicionari de Napier se retirèt. En junh, lo governador de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasta (la pagina existís pas)">Lasta</a> se proclamèt negus sota lo nom de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekle_Giyorgis_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekle Giyorgis II (la pagina existís pas)">Tekle Giyorgis II</a>. Pasmens, sa posicion foguèt pas reconeguda per leis autrei senhors majors dau país. <br /> <b>1868</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, mòrt de la rèina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasoherina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasoherina (la pagina existís pas)">Rasoherina</a> que foguèt remplaçada per sa cosina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranavalona_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranavalona II (la pagina existís pas)">Ranavalona II</a>. Lo Premier Ministre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainilaiarivony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainilaiarivony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainilaiarivony</a> gardèt son pòste e sa maridèt amb la rèina. La politica dau reiaume demorèt donc la meteissa, centrada sus la modernizacion basada sus lo modèl europèu e la defensa de l'<a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a> còntra leis ambicions <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanica</a>. <br /> </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Restauracion_Meiji" title="Restauracion Meiji">Restauracion Meiji</a>.</div> <p><b>1868-1869</b> : après una brèva <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_civila" title="Guèrra civila">guèrra civila</a>, lei partisans d'una restauracion dei poders de l'emperaire de <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> capitèron de reversar lo Shogunat. Aquò entraïnèt l'adopcion d'una politica de modernizacion accelerada dau país qu'abandonèt una partida importanta de sei tradicions per lei remplaçar per de metòdes e de tecnologias europèas. <br /> <b>1869</b> : per renfòrçar lo sostèn britanic còntra leis ambicions <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainilaiarivony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainilaiarivony (la pagina existís pas)">Rainilaiarivony</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranavalona_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranavalona II (la pagina existís pas)">Ranavalona II</a> venguèron oficialament <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">protestants</a> e ordonèron la destruccion deis objèctes religiós pagans de la Cort. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poligamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poligamia (la pagina existís pas)">poligamia</a> e la consomacion d'alcòl foguèron tanben enebits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg/220px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg/330px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg/440px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (la pagina existís pas)">Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe</a></i> d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1863</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, a la demanda de l'emperaire <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852" class="mw-redirect" title="1852">1852</a>-<a href="/wiki/1870" class="mw-redirect" title="1870">1870</a>), foguèt organizat lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salon_dei_refusats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salon dei refusats (la pagina existís pas)">Salon dei refusats</a></i> que presentava leis òbras de plusors artistas refusats per leis exposicions academicas. Entre lei tablèus presents, se trobava la pintura impressionista <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (la pagina existís pas)">Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe</a></i> d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832" class="mw-redirect" title="1832">1832</a>-<a href="/wiki/1883" class="mw-redirect" title="1883">1883</a>) que foguèt a l'origina d'un escandòl important. D'efèct, representava una frema nusa dins un contèxte contemporanèu. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg/220px-Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg/330px-Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg/440px-Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5360" data-file-height="7073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravadura (la pagina existís pas)">Gravadura</a> realizada en <a href="/wiki/1867" class="mw-redirect" title="1867">1867</a> e <a href="/wiki/1890" class="mw-redirect" title="1890">1890</a> representant la <a href="/wiki/Catedrau_de_Nosta_Dauna_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Catedrau de Nosta Dauna de París">Catedrala de Nòstra Dama de París</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1864</b> : acabament d'una òbra importanta de restauracion de la <a href="/wiki/Catedrau_de_Nosta_Dauna_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Catedrau de Nosta Dauna de París">Catedrala de Nòstra Dama de París</a> dirigits per l'arquitecta <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a>. Donan son aspèct actuau au bastiment. <br /> <b>1869</b> : invencion dau movement <a href="/wiki/Impressionisme" title="Impressionisme">impressionista</a> per <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> (<a href="/wiki/1841" class="mw-redirect" title="1841">1841</a>-<a href="/wiki/1919" class="mw-redirect" title="1919">1919</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840" class="mw-redirect" title="1840">1840</a>-<a href="/wiki/1926" class="mw-redirect" title="1926">1926</a>) amb la realizacion dei tablèus dichs <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Grenouill%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Grenouillère (la pagina existís pas)">La Grenouillère</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bain_%C3%A0_la_Grenouill%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bain à la Grenouillère (la pagina existís pas)">Bain à la Grenouillère</a></i>. A respècte dei corrents precedents, leis impressionistas s'interessavan ais impressions e a la mobilitat dei fenomèns e non pas a l'aspècte