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UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.</td></tr> </table> </div> <h1 id="Title">Education under Attack 2010 - Iraq</h1> <p>Between March 2003 and October 2008, 31,598 violent attacks against educational institutions were reported in Iraq, according to the Ministry of Education (MoE).<sup><a href="#_ftn508" name="_ftnref508">508</a></sup> Although overall security in Iraq had improved, the situation faced by schools, students, teachers and academics remained dangerous.<sup><a href="#_ftn509" name="_ftnref509">509</a></sup> The MoE reported 259 academics assassinated, another 72 abducted and 174 in detention between 2003 and 2008. The Ministry of Human Rights, however, reported 340 university professors and 446 students killed by insurgents and militias between 2005 and 2007. UNAMI Human Rights Reports indicate that between July 2005 and late March 2007 more than a hundred students were killed, mostly by suicide bombs, car bombs and mortar rounds targeted at universities and schools, with more than half the deaths occurring in two incidents in January 2007.<sup><a href="#_ftn510" name="_ftnref510">510</a></sup></p> <p><em>Education under Attack</em> (2007) reported that 296 people serving as education staff were killed in 2005; and 180 teachers were killed between February and November 2006.<sup><a href="#_ftn511" name="_ftnref511">511</a></sup> In 2007, the Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MODM) reported that at least 30 per cent of professors, doctors, pharmacists and engineers had fled the country since 2003.<sup><a href="#_ftn512" name="_ftnref512">512</a></sup></p> <p>The number of attacks on education targets reached a peak in 2006 and fell with the drop in the overall level of violence in Iraq, following the introduction of 30,000 extra US troops in June 2007.<sup><a href="#_ftn513" name="_ftnref513">513</a></sup> By June 2008, the number of civilian deaths per month was down 75 per cent from July 2007 and the number of sectarian deaths in Baghdad had fallen from 1,600 in December 2006 to zero.<sup><a href="#_ftn514" name="_ftnref514">514</a></sup> By December 2008, the number of daily attacks in Iraq had dropped by 95 per cent from 180 per day to ten, according to the US military. </p> <p>Attacks on education targets continued throughout 2007 and 2008 at a lower rate <span class="arial">–</span> but one that would cause serious concern in any other country. In 2007, 53 academics and one student were assassinated and one academic went missing, presumed assassinated, according to the Brussels Tribunal Group. Nineteen of the victims were kidnapped or abducted before being killed; one was beheaded.<sup><a href="#_ftn515" name="_ftnref515">515</a></sup></p> <p>Analysis of English-language press reports of incidents in 2008 suggests that as many as ten academics and two intellectuals, one university student, 28 school students and two education ministry officials were killed; and one academic and one university student were injured. One academic (among those killed) and 60 students were kidnapped. Twenty academics were detained.<sup><a href="#_ftn516" name="_ftnref516">516</a></sup> Threats to education institutions remained at a high level in some areas; in the case of Basra University, threats against female students were openly pinned to billboards or spray-painted on walls.<sup><a href="#_ftn517" name="_ftnref517">517</a></sup></p> <p>In one incident on 22 January 2008, a suicide bomber blew himself up at the entrance to al-Mutwra school in Ba'qubah, injuring 17 students and four teachers.<sup><a href="#_ftn518" name="_ftnref518">518</a></sup> On 22 March 2008, armed elements blew up a school building in Saydiyah.<sup><a href="#_ftn519" name="_ftnref519">519</a></sup> MNF-I, the Iraqi Army and Iraqi police units occupied more than 70 school buildings for military purposes in the Diyala governorate.<sup><a href="#_ftn520" name="_ftnref520">520</a></sup></p> <p>In 2008, kidnapping was a serious problem for university students, particularly on the roads leading to Kirkuk city. On 20 April, nine students and two drivers were kidnapped at a fake checkpoint near Baquba. On 12 May, six university students were kidnapped by armed men near Baquba. On 24 June, four students were kidnapped on their way to Mosul university by gunmen. In addition, on 26 June five students were wounded when the bodyguards of the Minister of Education fired on student protests in Sabe' Abkar.<sup><a href="#_ftn521" name="_ftnref521">521</a></sup></p> <p>Most of the academics killed were tracked down and assassinated at their place of work, at home or in a vehicle. </p> <p>In May 2008, residents and government officials of Sadr City accused the Mahdi Army of closing down 86 schools and threatening teachers, staff and families of students.<sup><a href="#_ftn522" name="_ftnref522">522</a></sup></p> <p>In central and southern Iraq, there were reported threats by militia, extremists or insurgent groups against schools and universities, urging them to modify activities, favour certain students or face violence. The institutions often complied with the threats, according to the US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.