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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_vertical_trigger_lock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_vertical_trigger_lock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chinese vertical trigger lock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_vertical_trigger_lock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_rolling_nut_lock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_rolling_nut_lock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>European rolling nut lock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_rolling_nut_lock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanning_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanning_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spanning mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanning_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Projectiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projectiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Elsewhere and later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunting,_leisure,_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting,_leisure,_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hunting, leisure, and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting,_leisure,_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_paramilitary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_paramilitary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military and paramilitary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_paramilitary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_conventional_bows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_conventional_bows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison to conventional bows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_conventional_bows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crossbow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelocen_boge" title="Gelocen boge – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gelocen boge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قوس إفرنجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوس إفرنجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballesta" title="Ballesta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ballesta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qundaql%C4%B1_yay-ox" title="Qundaqlı yay-ox – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qundaqlı yay-ox" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арбалет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арбалет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арбалет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арбалет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroazwareg" title="Kroazwareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kroazwareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballesta" title="Ballesta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ballesta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1e" title="Kuše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armbr%C3%B8st" title="Armbrøst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armbrøst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armbrust" title="Armbrust – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armbrust" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amb" title="Amb – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amb" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βαλλίστρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλλίστρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballesta" title="Ballesta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ballesta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbalesto" title="Arbalesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbalesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balezta" title="Balezta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balezta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کمان زنبورکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمان زنبورکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbal%C3%A8te" title="Arbalète – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbalète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosbhogha" title="Crosbhogha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crosbhogha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9sta" title="Bésta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bésta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%A0%EB%87%8C" title="쇠뇌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇠뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Աղեղնազեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղեղնազեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostrel" title="Samostrel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samostrel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbalesto" title="Arbalesto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arbalesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busur_silang" title="Busur silang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Busur silang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1sbogi" title="Lásbogi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lásbogi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balestra_(arma)" title="Balestra (arma) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Balestra (arma)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%AA" title="קשת מוצלבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשת מוצלבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арбалет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арбалет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арбалет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арбалет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuballista_(sagittaria)" title="Manuballista (sagittaria) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuballista (sagittaria)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stops_(ierocis)" title="Stops (ierocis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stops (ierocis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaletas" title="Arbaletas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arbaletas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balestra" title="Balestra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Balestra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1mszer%C3%ADj" title="Számszeríj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számszeríj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Самострел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самострел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busur_silang" title="Busur silang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Busur silang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruisboog" title="Kruisboog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kruisboog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A6" title="クロスボウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロスボウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armbr%C3%B8st" title="Armbrøst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Armbrøst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armbr%C3%B8st" title="Armbrøst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Armbrøst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubaresta" title="Aubaresta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aubaresta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbalet" title="Arbalet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arbalet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusza" title="Kusza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kusza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besta_(arma)" title="Besta (arma) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Besta (arma)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbalet%C4%83" title="Arbaletă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbaletă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арбалет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арбалет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harku_kryq" title="Harku kryq – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Harku kryq" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crossbow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1a" title="Kuša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kuša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostrel" title="Samostrel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostrel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Самострел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самострел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostrel" title="Samostrel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samostrel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsijousi" title="Varsijousi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varsijousi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armborst" title="Armborst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Armborst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89" title="หน้าไม้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน้าไม้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_yay%C4%B1" title="Tatar yayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tatar yayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арбалет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арбалет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bow-like ranged weapon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crossbow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crossbow (disambiguation)">Crossbow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png/290px-Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png/435px-Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png/580px-Crossbow_TenPoint_Stealth_SS.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>21st-century hunting compound crossbow</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>crossbow</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">ranged weapon</a> using an <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a> launching device consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a>-like assembly called a <i>prod</i>, mounted horizontally on a main frame called a <i>tiller</i>, which is hand-held in a similar fashion to the <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">stock</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a>. Crossbows shoot <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">bolts</a></i> or <i>quarrels</i>. A person who shoots crossbow is called a <i>crossbowman</i>, an <i>arbalister</i> or an <i><a href="/wiki/Arbalist_(crossbowman)" title="Arbalist (crossbowman)">arbalist</a></i> (after the <a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">arbalest</a>, a European crossbow variant used during the 12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crossbows and bows use the same elastic launch principles, but differ in that an archer using a <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a> must draw-and-shoot in a quick and smooth motion with limited or no time for aiming, while a crossbow's design allows it to be spanned and cocked ready for use at a later time and thus affording them unlimited time to aim. When shooting bows, the archer must fully perform the <a href="/wiki/Bow_draw" title="Bow draw">draw</a>, holding the string and arrow using various techniques while pulling it back with arm and back muscles, and then either immediately shooting instinctively without a period of aiming, or holding that <a href="/wiki/Form_(exercise)" title="Form (exercise)">form</a> while aiming. Both demand some <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">physical strength</a> to do so using bows suitable for warfare, though this is easier using lighter <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archery_terms#D" title="Glossary of archery terms">draw-weight</a> hunting bows. As such, their accurate and sustained use in warfare takes a lot of practice. </p><p>Crossbows avoid these potential problems by having trigger-released cocking mechanisms to maintain the tension on the string once it has been <b>spanned</b> – drawn – into its ready-to-shoot position, allowing these weapons to be carried cocked and ready and affording their users time to aim them. This also allows them to be readied by someone assisting their users, so multiple crossbows can be used one after the other while others reload and ready them. Crossbows are spanned into their cocked positions using a number of techniques and devices, some of which are mechanical and employ gear and pulley arrangements – levers, belt hooks, pulleys, windlasses and cranequins – to overcome very high draw weight.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These potentially achieve better precision and enable their effective use by less familiarised and trained personnel, whereas the simple and composite warbows of, for example, the English and the steppe nomads require years of training, practice and familiarisation. </p><p>These advantages for the crossbow are somewhat offset by the longer time needed to reload a crossbow for further shots, with the crossbows with high draw weights requiring sophisticated systems of gears and pulleys to overcome their huge draw weights that are very slow and rather awkward to employ on the battlefield. Medieval crossbows were also very inefficient, with short shot stroke lengths from the string lock to the release point of their bolts, along with the slower speeds of their steel prods and heavy strings, despite their massive draw weights compared to bows, though modern materials and crossbow designs overcome these shortcomings. </p><p>The earliest known crossbows were made in the first millennium BC, as early as the 7th century BC in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Science and Technology in China">ancient China</a> and as early as the 1st century AD in Greece (as the <a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows brought about a major shift in the role of <a href="/wiki/Ranged_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranged weaponry">projectile weaponry</a> in wars, such as during <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's unification wars</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Han-Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han-Xiongnu War">Han campaigns against northern nomads</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">western states</a>. The medieval European crossbow was called by many names, including "crossbow" itself; most of these names derived from the word <i><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> torsion <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engine</a> similar in appearance but different in design principle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> have largely supplanted bows and crossbows as weapons of war, but crossbows remain widely used for competitive <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">shooting sports</a> and hunting, and for relatively silent shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A crossbowman is sometimes called an <i><a href="/wiki/Arbalist_(crossbowman)" title="Arbalist (crossbowman)">arbalist</a></i>, or historically an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arbalister#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:arbalister">arbalister</a><i>. </i> </p><p><i>Arrow</i>, <i>bolt</i> and <i>quarrel</i> are all suitable terms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for crossbow projectiles, as was <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vire#Middle_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:vire">vire</a></i> historically. </p><p>The <i>lath</i>, also called the <i>prod</i>, is the bow of the crossbow. According to W. F. Peterson, <i>prod</i> came into usage in the 19th century as a result of mistranslating <i>rodd</i> in a 16th-century list of crossbow effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>stock</i> (a modern term derived from <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock (firearm)">the equivalent concept in firearms</a>) is the wooden body on which the bow is mounted, although the medieval <i>tiller</i> is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>lock</i> refers to the release mechanism, including the string, sears, trigger lever, and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg/220px-Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg/330px-Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg/440px-Han_crossbow_trigger_mechanism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a> crossbow trigger pieces.