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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة أبحاث العلوم الاجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة أبحاث العلوم الاجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="شبکه تحقیقات علوم اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه تحقیقات علوم اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="사회과학 연구 네트워크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회과학 연구 네트워크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN" title="SSRN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SSRN" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN" title="SSRN – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SSRN" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN" title="SSRN – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SSRN" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Social Science Research Network" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN" title="SSRN – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SSRN" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN" title="SSRN – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SSRN" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Repository for preprints</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SSRN" redirects here. For the submarine, see <a href="/wiki/USS_Triton_(SSRN-586)" title="USS Triton (SSRN-586)">USS Triton (SSRN-586)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">SSRN</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SSRN_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SSRN_Logo.svg/220px-SSRN_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SSRN_Logo.svg/330px-SSRN_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SSRN_Logo.svg/440px-SSRN_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Producer</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1994–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre#Uses_in_open-access_academic_publishing" title="Gratis versus libre">fee-free</a> (monetarily gratis)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disciplines</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering#Main_branches_of_engineering" title="Engineering">engineering sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied sciences">applied sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">health sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical sciences">physical sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Record depth</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Index, abstract, and full-text</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Papers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com">ssrn<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550801#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Social Science Research Network</b> (<b>SSRN</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">repository</a> for <a href="/wiki/Preprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Preprints">preprints</a> devoted to the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">health sciences</a>, among others. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> bought SSRN from Social Science Electronic Publishing Inc. in May 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not an electronic journal, but rather an electronic library and search engine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SSRN was founded in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Jensen" title="Michael C. Jensen">Michael C. Jensen</a> and Wayne Marr, both <a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">financial economists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2013, SSRN was ranked the largest open-access repository in the world by Ranking Web of Repositories (an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Cybermetrics_Lab" title="Cybermetrics Lab">Cybermetrics Lab</a>, a research group belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> measured by number of PDF files, backlinks and <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> results.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, SSRN was bought from Social Science Electronic Publishing Inc. by <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 May 2016, the SSRN founder and chairman <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Jensen" title="Michael C. Jensen">Michael C. Jensen</a> wrote a letter to the SSRN community in which he cited SSRN CEO Gregg Gordon's post on the Elsevier Connect<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "new opportunities" coming from the fusion,<sup id="cite_ref-SSRN_in_Elsevier_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSRN_in_Elsevier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a broader global network and the freedom "to upload and download papers" (with more data, more resources, as well as new management tools). While predicting "some conflicts" on the interests alignment of the former competitors, he defined them as "surmountable".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016 there were reports of papers being removed from SSRN without notice; revision comments from SSRN indicated this was due to copyright concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon characterized the issue as a mistake affecting about 20 papers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic papers in <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">Portable Document Format</a> can be uploaded directly to the SSRN site by authors and are then available around the world for download.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users can also subscribe to abstracting emails covering a broad range of research areas and topic specialties. These distributing emails contain abstracts (with links to the full text where applicable) of papers recently submitted to SSRN in the respective field. </p><p>SSRN, like other preprint services, circulates publications throughout the scholarly community at an early stage, permitting the author to incorporate comments into the final version of the paper before its publication in a journal. Moreover, even if access to the published paper is restricted, access to the original working paper remains open through SSRN, so long as the author decides to keep the paper up. Often authors take papers down at the request of publishers, particularly if they are published by commercial or university presses that depend on payment for paper copies or online access.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, download by users is generally subject to registration and/or completion of a <a href="/wiki/ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">ReCAPTCHA</a> challenge and therefore SSRN is not considered by some to be a suitable <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> location,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike <a href="/wiki/Open_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Open archive">open archives</a> like most <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a>. Publishers and institutions can upload papers and charge a fee for readers to download them.<sup id="cite_ref-About_SSRN_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_SSRN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On SSRN, authors and papers are ranked by their number of downloads, which has become an informal indicator of popularity on prepress and <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a> sites.