<sup><a href="#_ftn523" name="_ftnref523">523</a></sup></p> <p>In the first half of 2009, English-language media and human rights reports suggest six academics, three university students and four school students were killed; upwards of 20 university students and 12 schoolchildren were injured. The reduced numbers reflected continuing falls in the level of general violence. </p> <p>By March 2009, insurgent attacks in Iraq had fallen from an average of 130 attacks per day in 2008 to about ten, according to Army Major General David G Perkins, Director for Strategic Effects at Multi-National Force, Iraq.<sup><a href="#_ftn524" name="_ftnref524">524</a></sup> Nevertheless, attacks on education targets continued, mostly in Mosul and Baghdad.<sup><a href="#_ftn525" name="_ftnref525">525</a></sup></p> <p>On 11 February 2009, the morgue in Anbar, west of Baghdad, received the body of an Anbar university psychology professor, Izz al-Din Ayyoub, who was shot down near Falluja by gunmen as he left his house for work.<sup><a href="#_ftn526" name="_ftnref526">526</a></sup> On 26 February, a blast aimed at a police patrol wounded a number of Baghdad University students in southern Baghdad.<sup><a href="#_ftn527" name="_ftnref527">527</a></sup> On 26 February, gunmen reportedly killed a literature professor in Mosul.<sup><a href="#_ftn528" name="_ftnref528">528</a></sup> In early March, a car bomb exploded near the Medical University in Mosul killing three Iraqi soldiers and wounding ten civilians (mostly college students), the majority of whom were critically injured. There was light damage to the university building.<sup><a href="#_ftn529" name="_ftnref529">529</a></sup> On 14 March, Dr Murad Ahmed Shihab, a professor at the College of Administration and Economy at Mosul University, was killed by gunmen.<sup><a href="#_ftn530" name="_ftnref530">530</a></sup> On 17 March, a student of management and economy was reported killed by gunmen in Western Mosul.<sup><a href="#_ftn531" name="_ftnref531">531</a></sup> On 25 March, four female schoolchildren were killed and seven others wounded when an explosive detonated near a primary school in Mosul as the children were leaving to go home. They were all under 12 years old.<sup><a href="#_ftn532" name="_ftnref532">532</a></sup> On 21 April, a female university professor was assassinated in front of her home in western Mosul; police declined to give her name.<sup><a href="#_ftn533" name="_ftnref533">533</a></sup> On 24 May, an unnamed university teacher was ambushed by gunmen and shot dead in Al Andulus, Mosul.<sup><a href="#_ftn534" name="_ftnref534">534</a></sup> On 25 May, gunmen opened fire on three female students in Mosul as they left their school in 17 Tamouz neighbourhood, wounding all three.<sup><a href="#_ftn535" name="_ftnref535">535</a></sup> On 22 June, three university students were killed, and 12 other students and their minibus driver were injured when a roadside bomb was detonated during the rush hour in Sadr City, a Shiite neighbourhood of Baghdad.<sup><a href="#_ftn536" name="_ftnref536">536</a></sup></p> <p>The UN Secretary-General reported "frequent attacks on schools, children and teachers" in Iraq between 2006 and 2007. In January 2007, members of an armed group were believed to have deliberately targeted a girls' school in western Baghdad, killing five students and injuring 21 others. In June 2007, members of an armed group reportedly abducted 30 students, aged 17 to 19, from a secondary school in Saydiyah.<sup><a href="#_ftn537" name="_ftnref537">537</a></sup></p> <hr> <p><em>[Refworld note: The source report "Education under Attack 2010" was posted on the UNESCO website (www.unesco.org) in pdf format, with country chapters run together. Original footnote numbers have been retained here.]</em></p> <p><a href="#_ftnref508" name="_ftn508">508</a> Brendan O'Malley, "Iraq: Killing Academics Is a War Crime," <em>University World News</em>, November 9, 2008. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref509" name="_ftn509">509</a> UNESCO, "Stop Jeopardizing the Future of Iraq," (briefing document, International Conference Right to Education in Crisis-Affected Countries, Paris, October 30 - November 1, 2008).</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref510" name="_ftn510">510</a> United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Human Rights Reports from May 2005 to December 2007, http://www.uniraq.org/docsmaps/undocuments.asp#HRReports; Brendan O'Malley, "Iraq: Killing Academics is a War Crime," <em>University World News</em>, November 9, 2008; Working Group on the Protection of Iraqi Intellectuals, academics, teachers, students and educational institutions, www.unesco.org/fileadmin/unesco/,,,of,,,protection%academics.pdf.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref511" name="_ftn511">511</a> Brendan O'Malley, <em>Education Under Attack: A Global Study on Targeted Political and Military Violence Against Education Staff, Students, Teachers, Union and Government Officials, and Institutions</em> (Paris: UNESCO, 2007).