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg/220px-Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg/330px-Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg/440px-Noix_corde_carreau_arbalette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval European</a> crossbow nut mechanism: <div><ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0">Nut</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0">String</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0">Quarrel</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0">Trigger</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuss_Armbrust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nuss_Armbrust.jpg/220px-Nuss_Armbrust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nuss_Armbrust.jpg/330px-Nuss_Armbrust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nuss_Armbrust.jpg/440px-Nuss_Armbrust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>16th century crossbow nut excavated at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harburger_Schlo%C3%9Fstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harburger Schloßstraße (page does not exist)">Harburger Schloßstraße</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Harburg">Hamburg-Harburg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A crossbow is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> mounted on an elongated frame (called a tiller or stock) with a built-in mechanism that holds the drawn <a href="/wiki/Bow_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow string">bow string</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">trigger</a> mechanism, which is used to release the string. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_vertical_trigger_lock">Chinese vertical trigger lock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese vertical trigger lock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese trigger was a mechanism typically composed of three <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> pieces housed inside a hollow bronze <a href="/wiki/Housing_(engineering)" title="Housing (engineering)">enclosure</a>. The entire mechanism is then dropped into a carved slot within the tiller and secured together by two bronze <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">rods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The string catch (nut) is shaped like a "J" because it usually has a tall erect rear spine that protrudes above the housing, which serves the function of both a cocking lever (by pushing the drawn string onto it) and a primitive rear sight. It is held stationary against tension by the second piece, which is shaped like a flattened "C" and acts as the <a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">sear</a>. The sear cannot move as it is trapped by the third piece, i.e. the actual trigger blade, which hangs vertically below the enclosure and catches the sear via a notch. The two <a href="/wiki/Bearing_surface" title="Bearing surface">bearing surfaces</a> between the three trigger pieces each offers a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a>, which allow for handling significant draw weights with a much smaller pull weight. During shooting, the user will hold the crossbow at eye level by a <a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">vertical handle</a> and aim along the arrow using the sighting spine for <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">elevation</a>, similar to how a modern <a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">rifleman</a> shoots with <a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">iron sights</a>. When the trigger blade is pulled, its notch disengages from the sear and allows the latter to drop downwards, which in turn frees up the nuts to pivot forward and release the bowstring. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">nu</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弩</span></span>) [crossbow] is so called because it spreads abroad an aura of rage [<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nù</i></span>] (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">怒</span></span>). Its stock is like the arm of a man, therefore it is called <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">bi</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">臂</span></span>). That which hooks the bowstring is called <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">ya</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">牙</span></span>), for indeed it is like teeth. The part round about the teeth [i.e. the housing box] is called the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">guo</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郭</span></span>) ["city wall"], since it surrounds the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">gui</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">規</span></span>) [lug] of the teeth [i.e. the locking nut]. Within [and below] there is the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xuan dao</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">懸刀</span></span>) ["hanging knife", i.e. the trigger blade] so called because it looks like one. The whole assembly is called <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">ji</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">機</span></span>)["machine" or "mechanism"], for it is just as ingenious as the <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994133_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shiming" title="Shiming">Shiming</a></i></span></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_rolling_nut_lock">European rolling nut lock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European rolling nut lock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest European designs featured a transverse slot in the top surface of the frame, down into which the string was placed. To shoot this design, a vertical rod is thrust up through a hole in the bottom of the notch, forcing the string out. This rod is usually attached perpendicular to a rear-facing lever called a <i>tickler</i>. A later design implemented a rolling cylindrical pawl called a <i>nut</i> to retain the string. This nut has a perpendicular centre slot for the bolt, and an intersecting axial slot for the string, along with a lower face or slot against which the internal trigger sits. They often also have some form of strengthening internal <i>sear</i> or trigger face, usually of metal. These <i>roller nuts</i> were either free-floating in their close-fitting hole across the stock, tied in with a binding of sinew or other strong cording; or mounted on a metal axle or pins. Removable or integral plates of wood, ivory, or metal on the sides of the stock kept the nut in place laterally. Nuts were made of antler, bone, or metal. Bows could be kept taut and ready to shoot for some time with little physical straining, allowing crossbowmen to aim better without fatiguing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bow">Bow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese crossbow bows were made of composite material from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European crossbows from the 10th to 12th centuries used wood for the bow, also called the <i>prod</i> or <i>lath</i>, which tended to be <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">yew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composite bows started appearing in Europe during the 13th century and could be made from layers of different material, often wood, horn, and sinew glued together and bound with animal tendon. These composite bows made of several layers are much stronger and more efficient in releasing energy than simple wooden bows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As steel became more widely available in Europe around the 14th century, steel prods came into use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the prod was often lashed to the stock with rope, <a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">whipcord</a>, or other strong cording. This is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanning_mechanism">Spanning mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanning mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese used <a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">winches</a> for large crossbows mounted on <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a>, known as "bedded crossbows" (床弩). Winches may have been used for handheld crossbows during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), but there is only one known depiction of it. The 11th century Chinese military text <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i> mentions types of crossbows using winch mechanisms, but it is not known if these were actually handheld crossbows or mounted crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another drawing method involved the shooters sitting on the ground, and using the combined strength of leg, waist, back and arm muscles to help span much heavier crossbows, which were aptly called "waist-spun crossbows" (腰張弩). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">medieval era</a>, both Chinese and European crossbows used <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">belt hooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, European crossbows started using winches, and from the 14th century an assortment of spanning mechanisms such as winch pulleys, cord pulleys, gaffles (such as gaffe levers, goat's foot levers, and rarer internal lever-action mechanisms), cranequins, and even screws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_(9873154043).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle scene depicting a man spanning a crossbow using a winch mechanism, possibly mounted on a frame, Han dynasty"><img alt="Battle scene depicting a man spanning a crossbow using a winch mechanism, possibly mounted on a frame, Han dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_%289873154043%29.jpg/120px-Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_%289873154043%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_%289873154043%29.jpg/180px-Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_%289873154043%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_%289873154043%29.jpg/240px-Eastern_Han_Battle_Scene_on_Brick_%289873154043%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle scene depicting a man spanning a crossbow using a winch mechanism, possibly mounted on a frame, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Song dynasty cavalry wielding crossbows with stirrups"><img alt="Song dynasty cavalry wielding crossbows with stirrups" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg/60px-Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg/90px-Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg/120px-Northern_song_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> cavalry wielding crossbows with stirrups</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fifteenth century crossbowman using a stirrup along with a belt hook and pulley"><img alt="Fifteenth century crossbowman using a stirrup along with a belt hook and pulley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg/77px-The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg/115px-The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg/154px-The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fifteenth century crossbowman using a stirrup along with a belt hook and pulley</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance,_tome_5_-_043.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Detailed illustration of a goat's foot lever mounted on a crossbow that is half-spanned"><img alt="Detailed illustration of a goat's foot lever mounted on a crossbow that is half-spanned" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_5_-_043.png/71px-Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_5_-_043.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_5_-_043.png/106px-Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_5_-_043.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_5_-_043.png/141px-Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_5_-_043.png 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detailed illustration of a goat's foot lever mounted on a crossbow that is half-spanned</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armborst_2,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of a gaffe lever mounted on a crossbow that is nearly at full-span."><img alt="Illustration of a gaffe lever mounted on a crossbow that is nearly at full-span." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Armborst_2%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/96px-Armborst_2%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Armborst_2%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/143px-Armborst_2%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Armborst_2%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/191px-Armborst_2%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of a gaffe lever mounted on a crossbow that is nearly at full-span.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CAH_0153r.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrations of Leonardo da Vinci's rapid fire crossbow in the 15th-century Codex Atlanticus. Note the internal lever mechanism is fully extended to catch the draw string."><img alt="Illustrations of Leonardo da Vinci's rapid fire crossbow in the 15th-century Codex Atlanticus. Note the internal lever mechanism is fully extended to catch the draw string." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CAH_0153r.png/120px-CAH_0153r.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CAH_0153r.png/180px-CAH_0153r.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CAH_0153r.png/240px-CAH_0153r.png 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrations of Leonardo da Vinci's <a href="/wiki/Rapid_fire_crossbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid fire crossbow">rapid fire crossbow</a> in the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus" title="Codex Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a>. Note the internal lever mechanism is fully extended to catch the draw string.