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radio around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus_radio_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campus radio around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campus_radio_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei_Darussalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei_Darussalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Brunei Darussalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei_Darussalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.27</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.29</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.30</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.31</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.32</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.33</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.34</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.35</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.36</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.37</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.38</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.39</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.40</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.41</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.42</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93" title="ক্যাম্পাস রেডিও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যাম্পাস রেডিও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschulradio" title="Hochschulradio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochschulradio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%A0%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="캠퍼스 라디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캠퍼스 라디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99" title="רדיו אוניברסיטאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיו אוניברסיטאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteto_radijas" title="Universiteto radijas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Universiteto radijas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_kampus" title="Radio kampus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radio kampus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Студенческое радио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Студенческое радио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Campus radio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tudentsk%C3%A9_r%C3%A1dio" title="Študentské rádio – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Študentské rádio" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampusradio" title="Kampusradio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kampusradio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentradiostation" title="Studentradiostation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Studentradiostation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1436229#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of radio station run by students</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about college radio stations as a concept. For the specific online radio station, see <a href="/wiki/Campus_Radio_Online" title="Campus Radio Online">Campus Radio Online</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Campus_radio" title="Special:EditPage/Campus radio">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Campus_radio" title="Talk:Campus radio">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Campus_radio" title="Talk:Campus radio">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg/220px-KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg/330px-KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg/440px-KSPC_Primary_Recording_Booth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Recording booth at <a href="/wiki/KSPC" title="KSPC">KSPC</a>, a college radio station in <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_California" title="Claremont, California">Claremont, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Campus radio</b> (also known as <b>college radio</b>, <b>university radio</b> or <b>student radio</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a> that is run by the students of a <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a>, university or other <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institution</a>. Programming may be exclusively created or produced by <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">students</a>, or may include program contributions from the local community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a> or government broadcasters. </p><p>Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness—or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement—to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as <a href="/wiki/Top_40_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Top 40 (radio format)">commercial hits</a>. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, underground <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists. </p><p>Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a> programming as well as general music. Often the <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a> is best described as a <a href="/wiki/Freeform_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeform (radio format)">freeform</a>, with much creativity and individualism among the <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeys</a> and show hosts. Some of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the term <i>campus radio</i> implies full-power AM or FM transmission, a significant number of stations transmit with <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">low-power broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_radio" title="Closed-circuit radio">closed circuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carrier_current" title="Carrier current">carrier current</a> systems, in some cases to on-campus listeners only. Many universities and college stations today also broadcast via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet</a>, either as an additional outlet for their licensed stations or in lieu of obtaining a government-issued license. In addition, college programming is distributed through local cable television systems on <a href="/wiki/Cable_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable FM">cable FM</a> or on the <a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">second audio programs</a> of TV radio stations. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus_radio_around_the_world">Campus radio around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campus radio around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first (and one of the most popular) campus radio in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">Argentina's history</a> is LR11 <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Plata" class="extiw" title="es:Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata">Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de La Plata">Universidad Nacional de La Plata</a>. It was inaugurated on 5 April 1924 as an element of scientific dissemination and university extension, and it is the first university radio station in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous campus/college radio in the country, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Universidad_(Universidad_Nacional_de_Rosario)" class="extiw" title="es:Radio Universidad (Universidad Nacional de Rosario)">FM Radio Universidad</a> ("University Radio"), is an Argentine radio station based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Rosario" title="National University of Rosario">National University of Rosario (UNR)</a>. It was created in 1994, and it has a strong focus on programs covering national/international news and current political topics of discussion, as well as <a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">AOR musical segments</a>. The station transmits on 103.3 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Student radio stations generally operate under a <a href="/wiki/Community_radio#Australia" title="Community radio">community broadcasting licence</a>. Some services, such as <a href="/wiki/87.8_UCFM" title="87.8 UCFM">87.8 UCFM</a> Canberra, operate under a narrowcast license, while others broadcast exclusively online. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> – <a href="/wiki/Radio_Adelaide" title="Radio Adelaide">Radio Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a> – <a href="/wiki/TUNE!_FM" title="TUNE! FM">TUNE! FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of New England, Australia">University of New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batchelor,_Northern_Territory" title="Batchelor, Northern Territory">Batchelor</a> – Radio Rum Jungle, <a href="/wiki/Batchelor_Institute_of_Indigenous_Tertiary_Education" title="Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education">Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a> – <a href="/wiki/2MCE" title="2MCE">2MCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University" title="Charles Sturt University">Charles Sturt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> – <a href="/wiki/87.8_UCFM" title="87.8 UCFM">87.8 UCFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canberra" title="University of Canberra">University of Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> – <a href="/wiki/104.1_Territory_FM" title="104.1 Territory FM">104.1 Territory FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University" title="Charles Darwin University">Charles Darwin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=LCFM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LCFM (page does not exist)">LCFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Launceston_College_(Tasmania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launceston College (Tasmania)">Launceston College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> – 3SSR, <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> – <a href="/wiki/SYN_(radio_station)" title="SYN (radio station)">SYN</a>, <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a> – <a href="/wiki/2NUR" title="2NUR">2NUR</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Curtin_Radio" title="Curtin Radio">Curtin Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> – <a href="/wiki/2SER" title="2SER">2SER</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Technology, Sydney">University of Technology, Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> – <a href="/wiki/SURG" title="SURG">SURG</a>, Sydney University Radio Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> – Sydney TAFE Radio, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Institute_of_TAFE" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Institute of TAFE">Sydney Institute of TAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a> – Wodonga TAFE Radio, Wodonga Institute Of TAFE</li></ul> <p>Australia also once had two radio stations that were operated by universities and dedicated to delivery of course content:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> – VL2UV, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> (commenced in 1961, using 1750 kHz, just outside the <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">AM broadcast band</a>, closed in 1986.)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> – VL5UV, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> (commenced in 1972, but later that year converted to a community radio station, became <a href="/wiki/Radio_Adelaide" title="Radio Adelaide">Radio Adelaide</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Radio Radieschen 91.3 - a campus radio station running a 24/7 program by students of FHWien.</li> <li>Radio Campus - a campus radio station run by students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BU RADiO is the first campus radio station of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barishal" title="University of Barishal">University of Barishal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barishal" class="mw-redirect" title="Barishal">Barishal</a>, Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded on 19 May 2019 by a group of students and alumni of the university.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>BUET Radio is the first campus radio in Bangladesh among the engineering universities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established on 30 October 2015 and is run by the students of the institution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>BRUR Campus Radio is the Campus Online Radio of <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Begum Rokeya University">Begum Rokeya University</a>, Rangpur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>KUET RADIO is a university-based radio station in <a href="/wiki/KUET" class="mw-redirect" title="KUET">Khulna University of Engineering & Technology</a>, established in 2016. This station broadcasts campus-based programs and public notices of the administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>SUSTcast is the campus radio station made for <a href="/wiki/Shahjalal_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shahjalal University of Science and Technology">Shahjalal University of Science and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first-ever AI-based online campus radio among universities in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SUSTcast, a joint project of RoboSUST, Dept. of CSE, and Team Meow is open for all the students and teachers of <a href="/wiki/Shahjalal_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shahjalal University of Science and Technology">Shahjalal University of Science and Technology</a>. Different organizations and teacher-students from the university can perform on this platform regularly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>UAPIANS RADIO is an online-based Radio which is organized by the Students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Asia_Pacific" title="University of Asia Pacific">University of Asia Pacific</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urgent.fm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urgent.fm (page does not exist)">Urgent.fm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Campus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Campus (page does not exist)">Radio Campus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Libre_de_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Libre de Bruxelles">Université Libre de Bruxelles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XL_AIR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XL AIR (page does not exist)">XL AIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">VUB</a> & <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Brussels_University_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts">EhB</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, most campus radios operate under an educational radio license, granted by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Communications (Brazil)">Ministry of Communications</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anatel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatel">National Telecommunications Agency</a>. In Brazil, educational radios are prohibited from broadcast commercial advertising on its programming, except in the form of cultural support. According to the Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT), in April 2013, Brazil had 466 educational radios.