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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional African religious artefact</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A roughly circular wooden tray with a raised border carved with human and animal figures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg/238px-Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg/357px-Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg/476px-Brooklyn_Museum_75.147.1_Divination_Tray_Opon_Ifa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An early 20th century <i>opon Ifá</i> from the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ọpọ́n Ifá</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> tray used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religions">Afro-American religions</a>, notably in the system known as <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba tradition</a> more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bascom1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of <i>opon</i>, literally meaning "to flatter", explains the artistic and embellished nature of the trays, as they are meant to praise and acknowledge the noble work of the <a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawo</a> (diviners).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of the term <i>Ifá,</i> however<i>,</i> has been a subject of debate. Ifá may be considered an <i><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orisha</a>,</i> or a Yoruba god — specifically, the god of divination <i><a href="/wiki/Orunmila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orunmila">Orula</a></i>. Conversely, some scholars have referred to Ifá merely as the "great consulting oracle" as opposed to a god or a deity, without any divine connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opon Ifá are typically made by <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carvers</a> who specialize in the trays, and are made with designs per request of the patron babalawo or by the carver's own accord.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis on the tray's design is not only due to their "flattering" nature, but also because of their functionality during consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different carvers employ various aesthetic styles within West Africa and in the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, but most carvers are able to trace their influence back to <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During divination consultations, the opon Ifá is used by a babalawo to communicate with Ifá, who is able to identify the causes and solutions to personal and collective problems, and to restore harmony with the spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bascom1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sjsu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjsu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intermediary orisha, <a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Esu</a>, serves as the messenger between the babalawo and Ifá, as the two spirits are close companions to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conjunction with other divine instruments such as an <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroke_If%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iroke Ifá (page does not exist)">iroke Ifá</a></i> (diviner's tapper), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikin_If%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikin Ifá (page does not exist)">ikin Ifá</a></i> (sacred palm or kola nuts) or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opele_If%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opele Ifá (page does not exist)">opele Ifá</a></i> (divination chain), and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyerosun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyerosun (page does not exist)">iyerosun</a></i> (divining powder), the opon Ifá is used to determine the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Od%C3%B9_If%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odù Ifá (page does not exist)">odu</a></i>, or verses, associated with a patron's particular predicament. Once an odu is revealed by Ifá, the babalawo then elucidates a solution that is embedded in the archetypal story described in the specific odu.<sup id="cite_ref-sjsu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjsu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opon_If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opon Ifá are wooden, generally between 15 and 46 centimeters (6 and 18 inches) in diameter, and are flat and usually circular; however, rectangular, semi-circular, and approximately square specimens have also been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bascom1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trays exhibit a raised outer perimeter – often embellished with carved figures, objects, and abstract geometric designs. The artistic intricacy of the peripheral carvings are a status marker among <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babalowo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babalowo (page does not exist)">babalowos</a>, and suggest their importance to clients.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top of the tray is called the "head" or the <i>oju opon,</i> and the bottom is conversely called the "feet" or the <i>ese opon.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the head is adorned with a carved depiction of Esu, the messenger of Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bascom1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werness2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain trays may have additional representations of Esu, and trays with two, four, eight, and even sixteen faces have been studied. In such cases, the "head" of the tray may be designated by <a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">cowries</a>. The cowries are also used to spread the sacred divining powder, <i>iyerosun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bascom1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peripheral markings of the opon Ifá are functional as well as ornamental.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They serve to divide the perimeter into nine different sections that contribute symbolic significance during consultations. Each section is named after one of nine ancient and influential diviners. In a divination reading, the babalowo sits facing east with the opon Ifá in front of them, such that the "feet" of the tray is closest to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Werness2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this orientation, the <i>oju opon</i> ("face of the tray"), <i>ese opon</i> ("feet of the tray"), <i>ona kanran</i> ("straight path"), and the <i>ona murun</i> ("direct path") are respectively situated on the east, west, south and north sides of the tray's perimeter. On the diagonals from these cardinal directions are four additional sections or diviners: <i>alaselosi</i> ("the one who implements with the left") to the northeast, <i>alabolotun</i> ("the one who proposes with the right") to the southeast, <i>afurukeresayo</i> ("the one who has a diviner's fly-whisk and is happy") to the northwest, and <i>ajiletepowo</i> ("an early riser who sits down and prospers") to the southwest. The final section is the space in the center of the tray, the <i>erilade opon</i> ("the meeting place that crowns all"), for a total of nine sections.