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balester_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Internal mechanical illustration of a German bullet-shooting crossbow's self-spanning mechanism"><img alt="Internal mechanical illustration of a German bullet-shooting crossbow's self-spanning mechanism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Balester_2.jpg/120px-Balester_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Balester_2.jpg/180px-Balester_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Balester_2.jpg/240px-Balester_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Internal mechanical illustration of a German <a href="/wiki/Bullet-shooting_crossbow" title="Bullet-shooting crossbow">bullet-shooting crossbow</a>'s self-spanning mechanism</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armborst_4,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Twentieth century depiction of a windlass pulley"><img alt="Twentieth century depiction of a windlass pulley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Armborst_4%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/60px-Armborst_4%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Armborst_4%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/90px-Armborst_4%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Armborst_4%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/120px-Armborst_4%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twentieth century depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlass</a> pulley</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fifteenth century crossbowman using a cranequin (rack and pinion)"><img alt="Fifteenth century crossbowman using a cranequin (rack and pinion)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg/77px-Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg/116px-Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg/155px-Altarpiece_of_St_Sebastian_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fifteenth century crossbowman using a cranequin (rack and pinion)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass,_late_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron cranequin, South German, late 15th century"><img alt="Iron cranequin, South German, late 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass%2C_late_15th_century.jpg/51px-HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass%2C_late_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass%2C_late_15th_century.jpg/77px-HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass%2C_late_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass%2C_late_15th_century.jpg/103px-HJRK_A_2269_-_Crossbow_windlass%2C_late_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="5352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iron cranequin, South German, late 15th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg/220px-Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg/330px-Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg/440px-Recurve_crossbow_with_bolts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Modern recurve crossbow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg/220px-Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg/330px-Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg/440px-Horton_Hunter_Supreme_by_IvE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Modern compound crossbow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg/220px-HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg/330px-HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg/440px-HJRK_A_108_-_Wallarmbrust_c._1460-70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>15th-century <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wallarmbrust</i></span>, a heavy crossbow used for siege defense</figcaption></figure> <p>The smallest crossbows are pistol crossbows. Others are simple long stocks with the crossbow mounted on them. These could be shot from under the arm. The next step in development was stocks of the shape that would later be used <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">for firearms</a>, which allowed better aiming. The <a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">arbalest</a> was a heavy crossbow that required special systems for pulling the sinew via windlasses. For <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a>, the size of crossbows was further increased to hurl large projectiles, such as rocks, at fortifications. The required crossbows needed a massive base frame and powerful windlass devices.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double shot repeating crossbow, also known as the Chu state repeating crossbow (chuguo nu)"><img alt="Double shot repeating crossbow, also known as the Chu state repeating crossbow (chuguo nu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg/120px-Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg/180px-Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg/240px-Zhugenu-springautumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double shot repeating crossbow, also known as the Chu state <a href="/wiki/Repeating_crossbow" title="Repeating crossbow">repeating crossbow</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">chuguo nu</i></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mounted double bow crossbow"><img alt="Mounted double bow crossbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg/80px-Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg/121px-Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg/161px-Two-bow_crossbow_wjzy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mounted double bow crossbow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mounted triple bow crossbow"><img alt="Mounted triple bow crossbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg/106px-Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg/158px-Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg/211px-Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mounted triple bow crossbow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liannu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multi-bolt crossbow without a visible nut or cocking aid"><img alt="Multi-bolt crossbow without a visible nut or cocking aid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Liannu.jpg/120px-Liannu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Liannu.jpg/180px-Liannu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Liannu.jpg/240px-Liannu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multi-bolt crossbow without a visible nut or cocking aid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cocking of a Greek gastraphetes"><img alt="Cocking of a Greek gastraphetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg/81px-Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg/122px-Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg/162px-Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cocking of a Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a></i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallo-Roman crossbow"><img alt="Gallo-Roman crossbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg/120px-Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg/180px-Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg/240px-Roman_crossbow._Pic_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gallo-Roman crossbow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Osma_85v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earliest European depiction of cavalry using crossbows, from the Catalan manuscript Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1086"><img alt="Earliest European depiction of cavalry using crossbows, from the Catalan manuscript Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1086" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/B_Osma_85v.jpg/79px-B_Osma_85v.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/B_Osma_85v.jpg/119px-B_Osma_85v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/B_Osma_85v.jpg/159px-B_Osma_85v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="1829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earliest European depiction of cavalry using crossbows, from the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> manuscript <i>Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</i>, 1086</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late medieval crossbowman from c. 1480"><img alt="Late medieval crossbowman from c. 1480" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg/87px-Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg/131px-Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg/174px-Martyrium_of_Saint_Sebastian._Pic_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late medieval</a> crossbowman from c. 1480</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="15th-century French soldier carrying an arbalest and a pavise"><img alt="15th-century French soldier carrying an arbalest and a pavise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG/59px-FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG/88px-FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG/117px-FrenchCrossbowMan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th-century French soldier carrying an <a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">arbalest</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pavise" title="Pavise">pavise</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balestra_Veloce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reconstruction of Leonardo da Vinci's rapid fire crossbow as shown at the World of Leonardo Exhibition in Milan"><img alt="A reconstruction of Leonardo da Vinci's rapid fire crossbow as shown at the World of Leonardo Exhibition in Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Balestra_Veloce.jpg/90px-Balestra_Veloce.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Balestra_Veloce.jpg/135px-Balestra_Veloce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Balestra_Veloce.jpg/180px-Balestra_Veloce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reconstruction of Leonardo da Vinci's rapid fire crossbow as shown at the World of Leonardo Exhibition in Milan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early modern four-wheeled ballista drawn by armored horses (1552)"><img alt="Early modern four-wheeled ballista drawn by armored horses (1552)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg/120px-Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg/180px-Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg/240px-Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3212" data-file-height="2104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early modern four-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a> drawn by armored horses (1552)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="16th-century French mounted crossbowman (cranequinier). His crossbow is drawn with a rack-and-pinion cranequin, so it can be used while riding."><img alt="16th-century French mounted crossbowman (cranequinier). His crossbow is drawn with a rack-and-pinion cranequin, so it can be used while riding." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG/95px-FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG/143px-FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG/191px-FrenchMountedCrossbowman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th-century French mounted crossbowman (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cranequinier</i></span>). His crossbow is drawn with a rack-and-pinion <i>cranequin</i>, so it can be used while riding.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pistol crossbow for home recreational shooting. Made by Frédéric Siber in Morges, early 19th century, on display at Morges military museum."><img alt="Pistol crossbow for home recreational shooting. Made by Frédéric Siber in Morges, early 19th century, on display at Morges military museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg/120px-Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg/180px-Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg/240px-Crossbow_pistol_IMG_3841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pistol crossbow for home recreational shooting. Made by Frédéric Siber in <a href="/wiki/Morges" title="Morges">Morges</a>, early 19th century, on display at Morges military museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French cross-bow grenade thrower Arbalète sauterelle (lit. 'grasshopper crossbow') type A d'Imphy, circa 1915"><img alt="French cross-bow grenade thrower Arbalète sauterelle (lit. 'grasshopper crossbow') type A d'Imphy, circa 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg/120px-French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg/180px-French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg/240px-French_cross-bow_grenade_thrower_Arbal%C3%A8te_sauterelle_type_A_d%27Imphy_circa_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="3805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French cross-bow grenade thrower <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Arbalète sauterelle</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">grasshopper crossbow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) type A d'Imphy, circa 1915</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projectiles">Projectiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Projectiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_(9884175776).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_%289884175776%29.jpg/220px-Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_%289884175776%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_%289884175776%29.jpg/330px-Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_%289884175776%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_%289884175776%29.jpg/440px-Han_Bronze_Arrows_%26_Lead_Pellets_%289884175776%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Arrowheads and lead balls, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The arrow-like projectiles of a crossbow are called <a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">bolts or quarrels</a>. These are usually much shorter than arrows but can be several times heavier. There is an optimum weight for bolts to achieve maximum kinetic energy, which varies depending on the strength and characteristics of the crossbow, but most could pass through common mail. Crossbow bolts can be fitted with a variety of heads, some with sickle-shaped heads to cut rope or rigging; but the most common today is a four-sided point called a <a href="/wiki/Quarrel_(projectile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrel (projectile)">quarrel</a>. A highly specialized type of bolt is employed to collect blubber biopsy samples used in biology research. </p><p>Even relatively small differences in arrow weight can have a considerable impact on its flight trajectory and drop.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossbowArrowDrop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossbowArrowDrop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bullet-shooting_crossbow" title="Bullet-shooting crossbow">Bullet-shooting crossbows</a> are modified crossbows that use bullets or stones as projectiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG/220px-Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG/330px-Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG/440px-Crossbow_telescopic_sight_reticle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">reticle</a> of a modern crossbow <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sight</a> allows the shooter to adjust for different ranges.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912#Crossbow" title="Military history of China before 1912">ancient Chinese crossbow</a> often included a metal (i.e. bronze or steel) grid serving as <a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">iron sights</a>. Modern crossbow sights often use similar technology to modern firearm sights, such as <a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">red dot sights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sights</a>. Many crossbow scopes feature multiple <a href="/wiki/Crosshairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshairs">crosshairs</a> to compensate for the significant effects of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> over different ranges. In most cases, a newly bought crossbow will need to be sighted for accurate shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major cause of the sound of shooting a crossbow is vibration of various components. Crossbow silencers are multiple components placed on high vibration parts, such as the string and limbs, to dampen vibration and suppress the sound of loosing the bolt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_crossbows" title="History of crossbows">History of crossbows</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warring_States_or_Western_Han_crossbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Warring_States_or_Western_Han_crossbow.jpg/220px-Warring_States_or_Western_Han_crossbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Warring_States_or_Western_Han_crossbow.jpg/330px-Warring_States_or_Western_Han_crossbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Warring_States_or_Western_Han_crossbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>A bronze crossbow trigger mechanism and butt plate that were mass-produced in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (475–221 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthenware_architecture_models,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty,_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Earthenware_architecture_models%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_5.JPG/220px-Earthenware_architecture_models%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Earthenware_architecture_models%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_5.JPG/330px-Earthenware_architecture_models%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Earthenware_architecture_models%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_5.JPG/440px-Earthenware_architecture_models%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A miniature guard wielding a handheld crossbow from the top balcony of a model watchtower, made of glazed earthenware during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> (25–220 AD), from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of archaeological evidence, crossbow locks dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650 BC</span> made of <a href="/wiki/Cast_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast bronze">cast bronze</a> have been found in China .