estable dei causas. Après l'escandòl dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salon_dei_refusats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salon dei refusats (la pagina existís pas)">Salon dei refusats</a> de <a href="/wiki/1863" class="mw-redirect" title="1863">1863</a>, aqueleis òbras foguèron refusadas dins lei salons dau periòde mai aquò empachèt lo movement de s'estendre e de començar, a cha pauc, de s'organizar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sciéncias_e_tecnicas"><span id="Sci.C3.A9ncias_e_tecnicas"></span>Sciéncias e tecnicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Sciéncias e tecnicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sciéncias e tecnicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1860</b> : a partir de trabalhs dau quimista <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemand</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_von_Liebig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus von Liebig (la pagina existís pas)">Justus von Liebig</a> (<a href="/wiki/1803" class="mw-redirect" title="1803">1803</a>-<a href="/wiki/1873" class="mw-redirect" title="1873">1873</a>), comencèron lei premieras culturas fòra sòu. Son objectiu èra alora d'estudiar lei procès nutritius dei vegetaus. <br /> <b>1860</b> : desvolopament dau concèpte de <a href="/wiki/Torpilhaire" title="Torpilhaire">torpilhaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a> leugier armat de <a href="/wiki/Torpilha" title="Torpilha">torpilhas</a>. L'objectiu èra de crear una unitat pauc costosa e capabla de destrurre de <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> pus importants gràcias a la poissança de destruccion dei torpilhas. <br /> <b>1860</b> : isolacion de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isopr%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoprèn (la pagina existís pas)">isoprèn</a> per lo quimista <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_G._William&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles G. William (la pagina existís pas)">Charles G. William</a> que permetèt de sintetizar lei premiers <a href="/wiki/Cauch%C3%B3" title="Cauchó">cauchós</a> naturaus. <br /> <b>1860</b> : brevet d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lenoir" title="Étienne Lenoir">Étienne Lenoir</a> (<a href="/wiki/1822" class="mw-redirect" title="1822">1822</a>-<a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>) regardant un motor de combustion intèrna permetent d'assegurar la propulsion d'una <a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a> (24 de genier). Aqueu brevet foguèt emendat mai d'un còp entre 1860 e <a href="/wiki/1867" class="mw-redirect" title="1867">1867</a> e un assai dau veïcul permetèt de realizar 9 km en 3 h. Après leis assais de veïculs de <a href="/wiki/1771" class="mw-redirect" title="1771">1771</a> e de <a href="/wiki/1826" class="mw-redirect" title="1826">1826</a>, aquò permetèt de desvolopar lei premiereis automobilas dins lo corrent dau decenni 1880. <br /> <b>1861</b> : realizacion de la premiera fotografia color permanenta. Pasmens, fins au començament dau sègle XX, la fotografia color necessitèt d'equipaments e de tractaments especiaus que ne limitèron l'utilizacion. Lo temps de pausa demorèt pereu un problema car d'exposicions lòngas contunièron d'èsser necessàrias. Ansin, sera necessite d'esparar fins a <a href="/wiki/1907" class="mw-redirect" title="1907">1907</a> per trobar un progrès decisiu dins aqueu domeni. <br /> <b>1861</b> : desvolopament d'un procès novèu de sintèsi de soda per lo quimista <a href="/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica">bèlga</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Solvay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Solvay (la pagina existís pas)">Ernest Solvay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1838" class="mw-redirect" title="1838">1838</a>-<a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a>) que remplacèt pauc a pauc lo procès Leblanc. <br /> <b>1861</b> : amb lo desvolopament progressiu dau mercat dau <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> — que son usatge principau e quasi unic d'aqueu temps èra l'esclairatge — de marchands comencèron de s'interessar a la possibilitat d'exportar lo <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>. Pasmens, lo transpòrt de barrius èra pas practic car la durada de cargament e de descargament dau <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a> èra tròp lònga. Per resòuvre aqueu problema, se desvolopèt donc lo premier <a href="/wiki/Petrolier" title="Petrolier">petrolier</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a> <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanic</a> <i>Elizabeth Watts</i>. De sèrvas intèrnas permetián de melhorar la durada deis operacions portuàrias e de cargar ò descargament lo cargament per pompatge. Pasmens, aqueu premier tipe de <a href="/wiki/Petrolier" title="Petrolier">petrolier</a> èra fòrça perilhós car de vapors <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosivas</a> podián s'acampar entre lei sèrvas e la còca. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/1885" class="mw-redirect" title="1885">1885</a>, solament 10 petroliers èran en servici e serà necessari d'esperar la construccion dau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluckhauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gluckhauf (la pagina existís pas)">Gluckhauf</a></i> per veire lo premier petrolier d'arquitectura modèrna. <br /> <b>1862</b> : depaus d'un brevet depintant la premiera <a href="/wiki/Mitralhi%C3%A8ra" title="Mitralhièra">mitralhièra</a> vertadiera per l'<a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Jordan_Gatling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Jordan Gatling (la pagina existís pas)">Richard Jordan Gatling</a> (<a href="/wiki/1818" class="mw-redirect" title="1818">1818</a>-<a href="/wiki/1903" class="mw-redirect" title="1903">1903</a>). <br /> <b>1862</b> : premiera mencion dau tèrme « <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2rs_negre" title="Còrs negre">còrs negre</a> » (per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Kirchhoff (la pagina existís pas)">Gustav Kirchhoff</a>). <br /> <b>1862</b> : sus lei prats batalhiers de la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Secession" class="mw-redirect" title="Guèrra de Secession">Guèrra de Secession</a>, intrada en servici de la premiera <a href="/wiki/Mina_terr%C3%A8stra" title="Mina terrèstra">mina terrèstra</a> vertadiera que conjugava un poder explosiu important e un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detonator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detonator (la pagina existís pas)">detonator</a> modèrne. <br /> <b>1864</b> : premiera utilizacion d'un <a href="/wiki/Sosmarin" title="Sosmarin">sosmarin</a> per atacar e aprefondar un <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a> per la <a href="/wiki/Estats_confederats_d%27America" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats confederats d'America">Confederacion</a> (17 de febrier). Lo sosmarin utilizat èra de propulsion manuala e foguèt tanben destruch dins l'explosion de sa buta. <br /> </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.