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sections come into play during consultations when the babalowo individually evokes the presence of Ifá and the nine ancient diviners before beginning the reading of the tray.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circumference of opon Ifá may also be carved with animals that are significant in Yoruba mythology. Such markings are believed by practitioners to allow the babalowo to harness the powers of the depicted animal, enhancing the general efficacy of the tray, or heightening the effectiveness of certain odu. The abilities of the animals can sometimes be inferred by examining their roles in any of the 256 archetypal stories associated with the <i>odu</i>. For instance, Opon Ifá may display carvings of <a href="/wiki/Bush_rat" title="Bush rat">bush rats</a>, or <i>okete</i>, which in Yoruba mythology can take on human form to conduct nighttime mischief. Birds are also depicted, which symbolize <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. Finally, according to diviners from <a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Nigeria">Oyo, Nigeria</a>, snakes may symbolize the efficacy of Ifá divination as a whole, as it is believed that snakes obtained their venomous capacity from Ifá – as outlined in the odu <i>okaran asa</i>. Furthermore, snakes may symbolize Ifá himself, perhaps responsible for their prevalence in opon Ifá and in other <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba art</a>. When abstract or crisscross markings are incorporated with zoomorphic imagery, they may offer a kinetic and sentient quality to the depicted animals, further enhancing the tray's divine potency.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoruba_carvers">Yoruba carvers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opon_If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yoruba carvers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">carvers</a> played an important role in their communities – many were specialists, creating an array of objects from the banal (e.g. stools, walking sticks, etc.) to the divine (e.g. shrine sculptures, headdresses, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the carvers specialized in opon Ifá traced their roots to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_Lagbayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Are Lagbayi (page does not exist)">Are Lagbayi</a>, a master palace wood carver of old Oyo, in present-day Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His legacy is continued by the opon Ifá carvers who are frequented by babalowo, and create trays with designs of their own discretion or by request of their patron diviners.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources of aesthetic inspiration are the fables of storied diviners, the spirits and archetypal everyday experiences described by the odu, and instruments used during Ifá consultations – such as the <i>iroke Ifá</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opon_If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tray with elaborately carved borders, placing a circle within a rectangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg/238px-Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg/357px-Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg/476px-Buzios_antiq_somb_cor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>A 17th century Dahomeyan <i>opon Ifá</i> with a circular <i>erilade opon</i> circumscribed within a rectangular frame.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are variations in the structure of opon Ifá, particularly in regard to the number and location of depicted Esu faces and the geometric shape of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bascom19912_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bascom19912-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even within a town there will be different forms of the tray. For example, one tray may depict Esu with his chin protruding into the center of the tray (the <i>erilade opon</i>), while another depicts two Esu faces on opposite sides of the tray. Although the Ifá system of divination finds its roots among the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, its practise has spread amongst the African diaspora and is known by different names, with subtle to profound alterations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the foundational features of the opon Ifá outlined above, the functional nature of the structural enhancements cannot be generalized and are typically left to the artist's discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particularly notable specimen is one from the 17th century Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, which was used for <i>Fá</i> divination. This board displays a standard circular opon Ifá in the center of the tray, but is encompassed by a larger, rectangular tray.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, heavily influenced by Ifá, opon Ifá may also be employed; this will often display a broad color gamut, and may lack a depiction of Esu.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yoruba_beliefs">Yoruba beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opon_If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yoruba beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The face of Esu, the intermediary orisha between Ifá and the babalawo, is generally carved into the opon Ifá's perimeter to acknowledge his critical role during divine consultations and to allow the babalowo to directly confront him. The relationship between the two <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> is outlined in the Yoruba canon – specifically from among the 256 <i>odu</i>, or verses, that the babalawo interprets from the opon Ifá – and provides an account for how Esu came to occupy his role. The following is an account of the myth by an Ifá chief from Oyo, Nigeria:<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ifá and Esu are two of the four-hundred orisha sent to Earth by <a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a>, the supreme being in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>. Each of the four-hundred divinities has unique supernatural abilities; Ifá knows the predestined <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> of all human beings, and Esu is the keeper of the <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9" title="Aṣẹ">ase</a></i> (divine power or authority). Esu, confident in his status as the wisest among all of Olodumare's spirits, administered a test to 398 of the other deities, all of whom failed. Only then did Esu test Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esu requested that Ifá supervise his monkey for one week while