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been found in Tombs 3 and 12 at <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, Shandong, previously the capital of <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, and date to the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze crossbow bolts dating from the mid-5th century BC have been found at a <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> burial site in Yutaishan, <a href="/wiki/Jiangling_County" title="Jiangling County">Jiangling County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> Province.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early finds of crossbows were discovered in Tomb 138 at Saobatang, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> Province, and date to the mid-4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMao1998109–110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMao1998109–110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2001159_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2001159-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that these early crossbows used <a href="/wiki/Bullet-shooting_crossbow" title="Bullet-shooting crossbow">spherical pellets</a> for ammunition. A <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> mathematician and music theorist, <a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a> (78–37 BC), compared the moon to the shape of a round <a href="/wiki/Bullet-shooting_crossbow" title="Bullet-shooting crossbow">crossbow bullet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_1986_vol_3_p227_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_1986_vol_3_p227-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> also mentions crossbow bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham199489_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham199489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Chinese documents mentioning a crossbow were texts from the 4th to 3rd centuries BC attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Mohist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohist">followers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a>. This source refers to the use of a giant crossbow between the 6th and 5th centuries BC, corresponding to the late <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> (first appearance dated between 500 BC to 300 BC<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) refers to the characteristics and use of crossbows in chapters 5 and 12 respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and compares a drawn crossbow to "might".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham199434_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham199434-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i> advises its readers not to use crossbows in marshland where the surface is soft and it is hard to arm the crossbow with the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, completed in 94 BC, mentions that <a href="/wiki/Sun_Bin" title="Sun Bin">Sun Bin</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Pang_Juan" title="Pang Juan">Pang Juan</a> by ambushing him with a battalion of crossbowmen at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maling" title="Battle of Maling">Battle of Maling</a> in 342 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994139_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994139-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, finished 111 AD, lists two military treatises on crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham199422_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham199422-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright200142_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200142-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handheld crossbows with complex bronze trigger mechanisms have also been found with the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> (r. 221–210 BC) that are similar to specimens from the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC–220 AD), while crossbowmen described in the Qin and Han dynasty learned drill formations, some were even mounted as <a href="/wiki/Chariots_in_ancient_China" title="Chariots in ancient China">charioteers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_archery" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archery">cavalry units</a>, and Han dynasty writers attributed the success of numerous <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">battles against the Xiongnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> city-states to massed crossbow volleys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994124–128_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994124–128-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bronze triggers were designed in such a way that they were able to store a large amount of energy within the bow when drawn but was easily shot with little resistance and recoil when the trigger was pulled. The trigger nut also had a long vertical spine that could be used like a primitive <a href="/wiki/Iron_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron sight">rear sight</a> for <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">elevation</a> adjustment, which allowed precision shooting over longer distances. The Qin and Han dynasty-era crossbow was also an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a>, as the bronze trigger components were also mass-produced with relative precise <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a> so that the parts were interchangeable between different crossbows. The trigger mechanism from one crossbow can be installed into another simply by dropping into a tiller slot of the same specifications and secured with <a href="/wiki/Dowel_pin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowel pin">dowel pins</a>. Some crossbow designs were also found to be fitted with bronze buttplates and <a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">trigger guard</a>. </p><p>It is clear from surviving inventory lists in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> that the crossbow was greatly favored by the Han dynasty. For example, in one batch of slips there are only two mentions of bows, but thirty mentions of crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows were mass-produced in state armories with designs improving as time went on, such as the use of a mulberry wood stock and brass. Such crossbows during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> in 1068 AD could pierce a tree at 140 paces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers1996130–131_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers1996130–131-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows were used in numbers as large as 50,000 starting from the Qin dynasty and upwards of several hundred thousand during the Han.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994143_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one authority, the crossbow had become "nothing less than the standard weapon of the Han armies", by the second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200222_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200222-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han soldiers were required to arm a crossbow with a draw weight equivalent of 76 kg (168 lb) to qualify as an entry-level crossbowman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while it was claimed that a few elite troops were capable of arming crossbows with a draw-weight in excess of 340 kg (750 lb) by the hands-and-feet method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades20189_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades20189-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelby2000172_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelby2000172-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Han dynasty, the crossbow lost favor during the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a>, until it experienced a mild resurgence during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, under which the ideal expeditionary army of 20,000 included 2,200 archers and 2,000 crossbowmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff2002193_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2002193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Li Jing (Tang dynasty)">Li Jing</a> and Li Quan prescribed 20 percent of the infantry to be armed with crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff201652_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff201652-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the crossbow received a huge upsurge in military usage, and often overshadowed the bow 2 to 1 in numbers. During this time period, a <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrup</a> was added for ease of loading. The Song government attempted to restrict the public use of crossbows and sought ways to keep both body armor and crossbows out of civilian ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ban on certain types of crossbows, the weapon experienced an upsurge in civilian usage as both a hunting weapon and pastime. The "romantic young people from rich families, and others who had nothing particular to do" formed crossbow-shooting clubs as a way to pass time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994146_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994146-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military crossbows were armed by treading, or basically placing the feet on the bow stave and drawing it using one's arms and back muscles. During the Song dynasty, stirrups were added for ease of drawing and to mitigate damage to the bow. Alternatively, the bow could also be drawn by a belt claw attached to the waist, but this was done lying down, as was the case for all large crossbows. Winch-drawing was used for the large mounted crossbows as seen below, but evidence for its use in Chinese hand-crossbows is scant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_crossbow" title="Austroasiatic crossbow">Austroasiatic crossbow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ref-chamballista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ref-chamballista.jpg/220px-Ref-chamballista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ref-chamballista.jpg/330px-Ref-chamballista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ref-chamballista.jpg/440px-Ref-chamballista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Wheelmounted and elephantmounted double-bow-arcuballistae in the Khmer army, possibly <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Cham</a> mercenaries</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the third century BC, <a href="/wiki/An_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="An Dương Vương">King An Dương</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">northern Vietnam</a>) and (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>) commissioned a man named <a href="/wiki/Cao_L%E1%BB%97" title="Cao Lỗ">Cao Lỗ</a> (or Cao Thông) to construct a crossbow and christened it "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw" <i>(nỏ thần)</i>, which could kill 300 men in one shot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley201488_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley201488-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198321_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198321-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Keith Taylor, the crossbow, along with the word for it, seems to have been introduced into China from <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> peoples in the south around the fourth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198321_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198321-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is contradicted by crossbow locks found in ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> tombs dating to the 600s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 315 AD, Nu Wen taught the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> how to build fortifications and use crossbows. The Chams would later give the Chinese crossbows as presents on at least one occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crossbow technology for crossbows with more than one prod was transferred from the Chinese to <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, which Champa used in its invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> in 1177.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Chams sacked Angkor they used the Chinese siege crossbow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT42_42]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT42_42]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT80_80]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT80_80]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese taught the Chams how to use crossbows and mounted archery Crossbows and archery in 1171.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT25_25]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT25_25]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khmer also had double-bow crossbows mounted on elephants, which Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h suggests were elements of Cham mercenaries in <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>'s army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The native <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnards</a> of Vietnam's Central Highlands were also known to have used crossbows, as both a tool for hunting, and later an effective weapon against the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> during the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montagnard fighters armed with crossbows proved a highly valuable asset to the US Special Forces operating in Vietnam, and it was not uncommon for the Green Berets to integrate Montagnard crossbowmen into their strike teams.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg/170px-Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg/255px-Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg/340px-Gastraphetes_Rekonstruktion_Saalburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest crossbow-like weapons in Europe probably emerged around the late 5th century BC when the <i><a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a></i>, an ancient Greek crossbow, appeared. The name means "belly-bow";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concave withdrawal rest at one end of the stock was placed against the belly of the operator, and he could press it to withdraw the slider before attaching a string to the trigger and loading the bolt; this could store more energy than <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">Greek bows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003128_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003128-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device was described by the Greek author <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron of Alexandria</a> in his <i>Belopoeica</i> ("On Catapult-making"), which draws on an earlier account of his compatriot engineer <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 285–222 BC). According to Heron, the <i>gastraphetes</i> was the forerunner of the later <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a>, which places its invention some unknown time prior to 399 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20033ff._48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20033ff.-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>gastraphetes</i> was a crossbow mounted on a stock divided into a lower and upper section. The lower was a case fixed to the bow, and the upper was a slider which had the same dimensions as the case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Wars#The_Second_Sicilian_War_(410_BCE–340_BCE)" title="Sicilian Wars">Siege of Motya</a> in 397 BC. This was a key <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, as described in the 1st century AD by <a href="/wiki/Heron_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Heron of Alexandria">Heron of Alexandria</a> in his book <i>Belopoeica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A crossbow machine, the <a href="/wiki/Oxybeles" title="Oxybeles">oxybeles</a> was in use from 375 BC<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to around 340 BC, when the torsion principle replaced the tension crossbow mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other arrow-shooting machines such as the larger <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a> and smaller <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(weapon)" title="Scorpio (weapon)">scorpio</a> from around 338 BC are <a href="/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics)" title="Torsion (mechanics)">torsion</a> <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a> and are not considered crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20038ff._52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20038ff.