</div> <p><b>1864</b> : publicacion per lo fisician <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> per <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1831" class="mw-redirect" title="1831">1831</a>-<a href="/wiki/1879" class="mw-redirect" title="1879">1879</a>) de la sintèsi de son estudi de generalizacion dei trabalhs de <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/1791" class="mw-redirect" title="1791">1791</a>-<a href="/wiki/1867" class="mw-redirect" title="1867">1867</a>) e d'<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/1775" class="mw-redirect" title="1775">1775</a>-<a href="/wiki/1836" class="mw-redirect" title="1836">1836</a>) regardant l'<a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a> e lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetisme (la pagina existís pas)">magnetisme</a>. Presentèt lei quatre <a href="/wiki/Equacion" title="Equacion">equacions</a>, dichas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equacions_de_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equacions de Maxwell (la pagina existís pas)">equacions de Maxwell</a>, depintant lo comportament e lei relacions dau camp <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetisme" title="Electromagnetisme">electromagnetic</a> e demostrèt la natura ondulatòria e electromagnetica de la <a href="/wiki/Lutz" title="Lutz">lutz</a>. Aquò marquèt la fin dau periòde de fondacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetisme" title="Electromagnetisme">electromagnetisme</a>. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg/220px-Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg/330px-Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg/440px-Gie%C3%9Fseite_22-09-2007_077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Forn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Martin-Siemens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Martin-Siemens (la pagina existís pas)">Martin-Siemens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1864</b> : 11 ans après lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Bessemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Bessemer (la pagina existís pas)">procès Bessemer</a>, depaus d'un brevet per lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Martin-Siemens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Martin-Siemens (la pagina existís pas)">procès Martin-Siemens</a>. Gràcias a un forn dotat de regeneraires, permetiá d'utilizar de curum d'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a> e de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>. Òr, amb lo desvolopament rapid de la siderurgia pesuca, aquelei produchs començavan de venir frequents dins l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a>. A respècte dei procès concurrents (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Bessemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Bessemer (la pagina existís pas)">procès Bessemer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Thomas (la pagina existís pas)">procès Thomas</a>...), lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Martin-Siemens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Martin-Siemens (la pagina existís pas)">procès Martin-Siemens</a> èra pus lòng mai permetiá de produrre d'aciers de qualitat superiora. Aqueu procès remplacèt pauc a pauc lo procès Bessemer e representèt 80% de la produccion mondiala d'acier dins lo corrent deis ans 1940. Declinèt lentament après la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a> e dispareguèt dins lo corrent deis ans 2010. <br /> <b>1864</b> : intrada en servici dau <i>Pilot</i> que foguèt lo premier <a href="/wiki/Brisa-gla%C3%A7a" title="Brisa-glaça">brisa-glaça</a> vertadier. D'efiech, l'idèa de renfòrçar un naviri per rompre la banquisa existiá dempuei lei premiereis expedicions polaras mai aqueu naviri, d'origina <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">russa</a>, èra lo premier especialament concebut per durbir de passatges dans la banquisa. <br /> <b>1866</b> : assais oficiaus de la premiera <a href="/wiki/Torpilha" title="Torpilha">torpilha</a> de concepcion modèrna per la marina <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ustria-Ongria" title="Àustria-Ongria">austro-ongresa</a> (21 de decembre). Fòrça eficaça còntra lei <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a>, l'arma novèla se difusèt rapidament dins lo rèsta d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png/220px-Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png/330px-Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png/440px-Pile_leclanch%C3%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Dessenh dau sègle XIX representant una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pila_Leclanch%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pila Leclanché (la pagina existís pas)">pila Leclanché</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1866</b> : depaus de brevet de l'<a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Leclanch%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Leclanché (la pagina existís pas)">Georges Leclanché</a> (<a href="/wiki/1839" class="mw-redirect" title="1839">1839</a>-<a href="/wiki/1882" class="mw-redirect" title="1882">1882</a>) per una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pila (la pagina existís pas)">pila</a> novèla (d'ara endavant dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pila_Leclanch%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pila Leclanché (la pagina existís pas)">pila Leclanché</a>). Gaire costosa e adaptada ais aplicacions necessitant pas una intensitat fòrta e pas un foncionament permanent, aquela pila es a l'origina dei pilas salinas modèrnas. <br /> <b>1867</b> : desvolopament de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinamita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinamita (la pagina existís pas)">dinamita</a> per lo <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimista</a> <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia">suedés</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Nobel (la pagina existís pas)">Alfred Nobel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1833" class="mw-redirect" title="1833">1833</a>-<a href="/wiki/1896" class="mw-redirect" title="1896">1896</a>) que trobèt un mejan per estabilizar la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a>. <br /> <b>1867</b> : identificacion de la natura dobla dei <a href="/wiki/Liqu%C3%A8n" title="Liquèn">liquèns</a> per lo botanista <a href="/wiki/So%C3%AFssa" title="Soïssa">soís</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Schwendener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Schwendener (la pagina existís pas)">Simon Schwendener</a> (<a href="/wiki/1829" class="mw-redirect" title="1829">1829</a>-<a href="/wiki/1919" class="mw-redirect" title="1919">1919</a>). Pasmens, supausèt a tòrt que la relacion èra de tipe <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasitària</a>. De mai, son idèa foguèt inicialament refusada per la màger part deis especialistas que consideravan lei liquèns coma un organisme unic. <br /> <b>1867</b> : inauguracion de la premiera <a href="/wiki/Paissi%C3%A8ra" title="Paissièra">restanca</a> pes modèrna lòng de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furens (la pagina existís pas)">Furens</a> dins la region de <a href="/wiki/Sant_Est%C3%A8ve" title="Sant Estève">Sant Estève</a>. Sa bastida aviá començat en <a href="/wiki/1861" class="mw-redirect" title="1861">1861</a>. L'obratge es fach de maçonariá. Lo <a href="/wiki/Betum" title="Betum">betum</a> remplacèt la maçonariá en <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>. <br /> <b>1867</b> : concepcion dau premier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_atmosferic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor atmosferic (la pagina existís pas)">motor atmosferic</a> per leis <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemands</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Otto (la pagina existís pas)">Nicolas Otto</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832" class="mw-redirect" title="1832">1832</a>-<a href="/wiki/1891" class="mw-redirect" title="1891">1891</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Langen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Langen (la pagina existís pas)">Eugen Langen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1833" class="mw-redirect" title="1833">1833</a>-<a href="/wiki/1895" class="mw-redirect" title="1895">1895</a>). Aqueu motor venguèt lo motor pus utilizat en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> fins a l'aparicion dau motor de 4 temps (<a href="/wiki/1876" class="mw-redirect" title="1876">1876</a>). <br /> <b>1867</b> : invencion dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Miller (la pagina existís pas)">procès Miller</a> de purificacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>. Basat sus l'accion dau <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B2r" title="Clòr">clòr</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>ós dins l'aur en fusion, permet una cloruracion selecticva deis impuretats. Òr, coma aquelei clorurs son pas solubles dins l'aur liquid, aquò permet d'eliminar la màger part deis impuretats e d'obtenir de <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%B2t" title="Lingòt">lingòts</a> d'aur amb una puretat de 99,95%. <br /> <b>1868</b> : dins lo corrent d'un eclipsi solar, l'astronòm <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Janssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Janssen (la pagina existís pas)">Jules Janssen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824" class="mw-redirect" title="1824">1824</a>-<a href="/wiki/1907" class="mw-redirect" title="1907">1907</a>) observèt la preséncia d'un gas desconegut dins l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A8ra" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfèra">atmosfèra</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">terrèstra</a>. L'astronòm britanic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lockyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Lockyer (la pagina existís pas)">Norman Lockyer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836" class="mw-redirect" title="1836">1836</a>-<a href="/wiki/1920" class="mw-redirect" title="1920">1920</a>) capitèt d'i identificar un element desconegut. Aquò èra la premiera observacion d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88li" title="Èli">èli</a> que foguèt identificat en <a href="/wiki/1895" class="mw-redirect" title="1895">1895</a>. <br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Barrage_Zola_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barrage_Zola_1.JPG/220px-Barrage_Zola_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barrage_Zola_1.JPG/330px-Barrage_Zola_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barrage_Zola_1.JPG/440px-Barrage_Zola_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restanca_Zola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restanca Zola (la pagina existís pas)">restanca Zola</a> (<a href="/wiki/2007" class="mw-redirect" title="2007">2007</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1869</b> : inauguracion de la premiera restanca vòuta modèrna (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Restanca_Zola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restanca Zola (la pagina existís pas)">restanca Zola</a>) situat lòng d'Infernet (<a href="/wiki/Lo_Tolonet" title="Lo Tolonet">Lo Tolonet</a>). Aqueu tipe de restanca se difusèt rapidament dins lo rèsta dau mond, especialament per bastir lei restancas situats