he undertook a journey. Ifá agreed, but first he asked Esu to tie the monkey to the tree in front of his house. After Esu had embarked on his journey, Ifá consulted an oracle to see what Esu's intentions were for his journey. The oracle prescribed to Ifá a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrificial</a> offering of bananas that must be performed deep in a thick forest. Ifá obliged and performed the sacrifice, only to find Esu's monkey missing once he returned to the tree in front of his home. Esu, having suddenly decided to not pursue his trip, returned to Ifá's home to see that Ifá had broken his commitment. Grief-stricken, Esu began to weep. He informed Ifá that if he did not find the monkey within the seven days that it takes for his tears to fall to the ground, Ifá would be cursed without peace for the rest of his life. Seeking a solution, Ifá once again consulted the oracle, who told him to return to the exact spot in the forest where the sacrifice of bananas had been performed. There, he would find the monkey. Ifá accepted the oracle's guidance and found Esu's monkey in the forest. Having returned the monkey to Esu before his tears hit the earth, Ifá completed the test and sealed his partnership with Esu. To express his gratitude, Esu swore to be a companion and accomplice to Ifá in all his endeavors. Thus, Esu acts as the mouthpiece through which Ifá imparts his clairvoyant knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_divination_consultations">In divination consultations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opon_If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In divination consultations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babalawo-of-cuba-consulting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Babalawo-of-cuba-consulting.jpg/238px-Babalawo-of-cuba-consulting.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Babalawo-of-cuba-consulting.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A babalowo writing <i>odu</i> in <i>iyerosun</i>. An <i>opele</i> and <i>iroke Ifá</i> are present on his right.</figcaption></figure> <p>During a divination session, the babalawo first properly orients the tray with the "feet" of the opon Ifá facing towards him. He sits facing east, the direction from which Ifá is thought to have come from the spiritual plane, and allows light to illuminate the tray, being careful to prevent shadows from landing on the wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Werness2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once properly oriented, an iroke Ifá, or a diviner's tapper, is used by the babalowo to evoke the presence of Ifá via the rhythmic drumming of the tapper on the surface of the opon Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-Werness2003_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine diviners symbolically depicted in the tray's perimeter are also summoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, sixteen palm or <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</a>, the ikin Ifá<i>,</i> are thrown onto the opon Ifá's wooden surface and the babalowo proceeds to interpret which of the 256 possible sets of odu (verses) are displayed by the nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An odu is essentially a word or sign of eight marks that is drawn in the iyerosun powder scattered over the tray. Each of the signs have corresponding verses which must be chanted and chosen according to the client's particular situation.<sup id="cite_ref-sjsu_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjsu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werness2003_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the odu is constructed by individually determining each "letter" of the odu in a step-wise manner, starting from the bottom-right division of the border, then the bottom-left. Working up from bottom to top, this process is repeated six more times until the complete odu is constructed and written on the board.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If sacred palm nuts are used, sixteen nuts are held in one hand by the babalawo. With the other hand, he snatches as many as he can out of his palm. If there is one remaining, he draws two vertical lines into the iyerosun powder on the board. If there are two nuts remaining, he draws only one line. The process continues until two figures of four segments each are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another way to use the opon Ifá incorporates a divination chain known as <a href="/wiki/Opele" title="Opele">opele</a> Ifá, reserving the palm or kola nuts for more serious questions.<sup id="cite_ref-Werness2003_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opele consists of a chain of eight half-kola nuts strung together, each associated with one of the eight letters of an odu and a site along the tray's border. After evoking the spirits with the iroke Ifá, the babalowo then throws the opele; each of the eight half-nuts will land concave up or concave down, heads or tails. A single line represents "heads" while two vertical lines symbolize "tails" – this process is recorded in the iyerosun powder, as it is done with the palm nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, this binary system of one and two vertical lines gives rise to 256 different odu, each associated with a spirit and certain archetypal situation. Some odu are affirmative, and others are negative. Furthermore, the odu determines what offerings the babalowo prescribes to the client in order for them to achieve their desired ends.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opon_If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bascom1991-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bascom1991_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_W._Bascom1991" class="citation book cs1">William W. Bascom (22 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS0h4Ye9puUC&pg=PA33"><i>Ifa Divination: Communication between Gods and Men in West Africa</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11465-5"><bdi>978-0-253-11465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ifa+Divination%3A+Communication+between+Gods+and+Men+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11465-5&rft.au=William+W.+Bascom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS0h4Ye9puUC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewal1989" class="citation book cs1">Drewal, Henry (1989). <i>Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought</i>. New York City: The Center for African Art. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba%3A+Nine+Centuries+of+African+Art+and+Thought&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Center+for+African+Art&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Drewal&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1939" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, J.D. (1939). "Ifa Divination". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 235–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2844391">10.2307/2844391</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844391">2844391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain&rft.atitle=Ifa+Divination&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-256&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2844391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2844391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite" class="citation web cs1">Waite, Renée. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1469715071&disposition=inline">"African Concepts of Energy and Their Manifestations Through Art"</a>. <i>College of the Arts of Kent State University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+the+Arts+of+Kent+State+University&rft.atitle=African+Concepts+of+Energy+and+Their+Manifestations+Through+Art&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2F%21etd.send_file%3Faccession%3Dkent1469715071%26disposition%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogoson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pogoson, OI (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/cea/196">"Ifa Divination Trays from Isale-Oyo"</a>. <i>Cadernos de Estudos Africanos</i>. <b>21</b> (21): 15–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcea.196">10.4000/cea.196</a></span> – via OpenEdition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+de+Estudos+Africanos&rft.atitle=Ifa+Divination+Trays+from+Isale-Oyo&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=15-41&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcea.196&rft.aulast=Pogoson&rft.aufirst=OI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcea%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sjsu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sjsu_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sjsu_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sjsu_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csuimages.sjsu.edu/gallery/exhibits/african/africaexhibit/imageswitharrows/squareopon.html">"Opon (Ifa Divination Board)"</a>. <i>csuimages.sjsu.edu</i>. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csuimages.sjsu.edu&rft.atitle=Opon+%28Ifa+Divination+Board%29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsuimages.sjsu.edu%2Fgallery%2Fexhibits%2Fafrican%2Fafricaexhibit%2Fimageswitharrows%2Fsquareopon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werness2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werness2003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werness2003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werness2003_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werness2003_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werness2003_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werness2003_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope_B._Werness2003" class="citation book cs1">Hope B. Werness (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y5nr5fGiHIC&pg=PA142">"Ifa"</a>. <i>The Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art: Worldview, Symbolism, and Culture in Africa, Oceania, and North America</i>. Continuum. pp. 142–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1465-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-1465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ifa&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Native+Art%3A+Worldview%2C+Symbolism%2C+and+Culture+in+Africa%2C+Oceania%2C+and+North+America&rft.pages=142-43&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1465-6&rft.au=Hope+B.+Werness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y5nr5fGiHIC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlopuna2016" class="citation book cs1">Olopuna, Jacob (2016). <i>Ifá Divination, Knowledge, Power, and Performance</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253018908" title="Special:BookSources/9780253018908"><bdi>9780253018908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If%C3%A1+Divination%2C+Knowledge%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780253018908&rft.aulast=Olopuna&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaGamma,_Alisa.2000" class="citation book cs1">LaGamma, Alisa. (2000). <i>Art and oracle : African art and rituals of divination</i>. Pemberton, John, 1928-, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870999338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870999338"><bdi>978-0870999338</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43296774">43296774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+oracle+%3A+African+art+and+rituals+of+divination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43296774&rft.isbn=978-0870999338&rft.au=LaGamma%2C+Alisa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bascom19912-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bascom19912_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_W._Bascom1991" class="citation book cs1">William W. Bascom (22 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS0h4Ye9puUC&pg=PA33"><i>Ifa Divination: Communication between Gods and Men in West Africa</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11465-5"><bdi>978-0-253-11465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ifa+Divination%3A+Communication+between+Gods+and+Men+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11465-5&rft.au=William+W.+Bascom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS0h4Ye9puUC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raai.library.yale.edu/site/index.php?globalnav=image_detail&image_id=7667">"No. 2416.292"</a>. <i>Ross Archive of African Images</i>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ross+Archive+of+African+Images&rft.atitle=No.+2416.292&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraai.library.yale.edu%2Fsite%2Findex.php%3Fglobalnav%3Dimage_detail%26image_id%3D7667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredart.caaar.duke.edu/artifacts/2274#">"Nigerian-style Ifá Divination tray made in Cuba"</a>. <i>The Sacred Arts of the Black Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sacred+Arts+of+the+Black+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Nigerian-style+If%C3%A1+Divination+tray+made+in+Cuba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredart.caaar.duke.edu%2Fartifacts%2F2274%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredart.caaar.duke.edu/artifacts/2629#">"Cuban Ifa Divination Tray"</a>. <i>The Sacred Arts of the Black Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sacred+Arts+of+the+Black+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Cuban+Ifa+Divination+Tray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredart.caaar.duke.edu%2Fartifacts%2F2629%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton-Williams1966" class="citation journal cs1">Morton-Williams, Peter (1966). "Two Studies of Ifa Divination. Introduction: The Mode of Divination". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 406–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1158049">10.2307/1158049</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1158049">1158049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145352272">145352272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Two+Studies+of+Ifa+Divination.