-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200526–56_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200526–56-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eric_William_Marsden,_p.57_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_William_Marsden,_p.57-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrow-shooting machines (<i>katapeltai</i>) are briefly mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Tacticus" title="Aeneas Tacticus">Aeneas Tacticus</a> in his treatise on siegecraft written around 350 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20038ff._52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20038ff.-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Athenian inventory from 330 to 329 BC includes catapults bolts with heads and flights.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_William_Marsden,_p.57_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_William_Marsden,_p.57-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrow-shooting machines in action are reported from <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II's</a> siege of <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Ere%C4%9Flisi" title="Marmara Ereğlisi">Perinthos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> in 340 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_William_Marsden,_p.60_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_William_Marsden,_p.60-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Greek fortifications began to feature high towers with shuttered windows in the top, presumably to house anti-personnel arrow shooters, as in <a href="/wiki/Aigosthena" title="Aigosthena">Aigosthena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_crossbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Roman_crossbow.jpg/170px-Roman_crossbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Roman_crossbow.jpg/255px-Roman_crossbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Roman_crossbow.jpg/340px-Roman_crossbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A crossbow based on depictions from a Roman grave in Gaul.</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 4th century author <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, in his <i>De Re Militari</i>, describes <i>arcubalistarii</i> (crossbowmen) working together with archers and artillerymen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it is disputed whether arcuballistas were crossbows or torsion-powered weapons. The idea that the arcuballista was a crossbow is due to Vegetius referring separately to it and the <i><a href="/wiki/Manuballista" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuballista">manuballista</a></i>, which was torsion powered. Therefore, if the arcuballista was not like the manuballista, it may have been a crossbow. According to Vegetius these were well-known devices and hence he did not describe them in depth. Joseph Needham argues against the existence of Roman crossbowmen:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994172_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994172-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the textual side, there is almost nothing but passing references in the military historian Vegetius (fl. + 386) to 'manuballistae' and 'arcuballistae' which he said he must decline to describe as they were so well known. His decision was highly regrettable, as no other author of the time makes any mention of them at all. Perhaps the best supposition is that the crossbow was primarily known in late European antiquity as a hunting weapon, and received only local use in certain units of the armies of Theodosius I, with which Vegetius happened to be acquainted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994172_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994172-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joseph Needham</cite></div></blockquote> <p>On the other hand <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>'s earlier <i>Ars Tactica</i>, from about 136 AD, also mentions 'missiles shot not from a bow but from a machine' and that this machine was used on horseback while in full gallop. It is presumed that this was a crossbow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only pictorial evidence of Roman arcuballistas comes from sculptural reliefs in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> depicting them in hunting scenes. These are aesthetically similar to both the Greek and Chinese crossbow but it is not clear what kind of release mechanism they used. Archaeological evidence suggests they were similar to the rolling nut mechanism of medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Basilique_Saint-Sernin_Toulouse_15_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Capital scultpure in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Sernin,_Toulouse" title="Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse">Basilica of Saint-Sernin</a> depicting two primitive crossbows without stirrups, early 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>There are essentially no references to the crossbow in Europe from the 5th until the 10th century. There is however a depiction of a crossbow as a hunting weapon on four <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish stones">Pictish stones</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">early medieval Scotland</a> (6th to 9th centuries): <a href="/wiki/St_Vigeans" title="St Vigeans">St. Vigeans no. 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenferness" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenferness">Glenferness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandwick" title="Shandwick">Shandwick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meigle" title="Meigle">Meigle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crossbow reappeared again in 947 as a French weapon during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Senlis" title="Senlis">Senlis</a> and again in 984 at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994170_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows were used at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">battle of Hastings</a> in 1066, and by the 12th century they had become common battlefield weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Sir_Ralph_Payne-Gallwey_1995_p._48_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Ralph_Payne-Gallwey_1995_p._48-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest extant European crossbow remains were found at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Paladru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Paladru">Lake Paladru</a>, dated to the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balestriere1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Balestriere1.jpg/170px-Balestriere1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Balestriere1.jpg/255px-Balestriere1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Balestriere1.jpg/340px-Balestriere1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>A model of a medieval <a href="/wiki/Arbalist_(crossbowman)" title="Arbalist (crossbowman)">crossbowman</a> drawing his bow behind his <a href="/wiki/Pavise" title="Pavise">pavise</a>. A hook on the end of a strap on his belt engages the bowstring. Holding the crossbow down by putting his foot through the stirrup, he draws the bow by straightening his legs</figcaption></figure> <p>The crossbow superseded hand bows in many European armies during the 12th century, except in England, where the <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> was more popular. Later crossbows (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">arbalests</a>), utilizing all-steel prods, were able to achieve power close (and sometime superior) to longbows but were more expensive to produce and slower to reload because they required the aid of mechanical devices such as the cranequin or <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlass</a> to draw back their extremely heavy bows. Usually these could shoot only two bolts per minute versus twelve or more with a skilled archer, often necessitating the use of a <a href="/wiki/Pavise" title="Pavise">pavise</a> (shield) to protect the operator from enemy fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Hardy_1992_p._75_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Hardy_1992_p._75-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearm</a> weapons made from farming equipment, the crossbow was also a weapon of choice for insurgent peasants such as the <a href="/wiki/Taborite" class="mw-redirect" title="Taborite">Taborites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genoese_crossbowmen" title="Genoese crossbowmen">Genoese crossbowmen</a> were famous mercenaries hired throughout medieval Europe, whilst the crossbow also played an important role in anti-personnel defense of ships.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG/220px-DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG/330px-DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG/440px-DaVinci_Crossbow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Sketch by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, c. 1500</figcaption></figure> <p>Crossbows were eventually replaced in warfare by <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> weapons. Early <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand cannons">hand cannons</a> had slower rates of fire and much worse accuracy than contemporary crossbows, but the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> (which proliferated in the mid to late 15th century) matched crossbows' rate of fire while being far more powerful. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerignola" title="Battle of Cerignola">Battle of Cerignola</a> in 1503 was won by Spain largely through the use of matchlock arquebuses, marking the first time a major battle had been won through the use of hand-held firearms. Later, similar competing tactics would feature <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">harquebusiers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketeers</a> in formation with pikemen, pitted against cavalry firing <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>. While the military crossbow had largely been supplanted by firearms on the battlefield by 1525, the sporting crossbow in various forms remained a popular hunting weapon in Europe until the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accuracy of late 15th century crossbows compares well with modern handguns, based on records of shooting competitions in German cities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows saw irregular use throughout the rest of the 16th century; for example, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pita" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Pita">Maria Pita</a>'s husband was killed by a crossbowman of the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a> in 1589. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_world">Islamic world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no references to crossbows in <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> texts earlier than the 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in general were averse to the crossbow and considered it a foreign weapon. They called it <i>qaus al-rijl</i> (foot-drawn bow), <i>qaus al-zanbūrak</i> (bolt bow) and <i>qaus al-faranjīyah</i> (Frankish bow). Although <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> did have crossbows, there seems to be a split between eastern and western types. Muslims in Spain used the typical European trigger, while eastern Muslim crossbows had a more complex trigger mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994175_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994175-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> cavalry used crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_and_later">Elsewhere and later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elsewhere and later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyumi">Oyumi</a> were ancient Japanese <a href="/wiki/Artillery_pieces" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery pieces">artillery pieces</a> that first appeared in the seventh century (during the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Japanese records, the Oyumi was different from the handheld crossbow also in use during the same time period. A quote from a seventh-century source seems to suggest that the Oyumi may have able to fire multiple arrows at once: "the Oyumi were lined up and fired at random, the arrows fell like rain".<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ninth-century Japanese artisan named Shimaki no Fubito claimed to have improved on a version of the weapon used by the Chinese; his version could rotate and fire projectiles in multiple directions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last recorded use of the Oyumi was in 1189.<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crossbows served as a scouting weapon and for hunting, with African slaves bringing this technology to natives in America.<sup id="cite_ref-cvplxd_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvplxd-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, the crossbow was used for hunting and warfare when firearms or gunpowder were unavailable because of economic hardships or isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-cvplxd_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvplxd-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north of Northern America, light hunting crossbows were traditionally used by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2015)">non-tertiary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These are technologically similar to the African-derived crossbows, but have a different route of influence. </p><p>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> continued to use crossbows in the Americas long after they were replaced in European battlefields by firearms. Only in the 1570s, did firearms become completely dominant among the Spanish in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Espino2012_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espino2012-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> used a crossbow-like <a href="/wiki/Sauterelle" title="Sauterelle">Sauterelle</a> (French for <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshopper</a>) in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It was lighter and more portable than the <a href="/wiki/Leach_Trench_Catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="Leach Trench Catapult">Leach Trench Catapult</a>, but less powerful. It weighed 24 kg (53 lb) and could throw an <a href="/wiki/F1_grenade_(France)" title="F1 grenade (France)">F1 grenade</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mills_bomb" title="Mills bomb">Mills bomb</a> 110–140 m (120–150 yd).<sup id="cite_ref-RE_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sauterelle replaced the Leach Catapult in British service and was in turn replaced in 1916 by the <a href="/wiki/2-inch_Medium_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="2-inch Medium Mortar">2-inch Medium Trench Mortar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stokes_mortar" title="Stokes mortar">Stokes mortar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1922_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1922-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Early in the war actual crossbows were pressed into service in small numbers by both French and German troops to launch grenades.