</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref512" name="_ftn512">512</a> US Department of State, <em>2008 Human Rights Report: Iraq</em> (US Department of State, 2009).</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref513" name="_ftn513">513</a> Aseel Kami, "Sharp Drop in Violence in Iraq Since June <span class="arial">–</span> Ministry," <em>Reuters</em>, October 22, 2007. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref514" name="_ftn514">514</a> Thaindian News, "US Reports Drop in Violence, Increase in Security in Iraq," June 13, 2008. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref515" name="_ftn515">515</a> The Brussels Tribunal, "List of Killed, Threatened or Kidnapped Iraqi Academics," http://www.brusselstribunal.org/academicsList.htm. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref516" name="_ftn516">516</a> Analysis by author of Iraqi media reports. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref517" name="_ftn517">517</a> US Department of State, 2008 <em>Human Rights Report: Iraq</em>. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref518" name="_ftn518">518</a> UNSC, <em>Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict</em> (2009), 13. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref519" name="_ftn519">519</a> Ibid., 14. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref520" name="_ftn520">520</a> Ibid., 14.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref521" name="_ftn521">521</a> UNAMI, !Human Rights Report, 1 January <span class="arial">–</span> 30 June 2008!, 11.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref522" name="_ftn522">522</a> IRIN News, "Iraq: Shia Militiamen Attack Aid Convoys in Baghdad Suburb," May 1, 2008.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref523" name="_ftn523">523</a> US Department of State, <em>2008 Human Rights Report: Iraq</em>.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref524" name="_ftn524">524</a> Gerry Gilmore, "Iraq Violence Continues to Ebb as Security Improves, General Says," March 25, 2009, www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task;=view&id;=25890&Itemid;=128. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref525" name="_ftn525">525</a> Steven Lee Myers and Campbell Robertson, "Insurgency Remains Tenacious in North Iraq," <em>New York Times</em>, July 9, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref526" name="_ftn526">526</a> Al-Jazeera, "Academician Shot Down Near Fallujah," February 11, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref527" name="_ftn527">527</a> Aswat al-Iraq, "IED Kills Officer, Injures 6 in Baghdad," February 26, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref528" name="_ftn528">528</a> Campbell Robertson, "Iraq Hands Death Penalty to 28 Cultists for Attacks," <em>New York Times</em>, February 26, 2009.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref529" name="_ftn529">529</a> Daniel W. Smith, "Students Wounded, Policewoman Killed in Mosul," March 14, 2009, http://iraqslogger.powweb.com/index.php/post/7336/Students_Wounded_Policewoman_Killed_in_Mosul?PHPSESSID=5428def7b492ec4ccdf478fdbf6aaff9. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref530" name="_ftn530">530</a> Kurdish News Agency (AKnews), "A University Professor is Killed in Mosul," March 15, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref531" name="_ftn531">531</a> Aswat al-Iraq, "University Student Killed in Ninewa," March 17, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref532" name="_ftn532">532</a> Xinhua, "Four Schoolchildren Killed in Bomb Attack in Iraq's Mosul," March 25, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref533" name="_ftn533">533</a> Press TV, "Another Iraqi Professor Killed", April 21, 2009, http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=92155&sectionid;=351020201; and The Journal of Turkish Weekly, "Iraqi Professor Assassinated in Mosul," April 21, 2009, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/73456/-iraqi-professor-assassinated-in-mosul.html. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref534" name="_ftn534">534</a> Rod Nordland, "At Least 22 Killed in Iraq Attacks," <em>New York Times</em>, May 24, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref535" name="_ftn535">535</a> Aswat al-Iraq, "Gunman Wounds 3 Female Students in Mosul," May 25, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref536" name="_ftn536">536</a> AFP, "Six Killed in Baghdad Bombings," June 22, 2009. </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref537" name="_ftn537">537</a> UNSC, <em>Report of the UN Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict</em>, A/62/609-S/2007/757 (December 21, 2007), as cited in Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, <em>Child Soldiers Global Report 2008</em>, 179.