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>USP FM – 93.7 MHz – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a></li> <li>UNESP FM – 105.7 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Bauru" title="Bauru">Bauru</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_State_University" title="São Paulo State University">São Paulo State University</a></li> <li>FM Unitau – 107.7 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Taubat%C3%A9" title="Taubaté">Taubaté</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Taubat%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Taubaté">University of Taubaté</a></li> <li>Universitária FM – 104.7 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Vitória, Espírito Santo">Vitória</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Federal University of Espírito Santo">Federal University of Espírito Santo</a></li> <li>Udesc FM – 100.1 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_State_University" title="Santa Catarina State University">Santa Catarina State University</a></li> <li>Universitária FM – 107.9 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Cear%C3%A1" title="Federal University of Ceará">Federal University of Ceará</a></li> <li>Rádio da Universidade AM – 1080 kHz – <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li>Mix FM – 107.1 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Canoas" title="Canoas">Canoas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Luterana_do_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Luterana do Brasil">Lutheran University of Brazil</a></li> <li>UPF FM – 99.9 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Passo_Fundo" title="Passo Fundo">Passo Fundo</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Passo_Fundo" title="University of Passo Fundo">University of Passo Fundo</a></li> <li>UCS FM - 106.5 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul" title="Caxias do Sul">Caxias do Sul</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caxias_do_Sul" title="University of Caxias do Sul">University of Caxias do Sul</a></li> <li>Univates FM – 95.1 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Lajeado,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul">Lajeado</a> – <a href="/wiki/Univates" title="Univates">University of Taquari Valley</a></li> <li>Uni FM – 107.9 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul">Santa Maria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Santa_Maria" title="Federal University of Santa Maria">Federal University of Santa Maria</a></li> <li>Federal FM – 107.9 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Pelotas" title="Pelotas">Pelotas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Pelotas" title="Federal University of Pelotas">Federal University of Pelotas</a></li> <li>URI FM – 106.1 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul">Santiago</a> – Integrated Regional University of Upper Uruguay and Missões</li> <li>Universitária FM – 99.9 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Pernambuco" title="Federal University of Pernambuco">Federal University of Pernambuco</a></li> <li>Universitária FM – 95.9 MHz – <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Roraima" title="Federal University of Roraima">Federal University of Roraima</a></li> <li>Universitária AM – 870 kHz – <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Federal University of Goiás">Federal University of Goiás</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei_Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brunei Darussalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/UBD_FM" title="UBD FM">UBD FM</a> is the first university-based radio station in <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>. The student-run organization operates under the Educational and Technology Center of the <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Brunei_Darussalam" title="Universiti Brunei Darussalam">Universiti Brunei Darussalam</a> and was established in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_campus_radio_stations_in_Canada" title="List of campus radio stations in Canada">List of campus radio stations in Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada, radio stations are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC), which provides that "a campus radio station is a radio station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio: <i>instructional</i> (for training of professional broadcasters) and <i>community-based campus</i> (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based radio format is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio." In recent years, some community-based campus radio stations, including <a href="/wiki/CFFF-FM" title="CFFF-FM">CFFF-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/CJMQ-FM" title="CJMQ-FM">CJMQ-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, have in fact had their CRTC licenses formally reclassified from campus radio to <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from a requirement not to compete directly with commercial radio stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum. Campus radio stations in Canada are more commonly associated with universities than with colleges, although some colleges also have licensed campus radio stations. As well, some institutions maintain unlicensed campus radio operations which broadcast only by <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_radio" title="Closed-circuit radio">closed circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable FM">cable FM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet streaming</a>. Also see United States section for more general information. </p><p>Canada's oldest community-based campus radio station is <a href="/wiki/CFRC-FM" title="CFRC-FM">CFRC</a> at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, which has been on the air since 1923; it began as a commercial radio station and a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> affiliate but became the country's first university-owned station in 1942 and fully transitioned to a campus radio station in 1957. <a href="/wiki/CJRT-FM" title="CJRT-FM">CJRT-FM</a>, a campus radio station of the instructional type, has been on air since 1949. </p><p>The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through the use of <i>conditions of license</i> that radio stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus radio stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a> system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. The minimum Canadian content required for a campus station is 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual programs have their own requirements which depend on a particular program's content category.<sup id="cite_ref-crtc.gc.ca_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crtc.gc.ca-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, for popular music programs (pop, rock, dance, country-oriented, acoustic, and easy listening), hosts must play a minimum of 35% Canadian content. Programs featuring Special Interest Music (concert, folk-oriented, world, blues, jazz, non-classic religious, and experimental) must have at least 12% Canadian content.<sup id="cite_ref-crtc.gc.ca_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crtc.gc.ca-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2005, <a href="/wiki/Humber_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber College">Humber College</a>'s radio station <a href="/wiki/CKHC-FM" title="CKHC-FM">CKHC-FM</a> became the first broadcast radio station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Other requirements generally made of campus radio stations include quotas of non-hit, folk, and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming. </p><p>Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Campus_and_Community_Radio_Association" title="National Campus and Community Radio Association">National Campus and Community Radio Association</a>. </p><p>On 23 January 2012, the CRTC announced it would be eliminating instructional radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five student radio stations in Denmark related to the largest universities in Denmark. Only the town of <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a> has a university and no permanent radio, but every year the five existing student radio stations work together in producing 10 days of radio on the <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskilde festival">Roskilde festival</a>. The project is a cooperation between all the student radios organized by the cooperation organization called <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Danske_Studenterradioer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Danske Studenterradioer (page does not exist)">DDS</a> and could be considered a temporary radio station. </p><p>The five student radio stations in Denmark are listed below with the city they relate to in Denmark. </p> <ul><li>Universitetsradioen in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>XFM Lyngby in <a href="/wiki/Lyngby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyngby">Lyngby</a></li> <li>Odense studenterradio in <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a></li> <li>Arhus studenterradio in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Århus">Århus</a></li> <li>Aalborg studenterradio in <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a></li></ul> <p>All the radios broadcast radio in local frequencies on FM in their related city. XFM actually has two departments one in Copenhagen and one in Lyngby and is the only radio who has two broadcast licenses. </p><p>The only one of the radio stations which broadcasts radio directly on campus is Aalborg student radio. As many of the American student radio Aalborg has speaker directly on the university where they can broadcast radio to the students cad Campus Rdio AAU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Campus France is a national, non-profit radio broadcasting network grouping 22 public college radio stations located in the largest French cities. Acting as an umbrellas for college radio in French public Universities, it proves that there is strength in numbers, and that music, technology and education are natural bedfellows. Not just a collection of disparate elements, Radio Campus is a vocal leader in the areas of digital broadcasting, keeping tabs on the development of terrestrial radio, as well as developing new network interfaces for radio stations across the nation to share content. With a broad music program, the playlist is powered by the passion of fans, and heralds a modern way for groups to interact in the social web. Whether through their support of regular residency shows from the likes of Beats In Space, or Warp Records, or broadcasting live from Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Festival in Sete, it is the love of the music which connects the listeners, and that makes Radio Campus a unique and special group indeed. </p><p>The Radio Campus France radio stations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> – Radio Campus Amiens 88.7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> – Radio Campus Angers 103.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> – Radio Campus Besançon 102.4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> – Radio Campus Bordeaux 88.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> – Radio-U 101.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> – Radio Phénix 92.7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> – Radio Campus Clermont-Ferrand 93.3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> – Radio Dijon Campus 92.2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> – Radio Campus Grenoble 90.8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> – Radio Campus Lille 106.6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> – Radio Brume 90.7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> – Radio Grenouille 88.8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> – Radio Campus Montpellier 102.2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> – Radio Campus Orléans 88.3</li> <li>Paris – <a href="/wiki/Radio_Campus_Paris" title="Radio Campus Paris">Radio Campus Paris</a> 93.9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> – Radio Campus Rennes 88.4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> – Radio En Construction 90.7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> – Radio Campus Toulouse 94.