<sup id="cite_ref-Credland55_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credland55-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A range of crossbows were developed by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> for <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a>, but none appear to have ever been used in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Credland58_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credland58-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of crossbows were built and used by Australian forces in the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Credland58_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credland58-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%BC%A9_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Modern recreation of a mounted triple bow crossbow</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting,_leisure,_and_science"><span id="Hunting.2C_leisure.2C_and_science"></span>Hunting, leisure, and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hunting, leisure, and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></div> <p>Crossbows are used for <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">shooting sports</a> and bowhunting in modern <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> samples in scientific research. In <a href="/wiki/Laws_on_crossbows" title="Laws on crossbows">some countries</a> such as Canada, they may be less heavily regulated than firearms, and thus more popular for hunting; some jurisdictions have bow and/or crossbow only seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossbow_Hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern hunting crossbow"><img alt="Modern hunting crossbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crossbow_Hunting.jpg/120px-Crossbow_Hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crossbow_Hunting.jpg/180px-Crossbow_Hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crossbow_Hunting.jpg/240px-Crossbow_Hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern hunting crossbow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisheries scientist obtaining tissue samples from dolphins swimming in the bow wave of a NOAA ship"><img alt="Fisheries scientist obtaining tissue samples from dolphins swimming in the bow wave of a NOAA ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/80px-Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/120px-Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/160px-Fish0293_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fisheries scientist obtaining tissue samples from dolphins swimming in the bow wave of a <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> ship </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A whale shot by a modified crossbow bolt for a blubber biopsy sample"><img alt="A whale shot by a modified crossbow bolt for a blubber biopsy sample" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg/120px-Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg/180px-Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg/240px-Blubber_biopsy_sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A whale shot by a modified crossbow bolt for a <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> sample</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_paramilitary">Military and paramilitary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military and paramilitary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crossbows are no longer used in battles, but they are still used in some military applications. For example, there is an undated photograph of <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian soldiers</a> equipped with crossbows and rope to establish a <a href="/wiki/Zip-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip-line">zip-line</a> in difficult terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil, the CIGS (Jungle Warfare Training Center) also trains soldiers in the use of crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, SAA International Ltd manufacture a 200 J (150 ft⋅lbf) crossbow-launched version of the U.S. Army type classified Launched <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grapnel Hook</a> (LGH), among other mine countermeasure solutions designed for the Middle Eastern theatre. It was evaluated as successful in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to probe for and detonate tripwire-initiated mines and booby traps at up to 50 m (55 yd). The concept is similar to the LGH device originally fired from a rifle, as a plastic retrieval line is attached.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reusable up to 20 times, the line can be reeled back in without exposing the user. The device is of particular use in tactical situations where noise discipline is important.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, Barnett International sold crossbows to <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian forces</a> which, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, were later used "in <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a> and as a counter-sniper weapon" against the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Peć">Pec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djakovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Djakovica">Djakovica</a>, south west of Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> launched an investigation, though the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> established that not being "on the military list", crossbows were not covered by export restrictions. Paul Beaver of Jane's Defence Publications commented that, "They are not only a silent killer, they also have a psychological effect". On 15 February 2008, Serbian Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Sutanovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragan Sutanovac">Dragan Sutanovac</a> was pictured testing a Barnett crossbow during a public exercise of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a>'s Special Forces in <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Nis</a>, 200 km (120 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special forces in both Greece and Turkey also continue to employ the crossbow.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain's Green Berets still use the crossbow as well.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Asia, some Chinese armed forces use crossbows, including the <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special force</a> <a href="/wiki/Snow_Leopard_Commando_Unit" title="Snow Leopard Commando Unit">Snow Leopard Commando Unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. One reason for this is the crossbow's ability to stop persons carrying explosives without risk of causing detonation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">Xinjiang riots of July 2009</a>, Crossbows were used by security forces to suppress rioters.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marine_Commando_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Commando Force">Marine Commando Force</a> were equipped until the late 1980s with crossbows with <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>-tipped bolts, as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">suppressed handguns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_conventional_bows">Comparison to conventional bows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparison to conventional bows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a crossbow, archers could release a draw force far in excess of what they could have handled with a bow. Furthermore, the crossbow could hold the tension indefinitely, whereas even the strongest longbowman could only hold a drawn bow for a short time. The ease of use of a crossbow allows it to be used effectively with little training, while other types of bows take far more skill to shoot accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disadvantage is the greater weight and clumsiness to reload compared to a bow, as well as the slower rate of shooting and the lower efficiency of the acceleration system, but there would be reduced <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis#Elastic_hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">elastic hysteresis</a>, making the crossbow a more accurate weapon. </p><p>Medieval European crossbows had a much smaller draw length than bows, so that for the same energy to be imparted to the projectile the crossbow had to have a much higher draw weight. </p><p>A direct comparison between a fast hand-drawn replica crossbow and a longbow shows a 6:10 rate of shooting<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a 4:9 rate within 30 seconds and comparable weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laws_on_crossbows" title="Laws on crossbows">Laws on crossbows</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armbrustschiessen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Armbrustschiessen.jpg/220px-Armbrustschiessen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Armbrustschiessen.jpg/330px-Armbrustschiessen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Armbrustschiessen.jpg/440px-Armbrustschiessen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Modern competition crossbow</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the crossbow often has a complicated legal status due to the possibility of lethal use and its similarities to both firearms and bows. While some jurisdictions treat crossbows in the same way as firearms, many others do not require any sort of license to own a crossbow. The legality of using a crossbow for hunting varies widely in different jurisdictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Crossbowmen" title="Master of Crossbowmen">Master of Crossbowmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_crossbow" title="Match crossbow">Match crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">Target archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2018_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoades2018">Loades 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://todsworkshop.com/blogs/blog/crossbows-spanning-methods">"Crossbows – Spanning Methods"</a>. <i>Tod's Workshop</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tod%27s+Workshop&rft.atitle=Crossbows+%E2%80%93+Spanning+Methods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftodsworkshop.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog%2Fcrossbows-spanning-methods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkinskin2013" class="citation news cs1">Ukinskin, Tom (23 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guardianlv.com/2013/05/drones-mankinds-always-had-them/">"Drones: Mankind's Always Had Them"</a>. <i>Guardian Liberty Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian+Liberty+Voice&rft.atitle=Drones%3A+Mankind%27s+Always+Had+Them&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft.aulast=Ukinskin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguardianlv.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fdrones-mankinds-always-had-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup2016" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, Kate (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMS1DAEACAAJ"><i>The Technology of Ancient Greece</i></a>. Cavendish Square. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1502622310" title="Special:BookSources/978-1502622310"><bdi>978-1502622310</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000627/https://books.google.dz/books/about/The_Technology_of_Ancient_Greece.html?id=HMS1DAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technology+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1502622310&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMS1DAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne-Gallwey2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Payne-Gallwey" title="Ralph Payne-Gallwey">Payne-Gallwey, Ralph</a> (2007) [1903], <i>The Crossbow</i>, Skyhorse, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602390102" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602390102"><bdi>978-1602390102</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossbow&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1602390102&rft.aulast=Payne-Gallwey&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.outdoornebraska.gov/nebraskaland-magazine/the-rise-of-the-modern-crossbow">"The Rise of the Modern Crossbow"</a>. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Modern+Crossbow&rft.pub=Nebraska+Game+and+Parks+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.outdoornebraska.gov%2Fnebraskaland-magazine%2Fthe-rise-of-the-modern-crossbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994133-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994133_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994150_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIxax" class="citation web cs1">Ixax, belle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thetagtech.com/best-crossbow-reviews">"Crossbow Reviews 2017"</a>. <i>Archer's Café</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archer%27s+Caf%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Crossbow+Reviews+2017&rft.aulast=Ixax&rft.aufirst=belle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthetagtech.com%2Fbest-crossbow-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1989" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Robert L. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ofarmsmenhisto00ocon"><i>Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ofarmsmenhisto00ocon/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195053591" title="Special:BookSources/0195053591"><bdi>0195053591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Arms+and+Men%3A+A+History+of+War%2C+Weapons%2C+and+Aggression&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0195053591&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofarmsmenhisto00ocon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossbowArrowDrop-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrossbowArrowDrop_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731005020/http://www.bestcrossbowsource.com/crossbow-arrow-drop-charted-test-results/">"Crossbow Arrow Drop – Charted Test Results"</a>. <i>BestCrossbowSource.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestcrossbowsource.com/crossbow-arrow-drop-charted-test-results/">the original</a> on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BestCrossbowSource.com&rft.atitle=Crossbow+Arrow+Drop+%E2%80%93+Charted+Test+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestcrossbowsource.com%2Fcrossbow-arrow-drop-charted-test-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028114057/http://www.bestcrossbowsource.com/how-to-sight-a-crossbow/">"Sighting a Crossbow"</a>. <i>Best Crossbow Source</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Crossbow+Source&rft.atitle=Sighting+a+Crossbow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestcrossbowsource.com%2Fhow-to-sight-a-crossbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100105/http://www.reference.com/browse/crossbow">"Crossbow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reference.com" title="Reference.com">reference.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. 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Asian Traditional Archery Research Network. 18 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarn.org/chinese/bjng_xbow/bjng_xbow.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Crossbow+Mechanism+with+Some+Unique+Features+from+Shandong%2C+China&rft.pub=Asian+Traditional+Archery+Research+Network&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarn.org%2Fchinese%2Fbjng_xbow%2Fbjng_xbow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1993" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Donald B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/132/132.txt">the original</a> on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War%2C+by+Sun+Tzu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F132%2F132.