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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplements,_folk_medicine_and_adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplements,_folk_medicine_and_adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Supplements, folk medicine and adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplements,_folk_medicine_and_adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As an invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Dioscorea alata</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديسقوريا جناحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديسقوريا جناحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="গাছ আলু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গাছ আলু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube" title="Ube – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ube" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata_(tanom_nga_ubi)" title="Dioscorea alata (tanom nga ubi) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dioscorea alata (tanom nga ubi)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smldinec_k%C5%99%C3%ADdlat%C3%BD" title="Smldinec křídlatý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smldinec křídlatý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuw%C9%94%C9%A3u" title="Nyuwɔɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyuwɔɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube-ignamo" title="Ube-ignamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ube-ignamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دیسکورای بالدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیسکورای بالدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%81" title="રતાળુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રતાળુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%8C%80%EB%91%A5%EA%B7%BC%EB%A7%88" title="열대둥근마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열대둥근마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakata" title="Sakata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sakata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80b%C3%A0n%C3%A0" title="Àbànà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Àbànà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_kelapa" title="Ubi kelapa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ubi kelapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C" title="יאם סגול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאם סגול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwi" title="Uwi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uwi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi" title="Obi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Obi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="खमरुआ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="खमरुआ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="കാച്ചിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാച്ചിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82" title="गोराडू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गोराडू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ديسقوريا جناحيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديسقوريا جناحيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_badak" title="Ubi badak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ubi badak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7" title="ダイジョ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダイジョ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochrzyn_skrzydlaty" title="Pochrzyn skrzydlaty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pochrzyn skrzydlaty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufi" title="Ufi – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Ufi" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Диоскорея крылатая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоскорея крылатая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isojamssi" title="Isojamssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isojamssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube" title="Ube – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ube" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="செவ்வள்ளிக் கொடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செவ்வள்ளிக் கொடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="పెండలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెండలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2" title="มันเสา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มันเสา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUfi" title="ʻUfi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻUfi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1nalu" title="A̱nalu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱nalu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Dioscorea alata" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoai_m%E1%BB%A1" title="Khoai mỡ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoai mỡ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube" title="Ube – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ube" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%8A%8B" title="香芋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香芋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%96%AF" title="参薯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="参薯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1932852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Purple_yam&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple yam">Purple yam</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of yam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Water yam" redirects here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/Water_Yam_(artist%27s_book)" title="Water Yam (artist's book)">Water Yam (artist's book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Dioscorea alata</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kambar_wh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kambar_wh.jpg/220px-Kambar_wh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kambar_wh.jpg/330px-Kambar_wh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kambar_wh.jpg/440px-Kambar_wh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2374" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Cross section of purple yam </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Dioscorea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea"><i>Dioscorea</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>D. alata</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Dioscorea alata</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-trop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Dioscorea atropurpurea</i> <small>Roxb.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea colocasiifolia</i><small> Pax</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea eburina</i><small> Lour.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea eburnea</i><small> Lour.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea globosa</i><small> Roxb.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea javanica</i><small> Queva</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea purpurea</i><small> Roxb.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea rubella</i><small> Roxb.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea sapinii</i><small> De Wild.</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea sativa</i><small> Munro</small></li> <li><i>Dioscorea vulgaris</i><small> Miq.</small></li> <li><i>Elephantodon eburnea</i> <small>(Lour.) Salisb.</small></li> <li><i>Polynome alata</i> <small>(L.) Salisb.