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_preprint_repositories" title="List of preprint repositories">List of preprint repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">ArXiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SocArXiv" title="SocArXiv">SocArXiv</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGordon2016" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Gregg (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/connect/ssrn-the-leading-social-science-and-humanities-repository-and-online-community-joins-elsevier">"SSRN—a leading social science and humanities repository and online community—joins Elsevier"</a>. <i>Elsevier Connect</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elsevier+Connect&rft.atitle=SSRN%E2%80%94a+leading+social+science+and+humanities+repository+and+online+community%E2%80%94joins+Elsevier&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fconnect%2Fssrn-the-leading-social-science-and-humanities-repository-and-online-community-joins-elsevier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssrn.com/sites/en/assets/Image/SSRN_PAPERSUBMISSION_10August2018.pdf">"SSRN Paper Submission Process"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SSRN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SSRN&rft.atitle=SSRN+Paper+Submission+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Fsites%2Fen%2Fassets%2FImage%2FSSRN_PAPERSUBMISSION_10August2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltner2016" class="citation web cs1">Feltner, Kerry (2016-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbj.net/2016/06/03/dutch-company-acquires-firm-in-brighton/">"Dutch company acquires firm in Brighton"</a>. <i>Rochester Business Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rochester+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Dutch+company+acquires+firm+in+Brighton&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.aulast=Feltner&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbj.net%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2Fdutch-company-acquires-firm-in-brighton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629031236/http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/world">"World"</a>. <i>Ranking Web of Repositories</i>. Cybermetrics Lab. January 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/Methodology">the original</a> on 2013-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.webometrics.info%2Fen%2FMethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/connect/ssrn-the-leading-social-science-and-humanities-repository-and-online-community-joins-elsevier">Elsevier Connect</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSRN_in_Elsevier-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSRN_in_Elsevier_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Gordon2016" class="citation web cs1">Gregg Gordon (May 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/connect/ssrn-the-,leading-social-science-and-humanities-repository-and-online-community-joins-elsevier">"Photo"</a> [SSRN—the leading social science and humanities repository and online community—joins Elsevier].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.au=Gregg+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fconnect%2Fssrn-the-%2Cleading-social-science-and-humanities-repository-and-online-community-joins-elsevier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Jensen2016" class="citation web cs1">Michael C. Jensen (May 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en/ssrn-joins-mendeley-elsevier/">"From The Desk of Michael C. Jensen, Chairman"</a>. SSRN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+The+Desk+of+Michael+C.+Jensen%2C+Chairman&rft.pub=SSRN&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.au=Michael+C.+Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Findex.cfm%2Fen%2Fssrn-joins-mendeley-elsevier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnick2016" class="citation web cs1">Masnick, Mike (18 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160718/02211935003/just-as-open-competitor-to-elseviers-ssrn-launches-ssrn-accused-copyright-crackdown.shtml">"Just as Open Competitor to Elsevier's SSRN Launches, SSRN Accused Of Copyright Crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Techdirt" title="Techdirt">Techdirt</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+as+Open+Competitor+to+Elsevier%27s+SSRN+Launches%2C+SSRN+Accused+Of+Copyright+Crackdown&rft.pub=Techdirt&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20160718%2F02211935003%2Fjust-as-open-competitor-to-elseviers-ssrn-launches-ssrn-accused-copyright-crackdown.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraumsheim2016" class="citation web cs1">Straumsheim, Carl (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/07/19/social-science-research-network-confusion-leads-calls-boycott">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'There Isn't Some Big Conspiracy Happening'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Inside Higher Ed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=%27There+Isn%27t+Some+Big+Conspiracy+Happening%27&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Straumsheim&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F19%2Fsocial-science-research-network-confusion-leads-calls-boycott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In case the web page [<i>formerly</i>] at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://support.ssrn.com/knowledgebase.php?article=67">https://support.ssrn.com/knowledgebase.php?article=67</a> is now a <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">"dead link"</a>, please see (instead) this 'extant' web page: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629230306/https://support.ssrn.com/knowledgebase.php?article=28">"Submit a Paper to SSRN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a>. 2014-12-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.ssrn.com/knowledgebase.php?article=28">the original</a> on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2022</span>. <q>(QUOTE:) [...] you upload your PDF</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submit+a+Paper+to+SSRN&rft.pub=SSRN&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.ssrn.com%2Fknowledgebase.php%3Farticle%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshish_SIngh2021" class="citation web cs1">Ashish SIngh (2021-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pijssl.com/p/current-issue.html">"Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature"</a>. Pijssl.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Praxis+International+Journal+of+Social+Science+and+Literature&rft.pub=Pijssl.com&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft.au=Ashish+SIngh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pijssl.com%2Fp%2Fcurrent-issue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Orr2020" class="citation web cs1">Richard Orr (2020-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.unpaywall.org/support/solutions/articles/44002140100-what-counts-as-an-open-access-location-">"What counts as an Open Access location?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+counts+as+an+Open+Access+location%3F&rft.pub=Unpaywall&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft.au=Richard+Orr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.unpaywall.org%2Fsupport%2Fsolutions%2Farticles%2F44002140100-what-counts-as-an-open-access-location-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_SSRN-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_SSRN_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Jensen" title="Michael C. Jensen">Jensen, Michael C.</a> (2 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssrn.com/update/general/mjensen.html">"About SSRN"</a>. Social Science Research Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+SSRN&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Fupdate%2Fgeneral%2Fmjensen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackCaron2006" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Bernard S.; Caron, Paul (2006). "Ranking Law Schools: Using SSRN to Measure Scholarly Performance". <i>Indiana Law Journal</i>. <b>81</b> (Symposium on The Next Generation of Law School Rankings). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=784764">784764</a>. U of Texas law, Law and Econ Research Paper No. 52; U of Cincinnati Public Law Research Paper No. 05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Ranking+Law+Schools%3A+Using+SSRN+to+Measure+Scholarly+Performance&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=Symposium+on+The+Next+Generation+of+Law+School+Rankings&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D784764%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft.au=Caron%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+Science+Research+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the properties: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P3747" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P3747">SSRN author ID (P3747)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP3747%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P3747%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P893" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P893">SSRN article ID (P893)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP893%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P893%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en/">Official 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