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham199434-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham199434_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994141_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994139-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994139_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham199422-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham199422_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200142-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright200142_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2001">Wright 2001</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994124–128-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994124–128_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, pp. 124–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers1996130–131-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers1996130–131_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeers1996">Peers 1996</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994143-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994143_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200222-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200222_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2002">Graff 2002</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades20189-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades20189_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoades2018">Loades 2018</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelby2000172-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelby2000172_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelby2000">Selby 2000</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2002193-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff2002193_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2002">Graff 2002</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff201652-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff201652_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2016">Graff 2016</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994145_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994146-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994146_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley201488-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley201488_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelley2014">Kelley 2014</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198321-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198321_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198321_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2005_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._Grant2005" class="citation book cs1">R. 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DK Pub. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756613600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756613600"><bdi>978-0756613600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+Visual+Journey+Through+5%2C000+Years+of+Combat&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=DK+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0756613600&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb8qAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dchampa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT42_42]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT42_42]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2012">Turnbull 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OajvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42">42</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT80_80]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT80_80]_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2012">Turnbull 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OajvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80">80</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT25_25]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOajvCwAAQBAJpgPT25_25]_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2012">Turnbull 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OajvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25">25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiang2006">Liang 2006</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C364947">"Montagnard Crossbow, Vietnam"</a>. <i>awm.gov.au</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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DK Publishing. pp. 64–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465466013" title="Special:BookSources/978-1465466013"><bdi>978-1465466013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=64-69&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1465466013&rft.au=Smithsonian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003127_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVries2003">DeVries 2003</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003128-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries2003128_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVries2003">DeVries 2003</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20033ff.-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20033ff._48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2003">Campbell 2003</a>, pp. 3ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Sarah B. Pomeroy</a>, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts (1999). <i>Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195097424" title="Special:BookSources/0195097424">0195097424</a>, p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinard2007" class="citation book cs1">Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hbHEAAAQBAJ"><i>Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-561-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-561-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Its+Impact&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-561-2&rft.aulast=Kinard&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hbHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinard2007" class="citation book cs1">Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hbHEAAAQBAJ"><i>Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact</i></a>. 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Gilbert, <i>Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland</i> (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994170-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994170_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_Ralph_Payne-Gallwey_1995_p._48-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Ralph_Payne-Gallwey_1995_p._48_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey (1995). <i>The Book of the Crossbow</i>. Dover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486287203" title="Special:BookSources/0486287203">0486287203</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Hardy_1992_p._75-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Hardy_1992_p._75_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hardy (1992). <i>Longbow: A Social and Military History</i>. Lyons & Burford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852604123" title="Special:BookSources/1852604123">1852604123</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000651/http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/A-AAnewsletter/newsletter16.html">"Notes On West African Crossbow Technology"</a>. <i>Diaspora.uiuc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/A-AAnewsletter/newsletter16.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diaspora.uiuc.edu&rft.atitle=Notes+On+West+African+Crossbow+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diaspora.uiuc.edu%2FA-AAnewsletter%2Fnewsletter16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey (1995). <i>The Book of the Crossbow</i>. Dover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486287203" title="Special:BookSources/0486287203">0486287203</a>, pp. 48–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2024" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Brendan (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/acar/94/1/article-p132_10.xml">"Interim Report on Gribshunden (1495) Excavations: 2019–2021"</a>. <i>Acta Archaeologica</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 132–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F16000390-09401052">10.1163/16000390-09401052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-101X">0065-101X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Archaeologica&rft.atitle=Interim+Report+on+Gribshunden+%281495%29+Excavations%3A+2019%E2%80%932021&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-145&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F16000390-09401052&rft.issn=0065-101X&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Facar%2F94%2F1%2Farticle-p132_10.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1994175-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1994175_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham 1994</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japanese_Castles_AD_250–1540_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U02pzwXNxBIC&dq=o-yumi&pg=PA49"><i>Japanese Castles AD 250–1540</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Stephen Turnbull, Peter Dennis, Illustrated by Peter Dennis, Osprey Publishing, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846032530" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846032530">978-1846032530</a> p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisIto2008" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Thomas; Ito, Tommy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&q=Shimaki+no+Fubito&pg=PA120"><i>Samurai: The Code of the Warrior</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402763120" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402763120"><bdi>978-1402763120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai%3A+The+Code+of+the+Warrior&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1402763120&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Ito%2C+Tommy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwExlaM1ov0sC%26q%3DShimaki%2Bno%2BFubito%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNc89Xvh-D0C&dq=oyumi&pg=PA42"><i>Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan</i></a>, By <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friday" title="Karl Friday">Karl Friday</a>, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992 p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photographersdirect.com/buyers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=348455">Baaka pygmy with crossbow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318160239/http://www.photographersdirect.com/buyers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=348455">Archived</a> 18 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Photographersdirect.com. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cvplxd-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cvplxd_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvplxd_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/A-AAnewsletter/newsletter16.html">Notes On West African Crossbow Technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000651/http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/A-AAnewsletter/newsletter16.html">Archived</a> 26 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diaspora.uiuc.edu. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunting_Network2009" class="citation news cs1">Hunting Network (10 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402223419/http://www.bowhunting.com/publisher/crossbow-information/2009/10/2/future-of-crossbow-hunting">"The Crossbow: Four thousand years of traditional archery"</a>. bowhunting.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowhunting.com/publisher/crossbow-information/2009/10/2/future-of-crossbow-hunting">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Crossbow%3A+Four+thousand+years+of+traditional+archery&rft.date=2009-02-10&rft.au=Hunting+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowhunting.com%2Fpublisher%2Fcrossbow-information%2F2009%2F10%2F2%2Ffuture-of-crossbow-hunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espino2012-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Espino2012_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspino_López2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Espino López, Antonio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2Fhistorica.201202.001">"El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538–1547)"</a>. <i>Historica</i> (in Spanish). <b>XXXVI</b> (2): 7–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2Fhistorica.201202.001">10.18800/historica.201202.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258861207">258861207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historica&rft.atitle=El+uso+t%C3%A1ctico+de+las+armas+de+fuego+en+las+guerras+civiles+peruanas+%281538%E2%80%931547%29&rft.volume=XXXVI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-48&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18800%2Fhistorica.201202.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258861207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Espino+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18800%252Fhistorica.201202.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RE_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Royal Engineers". <i>The Royal Engineers Journal</i>. <b>39</b>. 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Janes.com (9 June 2011). Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saa-intl.com/products/images/crossbow2.jpg">LGH Plastic Retrieval Line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212194101/http://www.saa-intl.com/products/images/crossbow2.jpg">Archived</a> 12 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. None. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saa-intl.com/products/crossbow.html">SAA Crossbow Launched Grapnel Hook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715221520/http://www.saa-intl.com/products/crossbow.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Saa-intl.com. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Norton-Taylor1999" class="citation web cs1">Richard Norton-Taylor (8 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421224919/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/09/balkans">"British-made crossbows 'used by Serb soldiers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/09/balkans">the original</a> on 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British-made+crossbows+%27used+by+Serb+soldiers%27&rft.date=1999-08-08&rft.au=Richard+Norton-Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Faug%2F09%2Fbalkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daylife.com/photo/04ZU4Zr0xS4IA">Day Life Serbia report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112045026/http://www.daylife.com/photo/04ZU4Zr0xS4IA">Archived</a> 12 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Daylife.com (15 February 2008). Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i96.photobucket.com/albums/l189/KORNET-E/162.jpg">Greek soldiers uses crossbow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000712/https://i96.photobucket.com/albums/l189/KORNET-E/162.jpg">Archived</a> 26 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. I96.photobucket.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i96.photobucket.com/albums/l189/KORNET-E/crosbow.jpg">Turkish special ops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231746/http://i96.photobucket.com/albums/l189/KORNET-E/crosbow.jpg">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. I96.photobucket.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boinasverdes.org/album/bataller/caperez/foto03.JPG">Spanish Green Beret 2005 photo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212194101/http://www.boinasverdes.org/album/bataller/caperez/foto03.JPG">Archived</a> 12 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202110148/http://english.pladaily.com.cn/site2/militarydatabase/2006-02/05/content_403376.htm"><i>New crossbow shoots with great accuracy</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pladaily.com.cn/site2/militarydatabase/2006-02/05/content_403376.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+crossbow+shoots+with+great+accuracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pladaily.com.cn%2Fsite2%2Fmilitarydatabase%2F2006-02%2F05%2Fcontent_403376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingham, John. (9 July 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5780852/Xinjiang-riots-Modern-Chinese-army-displays-ancient-preference-for-crossbow.html">"Xinjiang riots: Modern Chinese army displays ancient preference for crossbow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025075700/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Marines.html">"Marine Commandos[dead link]"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Marines.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Commandos%26%2391%3Bdead+link%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FNAVY%2FMarines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wideopenspaces.com/pros-cons-crossbow-hunting/">"These Are The Pros and Cons of Crossbow Hunting"</a>. <i>Wide Open Spaces</i>. 