+Introduction%3A+The+Mode+of+Divination&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406-431&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145352272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1158049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1158049&rft.aulast=Morton-Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_BeekPeek2013" class="citation book cs1">Van Beek, W. E. A.; Peek, Philip M. (2013). <i>Reviewing reality : dynamics of African divination</i>. Beek, W. E. A. van., Peek, Philip M. Wien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643903358" title="Special:BookSources/9783643903358"><bdi>9783643903358</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828892524">828892524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviewing+reality+%3A+dynamics+of+African+divination&rft.place=Wien&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828892524&rft.isbn=9783643903358&rft.aulast=Van+Beek&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+A.&rft.au=Peek%2C+Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpon+If%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Methods_of_divination" title="Methods of divination">Methods of</a> <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theriomancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailuromancy" title="Ailuromancy">Ailuromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectryomancy" title="Alectryomancy">Alectryomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myomancy" title="Myomancy">Myomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmomancy">Myrmomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngg%C3%A0m" title="Nggàm">Nggàm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliomancy" title="Bibliomancy">Bibliomancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_biblicae" title="Sortes biblicae">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falnama" title="Falnama">Falnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Homericae" title="Sortes Homericae">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsodomancy" title="Rhapsodomancy">Rhapsodomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Virgil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspidomancy" title="Aspidomancy">Aspidomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoptromancy" title="Catoptromancy">Catoptromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculomancy" title="Oculomancy">Oculomancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elemental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyromancy" title="Pyromancy">Pyromancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanomancy" title="Botanomancy">Botanomancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnomancy" title="Capnomancy">Capnomancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libanomancy" title="Libanomancy">Libanomancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeromancy" title="Aeromancy">Aeromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alomancy" title="Alomancy">Alomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromancy" title="Hydromancy">Hydromancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecanomancy" title="Lecanomancy">Lecanomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyphomancy" title="Scyphomancy">Scyphomancy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">Cleromancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acultomancy" title="Acultomancy">Acultomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichmomancy" title="Aichmomancy">Aichmomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axinomancy" title="Axinomancy">Axinomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belomancy" title="Belomancy">Belomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartomancy" title="Cartomancy">Cartomancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_astrology" title="Parrot astrology">Parrot astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot_card_reading" title="Tarot card reading">Tarot card reading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowrie-shell_divination" title="Cowrie-shell divination">Cowrie-shell divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favomancy" title="Favomancy">Favomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumalak" title="Kumalak">Kumalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengdu" title="Mengdu">Mengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdomancy" title="Molybdomancy">Molybdomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_divination" title="Obi divination">Obi divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opele" title="Opele">Opele</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opon Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomancy" title="Rhabdomancy">Rhabdomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sikidy" title="Sikidy">Sikidy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_(ancient_Rome)" title="Sortes (ancient Rome)">Sortes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Sanctorum" title="Sortes Sanctorum">Sortes Sanctorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism#Origins" title="Ventriloquism">Gastromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghairm" title="Taghairm">Taghairm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Somatomancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomancy" title="Anthropomancy">Anthropomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalonomancy" title="Cephalonomancy">Cephalonomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">Haruspex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalomancy" title="Omphalomancy">Omphalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podomancy" title="Podomancy">Podomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapulimancy" title="Scapulimancy">Scapulimancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacomancy" title="Abacomancy">Abacomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_divination" title="African divination">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngg%C3%A0m" title="Nggàm">Nggàm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sikidy" title="Sikidy">Sikidy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuromancy" title="Aleuromancy">Aleuromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphitomancy" title="Alphitomancy">Alphitomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85rsg%C3%A5ng" title="Årsgång">Årsgång</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniomancy" title="Amniomancy">Amniomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carromancy" title="Carromancy">Carromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledonomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cledonomancy">Cledonomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">Geomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching_divination" title="I Ching divination"><i>I Ching</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">Isopsephy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmyodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Onmyodo">Onmyodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyromancy" 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