dins de vau. <br /> <b>1869</b> : premier brevet regardant lo foratge petrolier en <a href="/wiki/Mar" title="Mar">mar</a> depausat per l'<a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Fitch_Rowland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Fitch Rowland (la pagina existís pas)">Thomas Fitch Rowland</a>. Pasmens, la premiera esplecha de <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> sosmarin aguèt pas luòc avans <a href="/wiki/1897" class="mw-redirect" title="1897">1897</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decès"><span id="Dec.C3.A8s"></span>Decès</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Decès" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Decès"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Amici" title="Giovanni Battista Amici">Giovanni Battista Amici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronòm</a> <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">italian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Barlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Barlow (la pagina existís pas)">Peter Barlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisician</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">anglés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hector_Berlioz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hector Berlioz (la pagina existís pas)">Louis Hector Berlioz</a>, compositor <a href="/wiki/Romantisme" title="Romantisme">romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Buchanam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Buchanam (la pagina existís pas)">James Buchanam</a>, president <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Colt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Colt (la pagina existís pas)">Samuel Colt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pintre</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Nikolaus_von_Dreyse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse (la pagina existís pas)">Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisician</a> e <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimista</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">anglés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Fourneyron" title="Benoît Fourneyron">Benoît Fourneyron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Guilh%C3%A8m_IV_de_Pr%C3%BAssia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Guilhèm IV de Prússia (la pagina existís pas)">Frederic Guilhèm IV</a>, rèi de <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Prússia">Prússia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Goodyear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Goodyear (la pagina existís pas)">Charles Goodyear</a>, quimista <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Lexing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Lexing (la pagina existís pas)">Zhang Lexing</a>, cap rebèl <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">chinés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, president <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_I%C3%A8r_de_Mexic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Ièr de Mexic (la pagina existís pas)">Maximilian I<sup>èr</sup></a>, emperaire de <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Ferdinand_M%C3%B6bius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Ferdinand Möbius (la pagina existís pas)">August Ferdinand Möbius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematician</a> e <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronòm</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Beaumont_Neilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Beaumont Neilson (la pagina existís pas)">James Beaumont Neilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Escòcia">escocés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-L%C3%A9onard-Marie_Poiseuille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Léonard-Marie Poiseuille (la pagina existís pas)">Jean-Léonard-Marie Poiseuille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina">mètge</a> e <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisician</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Victor_Poncelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Victor Poncelet (la pagina existís pas)">Jean-Victor Poncelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaire</a> e <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Pouillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Pouillet (la pagina existís pas)">Claude Pouillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisician</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosòf</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radama_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radama II (la pagina existís pas)">Radama II</a>, rèi dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reiaume_Merina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reiaume Merina (la pagina existís pas)">Reiaume Merina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasoherina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasoherina (la pagina existís pas)">Rasoherina</a>, rèina dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reiaume_Merina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reiaume Merina (la pagina existís pas)">Reiaume Merina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sengge_Rinchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sengge Rinchen (la pagina existís pas)">Sengge Rinchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generau" title="Generau">generau</a> <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">chinés</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosòf</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewodros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewodros II (la pagina existís pas)">Tewodros II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negus" class="mw-redirect" title="Negus">negus</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ans_1860&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" 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class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ans 1860</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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