</p> <p class="hidTag">Topics: Abduction, Childrens rights, Right to education, <p> </div> <div class="ClearDiv"></div> </div> <hr class="hidTag"> <div id="LeftNavContainer"> <ul class="LeftNav"> <li class="MenuTitle">Search</li> </ul> <form action="/web/20120910120828/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain" name="frmMainSearch"> <div><input 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class="MenuTitle">Countries</li> </ul> <form action="/web/20120910120828/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain" name="frmByCountrySearch"> <div><input type="hidden" name="page" value="country"></div> <div><input type="hidden" name="skip" value="0"></div> <div><label for="coi" class="invTag">Countries</label><select name="coi" id="coi" class="txt" tabindex="3" style="width:130px; font-size:x-small; margin:4px 4px 0px 2px;"> <option selected value="">- Select a country -</option> <option value="AFG">Afghanistan</option> <option value="ALB">Albania</option> <option value="DZA">Algeria</option> <option value="ASM">American Samoa</option> <option value="AND">Andorra</option> <option value="AGO">Angola</option> <option value="AIA">Anguilla</option> <option value="ATG">Antigua and Barbuda</option> <option value="ARG">Argentina</option> <option value="ARM">Armenia</option> <option value="ABW">Aruba</option> <option value="AUS">Australia</option> <option value="AUT">Austria</option> <option value="AZE">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="BHS">Bahamas</option> <option value="BHR">Bahrain</option> <option value="BGD">Bangladesh</option> <option value="BRB">Barbados</option> <option value="BLR">Belarus</option> <option value="BEL">Belgium</option> <option value="BLZ">Belize</option> <option value="BEN">Benin</option> <option value="BMU">Bermuda</option> <option value="BTN">Bhutan</option> <option value="BOL">Bolivia</option> <option value="BIH">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option> <option value="BWA">Botswana</option> <option value="BRA">Brazil</option> <option value="VGB">British Virgin Islands</option> <option value="BRN">Brunei Darussalam</option> <option value="BGR">Bulgaria</option> <option value="BFA">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="BDI">Burundi</option> <option value="KHM">Cambodia</option> <option value="CMR">Cameroon</option> <option value="CAN">Canada</option> <option value="CPV">Cape Verde</option> <option value="CYM">Cayman Islands</option> <option value="CAF">Central African Republic</option> <option value="TCD">Chad</option> <option value="CHL">Chile</option> <option value="CHN">China</option> <option value="CCK">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option> <option value="COL">Colombia</option> <option value="COM">Comoros</option> <option value="COD">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</option> <option value="COG">Congo, Republic of the</option> <option value="COK">Cook Islands</option> <option value="CRI">Costa Rica</option> <option value="HRV">Croatia</option> <option value="CUB">Cuba</option> <option value="CYP">Cyprus</option> <option value="CZE">Czech Republic</option> <option value="CIV">C魌e d'Ivoire</option> <option value="DNK">Denmark</option> <option value="DJI">Djibouti</option> <option value="DMA">Dominica</option> <option value="DOM">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="ECU">Ecuador</option> <option value="EGY">Egypt</option> <option value="SLV">El Salvador</option> <option value="GNQ">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="ERI">Eritrea</option> <option value="EST">Estonia</option> <option value="ETH">Ethiopia</option> <option value="FLK">Falkland Islands</option> <option value="FJI">Fiji</option> <option value="FIN">Finland</option> <option value="FRA">France</option> <option value="GUF">French Guiana</option> <option value="PYF">French Polynesia</option> <option value="GAB">Gabon</option> <option value="GMB">Gambia</option> <option value="GEO">Georgia</option> <option value="DEU">Germany</option> <option value="GHA">Ghana</option> <option value="GIB">Gibraltar</option> <option value="GRC">Greece</option> <option value="GRL">Greenland</option> <option value="GRD">Grenada</option> <option value="GLP">Guadeloupe</option> <option value="GUM">Guam</option> <option value="GTM">Guatemala</option> <option value="GIN">Guinea</option> <option value="GNB">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="GUY">Guyana</option> <option value="HTI">Haiti</option> <option value="VAT">Holy See (Vatican City State)</option> <option value="HND">Honduras</option> <option value="HKG">Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)</option> <option value="HUN">Hungary</option> <option value="ISL">Iceland</option> <option value="IND">India</option> <option value="IDN">Indonesia</option> <option value="IRN">Iran, Islamic Republic of</option> <option value="IRQ">Iraq</option> <option value="IRL">Ireland</option> <option value="ISR">Israel</option> <option value="ITA">Italy</option> <option value="JAM">Jamaica</option> <option value="JPN">Japan</option> <option value="JOR">Jordan</option> <option value="KAZ">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="KEN">Kenya</option> <option value="KIR">Kiribati</option> <option value="PRK">Korea, Democratic People's Republic of</option> <option value="KOR">Korea, Republic of</option> <option value="KWT">Kuwait</option> <option value="KGZ">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="LAO">Lao People's Democratic Republic</option> <option value="LVA">Latvia</option> <option