</small></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Dioscorea alata</b></i> – also called <b>ube</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>), <b>ubi</b>, <b>purple yam</b>, or <b>greater yam</b>, among many other names – is a species of <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuber</a>). The tubers are usually a vivid <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>-<a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> to bright <a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)" title="Lavender (color)">lavender</a> in color (hence the common name), but some range in color from cream to plain white. It is sometimes confused with <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> and the Okinawa sweet potato <i>beniimo</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紅芋</span></span>)</span> (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i> cv. <a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Ayamurasaki</a>), however <i>D. alata</i> is also grown in Okinawa. With its origins in the Asian and Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, <i>D. alata</i> has been known to humans since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because it has become naturalized following its origins in Asia, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, through tropical South America, and the southeastern U.S., <i>D. alata</i> is referred to by many different names in these regions. In English alone, aside from purple yam, other common names include <b>ten-months yam</b>, <b>water yam</b>, <b>white yam</b>, <b>winged yam</b>, <b>violet yam</b>, <b>Guyana arrowroot</b>, or simply <b>yam</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about wild relatives (D. nummularia, D. transverse, and D. hastifolia; progenitor unknown) [doi:10.1111/boj.12374]).<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dioscorea_alata" title="Talk:Dioscorea alata">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_cultivation">History of cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubejf1680.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ubejf1680.JPG/220px-Ubejf1680.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ubejf1680.JPG/330px-Ubejf1680.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ubejf1680.JPG/440px-Ubejf1680.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Harvested purple yam tubers</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Dioscorea alata</i> is one of the most important staple crops in <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian cultures</a>. It is one of various species of yams that were domesticated and cultivated independently within <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> for their starchy <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>, including the round yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_bulbifera" title="Dioscorea bulbifera">Dioscorea bulbifera</a></i>), ubi gadong (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_hispida" title="Dioscorea hispida">Dioscorea hispida</a></i>), lesser yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_esculenta" title="Dioscorea esculenta">Dioscorea esculenta</a></i>), Pacific yam (<i>Dioscorea nummularia</i>), fiveleaf yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_pentaphylla" title="Dioscorea pentaphylla">Dioscorea pentaphylla</a></i>), and pencil yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_transversa" title="Dioscorea transversa">Dioscorea transversa</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, <i>D. alata</i> and <i>D. esculenta</i> were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a> due to their higher levels of the toxin <a href="/wiki/Dioscorine" title="Dioscorine">dioscorine</a> which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevacqua1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevacqua1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>D. alata</i> is also cultivated more than <i>D. esculenta</i>, largely because of its much larger tubers.<sup id="cite_ref-temarareoUbe_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>D. alata</i> and <i>D. esculenta</i> were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>. <i>D. alata</i> in particular were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. They were also carried by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian voyagers</a> into <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beaujard2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WalterLebot2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalterLebot2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg/220px-Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg/330px-Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg/440px-Starr_061106-9589_Dioscorea_alata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Aerial bulbil of a white variety of <i>D. alata</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The center of origin of purple yam is in <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a>, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>. Purple yam is believed to be a true <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a>, only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malapa2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malapa2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruz1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paz1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paz1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on archaeological evidence of early farming plots and plant remains in the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> site, authors have suggested that it was first domesticated in the highlands of New Guinea from around 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> and spread into Island Southeast Asia via the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> at around c. 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, along with <i>D. nummularia</i> and <i>D. bulbifera</i>. In turn, <i>D. esculenta</i> is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea. There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet cultivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaïr2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaïr2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayliss-Smith2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayliss-Smith2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, much older remains identified as being probably <i>D. alata</i> have also been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Niah_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Niah Caves">Niah Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, <40,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ille_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ille Cave">Ille Cave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> (c. 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (<i>D. hispida</i>) which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that <i>D. alata</i> were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether <i>D. alata</i> is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barker2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balbaligo2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balbaligo2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barton2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuwDenham2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuwDenham2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-temarareoUbe_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purple yams have edible tubers which have a mildly sweet, earthy and nutty taste, reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>. The violet cultivars, in particular, turn dishes distinctively vivid violet because of the high amount of <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chowhound_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chowhound-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purple yams are also valued for the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> that can be processed from them.