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> – Radio Campus Tours 99.5</li></ul> <p>The Confédération des radios de grandes écoles is the national non-profit network unifying 46 internet radios in the <a href="/wiki/Grandes_Ecoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes Ecoles">Grandes Ecoles</a>, higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system, specialised schools spread in more than twenty cities: schools of business, engineering or political science for example. The CRGE represents more than 150 000 students and do reports in the main French international events like the <a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Cannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival de Cannes">Cannes Films Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monaco_Grand_Prix" title="Monaco Grand Prix">Monaco Grand Prix</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Games_Week" title="Paris Games Week">Paris Games Week</a>. They have interviewed many CEOs like <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Niel" title="Xavier Niel">Xavier Niel</a>, CEO of Free, or politicians, like the new French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>. They also have links with other campus radios and campus radios network in the world. </p><p>The CRGE members are for the Business Schools: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audencia_Business_School" title="Audencia Business School">Audencia</a> – FM'Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_School_of_Management" title="Grenoble School of Management">Grenoble School of Management</a> – Micro-Ondes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Business_School" title="Rouen Business School">Rouen Business School</a> – Rou'On Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims_Management_School" title="Reims Management School">Reims Management School</a> – On AirMS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromed_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Euromed Management">Euromed Management</a> – Dynam'hit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IESEG_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="IESEG School of Management">IESEG School of Management</a> – NePap Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse Business School">Toulouse Business School</a> – CulturESC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Rennes_School_of_Business" title="ESC Rennes School of Business">ESC Rennes School of Business</a> – Descibel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Strasbourg_Business_School" title="EM Strasbourg Business School">EM Strasbourg Business School</a> – EM Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_School_of_Business" title="Burgundy School of Business">Burgundy School of Business</a> – Dij'ital</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iscool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iscool (page does not exist)">Iscool</a> – Iscool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDHEC" class="mw-redirect" title="EDHEC">EDHEC</a> – On Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Hautes_Etudes_Commerciales_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Hautes Etudes Commerciales de Paris">HEC</a> – Hechoes – FMR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_commerce_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris">ISC</a> – Voice</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESG_Management_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESG Management School (page does not exist)">ESG</a> – ESGMS Media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEEC" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEEC">INSEEC</a> – Inseec'Ond</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Clermont_Business_School" title="ESC Clermont Business School">ESC Clermont Business School</a> – Radio'Actif</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDC_Paris_Business_School" title="EDC Paris Business School">EDC Paris Business School</a> – Radio Ooh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_management_de_Normandie" title="École de management de Normandie">École de management de Normandie</a> – L'Havrai Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_%C3%89cole_de_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux École de Management">Bordeaux École de Management</a> – Start hit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlyon_Business_School" title="Emlyon Business School">Emlyon Business School</a> – Propulsound Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Troyes" title="Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes">ESC Troyes</a> – Radio Trente Troyes Tours</li></ul> <p>The CRGE Engineering Schools radios includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">Ponts et Chaussées</a> – uPonts the air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautes_%C3%A9tudes_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Hautes études d'ingénieur">HEI</a> – GB Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Toulouse">INSA Toulouse</a> – Radio Insa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPITA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPITA">EPITA</a> – Air Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFREI" title="EFREI">EFREI</a> – Ready'O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_d%27%C3%A9lectronique" title="École centrale d'électronique">École centrale d'électronique</a> – No Larsen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSEA">ENSEA</a> – Fuse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="École Centrale de Nantes">École Centrale de Nantes</a> – Nuclérez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="École polytechnique (France)">École polytechnique</a> – X-Ray</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale Paris">École centrale Paris</a> – Radio Pi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Lyon">INSA Lyon</a> – Gatsun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Rennes">INSA Rennes</a> – Le Mégaphone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPINFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SUPINFO">Sup Info</a> – Sup Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_des_Travaux_Publics" title="École Spéciale des Travaux Publics">ESTP</a> – Radio ESTP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSTA" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA">ENSTA</a> – Bruitage</li></ul> <p>The other member Grandes Ecoles radios are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Paris">Sciences Po</a> – Radio Sciences Po</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENS_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="ENS Lyon">ENS Lyon</a> – TrENSistor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27architecture_de_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy">École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy</a> – Radar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Cachan" class="mw-redirect" title="École normale supérieure de Cachan">ÉNS Cachan</a> – WebRadio Cachanaise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(rue_d%27Ulm_%E2%80%94_Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm — Paris)">École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm — Paris)</a> – TrENSmission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris-1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne">Université Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</a> – Sorb'On Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris-Dauphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris-Dauphine">Dauphine</a> – Dauphine On Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Bordeaux" title="Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux">Sciences Po Bordeaux</a> – Radio Lado</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Sciences Po Aix</a> – Sciences Po Hertz</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Westfalia_University_of_Applied_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Westfalia University of Applied Sciences (page does not exist)">South Westfalia University of Applied Sciences</a>, Meschede – radioFH! 94,7 MHz</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PolyteXneio FM is the National Technical University of Athens Students' Radio Station. It is an open student project; its character is strictly non-profit and participation is free for any student of the NTUA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Radio Universidad<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pécsi Egyetemi Rádió – University Radio Pécs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els%C5%91_Pesti_Egyetemi_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Első Pesti Egyetemi Rádió">Első Pesti Egyetemi Rádió</a> – ELTE, Budapest</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Seyðisfjörður Community Radio is an experimental radio station run from the art school <a href="/wiki/LungA_School" title="LungA School">LungA School</a>, Seyðisfjörður.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community groups in India, and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">non-governmental organisations</a> (NGOs) have been campaigning for permission to set up <i>community radio</i> (CR) radio stations since the late 1990s. </p><p>News, as of November 2006, has it that the India cabinet decided to grant permission to non-profit organizations and educational institutions to set up community radio stations. The cabinet decision will allow civil society and voluntary organizations, state agriculture universities and institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or agricultural science centers, registered societies and autonomous boards, and public trusts registered under Societies Act to start community radio stations. Broadcast Engineering Consultants of India is a government-owned corporation that helps setup of Community FM radio stations in India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a>, the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the government, told India's upper house of parliament the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> on 22 December 2003, that four organizations including <a href="/wiki/Jammu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu University">Jammu University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir University">Kashmir University</a> were found ineligible for grant of license as per the laid down guidelines. The minister also ruled out any review of the policy despite limited response to the non-commercial, low-powered <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> scheme which former information and broadcasting minister <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> had said would "revolutionize" radio broadcast in the country. </p><p>Radio enthusiast Alokesh Gupta saying: "The announcement of the Government was to have seen 1000 radio stations by December 2003. Instead administrative wrangling came in the way of implementing the project as colleges spent time running around for licenses and approval from four ministries — Home Affairs, Communications & Information & Broadcasting — as they took their time processing applications." </p><p>On 2 February 2004, <a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> unveiled the country's first campus radio station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna FM (page does not exist)">Anna FM</a>. Radio Ujjas in <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> (in the western state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>) is one such CR and gets its funding from the United Nations Development Programme (<a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>) and the Central Government. Similarly, a community-based radio programme titled Panchayat Vani (People's Voice) was recently broadcast on <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> (AIR), <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. The campus radio station <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyanvaani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyanvaani (page does not exist)">Gyanvaani</a> has also been licensed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sam_Higginbottom_University_of_Agriculture,_Technology_and_Sciences" title="Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences">Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences</a> established a community radio station, Radio Adan (90.4 MHz) in 2008, which brings together experts, students, farmers, and local population, through various popular programmes, focussing on agriculture, education, employment, women empowerment, child marriage, health and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pune_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pune University">Pune University</a> is the first university in the state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> to have an FM radio station. The University of Pune's FM Radio inaugurated on 1 May 2005, has been named as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidyavani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidyavani (page does not exist)">Vidyavani</a>. It covers a wide range of subjects, focusing specifically on the requirements of students of various departments and affiliated colleges. It reaches an area around the campus within eight-km radius. </p><p>Unsuccessful attempts have been also made to start CR without obtaining any permission. The small village of Orvakal in <a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (South India) launched "Mana Radio" (Our Radio) in November 2002. This project run under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Elimination_of_Rural_Poverty" title="Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty">Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty</a> used a tiny transmitter that covered a radius of half a kilometer to enable <a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">rural women</a> members of self-help groups. Four months later, officials from the Central Government brought in police to seize the equipment and declared the broadcasts illegal. </p><p>The Government policy to permit educational institutions to have their own FM Channels at low-frequency levels emerged in mid-December 2002, as a result of years of campaigning by activists and a strongly worded <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> judgment directing the opening up of the airwaves. </p><p>A unique experiment in using media technologies, especially radio, for development and empowerment of marginalized, rural communities is the community radio initiative "Chalo Ho Gaon Mein" a programme that is broadcast once a week on AIR <a href="/wiki/Daltonganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Daltonganj">Daltonganj</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, eastern India. This radio programme is supported by the National Foundation for India and produced by Community representatives, of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_for_India_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alternative for India Development (page does not exist)">Alternative for India Development</a> (AID), a non-governmental organization. School of Communication of <a href="/wiki/Manipal" title="Manipal">Manipal</a> also has its own campus radio. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravenshaw_Radio" title="Ravenshaw Radio">Ravenshaw Radio</a> 90.4 MHz is <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state's first campus community radio station (CRS) of <a href="/wiki/Ravenshaw_University" title="Ravenshaw University">Ravenshaw University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. It started broadcasting in April 2011. </p><p>According to the terms of the campus broad license, a number of aspects are disallowed from broadcasts. This includes anything that offends good taste or decency, contains criticism of friendly countries, contains an attack on religion, contains anything obscene, defamatory, false, and suggestive innuendos and half-truths, likely to encourage or incite violence, contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation, criticizes, maligns or slanders any individual in person, encourages superstition or blind belief, denigrates women, denigrates children, or presents or depicts or suggests as desirable the misuse of drugs, alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Syiar FM, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Alauddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. </p><p>Is a campus (student) community base radio broadcasting system, originally it has a function as an engineering laboratory to train students in broadcast engineering skills, which are currently being sought to turn into a radio commercial for the students also can improve their skills in terms of broadcast management and broadcast business </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belfield FM, University College Dublin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belfield_FM" title="Belfield FM">Belfield FM</a> is <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin's</a> student radio station. The station began broadcasting in 1990. It was initially run as a part of the <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin_Students%27_Union" title="University College Dublin Students' Union">UCD Students' Union</a>, under the remit of the entertainments office, before becoming an independent entity within the Students' Union. Belfield FM disaffiliated with the SU at the end of the 2011/2012 college year, and is now run independently within the UCD Societies Council framework. The station forms part of UCD's 'Student Media Network', along with <i><a href="/wiki/The_University_Observer" title="The University Observer">The University Observer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/College_Tribune" title="College Tribune">The College Tribune</a></i>. The station is run by volunteer staff and contributors, and broadcasts on week-days as well as hosting a coterie of <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a> on their <a href="/wiki/Mixcloud" title="Mixcloud">Mixcloud</a> account. The station has won multiple accolades from the <a href="/wiki/National_Student_Media_Awards" title="National Student Media Awards">National Student Media Awards</a>, and has an annual 24-hour charity broadcast that has raised funds in aid of organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Rape_Crisis_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Rape Crisis Centre">Dublin Rape Crisis Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peter_McVerry_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter McVerry Trust">Peter McVerry Trust</a>. </p><p>ITTFM, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Tallaght, Co Dublin, Ireland. </p><p>ITTFM is a college radio station that broadcasts twice a year on FM over Freshers Week and at the beginning of semester 2 each year. The station also streams their shows online live around the world and use live streaming during the year as an alternative to FM broadcasts. Many of the shows have won awards for their creativity. The shows range from music, informal chat, news and current affairs, with many people of the locality praising the station for its involvement in local affairs. The station is primarily run by students in the Creative Digital Media (CDM) course but is open to students of all disciplines. The station is largely self-funding from sponsorships and usually have prizes to give away during broadcasts. The station is however forbidden from promoting alcohol or drug use. The station uses the tagline "Your Big, Little Station" associated with the size of the college and the scope of the work students undertake. The frequency of the station has changed many times over the years and is unknown for 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campus radio also exists in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, where several colleges, universities, and high schools have successful programs. One of the most famous is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kol_HaCampus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kol HaCampus (page does not exist)">Kol HaCampus</a> (Voice of the Campus/Campus Voice), broadcast out of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> on 106 MHz. More information can be found with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Broadcasting_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Broadcasting Authority">Israeli Broadcasting Authority</a>. Another college radio station is the Hebrew University's<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, broadcasting mostly indie and alternative music. In 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a> has joined these universities with a new campus radio station, Radio 1m. In 2017 the students of Sede Boquer Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben Gurion University</a> established SB Campus Radio, which function as a <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Radio WAU, the web radio of University of Salento</li> <li>Radio 6023 (operated by University of Eastern Piedmont)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioeco" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioeco">radioeco</a>.it, the web radio of the University of Pisa</li> <li>RadioBue.it,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the web radio of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Bocconi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Bocconi (page does not exist)">radiobocconi.it</a>, Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi di Milano</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Catt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Catt (page does not exist)">Radio Catt</a> (operated by <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore" title="Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore">Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore</a>)</li> <li>FuoriAulaNetwork,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Università degli Studi di Verona</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanbaradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanbaradio (page does not exist)">Sanbaradio</a>.it,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the web radio of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trento" title="University of Trento">University of Trento</a></li> <li>UCampus,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the web radio of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a></li> <li>Unica Radio,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the student's radio of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cagliari" title="University of Cagliari">University of Cagliari</a></li> <li>Radio Urca – Urbino Radio Campus<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Radiophonica.com,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> web radio and web TV</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Www.poliradio.it&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Www.poliradio.it (page does not exist)">POLI.RADIO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> students' radio station of <a href="/wiki/Politecnico_di_milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Politecnico di milano">Politecnico di Milano</a>, Milano</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Radio Monash (operated by <a href="/wiki/Monash_University_Malaysia_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monash University Malaysia Campus">Monash University Malaysia</a>)</li> <li>Wings Radio (operated by <a href="/wiki/Limkokwing_University_of_Creative_Technology" title="Limkokwing University of Creative Technology">Limkokwing University of Creative Technology</a>)</li> <li>RMMU (operated by <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_University" title="Multimedia University">Multimedia University</a>)</li> <li>IIUM FM (operated by <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia" title="International Islamic University Malaysia">International Islamic University Malaysia</a>)</li> <li>UFM (operated by <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">Universiti Teknologi MARA</a>)</li> <li>Putra FM (operated by <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Putra Malaysia">Universiti Putra Malaysia</a>)</li> <li>iRadio OUM (operated by <a href="/wiki/Open_University_Malaysia" title="Open University Malaysia">Open University Malaysia</a>)</li> <li>UMS KKFM (operated by <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah" title="Universiti Malaysia Sabah">Universiti Malaysia Sabah</a>)</li> <li>WINTI (operated by <a href="/wiki/INTI_International_University" title="INTI International University">INTI International University & Colleges</a>)</li> <li>MyUFM (operated by <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">Universiti Teknologi MARA</a>, Terengganu campus)</li> <li>KDU Campus Radio (operated by [UOW KDU MALAYSIA ], Utropolis Glenmarie Campus)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XEUN-FM" title="XEUN-FM">XEUN-FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">UNAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEANAH-AM" title="XEANAH-AM">XEANAH-AM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anahuac_University_Network" title="Anahuac University Network">Anahuac University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huixquilucan_de_Degollado" class="mw-redirect" title="Huixquilucan de Degollado">Huixquilucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHUDG-FM" title="XHUDG-FM">XHUDG-FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Guadalajara" title="Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara">UAG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UABC_Radio" title="UABC Radio">XEUT-AM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Baja_California" title="Autonomous University of Baja California">UABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Human FM, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, Wellington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUNTfm" title="MUNTfm">MUNTfm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a>, Wellington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_One_(New_Zealand)" title="Radio One (New Zealand)">Radio One</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a>, Dunedin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDU-FM" title="RDU-FM">RDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a>, Christchurch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Control_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Control (New Zealand)">Radio Control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a>, Palmerston North</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_FM" title="Contact FM">Contact FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waikato" title="University of Waikato">University of Waikato</a>, Hamilton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/95bFM" title="95bFM">95bFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>, Auckland</li> <li>The VBC, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, Wellington</li> <li>Static FM, AUT, Auckland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Abuja" title="University of Abuja">University of Abuja</a>, Abuja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwa Ibom">Akwa Ibom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State_Polytechnic" title="Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic">Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic</a>, Ikot Osurua, UNIUYO100.7FM, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Uyo" title="University of Uyo">University of Uyo</a>, Uyo, HERITAGE104.9 FM (Heritage Polytechnic), Eket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anambra">Anambra</a> – UNIZIK94.1FM, <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe_University" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe University">Nnamdi Azikiwe University</a>, Awka, MADONNA93.4FM, <a href="/wiki/Madonna_University_(Ihiala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna University (Ihiala)">Madonna University (Ihiala)</a>, Okija</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_River_State_University_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross River State University of Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Cross River State University of Science and Technology</a>, Ogoja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> – HILLSIDE94.1FM, <a href="/wiki/Auchi_Polytechnic" title="Auchi Polytechnic">Auchi Polytechnic</a>, Auchi, <a href="/wiki/Igbinedion_University" title="Igbinedion University">Igbinedion University</a>, Okada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a> – GOU-UNI106.9fm, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Okoye_University" title="Godfrey Okoye University">Godfrey Okoye University</a>, Enugu, CARITAS98.7FM, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_University" title="Caritas University">Caritas University</a>, Enugu, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nigeria" title="University of Nigeria">University of