value="LBN">Lebanon</option> <option value="LSO">Lesotho</option> <option value="LBR">Liberia</option> <option value="LBY">Libya</option> <option value="LIE">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="LTU">Lithuania</option> <option value="LUX">Luxembourg</option> <option value="MAC">Macau (Special Administrative Region of China)</option> <option value="MDG">Madagascar</option> <option value="MWI">Malawi</option> <option value="MYS">Malaysia</option> <option value="MDV">Maldives</option> <option value="MLI">Mali</option> <option value="MLT">Malta</option> <option value="MHL">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="MTQ">Martinique</option> <option value="MRT">Mauritania</option> <option value="MUS">Mauritius</option> <option value="MEX">Mexico</option> <option value="FSM">Micronesia, Federated States of</option> <option value="MDA">Moldova, Republic of</option> <option value="MCO">Monaco</option> <option value="MNG">Mongolia</option> <option value="MNE">Montenegro</option> <option value="MSR">Montserrat </option> <option value="MAR">Morocco</option> <option value="MOZ">Mozambique</option> <option value="MMR">Myanmar</option> <option value="NAM">Namibia</option> <option value="NRU">Nauru</option> <option value="NPL">Nepal</option> <option value="NLD">Netherlands</option> <option value="ANT">Netherlands Antilles</option> <option value="NCL">New Caledonia</option> <option value="NZL">New Zealand</option> <option value="NIC">Nicaragua</option> <option value="NER">Niger</option> <option value="NGA">Nigeria</option> <option value="NIU">Niue</option> <option value="NFK">Norfolk Island</option> <option value="MNP">Northern Mariana Islands</option> <option value="NOR">Norway</option> <option value="PSE">Occupied Palestinian Territory</option> <option value="OMN">Oman</option> <option value="PAK">Pakistan</option> <option value="PLW">Palau</option> <option value="PAN">Panama</option> <option value="PNG">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="PRY">Paraguay</option> <option value="PER">Peru</option> <option value="PHL">Philippines</option> <option value="PCN">Pitcairn</option> <option value="POL">Poland</option> <option value="PRT">Portugal</option> <option value="PRI">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="QAT">Qatar</option> <option value="ROM">Romania</option> <option value="RUS">Russian Federation</option> <option value="RWA">Rwanda</option> <option value="SHN">Saint Helena</option> <option value="KNA">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option> <option value="LCA">Saint Lucia</option> <option value="VCT">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option> <option value="WSM">Samoa</option> <option value="SMR">San Marino</option> <option value="STP">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="SAU">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="SEN">Senegal</option> <option value="SRB">Serbia</option> <option value="SYC">Seychelles</option> <option value="SLE">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="SGP">Singapore</option> <option value="SVK">Slovakia</option> <option value="SVN">Slovenia</option> <option value="SLB">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="SOM">Somalia</option> <option value="ZAF">South Africa</option> <option value="SSD">South Sudan</option> <option value="ESP">Spain</option> <option value="LKA">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="SDN">Sudan</option> <option value="SUR">Suriname</option> <option value="SWZ">Swaziland</option> <option value="SWE">Sweden</option> <option value="CHE">Switzerland</option> <option value="SYR">Syrian Arab Republic</option> <option value="TJK">Tajikistan</option> <option value="TZA">Tanzania, United Republic of</option> <option value="THA">Thailand</option> <option value="MKD">The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</option> <option value="TMP">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</option> <option value="TGO">Togo</option> <option value="TKL">Tokelau</option> <option value="TON">Tonga</option> <option value="TTO">Trinidad and Tobago</option> <option value="TUN">Tunisia</option> <option value="TUR">Turkey</option> <option value="TKM">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="TCA">Turks and Caicos Islands</option> <option value="TUV">Tuvalu</option> <option value="VIR">U.S. Virgin Islands</option> <option value="UGA">Uganda</option> <option value="UKR">Ukraine</option> <option value="ARE">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="GBR">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</option> <option value="USA">United States of America</option> <option value="URY">Uruguay</option> <option value="UZB">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="VUT">Vanuatu</option> <option value="VEN">Venezuela</option> <option value="VNM">Viet Nam</option> <option value="WLF">Wallis and Futuna</option> <option value="ESH">Western Sahara Territory</option> <option value="YEM">Yemen</option> <option value="ZMB">Zambia</option> <option value="ZWE">Zimbabwe</option> </select></div><div><input type="image" alt="Search by country" 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