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purple yam is most common in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippine cuisine</a> (where it is known as <i>ube</i> or <i>ubi</i>). It is widely applied for many Philippine desserts, such as <a href="/wiki/Ube_cake" title="Ube cake">ube cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ube_cheesecake" title="Ube cheesecake">ube cheesecake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ube_crinkles" title="Ube crinkles">ube crinkles</a>, as well as an ingredient or flavor for <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donut" class="mw-redirect" title="Donut">donuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tarts</a>, jam and other types of <a href="/wiki/Pastries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastries">pastries</a>. It is often eaten boiled, baked, or as a sweetened dessert called <i><a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube halayá</a></i>; the latter being a popular ingredient in the iced dessert called <i><a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">halo-halo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearns_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purple yam desserts have more recently entered the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> through Philippine cuisine, under the Filipino name "ube". It is particularly popular due to the striking violet-purple color it gives to desserts.<sup id="cite_ref-Chowhound_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chowhound-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kearns_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purple yam is commonly confused with purple/violet varieties of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> because of their similarities in color, taste, and culinary uses. However, like other yams, purple yam tends to have a moister texture than sweet potatoes. Purple yams also have higher anthocyanin content than sweet potatoes. They can otherwise be used interchangeably in most recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ube_halaya,_Filipino_dessert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ube halaya (mashed purple yam) from the Philippines"><img alt="Ube halaya (mashed purple yam) from the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ube_halaya%2C_Filipino_dessert.jpg/120px-Ube_halaya%2C_Filipino_dessert.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ube_halaya%2C_Filipino_dessert.jpg/180px-Ube_halaya%2C_Filipino_dessert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ube_halaya%2C_Filipino_dessert.jpg/240px-Ube_halaya%2C_Filipino_dessert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">Ube halaya</a> (mashed purple yam) from the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ube_champorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ube champorado from the Philippines"><img alt="Ube champorado from the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ube_champorado.jpg/120px-Ube_champorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ube_champorado.jpg/180px-Ube_champorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ube_champorado.jpg/240px-Ube_champorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ube <a href="/wiki/Champorado" title="Champorado">champorado</a> from the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piaya_flatbread_(Philippines)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ube and muscovado piayas from the Philippines"><img alt="Ube and muscovado piayas from the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Piaya_flatbread_%28Philippines%29_01.jpg/120px-Piaya_flatbread_%28Philippines%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Piaya_flatbread_%28Philippines%29_01.jpg/180px-Piaya_flatbread_%28Philippines%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Piaya_flatbread_%28Philippines%29_01.jpg/240px-Piaya_flatbread_%28Philippines%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ube and <a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">muscovado</a> piayas from the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Undhiyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Undhiyu from Gujarat, India"><img alt="Undhiyu from Gujarat, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Undhiyu.jpg/120px-Undhiyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Undhiyu.jpg/180px-Undhiyu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Undhiyu.jpg/240px-Undhiyu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Undhiyu" title="Undhiyu">Undhiyu</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Okinawan sweet potato pancakes with coconut ube sauce"><img alt="Okinawan sweet potato pancakes with coconut ube sauce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg/120px-Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg/180px-Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg/240px-Okinawan_sweet_potato_pancakes_with_coconut_ube_sauce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a> sweet potato pancakes with coconut ube sauce</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ube_crepe_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A slice of ube crepe cake"><img alt="A slice of ube crepe cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ube_crepe_cake.jpg/90px-Ube_crepe_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ube_crepe_cake.jpg/135px-Ube_crepe_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ube_crepe_cake.jpg/180px-Ube_crepe_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A slice of ube <a href="/wiki/Mille_crepe_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Mille crepe cake">crepe cake</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubecupcakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purple yam cupcakes with flan top layers"><img alt="Purple yam cupcakes with flan top layers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ubecupcakes.jpg/120px-Ubecupcakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ubecupcakes.jpg/180px-Ubecupcakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ubecupcakes.jpg/240px-Ubecupcakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purple yam cupcakes with flan top layers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ube_doughnut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino ube donut"><img alt="Filipino ube donut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ube_doughnut.jpg/120px-Ube_doughnut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ube_doughnut.jpg/180px-Ube_doughnut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ube_doughnut.jpg/240px-Ube_doughnut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> ube donut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ube Mamón"><img alt="Ube Mamón" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg/120px-Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg/180px-Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg/240px-Ube_Mam%C3%B3n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ube <a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%B3n" title="Mamón">Mamón</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halo-Halo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halo-halo with ube halaya"><img alt="Halo-halo with ube halaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Halo-Halo.jpg/90px-Halo-Halo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Halo-Halo.jpg/135px-Halo-Halo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Halo-Halo.jpg/180px-Halo-Halo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">Halo-halo</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube halaya</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplements,_folk_medicine_and_adverse_effects"><span id="Supplements.2C_folk_medicine_and_adverse_effects"></span>Supplements, folk medicine and adverse effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supplements, folk medicine and adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although available as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> and used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">folk medicine</a>, there is no <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">clinical evidence</a> that <i>D. alata</i> has any therapeutic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of <i>D. alata</i> supplements may have <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> in people taking <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> drugs or during pregnancy and breast-feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people may have <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> to use of <i>D. alata</i> supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>D. alata</i> has relatively high levels of <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalates</a> (486–781 mg/100 g dry matter),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7971785_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7971785-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are associated with <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutritional effects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxalate#Physiological_effects" title="Oxalate">kidney stone</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-otegbayo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otegbayo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The color of purple varieties is due to various <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-mori_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pigments are water-soluble, and have been proposed as possible <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food coloring</a> agents.<sup id="cite_ref-LiZhang_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiZhang-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>D. alata</i> is sometimes grown in gardens for its ornamental value.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_an_invasive_species">As an invasive species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As an invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dioscorea alata</i> is native to the Philippines, as well as surrounding areas (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>). It has escaped from its native growth area and into the wild in many other places, becoming <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a> in parts of southern and east-central <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, and various islands in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific</a> oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It persists in the wild in Haiti, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> where it is considered an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plants_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plants-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purple yam leaves"><img alt="Purple yam leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg/90px-Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg/135px-Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg/180px-Starr_061106-1435_Dioscorea_alata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purple yam leaves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_(24572888200).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purple yam flowers"><img alt="Purple yam flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824572888200%29.jpg/90px-Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824572888200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824572888200%29.jpg/135px-Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824572888200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824572888200%29.jpg/180px-Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea_alata-flowers-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824572888200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purple yam flowers</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">Colocasia esculenta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alocasia_macrorrhizos" title="Alocasia macrorrhizos">Alocasia macrorrhizos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">Cyrtosperma merkusii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_batatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipomoea batatas">Ipomoea batatas</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-trop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trop_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Dioscorea alata</i> was first described and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> 2: 1033. 1753. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tropicos.org/Name/11000003">"Name - <i>Dioscorea alata</i> L."</a> <i>Tropicos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis, Missouri">Saint Louis, Missouri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pl. 2: 1033. 1753. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plants-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plants_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DIAL2">"Profile for <i>Dioscorea alata</i> (water yam)"</a>. <i>PLANTS Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">NRCS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PLANTS+Database&rft.atitle=Profile+for+Dioscorea+alata+%28water+yam%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fjava%2Fprofile%3Fsymbol%3DDIAL2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorea+alata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Dioscorea%20alata.png">Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_alata&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dioscorea alata</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932852" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1932852">Q1932852</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1750">1750</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=4264">4264</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/11243">11243</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/65970">65970</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Dioscorea_alata.htm">Dioscorea_alata</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=424294">424294</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/36CBX">36CBX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=936">936</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1121207">1121207</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/DIUAL">DIUAL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200028084">200028084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Dioscorea%20alata">Dioscorea alata</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028084">200028084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2754476">2754476</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14175">14175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/161930">161930</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=5535">5535</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/317625-1">317625-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10696994">10696994</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293">19293</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=43372">43372</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279847">279847</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.141485/">2.141485</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=55571">55571</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=14033">14033</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/41f21b6c-cee0-4738-929d-8090ce565652">41f21b6c-cee0-4738-929d-8090ce565652</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=46971">46971</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-239747">kew-239747</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/DIAL2">DIAL2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A317625-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317625-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/11000003">11000003</a></span></span></li> <li><span 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