Nigeria</a>, Nsukka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University" title="Ahmadu Bello University">Ahmadu Bello University</a> (ABU), Zaria, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_Polytechnic" title="Kaduna Polytechnic">Kaduna Polytechnic</a>, Kaduna, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Teachers_Institute,_Kaduna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Teachers Institute, Kaduna (page does not exist)">National Teachers Institute, Kaduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bayero_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayero University">Bayero University</a>, Kano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara State</a> – UNILORIN89.3FM, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ilorin" title="University of Ilorin">University of Ilorin</a>, Ilorin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> – NOUN105.9FM, <a href="/wiki/National_Open_University_of_Nigeria" title="National Open University of Nigeria">National Open University of Nigeria</a> Victoria Island, UNILAG103.1FM, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lagos" title="University of Lagos">University of Lagos</a> Akoka, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State_University" title="Lagos State University">Lagos State University</a>, Ojo 95.7FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> – Search FM 92.3, <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Technology_Minna" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal University of Technology Minna">Federal University of Technology Minna</a>, Ultimate FM 103.9 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niger_State_College_of_Education_Minna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niger State College of Education Minna (page does not exist)">Niger State College of Education Minna</a> Minna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babcock_University" title="Babcock University">Babcock University</a>, Ilesan-Remo, Hebron 95.9 FM, Covenant University, Canaanland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a> – FUTA93.1FM, <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Technology_Akure" title="Federal University of Technology Akure">Federal University of Technology</a>, Akure, AAU FM, <a href="/wiki/Adekunle_Ajasin_University" title="Adekunle Ajasin University">Adekunle Ajasin University</a>, Akungba, Ondo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun" class="mw-redirect" title="Osun">Osun</a> – <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo_University" title="Obafemi Awolowo University">Obafemi Awolowo University</a>, Ile-Ife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a> – DIAMOND101.1FM, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ibadan" title="University of Ibadan">University of Ibadan</a>, Ibadan, Crowther FM, <a href="/wiki/Ajayi_Crowther_University" title="Ajayi Crowther University">Ajayi Crowther University</a>, Oyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jos" title="University of Jos">University of Jos</a>, Jos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers State University of Science and Technology">Rivers State University of Science and Technology</a>, Port Harcourt, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Port_Harcourt" title="University of Port Harcourt">University of Port Harcourt</a>, Port Harcourt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a> – <a href="/wiki/Usman_Danfodio_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Usman Danfodio University">Usman Danfodio University</a>, Sokoto</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurradio (page does not exist)">Hurradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Nova_(Norway)" title="Radio Nova (Norway)">Radio Nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Revolt" title="Radio Revolt">Radio Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SmiS_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SmiS Radio (page does not exist)">SmiS Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studentradioen_i_Bergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studentradioen i Bergen (page does not exist)">Studentradioen i Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen (city)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studentradioen_i_Kristiansand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studentradioen i Kristiansand (page does not exist)">Studentradioen i Kristiansand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volda_Studentradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volda Studentradio (page does not exist)">Volda Studentradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volda_(village)" title="Volda (village)">Volda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gj%C3%B8vik_Studentradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gjøvik Studentradio (page does not exist)">Gjøvik Studentradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik_(town)" title="Gjøvik (town)">Gjøvik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narvik_Studentradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narvik Studentradio (page does not exist)">Narvik Studentradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narvik_(town)" title="Narvik (town)">Narvik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventus_Studentradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventus Studentradio (page does not exist)">Ventus Studentradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>SMIU FM 96.6</i> The Voice OF Education (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">Sindh Madressatul Islam University</a>)</li> <li>C<b>ampus Voice Fm 106.6</b></li> <li><i>Radio Kinnaird 97.6 FM</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kinnaird_College_for_Women,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore">Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore</a>)</li> <li><i>Radio IBA</i> (<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Administration_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Business Administration Karachi">Institute of Business Administration Karachi</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K-u_campus_radio_90.6" class="mw-redirect" title="K-u campus radio 90.6">Karachi university campus radio FM 90.6</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>)</li> <li>University of Gujrat Campus Radio UOG Community radio 106.6</li> <li>24/7 An Educational Radio Network By SZABIST Karachi, larkana ZAB FM 106.6 "Education On Air"</li> <li><i>AIOU FM 91.6</i> The Voice OF AIOU (<a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Open_University,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad">Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Radio Meteor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Radio Afera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">Poznań University of Technology</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Aktywne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Aktywne (page does not exist)">Radio Aktywne</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Students_Radio_%C5%BBak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Students Radio Żak (page does not exist)">Students Radio Żak</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_University_of_Technology" title="Łódź University of Technology">Łódź University of Technology</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademickie_Radio_LUZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademickie Radio LUZ (page does not exist)">Akademickie Radio LUZ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław University of Technology">Wrocław University of Technology</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Akadera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Akadera (page does not exist)">Radio Akadera</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Bia%C5%82ystok" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Białystok">Technical University of Białystok</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Index (page does not exist)">Radio Index</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="University of Zielona Góra">University of Zielona Góra</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Kampus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Kampus (page does not exist)">Radio Kampus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Sfera_UMK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Sfera UMK (page does not exist)">Radio Sfera UMK</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń">Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>UJOT.FM</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Portugal, there are several college and university radio stations continuously broadcasting programs. <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Universidade_de_Coimbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rádio Universidade de Coimbra">Rádio Universidade de Coimbra</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Universidade_Mar%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Universidade Marão (page does not exist)">Rádio Universidade Marão</a></i>, founded in 1986, are the oldest university student radio stations in the country still in operation. There are also many online-only radio sites belonging to higher education institutions. </p><p>Portugal's major college and university radio stations include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Universidade_de_Coimbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rádio Universidade de Coimbra">Rádio Universidade de Coimbra</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Universit%C3%A1ria_da_Beira_Interior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Universitária da Beira Interior (page does not exist)">Rádio Universitária da Beira Interior</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Beira_Interior" title="University of Beira Interior">University of Beira Interior</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Universit%C3%A1ria_do_Algarve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Universitária do Algarve (page does not exist)">Rádio Universitária do Algarve</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Algarve" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Algarve">University of the Algarve</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Universit%C3%A1ria_do_Minho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Universitária do Minho (page does not exist)">Rádio Universitária do Minho</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Minho_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Minho University">Minho University</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Zero" title="Rádio Zero">Rádio Zero</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_T%C3%A9cnico" title="Instituto Superior Técnico">Instituto Superior Técnico</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Universidade FM (former <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Universidade_Mar%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Universidade Marão (page does not exist)">Rádio Universidade Marão</a>)</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_and_Alto-Douro_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Trás-os-Montes and Alto-Douro University">Trás-os-Montes and Alto-Douro University</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRTU" title="WRTU">WRTU</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Piedras">Río Piedras</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Campus_Craiova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Campus Craiova (page does not exist)">Radio Campus Craiova</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Craiova" title="University of Craiova">University of Craiova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Campus_Transilvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Campus Transilvania (page does not exist)">Radio Campus Transilvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transilvania_University_of_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Transilvania University of Brașov">Transilvania University of Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>STUD FM, Moscow State Educational Complex, Moscow</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is one student radio station for each of the three universities in Singapore, namely <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>. Some polytechnics have their own student radio stations, namely <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Polytechnic" title="Singapore Polytechnic">Singapore Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngee_Ann_Polytechnic" title="Ngee Ann Polytechnic">Ngee Ann Polytechnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temasek_Polytechnic" title="Temasek Polytechnic">Temasek Polytechnic</a>. </p> <ul><li>SMU Campus Radio, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPACEradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPACEradio (page does not exist)">SPACEradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Polytechnic" title="Singapore Polytechnic">Singapore Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Fusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Fusion (page does not exist)">Radio Fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> Off-Air/closed down</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Heatwave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Heatwave (page does not exist)">Radio Heatwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngee_Ann_Polytechnic" title="Ngee Ann Polytechnic">Ngee Ann Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Pulze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Pulze (page does not exist)">Radio Pulze</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RadioAct!ve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RadioAct!ve (page does not exist)">RadioAct!ve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temasek_Polytechnic" title="Temasek Polytechnic">Temasek Polytechnic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Študent – founded by University of Ljubljana </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The Voice of Hanthana Audio Visual Radio, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka</b> </p><p>founded by Peradeniya University of