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wide+Open+Spaces&rft.atitle=These+Are+The+Pros+and+Cons+of+Crossbow+Hunting&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wideopenspaces.com%2Fpros-cons-crossbow-hunting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HagCuGXJgUs&feature=grec_index">Video comparing longbow and crossbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g-0-RK3cjk">longbow vs crossbow behind a pavese</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2010</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2016), <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400874446" title="Special:BookSources/9781400874446"><bdi>9781400874446</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781400874446&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaatz1994" class="citation book cs1">Baatz, Dietwulf (1994). "Die römische Jagdarmbrust". <i>Bauten und Katapulte des römischen Heeres</i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 284–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06566-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-06566-0"><bdi>3-515-06566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+r%C3%B6mische+Jagdarmbrust&rft.btitle=Bauten+und+Katapulte+des+r%C3%B6mischen+Heeres&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=284-293&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-515-06566-0&rft.aulast=Baatz&rft.aufirst=Dietwulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2003" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Duncan (2003), <i>Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BCE–CE 363</i>, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-634-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-634-8"><bdi>1-84176-634-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Artillery+399+BCE%E2%80%93CE+363&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-634-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Duncan (2005), <i>Ancient Siege Warfare</i>, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-770-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-770-0"><bdi>1-84176-770-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Siege+Warfare&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-770-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrombie2016" class="citation cs2">Crombie, Laura (2016), <i>Archery and Crossbow Guilds in Medieval Flanders</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783271047" title="Special:BookSources/9781783271047"><bdi>9781783271047</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archery+and+Crossbow+Guilds+in+Medieval+Flanders&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781783271047&rft.aulast=Crombie&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries2003" class="citation cs2">DeVries, Kelly Robert (2003), <i>Medieval Military Technology</i>, Petersborough: Broadview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921149-74-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-921149-74-3"><bdi>0-921149-74-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Military+Technology&rft.place=Petersborough&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-921149-74-3&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2002" class="citation cs2">Graff, David A. (2002), <i>Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900</i>, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415239559" title="Special:BookSources/0415239559"><bdi>0415239559</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Warfare%2C+300%E2%80%93900&rft.place=London&rft.series=Warfare+and+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0415239559&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2016" class="citation cs2">Graff, David A. (2016), <i>The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eurasian+Way+of+War%3A+Military+practice+in+seventh-century+China+and+Byzantium&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2014" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Liam C. (2014). "Constructing Local Narratives: Spirits, Dreams, and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta". In Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.). <i>China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia</i>. United States: Brills. pp. 78–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+Local+Narratives%3A+Spirits%2C+Dreams%2C+and+Prophecies+in+the+Medieval+Red+River+Delta&rft.btitle=China%27s+Encounters+on+the+South+and+Southwest%3A+Reforging+the+Fiery+Frontier+Over+Two+Millennia&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=78-106&rft.pub=Brills&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Liam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang2006" class="citation cs2">Liang, Jieming (2006), <i>Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity</i>, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3" title="Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3"><bdi>981-05-5380-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Siege+Warfare%3A+Mechanical+Artillery+%26+Siege+Weapons+of+Antiquity&rft.place=Singapore%2C+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.pub=Leong+Kit+Meng&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-05-5380-3&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Jieming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2018" class="citation cs2">Loades, Mike (2018), <i>The Crossbow</i>, Osprey</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossbow&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2015" class="citation cs2">Lu, Yongxiang (2015), <i>A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 3</i>, Springer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Science+and+Technology+Volume+3&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Yongxiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mao, Ying (1998). 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(1996), <i>Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590–1260 AD</i>, Osprey</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Chinese+Armies+%282%29%3A+590%E2%80%931260+AD&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellenberg2006" class="citation cs2">Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s145739614.online.de/fera/ausgabe3/Schellenberg.pdf">"Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde</i>, <b>3</b>: 14–23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Elektronische+Rundschau+zur+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Diodor+von+Sizilien+14%2C42%2C1+und+die+Erfindung+der+Artillerie+im+Mittelmeerraum&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=14-23&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Schellenberg&rft.aufirst=Hans+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs145739614.online.de%2Ffera%2Fausgabe3%2FSchellenberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelby2000" class="citation cs2">Selby, Stephen (2000), <i>Chinese Archery</i>, Hong Kong University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9622095011" title="Special:BookSources/9622095011"><bdi>9622095011</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Archery&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9622095011&rft.aulast=Selby&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwope2014" class="citation cs2">Swope, Kenneth (2014), <i>The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Collapse+of+China%27s+Ming+Dynasty&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Swope&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=curN6V7jg-QC"><i>The Birth of Vietnam</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04428-9"><bdi>978-0-520-04428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04428-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcurN6V7jg-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2001" class="citation cs2">Turnbull, Stephen (2001), <i>Siege Weapons of the Far East (1) AD 612–1300</i>, Osprey Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Weapons+of+the+Far+East+%281%29+AD+612%E2%80%931300&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2002" class="citation cs2">Turnbull, Stephen (2002), <i>Siege Weapons of the Far East (2) AD 960–1644</i>, Osprey Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Weapons+of+the+Far+East+%282%29+AD+960%E2%80%931644&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2012" class="citation cs2">Turnbull, Stephen (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OajvCwAAQBAJ"><i>Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612–1300</i></a>, Bloomsbury Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-225-3"><bdi>978-1-78200-225-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Weapons+of+the+Far+East+%281%29%3A+AD+612%E2%80%931300&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-225-3&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOajvCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2001" class="citation book cs1">Wright, David Curtis (2001). <i>The History of China</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031330940X" title="Special:BookSources/031330940X"><bdi>031330940X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+China&rft.pub=Westport%3A+Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=031330940X&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossbow" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossbow&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crossbows" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crossbows">Crossbows</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/crossbow" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/crossbow">crossbow</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau-crossbow.org/">International Crossbow Shooting Union (IAU)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716233228/https://www.iau-crossbow.org/">Archived</a> 16 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcrossbow.com/">World Crossbow Shooting Association (WCSA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXVPAAAAYAAJ">The Crossbow by Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, BT</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_archery" title="Chinese archery">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crossbows" title="History of crossbows">History of crossbows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Archery Federation">World Archery Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Rankings" title="World Archery Rankings">World Archery Rankings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">Archer's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_archery" title="Run archery">Run archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bow_shape" title="Bow shape">Bow shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">Arbalest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_crossbow" title="Austroasiatic crossbow">Austroasiatic crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable-backed_bow" title="Cable-backed bow">Cable-backed bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">Composite bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">Compound bow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbow" title="Flatbow">Flatbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakgung" title="Gakgung">Gakgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">Holmegaard bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">Laminated bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">Longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_bow" title="Mongol bow">Mongol bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">Recurve bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_bow" title="Self bow">Self bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_bow" title="Takedown bow">Takedown bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bow" title="Welsh bow">Welsh bow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">Bowstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">Bracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_cresting" title="Arrow cresting">Cresting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tab" title="Finger tab">Finger tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flu-flu_arrow" title="Flu-flu arrow">Flu-flu arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_aid" title="Release aid">Release aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">Quarrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">Quiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_target#Archery_sports" title="Shooting target">Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">Thumb ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clout_archery" title="Clout archery">Clout archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_archery" title="Field archery">Field archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popinjay_(sport)" title="Popinjay (sport)">Popinjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">Target archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Archery at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Championships" title="World Archery Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Youth_Championships" title="World Archery Youth Championships">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_World_Cup" title="Archery World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Archery at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Archery_Championships" title="World University Archery Championships">World University Archery Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Military_World_Games" title="Archery at the Military World Games">Military World Games</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Archery_Championships" title="African Archery Championships">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Archery_Championships" title="Pan American Archery Championships">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Archery_Championships" title="Asian Archery Championships">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Archery_Championships" title="European Archery Championships">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam#Archery" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archery" title="Category:Archery">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archery_terms" title="Glossary of archery terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" title="Template:Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" title="Template talk:Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Crew-served arrow-throwers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroballista" title="Carroballista">Carroballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapulta" title="Catapulta">Catapulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybeles" title="Oxybeles">Oxybeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyumi">Oyumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybolos" title="Polybolos">Polybolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(weapon)" title="Scorpio (weapon)">Scorpio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Crew-served stone-throwers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithobolos" title="Lithobolos">Lithobolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">Mangonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onager_(weapon)" title="Onager (weapon)">Onager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Trebuchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Hand-held weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheiroballistra" title="Cheiroballistra">Cheiroballistra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">Gastraphetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kestros_(weapon)" title="Kestros (weapon)">Kestros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangylon" title="Mesangylon">Mesangylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_crossbow" title="Repeating crossbow">Repeating crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" title="Template:Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" title="Template talk:Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_mechanical_artillery_and_hand-held_missile_weapons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Crew-served artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">Mangonel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyumi">Oyumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springald" title="Springald">Springald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Trebuchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Hand-held weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">Arbalest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet-shooting_crossbow" title="Bullet-shooting crossbow">Bullet-shooting crossbow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_lockbow" title="Skåne lockbow">Skåne lockbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">Sling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hunting_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunting_topics" title="Template talk:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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