Arts Faculty Alumni Association </p><p>Housed within the esteemed University of Peradeniya, the Voice of Hanthana Audio Visual Radio remains a beacon of connectivity and cultural enrichment in Sri Lanka. In 2023, the voice of Hanthana emerged through the visionary aspirations of the students and faculty of the University of Peradeniya. Its commencement was facilitated by the approval of the University Council according to a proposal submitted by Mr. Susil Pathirana, Media Secretary of the Faculty of Arts Alumni Association Executive committee. Since its inception, it has rapidly evolved into a multifaceted platform, covering both audio and visual fields for its various audiences. This collaborative effort underscores the university community's commitment to fostering innovation and connectivity through media and cultural initiatives. </p><p><b>Community Engagement:</b> To act as a unifying force within the University of Peradeniya and beyond, fostering a sense of belonging and collaboration not only locally but with local universities as well as international universities. </p><p><b>Information Dissemination:</b> Provide a reliable channel for the dissemination of relevant updates, be it academic announcements, cultural events or administrative communications, ensuring the community remains well informed. </p><p><b>Cultural Showcase:</b> Celebrating the rich diversity of cultures and talents that thrive on campus through music, art, literature and insightful conversation, thereby promoting cultural appreciation and understanding. </p><p><b>Empowerment through Education:</b> Serving as a platform for intellectual growth through educational programs, interviews with thought leaders and discussions on social issues, thereby nurturing informed and empowered individuals. </p><p><b>Hanthana Voice uses various broadcasting platforms to increase its impact:</b> Radio waves: Broadcasting traditional radio waves to engage local listeners in and around the University of Peradeniya. </p><p><b>Online Streaming:</b> Facilitating global access to its content through seamless live streaming through its official website and dedicated mobile apps. </p><p><b>Social Media Integration:</b> Leveraging the ubiquity of platforms like Facebook, Instagram and YouTube for real-time interaction, engagement and content distribution. </p><p><b>Radio Garden App:</b> Enhances user experience by integrating with the Radio Garden App, enabling users to explore and tune into Hanthana Voice broadcasts. The station prepares a series of attractive programs for different tastes and preferences </p><p><b>Morning Tunes:</b> An enjoyable blend of music, news and interactive segments to start the day on a positive note. </p><p><b>Campus Chronicles:</b> A weekly digest providing insight into campus life, including events, achievements and upcoming activities. </p><p><b>Cultural Caravan:</b> An immersive journey through different cultures, music, folklore and interviews with cultural ambassadors, cross-cultural appreciation. </p><p><b>Youth Talks:</b> Providing a platform for students to express their views, discuss relevant issues and create positive change in the community. Beyond the pavilion, Hanthana Voice has earned acclaim for its commitment to excellence in broadcasting and community engagement, cementing its position as a leading institution in Sri Lanka's media industry. For further exploration, you can visit their official website <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://voiceofhanthana.com/">https://voiceofhanthana.com/</a> or contact them through their Facebook page and YouTube channel. </p><p>See also: <b>University of Peradeniya</b> Campus Radio Broadcasting in Sri Lanka </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Student radio has been broadcast in Sweden since the beginning of 1980. Among the first, and still active stations were Studentradion 98,9 in Uppsala and Radio AF in Lund. It is common among the older student radio stations to broadcast both on FM and the web. </p><p>Studentradion i Sverige is a cooperation organization for the student radio stations in Sweden, they have 13 member stations. </p> <ul><li>DUR in <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a></li> <li>K103 in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></li> <li>PiteFM in <a href="/wiki/Pite%C3%A5" title="Piteå">Piteå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio AF">Radio AF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></li> <li>Radio Campus in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a></li> <li>RadioLUR in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a></li> <li>Radio Shore in <a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a></li> <li>Radiosvallet in <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a></li> <li>SH Radio in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>Stampus FM in <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a></li> <li>Stockholm College Radio in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>Studentradion 98,9 in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li>Umeå Studentradio in <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>VUT FM (<a href="/wiki/Vaal_University_of_Technology" title="Vaal University of Technology">Vaal University of Technology</a>)</li> <li>Radio Turf (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Limpopo" title="University of Limpopo">University of Limpopo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUK_FM_93.6" title="PUK FM 93.6">PUKfm</a> (<a href="/wiki/North-West_University" title="North-West University">North-West University</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCT_Radio" title="UCT Radio">UCT Radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFM_92.6" title="MFM 92.6">MFM</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stellenbosch">University of Stellenbosch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_Wits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice of Wits (page does not exist)">Voice of Wits</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovsie_FM_97.0" title="Kovsie FM 97.0">KOVSIE FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State" title="University of the Free State">University of the Free State</a>)</li> <li>TshwaneFm (<a href="/wiki/Tshwane_University_of_Technology" title="Tshwane University of Technology">Tshwane University of Technology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuks_FM" title="Tuks FM">Tuks FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UJFM" title="UJFM">UJFM</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">University of Johannesburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Music_Radio" title="Rhodes Music Radio">Rhodes Music Radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a>)</li> <li>Madibaz Radio (<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Metropolitan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University">Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University</a>)</li> <li>UNIFM (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula_University_of_Technology" title="Cape Peninsula University of Technology">Cape Peninsula University of Technology</a>)</li> <li>CUT FM (<a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Central University of Technology">Central University of Technology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_DUT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio DUT (page does not exist)">Radio DUT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durban_University_of_Technology" title="Durban University of Technology">Durban University of Technology</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fréquence banane is the student radio of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a> (UNIL) and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Institute_of_Technology_in_Lausanne" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne</a> (EPFL), in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lausanne_campus" title="Lausanne campus">Lausanne campus</a>). It exists since 1993 and is broadcasting on the internet and <a href="/wiki/CATV" class="mw-redirect" title="CATV">CATV</a> network on FM 94.55 MHz in Lausanne and region. In the past Fréquence banane has broadcast with former Radio Acidule from 1992 to 1996 and then had its independent FM transmitter operating on 92.4 MHz from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, Swiss frequency regulation authority (<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAKOM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAKOM (page does not exist)">BAKOM</a>) decided to end the low power FM licence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio Radius is an uprising campus radio in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> on <a href="/wiki/ETHZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ETHZ">ETHZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNIZH" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIZH">UNIZH</a> campus. It's broadcasting on the Internet only. Radius is trying to get a permanent licence to broadcast on FM but it is very hard in Zurich. Right now Radius is negotiating with <a href="/w/index.php?title=BAKOM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAKOM (page does not exist)">BAKOM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Campus Tunis <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a non-profit Student radio station powered by Disk Red Association. Founded in 2014 and broadcasting on the Internet since 21 June 2016, the radio can be listened from 6.00 a.m. to 4.00 a.m on www.radiocampustunis.radiostream321.com . Managed by volunteers (mainly students), this radio focuses on emerging local music and student-related matters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i" class="extiw" title="tr:Radyo Boğaziçi">Radyo Boğaziçi</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a></li> <li>Radyo Bilkent on <a href="/wiki/Bilkent_University" title="Bilkent University">Bilkent University</a></li> <li>Radyo Çankaya on <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_University" title="Çankaya University">Çankaya University</a></li> <li>KU Radyo on <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7_University" title="Koç University">Koç University</a></li> <li>RadyoSU on <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_University" title="Sabancı University">Sabancı University</a></li> <li>Radyo ODTÜ on <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a></li> <li>ÇOMÜ Kampüs FM on <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Onsekiz_Mart_University" title="Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University">Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University</a></li> <li>Radyo ÖzÜ on <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zye%C4%9Fin_University" title="Özyeğin University">Özyeğin University</a></li> <li>Radyo Arel on <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Arel_University" title="Istanbul Arel University">Istanbul Arel University</a></li> <li>Radyo SDÜ on <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_Demirel_Universitesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman Demirel Universitesi">Suleyman Demirel Universitesi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Student_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of radio stations in the United Kingdom § Student radio stations</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, campus radio is generally referred to as 'student radio'. </p><p>Founded in 1960, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a>'s Campus Radio Hatfield (now <a href="/wiki/Crush_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Crush Radio">Crush Radio</a>) was the UK's first student radio station, though it was a <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> station.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the first legal station, Radio Heslington (now <a href="/wiki/University_Radio_York" title="University Radio York">University Radio York</a>) in 1967, Swansea University's Action Radio (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xtreme_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xtreme Radio (page does not exist)">Xtreme Radio</a>) in 1968, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stirling" title="University of Stirling">Stirling University</a>'s University Radio Airthrey (now <a href="/wiki/Air3" class="mw-redirect" title="Air3">Air3 Radio</a>) from 1970, University of Essex's <a href="/wiki/University_Radio_Essex" title="University Radio Essex">University Radio Essex</a> in 1971, and Loughborough University's <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_Campus_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Loughborough Campus Radio">Loughborough Campus Radio</a> in 1973. </p><p>Some student radio stations operate on the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> waveband for short periods at a time under the <a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a> scheme, while others choose to broadcast full-time on the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> waveband using an <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">LPAM</a> license. There are only five UK student radio stations permitted to broadcast all year on <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">LPFM</a>. These are <a href="/wiki/Xpression_FM" title="Xpression FM">Xpression FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Roseland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Roseland (page does not exist)">Radio Roseland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Truro,_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Truro, Cornwall">Truro, Cornwall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Storm_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm FM">Storm FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor, Wales">Bangor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bailrigg_FM" title="Bailrigg FM">Bailrigg FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>) and 1386 HCR (Halesowen College).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> None of these licenses provides for a reception area greater than four kilometres from the point of transmission. To counteract these license restrictions and, in the case of AM broadcasts, poor quality audio, many radio stations <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> on the Internet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/UK_Student_Radio_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Student Radio Association">UK Student Radio Association</a> works on behalf of more than fifty UK-based member radio stations to further their development, encourage and facilitate communication between member radio stations and links to the commercial radio industry, and lobby for the membership's interests on both a regional and national level. The association organises and hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Student_Radio_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Radio Awards">Student Radio Awards</a> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States"><span class="anchor" id="College_radio_in_the_United_States"></span>United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Campus_radio#Disputed" title="Talk:Campus radio">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>College radio (as it is generally known in the United States) became commonplace in the 1960s when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) began issuing <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_American_broadcast_radio_station_classes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of North American broadcast radio station classes (page does not exist)">class D</a> licenses for ten-<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> radio stations to further the development of the then new <a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM band</a>. Some colleges had already been broadcasting for decades on the <a href="/wiki/AM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="AM band">AM band</a>, often originating in physics experiments in the early 20th century. </p><p>One of the first college radio stations in the country is <a href="/wiki/WRUC" title="WRUC">WRUC</a> from <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>. Its first experimental audio broadcasts under the call sign 2YU were in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular programing for the public under call sign 2ADD began in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-w2uc-1959_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w2uc-1959-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/WHUS" title="WHUS">WHUS</a>, (the UConn HUSkies), the radio station of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a> went on the air as WABL, a 100-watt AM radio station, in 1922 with two 103-foot (31 m) steel towers serving as the radio station's antennae. In 1925 power increased to 500-watts and the call letters changed to WCAC (Connecticut Agricultural College, at that time the name of the university). <a href="/wiki/Rollins_College" title="Rollins College">Rollins College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida" title="Winter Park, Florida">Winter Park, Florida</a> started <a href="/wiki/WDBO_(AM)" title="WDBO (AM)">WDBO</a> (Way Down By Orlando) in 1924. WDBO was given away by Rollins College in 1926. College radio returned to Rollins College when the FM radio station, <a href="/wiki/WPRK" title="WPRK">WPRK</a> began broadcasting on 10 December 1952. </p><p>Most of the FM radio stations received higher-class licenses than ten watts, typically a few hundred watts. A few got several kilowatts, and a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of thousands, sometimes reaching up to maximum-power 100-kilowatt outlets. <a href="/wiki/WRAS_(FM)" title="WRAS (FM)">WRAS</a> 88.5 FM and <a href="/wiki/WREK_(FM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WREK (FM)">WREK</a> 91.1 FM in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> are the most powerful college radio stations, operating at 100,000 watts. <a href="/wiki/WDAV" title="WDAV">WDAV</a> 89.9 FM in <a href="/wiki/Davidson,_North_Carolina" title="Davidson, North Carolina">Davidson, North Carolina</a> also operates at 100,000 watts, although the <a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a> administration now controls this station instead of students. Still, due to strict class D regulations, some radio stations were prohibited from a wattage upgrade for possible signal interference with adjacent radio stations, such as <a href="/wiki/KWUR" title="KWUR">KWUR</a> 90.3 FM interfering with <a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">KWMU</a> 90.7 FM in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. <a href="/wiki/KTUH" title="KTUH">KTUH</a> 90.3 FM in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a> has had many increases in its wattage since they started broadcasting at 10 watts as a <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">Non-commercial educational</a> FM radio station in 1969. In 1984 <a href="/wiki/KTUH" title="KTUH">KTUH</a> received permission from the board of regents to increase to 100 watts of power. More recently, in 2001, KTUH began transmitting at 3000 watts of power. <a href="/wiki/KTUH" title="KTUH">KTUH</a> is heard on an island wide frequency in Honolulu, Hawaii from 90.1 FM, as well as online at KTUH.ORG and on digital cable channel 866. </p><p>The earliest college radio stations carried news, intercollegiate sports, and music along with educational shows and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> courses. In the latter portion of the 20th century, many U.S. radio stations played what came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">college rock</a>" (later known as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>), a type of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> that had not yet hit the mainstream. Most radio stations have now diversified, with many following a very commercial-like <a href="/wiki/Music_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music rotation">music rotation</a> during the weekdays, and having specialty shows on evenings and weekends. A few radio stations still employ a <a href="/wiki/Freeform_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeform (radio format)">freeform</a> programming. </p><p>College radio stations are typically considered to be <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a> radio stations in the way that they are funded by <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a>, but as a <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a> the term "Public radio" generally refers to <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a>. A more accurate term is <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a>, as most staff are <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>, although many radio stations limit staff to current or recent students instead of anyone from the local <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>. </p><p>By the late 1970s, FM had taken off, and competition for channels for new radio stations was intensifying. The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> (NAB) and the newly founded <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> (NPR) convinced the FCC that local low-power radio stations were somehow detrimental to broadcasting,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and class D licenses were no longer issued for applications made after 1979, except for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translators</a> to repeat NAB and NPR members' radio stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Making matters worse for the college stations, they were demoted to secondary status, meaning that they could be forced to downgrade or go silent if a full-power station chose to upgrade or to relocate closer to the college station. </p><p>Many radio stations were forced to upgrade their facilities at considerable expense. Many other radio stations were eventually forced off the air, because they could not afford the upgrades at all, or not in time to avoid being locked in by other expanding radio stations. There have also been instances where college radio stations have been forced off the air either temporarily or permanently by the school's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many college radio stations in the U.S. also carry syndicated programming, such as that of National Public Radio and affiliated regional networks. Some radio stations have had student programming taken off the air by the administration in favor of other uses, such as <a href="/wiki/WWGC_(FM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WWGC (FM)">WWGC</a> and <a href="/wiki/KTXT-FM" title="KTXT-FM">KTXT</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The original <a href="/wiki/WGKA" title="WGKA">WGST</a> was the subject of an involuntary takeover which saw <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Board_of_Regents" title="Georgia Board of Regents">the state's board of regents</a> sell the radio station as "surplus" property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A few radio stations have been added to the airwaves as the result of <a href="/wiki/LPFM" class="mw-redirect" title="LPFM">LPFM</a> licensing in the U.S. One example of a Campus Radio station licensed as an LPFM <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is <a href="/wiki/WIUX-LP" title="WIUX-LP">WIUX-LP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a>, which is able to cover the entire city with its LPFM signal and is competitive in listenership numbers to nearby higher-powered commercial radio stations. Another example of this is <a href="/wiki/WDSW-LP" title="WDSW-LP">WDSW-LP</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delta_State_University" title="Delta State University">Delta State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi" title="Cleveland, Mississippi">Cleveland, Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDSW-LP" title="WDSW-LP">WDSW-LP</a> fully covers its community with a AAA/roots driven format unserved by other local broadcasters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of campus radio stations in the US are available using alternate means such as <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming audio</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. Though continuing to broadcast traditionally over the air at 88.5FM, <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_University" title="William Penn University">William Penn University</a>'s station <a href="/wiki/KWPU" title="KWPU">KWPU</a> in Oskaloosa, IA streams using RadioBOSS. Other such examples are <a href="/wiki/WPTS-FM" title="WPTS-FM">WPTS-FM</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/WJHU" title="WJHU">WJHU</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KUTU_(FM)" title="KUTU (FM)">KUTU</a> at <a href="/wiki/Utah_Tech_University" title="Utah Tech University">Utah Tech University</a>. Some stations use both traditional and internet radio platforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WLUW" title="WLUW">WLUW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_University" title="Lewis University">Lewis University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WLRA" title="WLRA">WLRA</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WCBN-FM" title="WCBN-FM">WCBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embry%E2%80%93Riddle_Aeronautical_University" title="Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University">Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WIKD-LP" title="WIKD-LP">WIKD-LP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WDBM" title="WDBM">WDBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KUOM" title="KUOM">KUOM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison's</a> <a href="/wiki/WSUM" title="WSUM">WSUM</a>, <a href="/wiki/WWEC" title="WWEC">Elizabethtown College</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WWEC" title="WWEC">WWEC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a>'s WALT 1610 all broadcast via online streaming <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet radio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_(Uruguay)" title="University of the Republic (Uruguay)">University of the Republic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> got the permits to host its own radio in the frequency 89.1 FM, which is controlled by its own team and students.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_school_radio" title="High school radio">High school radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie radio">Indie radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campus_radio_stations" title="List of campus radio stations">List of campus radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" title="List of college radio stations in the United States">List of college radio stations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">Low-power broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock (Alternative radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Student_Radio_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Student Radio Association">UK Student Radio Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntonucci,_Sergio;_Beneitez,_María_Elena;_Gabai,_Sandra_Patricia;_Turconi,_Omar_Enrique2009" class="citation book cs1">Antonucci, Sergio; Beneitez, María Elena; Gabai, Sandra Patricia; Turconi, Omar Enrique (2009). <i>85 aniversario de Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata</i>. Edulp. pp. 19, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-34-0585-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-34-0585-7"><bdi>978-950-34-0585-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=85+aniversario+de+Radio+Universidad+Nacional+de+La+Plata&rft.pages=19%2C+20&rft.pub=Edulp&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-950-34-0585-7&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+Sergio%3B+Beneitez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Elena%3B+Gabai%2C+Sandra+Patricia%3B+Turconi%2C+Omar+Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio.unr.edu.ar/">Radio University | 103.3 | National University of Rosario</a> radio.unr.edu.ar <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.adelaide.edu.au/radio/intro/history_com-radio.pdf">"A History of Community Broadcasting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Community+Broadcasting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.adelaide.edu.au%2Fradio%2Fintro%2Fhistory_com-radio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230409860">"University Radio Service Extended"</a>. <i>Tharunka</i>. 4 July 1961. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tharunka&rft.atitle=University+Radio+Service+Extended&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1961-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article230409860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedberg1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hedberg, John G (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajet.org.au/index.php/AJET/article/view/2395/1212">"Twenty five years of educational radio: VL2UV and its world"</a>. <i>Australian Journal of Educational Technology</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 74–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Educational+Technology&rft.atitle=Twenty+five+years+of+educational+radio%3A+VL2UV+and+its+world&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74-84&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hedberg&rft.aufirst=John+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajet.org.au%2Findex.php%2FAJET%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2395%2F1212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vlnc7RmI7z0"><i>Radio - Australia - VL2UV - 1750 kHz - Sydney - 21 June 1982 & 5 March 1984</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+-+Australia+-+VL2UV+-+1750+kHz+-+Sydney+-+21+June+1982+%26+5+March+1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVlnc7RmI7z0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525050443/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE">"বরিশাল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে অনলাইন রেডিও স্টেশনের যাত্রা - প্রথম আলো"</a>. <i>Prothomalo</i>. 21 May 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE">the original</a> on 25 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prothomalo&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE+-+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prothomalo.com%2Fbangladesh%2Fdistrict%2F%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%259F%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%25A8-%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2593-%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/campus/2015/11/25/294237">"শুনছেন বুয়েট রেডিও – কালের কণ্ঠ"</a>. <i>Kalerkantho</i>. 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kalerkantho&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93+%E2%80%93+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalerkantho.com%2Ffeature%2Fcampus%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2F294237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/country-news/2020/09/19/957030">"শাবিপ্রবিতে যাত্রা শুরু করল 'সাস্টকাস্ট'"</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Kaler_Kantho" title="Kaler Kantho">Kaler Kantho</a>", 19 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.risingbd.com/campus/news/371624">"শাবির রেডিও অ্যাপ্লিকেশন সাস্টকাস্টের যাত্রা"</a>, "Rising BD", 19 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banglatribune.com/my-campus/news/643335/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93">"শাবির কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তাসম্পন্ন রেডিও অ্যাপ্লিকেশন 'সাস্টকাস্ট'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Tribune" title="Bangla Tribune">Bangla Tribune</a>, 21 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226115958/http://radiocampus.ulb.ac.be/">"Radio Campus"</a>. <i>Radiocampus.ulb.ac.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiocampus.ulb.ac.be">the original</a> on 26 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiocampus.ulb.ac.be&rft.atitle=Radio+Campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiocampus.ulb.ac.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xlair.be/geschiedenis-2/">"GESCHIEDENIS"</a> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GESCHIEDENIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xlair.be%2Fgeschiedenis-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abert.org.br/web/index.php/dados-do-setor/estatisticas/radiodifusao-licencas-e-outorgas">"► Radiodifusão: Licenças e outorgas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%96%BA+Radiodifus%C3%A3o%3A+Licen%C3%A7as+e+outorgas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abert.org.br%2Fweb%2Findex.php%2Fdados-do-setor%2Festatisticas%2Fradiodifusao-licencas-e-outorgas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226171511/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/Notices/2000/PB2000-12.htm">"Public Notice CRTC 2000-12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Notices/2000/PB2000-12.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Notice+CRTC+2000-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crtc.gc.ca%2Farchive%2FENG%2FNotices%2F2000%2FPB2000-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db2007-381.htm">"ARCHIVED – Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007-381"</a>. <i>Crtc.gc.ca</i>. 17 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crtc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Broadcasting+Regulatory+Policy+2010-819&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2010%2F2010-819.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/breakingnews/Future-staticky-for-KICK-FM-137926133.html">Future staticky for KICK-FM</a>. <i>Winnipeg Free Press</i>. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustream.tv/channel/radio-un-iversidad">"Radio Un iversidad"</a>. <i>Ustream</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ustream&rft.atitle=Radio+Un+iversidad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ustream.tv%2Fchannel%2Fradio-un-iversidad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsh_Sveinsson_Houle2024" class="citation news cs1">Ish Sveinsson Houle (2 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grapevine.is/music/2024/07/02/good-morning-seydisfjordur/">"Good Morning, Seyðisfjörður!"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Good+Morning%2C+Sey%C3%B0isfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur%21&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft.au=Ish+Sveinsson+Houle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrapevine.is%2Fmusic%2F2024%2F07%2F02%2Fgood-morning-seydisfjordur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216071556/https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Community%20Radio%20Compendium%202019.pdf">"Community Radio Compendium 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mib.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Community%20Radio%20Compendium%202019.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mib.gov.in&rft.atitle=Community+Radio+Compendium+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmib.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCommunity%2520Radio%2520Compendium%25202019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521232709/http://msradio.huji.ac.il/AddDocuments/SCHEDULE.htm">"106fmJ - on Demand - תוכניות שבועיות"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msradio.huji.ac.il/AddDocuments/SCHEDULE.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=106fmJ+-+on+Demand+-+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsradio.huji.ac.il%2FAddDocuments%2FSCHEDULE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiobue.it">"RadioBue.it – La webradio universitaria di Padova"</a>. <i>radiobue.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fuoriaulanetwork.com&rft.atitle=FuoriAulaNetwork+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fuoriaulanetwork.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanbaradio.it">"SanbaRadio – l'informazione digitale della community di San Bartolameo e degli universitari di Trento"</a>. <i>sanbaradio.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sanbaradio.it&rft.atitle=SanbaRadio+%E2%80%93+l%27informazione+digitale+della+community+di+San+Bartolameo+e+degli+universitari+di+Trento&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanbaradio.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucampus.unipv.it">"UCampus – La webradiotv dell'Università di Pavia"</a>. <i>unipv.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-campus.it">the original</a> on 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radio-campus.it&rft.atitle=Radiophonica.com+%E2%80%93+Il+media+universitario+dell%27Umbria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiophonica.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poliradio.it">"Poli.Radio è la webradio ufficiale degli studenti del Politecnico di Milano. Suona la musica che già conosci e quella che non hai mai sentito. Indie, alternative e rock classico: secondo il format radiofonico AAA (Adult Album Alternative)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poli.Radio+%C3%A8+la+webradio+ufficiale+degli+studenti+del+Politecnico+di+Milano.+Suona+la+musica+che+gi%C3%A0+conosci+e+quella+che+non+hai+mai+sentito.+Indie%2C+alternative+e+rock+classico%3A+secondo+il+format+radiofonico+AAA+%28Adult+Album+Alternative%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poliradio.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteor.amu.edu.pl/">"Radio Meteor – #studenckienajlepsze"</a>. <i>amu.edu.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amu.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Radio+Meteor+%E2%80%93+%23studenckienajlepsze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteor.amu.edu.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioaktywne.pl/o-nas/">"Radio Aktywne"</a>. <i>radioaktywne.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wZielonej.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.uzetka.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiokampus.fm/">"Radio Kampus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Kampus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiokampus.fm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfera.umk.pl/">"Radio Sfera UMK"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiozero.pt&rft.atitle=R%C3%A1dio+Zero+%E2%80%93+Dilata%C3%A7%C3%A3o+auditiva%2C+expans%C3%A3o+mental&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiozero.pt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Moreira" class="citation web cs1">Fernando Moreira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universidade.fm/">"Universidade FM"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universidade+FM&rft.au=Fernando+Moreira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universidade.fm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frequencebanane.ch">"Fréquence Banane"</a>. <i>frequencebanane.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frequencebanane.ch&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9quence+Banane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frequencebanane.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.ethz.ch">"Radio Radius"</a>. <i>ethz.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethz.ch&rft.atitle=Radio+Radius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradio.ethz.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radio Campus Tunis powered by Disk Red Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222023515/https://www.crushradio.co.uk/">"Index of /"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crushradio.co.uk">the original</a> on 22 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crushradio.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Union College", Education's Own Stations by S. E. Frost, Jr., Ph.D., 1937, pages 437–441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w2uc-1959-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w2uc-1959_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield1959" class="citation web cs1">Wakefield, Rowan (February 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515103959/http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm">"RADIO BROADCASTING AT UNION COLLEGE"</a>. Schenectady, New York: W2UC, Union College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RADIO+BROADCASTING+AT+UNION+COLLEGE&rft.place=Schenectady%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W2UC%2C+Union+College&rft.date=1959-02&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw2uc.union.edu%2FRADIO_web.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnion_College_Radio_Club1920" class="citation magazine cs1">Union College Radio Club (December 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112008069822;view=1up;seq=296">"Radio Communications By The Amateurs: Radiophone Concerts"</a>. <i>QST</i>. p. 64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QST&rft.atitle=Radio+Communications+By+The+Amateurs%3A+Radiophone+Concerts&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1920-12&rft.au=Union+College+Radio+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112008069822%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span> Letter from UCRC to QST Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alridge, Ron (October 17, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlotteobserver.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-radio-staff-unplu/154819565/">"Radio Staff Unplugs Davidson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer" title="The Charlotte Observer">The Charlotte Observer</a></i>. p. 6. Retrieved September 11, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniradio.edu.uy/about/historia/">"Historia"</a>. <i>UNI Radio</i> (in Spanish). 19 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNI+Radio&rft.atitle=Historia&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniradio.edu.uy%2Fabout%2Fhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_radio&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Enthal1986" class="citation news cs1">'Enthal, Andrea (April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdLsQBjl0-IC&pg=PA107">"College Radio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a></i>. Vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 107–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=College+Radio&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-110&rft.date=1986-04&rft.aulast=%27Enthal&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdLsQBjl0-IC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampus+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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